CONCRETE

REINFORCED

PART

I.

METHODS

OF

CALCULATION

BY

A.

W.

BUEL

PART

II,

REPRESENTATIVE

PART

III.

METHODS

STRUCTURES
OF

CONSTRUCTION

BY

C.

S.

NEW

THE

ENGINEERING

HILL

YORK

NEWS

PUBLISHING
1904

COMPANY

Copyright,

1904,

BY

PUBLISHING
ENGINEERING

THE

NEWS

COMPANY

PREFACE.

IN

this

preparing

designing

and

governed
discussions

been

and

of

of

records
of

classification

the

Part

in

structures

reinforced
steel

and

of

record

practice
various

to

and

for

surfaces.
drawn
the

and

designing

of

"

Civil,"

Ge*nie

of

NEW

the

the

American

YORK

CITY,

of

journals

engineering

technical

societies,
works

indebtedness

Society

September

Civil

Civil

i,

of
on

here

made

the

of

new

manship,
workand

III

Part

this

In

and

centers

forms

and

personal

have

America,

and

et

the

in

Special
und

"Beton

and

on

experience

concrete.

Fonts

crete
con-

authors

the

Europe

News,"

Engineers

These

practice.

book

to

des

large

finishing exposed

reinforced

"Engineering
of

this

and

"Annales

and

of

in
is

"Ciment,"

Institution

for

materials

'in

of

and

facing

of

Materials,

construction

of

ing
engineer-

concrete.

actual

of

properties

descriptions

considered

from

In

classes

economical

structures.

are

the

to

methods

Record,"

Engineering
of

given

gathering

of

of

construction

constructing

acknowledgment
"Le

forms

to

the

upon

proceedings

and

all

adaptability

the

show

examples

is

and
In

freely

and

numerous

work

concrete

design

of

attention

especial

part

in

sections.

the

reinforced

of

tures,
struc-

convenience

of

about

and

illustrations

plied
sup-

materials

of

or

calculation

developing

in

been

For

parts

facts

such

have

representative

three

the

structures

types

by

and

contains

methods

illustrated

are

for

necessary

representative

actual

material

formulas

are

II

into

and

Theoretical

selection

the

for

practice

place
of

treatise

America.

construction.

and

divided

is

in

examples
in

mind

American

their

in

practice

concrete

as

Part

designs.
number

book

in

following

and

workmanship

given working

are

concrete

actual

had

prevail

formulas,

of

methods

which

omitted,

practical working

have

authors

engineers

conditions

have

and

the

constructing
the

by

book

Eisen,"

Chauss"es,"
to

the

ceedings
Pro-

Transactions

Engineers.
A.

W.

C.

S.

1904.
iii

B.
H.

CONTENTS.

PART

METHODS

I.

CALCULATION.

OF

PAGE

CHAPTER

I.

USE

ECONOMIC

Reinforced

OF

REINFORCED

CONCRETE

3-15

Concrete

Properties

of

Concrete

Properties

of

Steel

Relation

between

Coefficient

of

Formulas

and

Steel

10

14

and

Concrete

BEAMS

Theories

10

Expansion

between

II.

4
:

Concrete

of

Adhesion

CHAPTER

PROPERTIES

AND

THEORIES

AND

Steel

OF

14

FLEXURE

!5~49

Flexure

for

16
of

Strength

Beams

19

Thacher's

31

Constants

Hatt's

32

Shear

Longitudinal

between

Steel

and

Concrete

40

Formulas

Shearing

CHAPTER

25

Formulas

Christophe's
Thacher's

CHAPTER

Formulas

Empirical

41

in

Stresses

III.

Beams

43

COLUMNS

IV.

49-5

WALLS,

RETAINING

DAMS,

TANKS,

CONDUITS,

AND

NEYS
CHIM-

57-88
Plain

Walls

Walls

with

Braced

Bridge

58
Counterforts

Retaining

71

Stresses

in

Dams

74

Stresses

Shrinkage
Thermal

and

Pressure

Core

on

Forms

75

Shrinkage
the
of

Immersed

Stresses

Combined

76

Surface

77

Dams

81

Walls

82

Tanks
Column

69

"

Abutments

Thermal

Other

66

Walls

82

"

Footings

and

Spread

Foundations

84
v

CONTENTS.

vi

PAGE

Conduits, Sewers,
Chimneys

CHAPTER

and

V.

