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Intra-flow Loss Recovery and Control for VoIP

Henning Sanneck, Long Le,


Georg Carle

Adam Wolisz

GMD Fokus
Kaiserin-Augusta-Allee 31
D-10589 Berlin, Germany

Technical University Berlin, Telecommunication


Networks Group, Sekr. FT 5-2
Einsteinufer 25
D-10587 Berlin, Germany

[sanneck,le,carle]@fokus.gmd.de

wolisz@ee.tu-berlin.de

ABSTRACT
 
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Categories
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General
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Keywords
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1.
INTRODUCTION
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Copyright 2001 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal
or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made
or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this
notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish,
to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission
and/or a fee. Request permissions from Publications Dept, ACM Inc., fax
+1 (212) 869-0481. or permissions@acm.org.
To appear in ACM MULTIMEDIA 01 Ottawa, Canada

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100
loss rate [all packets] (%)

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100
loss rate [all packets] (%)

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State
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001
010
011
100
101
110
111

Probability of
being in the state
0.8721
0.0208
0.0142
0.0102
0.0208
0.0036
0.0102
0.0481

Probability
of l(s)=0
0.9779
0.6112
0.8819
0.2710
0.9278
0.4198
0.8109
0.1539

Probability
of l(s)=1
0.0221
0.3888
0.1181
0.7290
0.0722
0.5802
0.1891
0.8461

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b r 78*, %L!#>78 ,
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5+L(! G*,D *AE( , 1&U' 1&#*,C<$# !#S<;\ %E

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.&8!#T78 ($K*s)+:a -D L21$$K 4 &<;*N*, /<;""!,!`1$$K 
!T*,&W;!3 :R'*, 1/5#C#=;I;& , 1&`/#*41EJ.:R

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E
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,

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!#  m?q 4/!#*4 T,&$#,%; ;T:OC&# , 1&3:O Y!<;"1 ,!
!#'k(C#& V&(C7'5\  ET*,*R 7V5,&;, 1&#I:a ;S!=D1;*,C m
;&<$ q ;:! %k+C&# m#Uq" m# v q"m# q ;\%?[4&
!#B;=< 1ETTT&U {#78#*,B mZm?q
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*, 1C#&#*,&W;!878 ($#*K !GSX& T&(C#7V5\ [ ;:Q?

2. METRICS
2.1
Packet-level metrics
W1&# * p ; ?Dr78 ($#* m w()J; q

!<;Y5+L6:s?!S*, %-T;K 155,*, L q E

,*, 1%)N!'#D(, 1C#S<;"1  T !<S*,


T v6!S&# I5\&r*4 %E=F-!'&KC#7V5\ 

!`%;G ;:S_X<&# G&(C7'5\ = :Y<;"1 +r:a 8Ui %) !#4!


 2G<;"1 B$K )H-8!<%D=!V *]?
 {K\ ,&#, $-/.10

>#q :O +?A@ q :a ;2!


,D6:O%k+C & L436587  :9<; m m !
=
+CK& S :[=*, 15CK :R*,&#W!  EJY&3;# %{K,76;, 1&`:a ;
!T {K\ ?4 &3 ;:Q!Y&$# 17D1?45*,B!%&G5\I 78CK%$
. 0
- 1

 3 587  ;&<$]$K&+ X<%$c !e!#g78&e*4 


"3 5

; #E b  %;&V;*, S## %{K,76;Z! ;K 155,*, ,Z :K!


mF#q$-/. 0H 3 5C7
78 ($# *J5+L>!VC7'C*4;,D'*4 =?B3 5C7 DE
G

G
GML  ONP9Q mFUUq E=F-!
-. 0
m  _q ;&<$I3 587

G KJ
=

&# 4 &c# 5<5#,*4 ,6:a ;
&d5\U 78CK%$
%;4* L_P

5\ &h*, B&$> 

;:V?U :=!r78 ($# *S,UvVEzF- 9;r& , 1&#U%&


;r*4>:O 7

;&+Ld :B!#h?EzF-!(C#)Y!#>&KC#7V5\ ` ;:
;;78  !,!@!<%D' _5\8 178#C#%$>,'v  E`JD1&h:O 

 *]?,D* L>76*,*

3
J

L ON
J

!,I78 1C#&+I ;:;78" I,$K,2C* I

5\ D1;*4C;%$U;&<$` 178;%$ E-FR;5*, ! %T 178D*,C/:O 


!#2;2&<$U&# 4 &f# 5<;5,*,,,:O =GW&"* p ; ?D
78 ($K*K :\! $V ;$# J78%;C#%$'&<$( ;&<$=4&'!/.&+ &# [5+L

WV
R

JTR S U

 S U
 N
TJ S U L O N
JTS U

L ON

R
J S U

1X
JTS U


L ON

S L U ON

F-! h &<$K,, &<*I*4 _# 5<;5,*,,,_W;,&e&c5\r## %{(



mFq
Z\[^] _F`\a  N

b c ; 9Q
EM ;
Qd
9 GWY
J
L
ON
Z\[^] _F`\a
b c ;\egf 9 Q
Q2
J

,76;%$|5(L 365C7 D

p m0
p00

10

p 20

p10
X== 1

X=0

X== 2

p 23

p 12

p 01

X== m

m !

cf !

p00

MR,WKE v'!# ?!

p11 (clp)

 #

O\Q?N$j \%d;RHOKQ<%hNQK32O%'

