By Dr. Abhijit Kar Gupta. E-mail: kg.abhi@gmail.

com

Introduction to Calculus

Course-4

• Derivative of the Trigonometric functions:

FORMULA No. 3

y = sin x
dy
= cos x
dx

FORMULA No. 4

y = cos x
dy
= − sin x
dx

Note: We do not prove the formula #3 and #4 now. After we learn more of
Trigonometric formulae we can easily prove the above with the help of Limits.

dy
Home Work: Find out
dx
6 5
#1. y = 5 sin x + x
5
1
#2. y = −9 cos x − 7 sin x +
2x 2

• Derivative of the product of two functions:

Suppose we have y = f ( x) = u ( x)v( x) , where u (x) and v(x) are two functions of x .
Then we can show that

FORMULA No. 5

y = u ( x )v ( x )

dy du dv
= v+u
dx dx dx
1
By Dr. Abhijit Kar Gupta. E-mail: kg.abhi@gmail.com

Proof of the Formula:

y = f = uv
y + ∆y = f + ∆f = (u + ∆u )(v + ∆v)
∴ ∆y = (u + ∆u )(v + ∆v) − uv = ∆u.v + u.∆v + ∆u∆v .
dy ∆y ∆u ∆v ∆v
= Lim = Lim .v + Lim .u + Lim ∆u. Lim
dx ∆x →0 ∆x ∆x →0 ∆x ∆x →0 ∆x ∆x →0 ∆x →0 ∆x

As ∆x → 0 , ∆u → 0 . Therefore, we can write Lim ∆u = 0.

∆x →0

dy du dv
∴ = v+u .
dx dx dx

Example:
#1. y = x 2 sin x .
Here we assume u ( x) = x 2 and v( x) = sin x .
Then we use the Formula No. 3 and write
dy d ( x 2 ) d (sin x)
= sin x + x 2 = 2 x. sin x + x 2 cos x .
dx dx dx

dy
Home Work: Find out
dx
#1. y = sin 2 x

#2. y = x sin x cos x

• Derivative of the Ratio of two functions:

FORMULA No. 4

u ( x)
y=
v( x)

dy 1  du dv 
= 2  v−u 
dx v  dx dx 

2
By Dr. Abhijit Kar Gupta. E-mail: kg.abhi@gmail.com

Proof of the Formula:

u
y=
v
u + ∆u
y + ∆y =
v + ∆v
u + ∆u u v∆u − u∆v
∴ ∆y = − =
v + ∆v v v(v + ∆v )
(v∆u − u∆v ) ∆u v − u ∆v
∆y ∆x
⇒ = = ∆x ∆x
∆x v(v + ∆v ) v(v + ∆v )
∆u ∆v ∆u ∆v du dv
v−u Lim v − u Lim v−u
dy ∆y
= Lim ∆x ∆x = ∆x ∆x = dx dx
∆x → 0 ∆x → 0
∴ = Lim
dx ∆x→0 ∆x ∆x →0 v(v + ∆v ) v. Lim(v + ∆v ) v.v
∆x →0

1  du dv 
=  v −u .
v2  dx dx 

Example:
#1. y = tan x .
sin x
We can write y = tan x = .
cos x
Here we can think u ( x) = sin x and v( x) = cos x .
dy 1 d d 
∴ = 2  (sin x). cos x − sin x. (cos x) 
dx cos x  dx dx 
1
= (cos x. cos x − sin x.(− sin x) )
cos 2 x
=
1
2
( )
cos 2 x + sin 2 x =
1
.1 = sec 2 x.
cos x cos 2 x

dy
Home Work: Find out
dx
#1. y = cot x
x3
#2. y =
1+ x2
a−x
#3. y =
a+x
#4. y = x(2 x − 1)(3x + 2)