TESTS

Evolution

and

and

Style
The

92
the

Computing

in

Stresses

an

Arch

Ring

97

of Arch

Shape

Ring

99

Theory

104

Spandrels
Ribbed

107
108

Ring

108

Abutments

Thermal

108

Stresses

and

Centers

Falseworks

PART

CHAPTER

II.

EXAMPLES.

REPRESENTATIVE

CONSTRUCTION

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

IN

131-150

Foundations

131

Foundations

with
Pile

Concrete-steel

VII.

Reinforced

Concrete

136

Caps

Foundations

138

Foundations

Open-caisson

147

Piles

Armored-timber

CHAPTER

124

FOUNDATION

VI.

Spread
Pile

148

CONCRETE

REINFORCED

IN

BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION.
.

Floors

Columbian

Monier

154

Floors

Hennebique

156

Floors
Floors

Roebling

Floors

Modified

De

163
168
,

Valliere

Floors

169

Floors

International
Wire-fabric

Floors

Long-span

Girders

171
171
171

Columns,

Bank-building

Basel, Switzerland

Columns, Cincinnati, Ohio

Office-building
York, N.
Factory-buildingColumns, New
Factory-building Columns,
Plastered

175

176
Y

Piers, Louisville,Ky

Power-house

Monolithic

162

.'

Ransome

150-199
152

Floors

Expanded-metal

Walls

of

Concrete

Elastic

Open
The

for

88

Arches

Concrete

Arches

Concrete

Method

88

ARCHES

OF

of Reinforced

Advantages

Approximate
Reinforced

86

DESIGNS

AND

of Reinforced

Tests

84

Culverts

and

Standpipes

179

Greensburg,

Pa

Walls

179
180

and

Mesh

of Cast

177

Steel-frame

Walls

183

Slabs

185

Reinforced

Concrete

Frame

Reinforced

Plate

and

Monolithic

Roof

Construction

and

Steel-frame

Brick
Roof

Filling

185

Construction

186

187

vii

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Stairs

191

Corbels

195

Shaft -hangers

195

Expansion-joints

198

CHAPTER

VIII.

REINFORCED

CONCRETE

BRIDGE

IN

AND

STRUCTION
CON-

CULVERT

199

Hennebique

Girder

Bridges

200

Hirdenheim

Girder

Bridge, Germany

201

Moller

Girder

Embedded

Construction

Steel-beam
Reinforced

Concrete
Monier

Arch

Wunsch

Steel-girder Construction

205
205

Arch

207

Construction

210

Constructions
Arch

Thacher

Arch

212

Construction

Arch

214

Construction

Expanded-metal
Luten

202

Construction

Hennebique
Melan

Bridges

Construction

Arch

Arch-rib

202

Girder

Arch

222

Construction

227

Construction

Corrugated-bar
Combination

Arch

Arch

Long-span

227
Construction

229

Constructions

Concrete-steel

233

Arches

235

Bridge Floors

238

Illinois Central
New

York

R.

"

Central

Chicago, Burlington
Arch

Culverts

R.

242

Hudson

River

Quincy

"

Culvert, Kalamazoo,

R.R.

Culverts

246

246

Culverts

R.R.

Mich

247

Solid-filled Spandrels
Hollow

Spandrels

with

2.49
Curtain-walls

250

Arches

Spandrel

250

Expansion-joints

252

Waterproofing

256

Drainage

257

Parapet Walls

257

CHAPTER

IX.

EXAMPLES

or

CONCRETE

REINFORCED

CONDUIT

TION
CONSTRUC-

258
Tunnel-works

Simplon
Pecos

Irrigation Co.'s
Aqueduct,

Weston

Cedar

Grove

258

Aqueduct

Boston,

Reservoir

Switzerland

Aqueduct,

259

Mass

Conduit,

259

Newark,

N.

260

261

Philadelphia Filter-conduits
Water-works

Water-works

Drainage

Conduit,

Bone,

Algeria

Conduit, Jersey City,

Canals, New

Orleans,

Intercepting Sewer, Harrisburg,

Sewer

System, Lancaster,

Pa

La
Pa

N.

262

263

J
'

263
265
266

viii

CONTENTS.