 #

GOO[K?3hNQKA

interface to hop-by-hop
loss control

G L k
NP9 Q
b c a M
Qd
Qd
b c Ja G 9 Q

ms_qJ

9 GdY

p01

dUq !<%D1P

365C7 D

p(m-1)m

O\Q?ihNjJ\%2;RHOKQ%hNQK8O

pmm

m q
PCM signal
pre-encoder
analysis

; ?D`"!,&G:O Y!S78 ($K*sE

T$$K,, &<*,* L+)K-B*, `$#"X<&S'&$# 17

encoder-based
analysis

network
model

Encoder

D;4;5*,ml!#4!_$K 

"45\ `!#U$#,,5CK4 &d :S5C#6*, G*,&#W!8 ! \ 


 6!'5CKS*, 1D1&+n m ;&<$U& ;S G ID&+I*,,'4&
!#>$# X& , 1& :! q E b 3!<%D3!#_5CKG*, G*,&#W!?
9 ;
-;&G 476?Y:O  m l pq EJF-!(C#)+!Y78%&
o 
b c f 9<Q
Qd


;b c f 9q; r-/.10
 o 
5#C#'*, 12*,&#W!x, o
Y

;b c f 9 ;
;b c f 9 ;
 \ &<$#,&#W2 "s8 l m %D WB*4 TW1N)Q q E

post-decoder
concealment
Components used with

F-!#`C#&#*,&W;!f78 ($# *,78*,,'_W1 78 ,3$K4,5#C#, 1&f:O 


EJM /!#S# 5<5#,*4 0L3 ;:[V5CK*, 1
 ]$K,&W8,&3?m!
*,&#W!U ;: 

decoder-based Decoder
concealment

Decoder

PCM

reference / original
signal

perceptual
model

G.729

<;"1 /-!(C%&3 178#C#S,76?Y:O T\ 

:O 76;&<?78 "J,&8S!#,W1!" ;$# J78 ($# *KK&+;, &


m &# !<?!#  lg# &+ !#;&<$K 17D1?45*,YC%$2,&2!#

test
signal

data path
control path

!#,W1!"0 ;$# I78 ($#*, q EYM ;S2!KB;=78 ($#*N-=!<%DB1E W#E


m l p#q P

speech quality measure

:O I

t m l

pq[vu

p#qJ 3
P
0

q P
3
3 L m 3
0




2

m l

&dv

O\Q?QB= h[\H# %=</%QUKRHKRO\%'?K1KN


m v q

(?#\N ;<h(<%Q?#hKN'(%Q

M# Y!S\ ];*R%;= ;:JVLK7z !>V7878 ;L6 :[ 1&#* LG!#


ms
q )R-8&fC#2!VC#&*,&W;!y$#, 

2.2
Objective Speech Quality Metrics
lI&#*,41[!#Z 1&(D &(, &<*178 ! ($KN*,,Z! (4W&<;*,A ;

5#C#, 1&y:O 6>,78*,G 178CK;, 1&x ;:T!#G;78" V ;:T!#


 17878 1&#* LKC#%$ t ,*,5\ 278 ($K* m MR,WKEJ q  r!<? "4~ `!#

,76;I!#SC5(j  ,Dk+C<;*4 0L3;/*, 1* L_/\ 1,5#*4B5+L678 ($K

KD(, 1CB 

*, =K + m !5\ 4&#WG!#2 + ]?%$h;&<$# 7D;45#*4',!


P=&# 8<;""*4 #)g!
B *, 1 q E-F-!#&3!#
!

K 155,*, L@ :Y5\,&W>,&y;

%;&y5\` &x=!_(\gw

;asA<1R,-< s as'C*,U;&<$_;K ?{K,76;$35+L`!#B78%&


*,  m 3 5 3 587 q EV^I&* L> 1&#_\;asA<1[,I< s as8 *4

:O Y!I;& , 1& ?


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38587 D

9 GdY

.:Y*4 8 :T 1&#`i %

. 0

myxG

;` ;*4;%$

q 

m q

m sE E4)J!`*, 12K 155,* 

 0Ly :T&9?4D(,&W> '4',&#i<C#& %$f5+L@!6 &+45#C#, 1&


 6!=;' : !'k(C#C=5+LU6#D(, 1C#S<;"1 I ;:!#';78
i %&$<; ;85\ !y!#GKD(4 CV&<$f!#GCK&+2 '
}| 3h&<$
5#C#0LU;,D*, : !# I?81)J ? q '!%Dz3C{

K| 3h!# t ,*,5\ B78 ($# *R,%k+C,D1?


!(C# ~ 3 | 3QE'M 3 {

*,&+T G 0? m "& 1C#,*4*, q 78 ($K*H !~ 3 | 3 m & 6*, 1


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Y4&3%k+C<;, &>v=-&U 78C#I&_ 476?S:a ;T!#S# 5#
;5,*, LG :JV5#C#Y*, 1Y*4 &W!3 :  < /:O T2!,W1!# Y $K 
78 ($K* # &(?, 1&HP
t m l

p#q[p| 3

L m | 3 q

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,

1,JI?
mq )#& ?D*N 15(j  ,DBk+C<*, LG78%;C#?78#/ 2 

*,,&W}!#@!(C76;&eC<$K  LLK7_E.& 1CK>D1;*,C<;, &|-


CY ' 5Kj ,Dk+C<;*,,0L678%CKPR!#S[&!<;&$ p ($K X<%$
-?9K\ ;*-S, , &

m p

/K') v q

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76;*4,~,&#W_*, +K mp  q $#"45\$@,&h!VT#\&<$K,{


..I ;:/!2.F-lT0FT  17878&$?4 & n E 1 m ; q E3F-!20-
,&W

15(j  ,DBk+C<*, L678C# /;S\ ;%$` '!<%DI'D L6!#,W1!