Agricoled'Acheres

Pare

267

Sewer, Paris, France

Flues

270

Subway

CHAPTER

for

X.

and

Pipes

Wires

EXAMPLES

272

REINFORCED

or

TANK

RESERVOIR

AND

TION
CONSTRUC-

273
Illinois

Cement-storage

Tanks,

Reservoir, Port

Deposit,

Water-tower,

Fort

Rectangular

Tanks

Grain-elevator

Chicago,

Company,

111

276

Md

Revere,

278
Mass

279
282

Bins

284
Coal

Bins, Narragansett Bay

Reservoir

Steel

286

Depot

Roofs

286

Waterproofing

CHAPTER

XI.

EXAMPLES

CHIMNEYS,

DAMS,

Pacific

Pacific

Co.

Borax

Co.

Chimney,

Fire-brick

Cross-tie

Burbank

Cross-tie

RETAINING-WALLS,

Jersey City, N.
Constable

Chimney,

Co.

Angeles, Cal

Los

St.

294

297
N.

Hook,
Louis,

297

Mo

297
300
301

Railway Tie, Italy

Tunnel

301

Linings

Open-cut
Aspen

Chimney,

Chimney,

Kimball

Adriatic

CONCRETE

294

Railway

Lard

Clede

REINFORCED

or

ETC

Electric

Central

La

293

Tunnel,

Tunnel

302

Street

Tunnels

303
Pacific

Union

R.R

305

Revetment

Clybourn
Trestle

Place

306

Bridge Pier, Chicago,

Pier, Perth

Amboy,

Arch-bridge Wing-walls,

N.

309

Black

Quai Debilly Retaining-wall,

111

309

Lick,

O
,.

Paris

Expansion-joints
Manhole

311
313

Ingalls Building Retaining-wall, Cincinnati, O

in

315

Retaining-walls

315

Covers

317

Lighthouse

517

Dams

318

PART

CHAPTER

XII.

III.

MATERIAL

CONCRETE

Quality

EMPLOYED

IN

THE

CONSTRUCTION.

FABRICATION

OF

REINFORCED
325

of Concrete
of Concrete

Composition
Consistency

of Concrete

Permeability
Monier

OF

.METHODS

of Concrete

Netting

325

326
327

327
331

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Expanded

Metal

331

ElectricallyWelded
Lock

Woven-wire

Twisted

Steel

Corrugated
Thacher

Fabric

Wire

333

Rods

333

Bars

Steel

Bars

Kahn

Bars

Steel

Cummings

334

Bars

Columbian

335

336
33"

Bars

Commercial

337

Shapes

337

Efficiency of Mechanical
Preservation

of Iron

XIII.

METHODS

CHAPTER

Bond

337

in Concrete

CONSTRUCTION

OF

338

"

IN

WORK

FOUNDATION

Foundations

Spread
Piles

332

Fabric

with

342
342

Reinforced

Concrete

Caps

344

Casting

Concrete-steel

Piles

344

Driving

Concrete-steel

Piles

345

Constructing

CHAPTER

XIV.

Cost

Piles

in Place

METHODS

OF

349

CONSTRUCTION

IN

BUILDING

WORK

of Forms

Floors

355

Supported

Monolithic

between

356

Beams

358

Floors

Forms

Staging

355

for

359

363

Forms

363

Concreting
Columns

366

Forms

366

Concreting

369

Walls

and

Partitions

370

Forms

370

Wall-mold

Ties

373

Concreting

374

Roofs

375

Chimneys

376

CHAPTER
Arch

XV.

METHODS

CONSTRUCTION

OF

IN

BRIDGE

WORK

381
381

Centers

Arch-ring Construction

388

Striking the Centers

Spandrel-wall Construction

396

CHAPTER
Forms

XVI.
and

METHODS

OF

395

CONSTRUCTION

CONDUIT

WORK

398
398

Centers

Concreting
Manufacture

IN

405
of Concrete-steel

Pipe

413

CONTENTS.

PAGE

CHAPTER

XVII.

Causes

of

FACING.

Roughness

Construction

Mortar

of

or

AND

and

Discoloration

Forms

Mortar

Dash

Tooled

Surfaces

Masonry
Cast

Efflorescence

416

42

42

422

Slab

and

415

422

Facing

Moldings

SURFACES..

419

Facing

Concrete

CONCRETE

417

Facing

Plastering
Pebble

EXPOSED

417

Facing

Grout

Finishing

FINISHING

Veneer

Ornamented

425

Shapes

426
426

PART

I.

CALCULATION
METHODS

OF

REINFORCED

CHAPTER

CONCRETE.

ECONOMIC

I."