 ;*4;, 1&_ !3C#5Kj ,DS)K! ,/ *]?, 1&3 =!I;&W1
:<C5(j ,D ZC* JD*,C mp ^ q ,[*, 1- I5\ 4&#WS*,,&%?
&$_! L_;B 17878 &<$#$_T5\,&W`C 5#*4B:a ;S!BD*,CK
;, &_ :Z\ "!3$#W;1$K%$G5+L8&#78,4 &3  ;4&`%*N&"
- ;}&(D(  1&#78&+`C#"!;35#,G  ;_&$:O;78h"C# 
m ()v q E} !}78"4 2;_$#,&#378%;C#) sE 1E,)>"
C* ID1;*4C#' ;: ,78*,,I\":a k(C*, L+)<!#'*4?W1 !#=D*,C#1)
!'- 8!#2\!fk+C<;*,,0Lr4 m ,&fMR,WKE 8! %&@;{K,
 !>## %{K476?  \ 1&<$K,&W p ^GD*,C  q E/M ;S;*4*H,72
C*4?4 &S,&>!,I\ T-'78*, %L+%$_5\ ;!r! 78EYT!"L
LK,*4$#%$>D L3478,*4; C* 
  m ! CW! p eC#* W1&# *,* L
 {K!,5#,$G*,YD1?];5,*, L q   1&#* LGK&+Y p /KC#* E

3.
VOIP LOSS SENSITIVITY
MR,W1CK`3! %=!#8 178\ &&+ ;:/!878%;C#78&+"C
!,!c->4*,*C#r xD*,C<?> 1C#_## ;"!c x 7V5,&#%$
&$KA &$r;&<$>! #5+LK!# 1U*, 1 ?D"Lr&<$r 1&+ *AEVF-!

!1$K%$35\ %{KT!# %|!# 178\ &&+/,&_!B$#;V;!3!# 


78 "!&,78/ ;:[*4 Y  ?D LG;*, +%?%$NE-FQ 1W !  !3!#
;;78   :R!#S&"- ;678 ($#* m  , &rv(E q &$`!#S\ 
 #C*\78 ($# *-T 15#;,&3B78%CK78&+  C8!,!3;*,*4 %
C#I 376;r`\ ,X n o/p
4W&<;*J,&#C#T _6\!@k+C*, L
78C#E
b

4.5

!#,*48C#,&WU_,78*,8&$KA &$r*, '!<?   

3.5

!#C#*,ZK&+%$B!  --C#%$V 1


; &#R:a ; !V,72
C#*4;%$= 1&$# , 1&V:O  T,&W*,Y\ "!'78#*4 q EZF-!,[# + %$#CK
;!(C/,&+ 6 C&+!<?Y!#,78<" :J*, 1Y 1&U;&U4&#CK
,W&<*N76L6& ;5\I! 78 1W& C m sE 1E,)<=*4 5C#/ !#4&G 1&#

Perceptual distortion

~;, 1&N)KTW&";TB*4?W1I&(C#7V5\ [ ;:Q*, 1 <? & 5(L'C,&#W


$K
 &+[%$K[:O Z!#-C$# ;;&<$K 17&(C7'5\ RW&";  m :O 

 W178&+R ;:(!<;Q,W1&<;*+%&B!?D1$#


  &(H\  #C<;*,78<; 

clp=0.0
clp=0.1
clp=0.2
clp=0.3
clp=0.4

JL`?D1 W4&#WV!C#*, ;:Q!#I 15(j  ,DSk+C<;*,,0L678%CKT:O 


\":a 76;&Y : !#Y ($#Y 1\ ?,&WBC&$# S ;4&6&#  
*, - 1&$# , 1&NE b 78#*4 %L+$2 t ,*45\"-78 ($# * m MR,W#E( q ; !#

2.5

1.5

!&U'*4 T5#C# ;:Z!S;784~ S,!#,&U&# !"T W178&+ q E


 D */*, V<? &)[G!?D1G_*,45#*,3,&<$K4;, 1&y:a ;V!#

0.5

ulp=clp
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2
0.25
0.3
unconditional loss probability

0.35

0.4

0.45

MOS

&#  h78 ($#*[:a ;V!8,7'C*4;, 1&#)JB-6!<%D8:O 1C&$h!<?


!# _!#4W! 6 ;$# 678 ($K*,6$# h& 2# ?D(]$K_7VC#"!9$$# , 1&*

O\Q?N`%aaO1Q?\9<=

,&K:a 76?, 1&HE

1(<ahKN3

3.1 Temporal sensitivity

3.1.1
PCM
b rX#_;&<;*,LK~r!>5\!?D(, 1CK3:O 4 *4

m ;

4.5

,!x;&<$>,!# 1CKV*, 1= &%;*,78&+%)Q!"6!#8*, 1


 1& %*,78&+J<;, , 1*4;%$6*, 1 1&* L m \!8;, 1&; L

no/p

i< %

(5#,"? q

 C* G > 15#;,&%$} !c !# ` 1&#%;*478 &(3*,W  !78E
MR,WC#

! %B!8%;` ! C#=*, 1' 1&#%*,78&+=&5*,%$

,*,5\ =78 ($#*[<?78 "B;8D;,%$NE`F-!#VC#*,,&#W

\ "!>k+C*, L_,T4&#& ,D 8!*, 1S$#,,5C#, &U<;;72


"  my| 3 q EfF-!#GC#* 2;GD&x*,,W1!+* Lx$#  %,&#Wh:a ;6&

| H
3 )#\ ,&(,&#W' 2=,W1& X%&+D;45#4*, L` ;:Q!Y 
C#* E.&UMR,W1CKVV!#C* ,!U*, I &%;*,78&+S?'$K 
#, %$NE b !&G!*, 1T *4?4 & my| 3 q ,I*, %)\*, 1T 1&#%* 
78 &(K ?DK4$KYV,W1& X%&+T\ :a ;76& 478K ?D78&+%E[F-!#
 *]?,Dh,78K ;D178&+6,& %;G !,& ,&Wx*, 1 m ~ 3 q E
,&# %,&#W

| x
3 D*,C '!`%;V !9&<$f ! C#V 1&#%* 
78 &(=5\ 1788,& ,&W*,Lx,78,*4;V&$f! %
!#8786\ 
:O 76;& ; | 3 KEZMR4WC# ;&<$/ \ ,D* LB;*4 Y &#
;,&6B C#D/!# ?,&#WB!#\ :a ;76& YC#&<$K [!C#78#, 1&
;: ;&<$K 17*,  m  &# 1C,*,*,Z78 ($#*s)6~ 3 | 3 q ESF-!(C)  &#
4$K ,&W2BW1,D &(~ 3Q)K- I*, /<;"&` ;:Z;*,"&<;,&#W
*,  mAm 78 ($8v q m 78 ($2v q q  1C#*]$_ &<5#*,B
 1&4$K 5#*4T\ :a ;76&#T,78K ;D178&+ m  !( 
 P
)\Jk<E q E
38587 D
9 GdY