USE

REINFORCED

alone,

CONCRETE
less

nor

more

between

rubble

methods

of

made

of

concrete

with

rubble

the

used

cement

of

Examples
or

tied

all

depends

iron

rods

and
in

only

bars

was

additional

strength

secured,

and

difficulties

involved

and

comparative

Reinforced

facility

with

anywhere

as

tensile
in

which

in

of.
its

Concrete.

the

The

in

compression

three

hundred

duty

under

tenths

of

to

support

times

cost
a

the

the

required

given

load

volume

load

to

by

will

support
concrete

it with
in

steel.

tension

and

times

ten

in

tension

fifty
will

times

support

in

tension

Therefore,

carry.

given
On

would

tage
advan-

about

steel

the

embedded

taken

about

concrete,

carry

be

strength

costs

will

concrete

mechanical

concrete

and
is

the

impracticable.

may

areas

than

concrete

the

same

sectional

same

of

with

metal

steel

works

compared

seen

the

the

masonry.

concrete

about

placing.

cut-stone

it

of

quality

reinforced

modern

soon

of

has

that

only,

of

was

more

load

of

bars

or

in

crete
con-

or

and

found

render

advent

masonry

for

times

compression
the

rods

the

masonry

cost

resistance

For

thirty

rubble

the

steel

while

concrete.

as

the

Volume

compression.

much

of

compressive

resistance,

as

With

"

reinforcing
mass

with

either

rubble

stones

great

Roman

classified

on

the

concrete

old

large

with

very

with

mixing

are

connection

reinforcement

the

the
of

obtained

either

largely

in

results

be

of

composed

features
to

The

may

value

exercised

care

usually

such

The

structures

with

but

of

cost

the

identical.

and

stones,

nothing

confined

and

stone

practically

large

The

small

construction

masonry

periods,

The

and

together

be

really

are

very

is

distinguishing

materials.

masonry.

for

material

of

with

concrete

or

the

placing

would

stone

OF

material,

The

concrete

made

made

was

as

and

building

masonry.

and

masonry

large

as

of

masonry

mixing

rubble

with

kind

PROPERTIES

CONCRETE.

considered

than

AND

the
cost

load

for

at

other

about

six-

hand,
six

times
the
a

much

as

raison

are

by

best

and

CONCRETE.

support it with

steel.

reinforced

and

will

be

adapted

of the

one

for which

are

of

members

compressive

stresses

are

tensile stresses,

to resist the

purpose

ratios

various

the

the

steel is introduced

serving the

and

If

all of

economic

These

concrete.

that

designed

so

concrete

material

each

of

d'etre

structure

resisted

to

as

REINFORCED

it is the

cheapest

design will

principlesof economic

be

fulfilled.

embedded

and
from

steel

about

at

protectionof the metal

of

of

more

and

less

or

arch

to

construction,

retaining-walls. Even
or

it is often

flexure
the

in

of

occurrence

often

to

cracks

introduce

due

floors,and

admirably

sewers;

for

and

dams

subjected

tension

to

steel reinforcement

shock

to

steel, concrete

economical
not

to

settlement

or

is

unprotected

beams,

and

is

that

concrete

desirable

with
for

long columns, tanks, reservoirs, conduits,

adapted

that, in

structure

temporary

economical

and

high, perhaps

very

masonry

reinforced
intelligently
suitable

elements

except fire-brick;and

appearance

crete
con-

properly selected

with

resistingqualitiesare

cost

When

material

the

building material

the

structure.

becomes

heat

substantial

the

cases,

obtained

other

no

that

are

of

combination

the

practicallyperfect; that,

fire and

the
ingredients,

surpassed by

steel

is

corrosion

many

in

important advantages secured

Other

vent
preother

or

causes.

Properties of Concrete.
first

is the

and

concrete

said

those
the

combination

of

Such

form,

with

The

scope

the

and

purpose

to

many

uses,

structures.

and

drawn

not

The

possess

object of

excepting a few

be

the

elements

their

relation.
inter-

practicalengineer
in
be

to

concise
safe and

experiments accessible.
permit

not

of

an

will

be

of

an

exhaustive

considered.

cements,

desirable
qualities

reinforcingconcrete

safety,or

may

elaborate
discussion

therefrom.