3.5
Perceptual distortion

&r 1&* L>5\VC78$U:O B76;*4*Z,78=4&+ D*, q EBYC* ?


m 1 q EK,78,*]?
!# %&>:O S!#V n o  &*,78&+S;*,W1  !#7

!# 

2O%Q\H>O\%>1\H

2.5

1.5
clp=0.0
clp=0.1
clp=0.2
clp=0.3
clp=0.4

0.5

ulp=clp
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2
0.25
0.3
unconditional loss probability

0.35

0.4

0.45

M# 2!#,W1!"

O \Q? (G%aOO"eH;\@0<=
hK _ K _

2O%eO\%3\R1(<4

4.5

YNJ:O 1C#&<$S5+LSD(,C<;*1,&\"4 &!<;N!J$K4,5#C#, 1&#Q :(!#


\"#C* $#, , &fD1;*,CS:O ' 1&V*4 ' 1&<$K 4 &f7
;K ?{K,76; *,LB:O 1*,*, ?dI& ;76*K$#,,5CK, 1&V/78*, %L=78%&
;&<$2;&<$?$8$#D(4;, &2 B$# ,5\!/?4,%;*\D1?45,*, L
;:I!#378%;C#%$yD*,CEMR,W1CK>uU#&+V!#3\  #C*
$K, , 1&'R,&B!J#D(, 1C#HXW1C#J5CKZ;*4 YW1,DJ!J&$;$

Perceptual distortion

3.5

2.5

1.5

$KD(4;, 1&hS" 5;I:O S!#=\  ,DV*, 1 1&<$K 4 &HE.

!# %R!J4&# %;4&#WID;45#,*4 0LB :K![C* R !B4&# %;4&#W


*, T ;*4;, 1& my| 3 q )(!,*,S!ID1?];5,*, LG$# +&# 7z

0.5

!<;&W87VC!>,!f&f,&"%,&W>;78 1C#&(B ;:/*, 1

m ~ 3 q EG^I&

&T!<&$2!,-\ 1,&+ = 1781)+!# 1C#W1!8-%;\)# & ,DK 0L8,!


 W;$y r!   W1&# L m sE 1E,)- V76; =!,"!;r ;:T!#
\ "!c,W&<*

m D 1,$<;C#&(D 1,%$ q

 {K\ ,& Gf5#C#6*, 1 q E

^I&'! !# !&$V !# ?)1!<;S*4;WT&(C7'5\ [ :N$K


 &+

clp=0.0
clp=0.4

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2
0.25
0.3
unconditional loss probability

0.35

0.4

0.45

O\Q? ;O#ZaaO<>%Q[(;1(R%QURa<?%]\
8OdO\%81<R1(<sr# U K HU

resync time (frames)

4.5

Perceptual distortion

3.5

2.5

frame position

1.5

clp=0.1
clp=0.3
clp=0.5

0.5

0.05

0.1

0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
unconditional loss probability (ulp)

0.35

0.4

O\Q?_NB8KHRH;<RO#%O\9%shhay;<hK;T<-%H
>gh>H#HHK'(V%H3O<%=<  1\Q#1Q%O\G0?\r#

0.45

O<Q? `%aaOz1Q?\d09Q}>gh<e1NQK

@ ;s'V@0RR%O\d<Y;<hU[\%O%]\

m &$r&# I 1&* LU 1&C# , 1& q

Loss of
1 frame
2 frames
3 frames
4 frames

1\ ?, 1&B,&U!Vk(C*, L>;

78&+%E

*, S<? &Y,T&#?L_:a ;2 ;,&r\ "!U;78*,!&


C#,&Wy 15(j  ,D>\!k(C*, L78%CK78&+2 x;G!#
,78  ;:[*4 V ,;sA6 1&3C \  #, 1&NE

3.1.2
t E uvw

3.2
Sensitivity due to ADU heterogeneity
n o/p
,[Y7878 LK*,R&# ($#,&#W#E[F-!#  :a ;-!TSlx &( &(
,I &* L_-(* LU! " 1W1 & C m MR,WC#Vu q EIF-!KC#)\,&U!,T  
, 1&V 1&#&+; 1&'! t E u1;
v wS ($#EJF-!/ {K\ ,78&+Z-
%?L' C#[,R I78C# !  L#&#"!K 1&#4~;, 1&V,78 :<!#-$#"
 ($K [;:]    1&#CK4D1 :O;78Z?*, 1%E[F-!# t E u1v;wI$K ($#"

G.729

m u? q C#B! o 1&;jC#W;3(C# C#6Y*,W15K, o ($K


Z{K %$3N,&%? n %$K, , 1& mo + o J n q  ($#,&#WV!78I&<$
\ ; B;B6(5 ";EB.0& t E uvwK)R`\ "!U:]78V,  78T4&
$KC#?4 &HEGM ;'!@:O;781)Q!#

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4.
b

QUEUE MANAGEMENT FOR INTRAFLOW


LOSS CONTROL
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5. INTRA-FLOW LOSS RECOVERY AND


CONTROL
5.1
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Drop Tail
DiffRED
Drop Tail (estimated)
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burst loss length rate gk, estimated burst loss length

10

Drop Tail
DiffRED
Drop Tail (estimated)
DiffRED (estimated)

10

burst loss length rate gk, estimated burst loss length

10

10

10

10

10

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runlength model (m=1): Gilbert model

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;:] I5CK ;: + S<;""J!J5\&'&+%)+S ;\ 1&$#,&W
&(C7'5\ Z : ; <;"1 [4J&+[,7878%$#4?* L+E[(?5\ C#[!
& ;Lh&(C7'5\  : 5\ &+B 3< B,BK,&@!
D &(!;!= n c;*4W  !7,W1W T!#& {(Y+ 85C#
5\ :O B*,*  V<;"1 -& ;L`:a ; 178\ &;, &3?S&+%E
F-!(C)N&r ?D S,78=,&("D1;*4T!,"!h;'*, 1&WG 178;%$_
!8 5#C#,78)N!878%;&h*, =:O =!Vi ?,*,*5\
m k<E q E
,'`# 0$K X<&#%$
D*,CG&$9$K X<&#=! %z76;&(Lh:O;782?V!`5\W4&#&,&W> ;:S
D 4 %$U4W&<;*[;' 65\=# ; %$ E^ICKI,7VC#*4;, 1&# m MR,W#ENw q
%k+C<;*Z G!V15\B
;_%;

!<%D`! %&x!<?V!6&#W1`:O 17
%  fv ?_;# #4;
D*,C:a ; m $K\&<$K,&WV &_!&#  `*4 T 1&<$K 4 & q E.&
!I47'C*4;, &/# &+%$G5\*, %)S! + 1

2

v+)<=LK,%;*

W4

Marking Scheme

qFqO Fqn
 q
FF qWq F  Fqn
dFOI1
 qFF
d1qq d
W
P<n W qI1
<n W qzqn2dF< <M
FWM F<n2W#1
 F
FWM F<n2<q1
Wd
 F
Fd Fqnd11
WdF<
qn2dF< < qn WF< <2
Wd

Network Model

NO MARK

FULL MARK

p0

+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

+1 p

0 +1

SPB MARK

+1 +1

ALT MARK

+1

SPB DIFFMARK

+1 +1 -1 -1

ALT DIFFMARK

-1

0
+1

+1

+1

+1 p
+1

-1

p-1

+1 -1

+1 -1

+1


 qFF W OF<dF <2
Fd Fqnd11
W
qn2dF< < qn WF< <2
 F
P<n W qI1
<n W qzqn2dF< <M
FWM F<n2W#1
 F
FWM F<n2<q1
Wd
Wd
WW

;HOQ_%;Q#hKYRr1<??#[\QRaQ>Q(

*, >;*4*, %
`% &<5#*,GD*,C;, 1&f ;:! %*, 1'4&h!`
*4T;
  !S\ :O 76;& ;:Z!B n
 0;*4W  !78E
M ;[T$K  Z 78<?4 &= !V n  S.MZM p

Yz2)"- D1;*,C<;

3!78'! 8 =;6;*,"&<;,&#W1* Lf76?%$rB5\,&W


 !" ;   +  m IKFS.MZM p Yz2)MR,W1CK q E b -:aCK
!"78 S,& *4C$#I *]?%$3,&+ Ai< %e*, 1Y#   , 1&_!78 E
m MRlSQ
p T2)T*,*
F-!fX#>"!#78@C#U:aC#*4*=# ; , 1&
<;"1 ;S76?%$6/  q EF-!#B n   p T!78T 1K
 ?2,78,*]?* Lf h n  S.MZM p Yz2)Q5C#'& c r< 

W q

O\Q?yMN=

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=<;rHH#O1

G K

(KRQ9=NQ

;T&+ :O / 178\&#;, 1& m ! T ;T*, '76?%$8;


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 `;>;*  &<?4&#W1* L76;%$965\,&#Wf ! 6 y ;G 
m IKF p T q EHMR4&*,* L+)[<;""= ;:CK815\'
_i %

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m v _ :#C$#, Y$?\"Q  q EQf*]?W1 R&KC#7V5\ N ;:  - 1C#*4$

p T%;h,&
;r$( 1\$ !}!UK 15<;5,*, Li38{ m ^
MR,W#E q EGM ;B!` n 76;(,&WG"!#78S!#2\ &+;W16 :

!#*,U 6$#C B!#*4;,DV ?D"!%$_ :[!=# ; + 1*Z!#%1$K 

+

5#C#-*, V,&"%-!#T ,~%?4 &3$K*4L6&$676; &<$K 

Q&$h0 76;$'<;"1 R\ ,D *,L',[ :O J!


\!V76? 4*KC%$ E b  15K,&%$'478,*4;J76?K,&#WT\  &+

 *]; X<%?4 &_;&<$V 4D1 - &*,78&+,&8%;T ;:Q  *, 1


m $KCI 2V*4;W1"I*, 1YW; q 78 S$# 8C#*,%E

76;6 {#; * L

5.2.1
End-to-end simulation description
ICB `!#'&# 1&#\ , ($K4'*, 1<? &H) V& %$_ G {K#*4, * L
; +4;66$K U# 5<5#,*4 0L_ !h8,&W*,V<;"1 I !,&r&
 &<$KA ;0 &<$x78 ($#*sEcF-!#  :O U-UC#Uh;?U 1&"0?
p ? ?Dy78 ($#* m  &# 1C,*,*,78 ($#* q  r$K ,5\G!#G&#  
5\ !<%D(4 C#`;8&}5+Ly!}*46 ;:S<;"1 Ed16
;
  m $#,W1&;%$65+L2 =4&`MR,W#E q ?I$( 1#\%$2,!8!#
K 155,*, Lm3C{)+! - 76?%$' !9
?V$( 1#\%$G !># 155#4*, ,I ;:H3

';&<$y0 
  \ ,D* L+E


 ;&<$3 L
F-!#, , I% &<5#*,T;C78K4 &8 !VW1;$V S!/,&+ $K 

\ &<$# & :!#-$K,


"&+Z*4[,&B:s"%)+Z Z!Z5\ &'!# ?&
m MR,W1E  ;&<$ v q ;"!#,DV3:s 6;78 1C#&(= ;:

!;'S
I[

$K ;*4;, 1&d ;:= &<$x  8*, 1 E D1 !*,2
,&#*,C<$#r 178> ;*4;, 1&e5\ 0-&d!#>*43h!%D> 

3 
% L 38{S:O I!#BC5k(C#&+Y47'C*4;, &ETF-!,I!# 1C#*]$

F-!9## 1K4;&#h ;:6!y,78*,x&<$(A &<$e78 ($#*,,&W


C#%$G!5\&G,&KD1,W;$3,&@ v%Q !U$#, "D&+/,7VCK
*4?4 &>C,&W687VC#* ,!# 1G \ 1*, 1W;L>&$U$# ;,*4$_78 ($#*,,&W8 ;:
:O W; 1C#&<$U&$G5KW; 1C#&<$`?8 1CKE

W:a ;' ;! S\!@78#*,E8F-!#8IKFg76;(,&W`!78


;

:Q! Y<;""5\,&Wf

KE

5.2.2
Results
MR,W1CK % ! %B!2\"#C* $#, , &f:a =!V76;(,&W
!78Y$K\&<$K&+ 1&_!#B$K 13# 155#4*, L3 { E-F-!BC&## 
m  ^
p T q !<Y!B!,W!\"#C*Z$K,

 $>

 , &U&$6!(C-!#T Y\!_k+C<;*,,0L^E F-!$K,


"&+];*
76;(,&W9!78 m n  S.MZM p Yz q 
 >9,W1& X%&+* L
5\  B\ "!@k+C<*, LrD1&r!#&f &* LrC,&W33& 0- ;r"
D(,S!,!>78 1C#&+- 815\Y
;84&G!*, 1&#W2 7_E 
!<?B!8T#FS.MZM p Tz76;(,&WG;W;Lf$K +'&# '$# :]
:a"Y:] 17
!#S15\ 
2 m !,!3 &#X#78!I C*  :
<?W;!VKE E v q E- n J0I.MZM p T},[;*4 ID&=5\  Z!&
![,&+ Ai< %xI SIKF p T9! 781)?\4;*4* L:O R!#,W1!"
D*,C/ ;:C3 { EJF-!SC#* /D1;*44$#;I!#I; WL` :Z C#Y n 
76;(,&W!78 Q!<?[$# Y& ;Z%k+C<;*4* LB76?*,*(<;""Q !V
!,W! [K4 ; L=5CKR;!# [# ; JTC#5 [ ;::]78R!;J;
&+4*( T!#\ "!Vk(C*, L+EQF-! n JMZ o !78 m v? q )

b !<%D*, =\ :a ;78%$V,&#:O 76;*<*,4 &,&W[!,!8 1&K


X78$6!#SC* C,&W'!S 5Kj ,D78 ,E

:a ;7$#  * Lr B!#4!f?85<;%$@ 1&h*,4&#%;=K%$#, , 1&NE6M ;


n o/p
 ! C#=*, 1= 1&#%;*478 &(B8!<%D2:a C&$r!<?=,=&# 

3.5
Perceptual distortion

!"I {K!#45# Y,W& X<%;&+I78\ ;*Q & ,DK 0L_& ;I & ,DK 0L

SPBFEC
NO MARK
SPBMARK
SPBDIFFMARK
ALTMARK
ALTDIFFMARK
FULL MARK

4.5

 `<LK*4 11$U!"  1W& 0L+E

b  !>*4 S &%;*,78&+%) ! %-D1 %)


!V\!yk+C<*, L>,B,& %$f5#C#S!#878 C&+ :-4&# %;
 {K!,5#,G 1&#W978\ ;*S & ,DK 0L+E

M#;78 5<$d ($# 

78#*,,:]Lf &y 1&6!&<$@!#8,78<"V ;:T*, V5+L@" 2K 1W?


, 1&N)+! 1C#W1!6 1&8!#T ;! !<&$2C!6 ($#,&W=!78J! *48
\ :O 7
*, / 1&#%*,78&+5(LV {(\ *]?, 1&` :Q$# ($K /?1E
o 1&+?Ly r;78*, 5<;%$y ($# V-G!<%D`! %&x!<;'!

2.5

 &%;*,78&+[\ :a ;76& - :<!# t

E u1v;w$# ($# [76L>5K%(

;Y&# 4 &Y,!#,&_!B\!U,W1&<;*R! %D %)#!KC#! %/

,&W2 &W2 & ,DK 0LG 2L#*, 11$3!#   1W& ,0L+E
1.5

!%D5#, i#LG,&+ ($#C#%$_Vk(C#C76;&<;W178&+;*,W1  !#7


b

!,!>4I5#*4B 6 1&+ *R*, 1S; &#Y ! C#I"!&W,&W8!


78 C&+` :=*, 13&<$d!<? "4~ %$c,G\ :a ;76&#U:a G!

0.5

*, 1 &+ 1*R ;:-8i< % {K!#45# 4&#W878\ ;*R& ,D( L+EF-!#&
0

0.05

0.1

0.15
drop probability parameter p0

O<Q?MNT(;1(R%H< 3a <?%O\


r;HOQy%;Q#hK'<Q

0.2

-`$KD*, 1\$y_& <;""'76?(4&#W_!788%;*,*4$xK\!


n  1\ 0LK0-;%$K *4  ,DxS
 &+4* n ;"1  p ;(,&Wc:a ;

0.25

U'<G%Q

& 2,&+U# ; , 1&e :=:O;78 5<$ ($#E


F-!y n J
S.MZM p T! 78 1&#&+;!B!#4W! T#, ;,0L3+
  1&8!/:O;78 &+];*< !\!8,W1&<;* &$8 *4, 1&
!6$K ($K % ' &*,78&+B:a ' !# B:O;78E
b

8!<%D8;*4

D*,C<?%$`!#S76#,&W' :[;&3&$KA &$G;*,W1  !#7 ',&("


!#,"!fC#S%$KC&<$#&# L^V,W1W;LK5<%$r 1&r!276;4&h<LK*, 1$
  m IM o v w1() u% q  `K "6C5"I ;: !#' )
 &<5#*,-SD"LVW + ($6 C##C#J\!6k+C<*, L':a ;-*, %d*, 1J;E
T %-D"%)R =! 1C#*4$h5\2&# %$>!<;!#878 C&+ ;:$?3&+
?D" !#/& 0- ', ,&"%%$85+L' E ;!;J!/,7VCK
*4?4 &3KC78J!<?!,/$$K,, &<*,* L6 &C78$25<&$K4$K!
 * :T$# + '&# = 1&+,5CK8,W1& X%&+* L@ _ 1&W, 1&NE>F-!,
;C78K4 &G,/ &* L6D1;*,]$6 :R=76*,*<:O; , 1&G :Q?8S,-D ,
m ? q ESF-!V n  0MZ o C#D1=,S 1&(D {` !r,&# %,&#W38{1)\
$KC 2!B,&"%,&W`*, 1T *4?4 &@;&U,& %;,&W`&KC#7V5\ 
;:Z &CK,D<;""/%;LK,&WV$#C&$;& L`?*4 Y*41$#,&#W
 8C#&# ;D1 5#*4B*, 1 EIF-!#BC#DS:O  n  S.MZM p Yz,
 1&?D11)1!# %-D"%)LK,*4$#,&WT5\  Z\":a 76;&J:a ;63 {I

v1v(E

F-!#V,&+ Ai< %I +UIKF p T! 78 m ;


:J!=<+

"S;'76;$ q &!&#T!#B\ KC<*Rk(C*, +
L ETI %- D %)
!#`C<$K  L@$#,&#`&<$r!6\ KC<;*$K4 ;, 1&x :/!#
n J p Yz
"!#78 m  !@
;:/*,*J<;""76;%$ q ,
,W& X<%;&+*,L@*, ? V&<$hD Lh*, 18 _!6k+C<;*,,0Lr :!8$K 
 ($#%$>,W1&<;*R!&r;*4*Z I;V76?%$ m MRlIQ p T q E
F-!#,6*, f! %8!<?85+Ly# ; ,&Wr!G&+,`i< % 1&#* L9
78,&# 8,78# ?D 78&+V,&!#3\  #C*Yk+C<*, Lx,8 5#,&#%$NE
F-!#GC#* V:a ;8!GMRlSQ p T"!#783;*, @! %
!;%)
!#,*4=!=*, 1S ;:  78' ;: !#'

 T!<T 178=78%CK


;5*,6,78<"%)R!8,78<; B 1&y\"#C* k+C<*, Lh%;&f,*4*5\

 1&4$K %$G 25\D1 L`*4 %E

6.
CONCLUSIONS
.0&S!,N<\"H !?D1Z"!;" ,~%$S![5\!?D(, 1CKQ ;:#-78*, 
5%$8 ($K

mAno/pUq &<$6I:]78 5<;%$8 ($# 

mt

E u1v;w q ,&2!#

K&# ;: H*, 1E b  !?D1[!#&B$# D*, 1\%$U04&+?i %


*, [  ?D L=&$ 1&+ 1*(78!<;&,78H Y,& -!J\  #
C*Zk+C*, L+E b

!#4*,B-=!<%D%$_ ;! I ($# I &* L_,&#:O 

76;*,*,L+)+T!#4&#V!<?/ 1CKC#* - i<"!Y:aC#&<$;78&+*\$K :O


:O &#5\ 0- &' ($KQ!#,"!B !"R&# ($#J!J\!B-%D 

b '*, 3C#%$_!
 ($#,&WKE

E uvw`& ($K S:O S!#=%$KC&$&+T 1CK

i< %K "4 &HE


b

'!<%DB:a C&<$U!<?S!'*, ,D'76;(,&W

!78/\ :O 78 *,78 1-JW1 + ($6J!/K  , &` ;: !/&K
 'i ?;B6,W1& X%&+* L>*, ? B&(C7'5\ I ;:-&#?L>!,W1!K
#, ;,0L3 E
F-!(C) 17'5,&$=,&+;Ai< %x&$KA &$=T! #5+LK!# 1!78
7 5\J*,* 0C# %$S:a Q!%%D(,* LK*, $#%$&#  (H !=-* 
;,D *,LB*4?W1 :] , &V :D 1,[;21E[F-!,R,Q!#%;5\C
!"L_& ,!# S&#%$3!#'$$K,, &r ;: $#C&$;& LG& ;I:a %$#5
m !,!V- C*4$',&#C# 1$#$# , 1&*#$;I&<$'$#*4L' ;D1 !%$ q ;&<$
!(C/LK,*4$35#*4BD ,Bk+C<*, L3*, 2:O T!,W1!# I*, Y?I$KC
 ;5&#/ : MZ o &<$B:a$#5<;"=*, 1E (C!'!78 Z%&25\"
  178 ($?T ($#J !6X#{K%$V 1CKCK 5# ;)+!#4!6;
$# 8 C* / ',&+W;;,&+ VMZ o "!#78-%k+C#,,&#WV$K,DK 0L
:5\ ;!@!6 ($K`&$h!2%$KC&$&# LrW1&# ; ;%E>T*, K)Z 
,IC# :aC#*R:a S1$##,D= ($KTC#&&#4&#W6;T!B*, ?\ 45#*,
5 ?1E TD ]$K,&W'$#C&$;& L`;&<$`:O%$K5<6,T;*, 84&+  
,&WT4&'7VC#*,,%;[ 1&K:a  &,&WI&<?, 1Z! -!#&$KA &$
*, 1[!<;;  ,,J :<!#-$#
  &([;!#R*,%1$K4&#WI I78 7V5\ 
:I!_, &;U*4;W* Ld$K,
"&+%Ee^IC#8 x!<;` *4;* L
:a + C%$@ &f*,,&(,&W3,78#*4V&<$( ;&<$>78 ($#*,S!#4!@&f5\
%;4* L9<?78 ,~$y !x!`(& %&!<? "4,_ ;:I!# 1K
5+L(0!# 1h*4 ' 1&+ 1*J _C *,D *78 ,EGT&f&<;* L#,= :Y
*4;W=*,V$K*, %LK78&+/ :[&# 1&K$;#,DS ;I$;#,DBMZ o ;
 78<;$8 =B$# *, %L#78 &(J ;:Q C#- 17V5#,&%$2!78/%k+C#, 
*,%?*,LG:aCK! C$KL+E

7.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
b Y- C*4$`*,,Y '!<;& b 1&#!  ;&W=&$`Y 15\ 
FQ78#*,`lT&,D  0L+)R:a ;2# ?D(4$#,&W_!#` p

 ;&( ;& K)

/( ;:O0/;`:a ;
!` 15(j  ,D_\!k(C*, Ly78C# 78&+E p ,"!*z &K
$#"%) tp M 1(C#)<! *4\$3,!_!#,7VC*4?4 &Y :[!Bk+C#C
76&W78&+/!78E

!(NP 1;;&&#"\E &""?%?"!<;#C5*,,%?4 &%!,

8. #REFERENCES
E<T&<$(&H) p EI,*4$#,&WK)<;&<$`VE

 !HEKlI&$# ;&<$#,&#W


&$KA &$`,&+ &"/;8B$(L#&78,EK.&/%O(

# Bn >)<(L#$K& L+)KYC*,4K)


ww1(E

?D 7V5\ 

#&#& K%

?B'E#;&& "`&$
*,W1 ;,!#7

 ;\) 

) p

;!


w1w1w(E

:OHP ?:ONE :a 1(C#E W76$NE $#%;C#5\?W1*, 1&#?;\ #&#&<ww %


P
.&+;0MR*, %E #E W1~1E

?VE o *4;G&<$

b EM<&#W#E[{K*,, T*,*, +%;, &r ;:[5\



;T Y$K*,4D1 L` D(4 1E\FQ "!#&,%*NY\ %) p .F
o \) w1w1u(E\!+HP $#
 D\E *,E 78 %E $#C\ n \ ? {K#
*,*, + 0$$K A/:E  $K:0E

;BE o %{G&$

;B'E#;&& "\) EH1)&$3BE b 1*,,~1E\Z8,&+II +


C\ ;/:a ; 1
,  ?D . n ;*,,%?4 &YC,&WV*, ,D
< 76?(4&#W#EK.&r1# A1N "A@ " s1
(A ";TY1TwAsa8' a"`T>K sa8;A6d
a " 0"\sA;\1 3;#"y; #0 a 4+"#
>K sa6A T<(sa( _  ?)#<;W1  1 K)
/*4;&(, o  0L+) #)<M#5#C;L3v 1 E
:OHP ?:ONE :a 1(C#E W76$NE $#%;C#5\?W1*, 1&#?;\ #&#& 1 v+P
. n 076?(4&#W#E E W~1E

n EgS + &HEH %e5 A;\!3 ($# :a ;

7VC#* 478$#4= 1787VC#&,%?4 &HE  ;VV(#AsA#


h%1O ")<WYW )\S 7V5\ 

w1w1(E

#E<M &$#,~;&<$_BEH~%?%E o &CK,D<;""*4 T,&


%;*,A,78<;"1 /;8E.0&-%;a('SO ("O
0"\;sA\ \""\V;UB V'K#AsA#

;0"V # )#<WT \(1v;#)N;*, &<K)C1C&#
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?

Eg14&#W6&<$`'E<K!(C*,~ ,&&#1EI +`78C# 78&+/ :


b

.&+ &# /%;*,A,78S7'C* ,78%$#4B D(4 E<.0&-%;a(


 (YmH) o !<;\*QT4*,*s) o )g1C&#=v 1 E
u%

E n "K,&#).E^ CD *];) ^'EKI ($K 1&N) p ES&$#*, L+)K;&<$


#E 1*, ;%E\JF n %LK*, $`:O Y%$#C#&<$;&+C$#, 8$?KE#IM o
v w1()\.JF/M)\(# 7V5\ 

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p E n ($# 1*,+L+) o E<Y 178 %)#&$_\E p  o ;&&#1E (47'C*4;, &


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.&+ &# %EK.&/%"a+ p Bn U)#W
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w?#ET &(5\ W#E t E\uvw2  ; ?D L6:a ;I.0&+ & 
FQ*,#! &(L E n  ?j  T \ %) o 1*,C7'54VlI&#,D  L+) w1wu+E

? B'EK!(C*,~ ,&&#1)CKEgCK 11)&$GVEFQ %*, L+E\N 1


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/%"a+ Wn )#WTv w\Kvv;#) o !#,%W #)\.J) w1w1v(E
?BVE\(,*,7&$_=E b 1*,,~1E\NIIgF o-n A:]4 &<$#* L
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