Puzzolanic

the

the

the

composite

of

nature

of

those

assembled

recent

does

only

natural, slag,or
do

most

structures.

the

considered

are

experiments nor

concretes

greater strengthor
alone;

be

the

of this work

all the recent

Portland-cement
with

from

the

here

that

of

between

required by
are

materials

but
separately,

stresses

determine

them

only

not

characteristics
of

of

designing

considered

are

assigned to

deductions

made

units

propertiesof

comprise

distribution

deductions

expositionof
of

elements

and

of the

economic

intelligent
designing

values

conservative

and
concrete

propertiesas

in

architect

or

knowledge

properties or

control

that
the

steel

the

include

to

mass

of

safe

reinforced

propertiesof

The

of

requisitefor

"

both,

than

specialcases

can

although adapted
for reinforced
with

the

with

concrete

to

concrete

steel is to

be attained
where

Concretes

seam

concrete

is used

USE

PROPERTIES

AND

principallyfor
made

The

fillingor

with

Portland

for

economical

OF

add

to

equal strength

properties of concretes

and

quality of
made

concretes

the

with

safety.

vary

with

ingredients.
Portland

(i) true

square

inch

540

to

Ibs.; (2) silica sand,

neat, in 7

absolutely clean,
(3) g"0(i,hard,
of

to

there

of sand

of mortar
to

100

the

matrix

or
no

This

is here

the

strength of

be

provided

equal, the strengthof

will be

attained

volume

of

the
50

proportion

and
the
or

sand,
sand

to

the

and

values

here
old.

six months

the age

which

at

to

reduce
are

the

used

often

the

fact that

more

it is

reliable

strains.
serious

bending

than

Until

under
very

tensile

to

other

of its

years
the

broken

the

strength
mortar

or

in

voids
stone

from

45

per

without

value

stresses, but

be

be

and

cent,
cement

reducing

has

strength

may

be

materially.

and

one,

three,

correspond

of

been

than

transverse

and

architects
as

present

frcm

considered
tensile

or

hardly

material

time

is

concrete

this follows

heretofore

concrete

the

cement

very

which

properties,and

engineers

at

or

subject to its full load.

strains

of

used

the

gravel

or

matrix,

days,

seven

compressive

compressive
recent

of

the

of the concrete

should
may

economical

more

consideration
or

any

things being

cheap, advantage

for concretes

The

"

more

the cost

structure

Compressive Strength.

should

matrix

matrix

proportion of

gravel are

values

Those

of

excess

considerablyreduced

and

to

affect

not

affectingits properties. Where

or

given

gate,
aggre-

matrix

does

Other

in

practicethis requiresa

In

in

cent., the
be

stone

ratio of

the

given

filled is reduced

per

30

in the

proportionalto

several sizes

be

to

voids

aggregate.

cent,

from

sand

to

cement

sufficient

as

filled.

are

proportion

gravel) is

material,

far

will be

per

concrete

of this method

The

10

voids

clean

the

and

of cement

the

or

to

that

strengthfor

by mixing

to

dear

are

in

concrete

aggregate may

strengthof

taken

and

to

stone

tions
propor-

matrix,

from
and

sand;

matrix

so

The

or

vary

and

coarse;

gravel.
mortar

but

latter.

or

good

all voids

if

down

cent,

per

the

it is believed

voids

about

of

in

except in

the

when

Thus

6 of

(broken

mortar

the maximum

matrix

aggregate.

by

concrete

and

to

voids

latter is

fill the

to

of the mortar,

the

because

the
the

the

in

experimental data,
aggregate

and

adopted

where

aggregate,

clean

or

of

days

coarse,

and

specifyingthe proportions,by

matrix

or

the

of

of

method

stone

fine

strength

in 28
nor

for

are

tensile

650 Ibs.,and
of

here

given
a

moit

the proportions

with

having

mixture

of cement

to

cent,

per

mortar

from

to

up

values

to

generallyused

reliable

are

The

and

crete
con-

the

be

to

necessarilysharp

not

broken

sand

to

their age

of 450

days

found

cements

preferably a

screened

cement

for which

and

be

and

per

750

will

cement

construction, the

the

to

mass

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

to

gave
resist

comparatively

REINFORCED

few

hesitate

to

CONCRETE.

it in beams

use

and

subjectedto tensile stress, and

of

both

professionshave

strength of
where

any

steel.

The

of

chief

two

and

the

are

results
and

manner

under

objects in
A
A.

widely varying

experiments made

set of

with

good

clean, hard

sand,

of

Factors

operator.

On

this

and

far

placing
it is

account

from

the

large

by independent

tigators
inves-

conclusions
made

more

brand

and

mixing

and

conditions

have

any

of

been

with

in the

cement

secured.

often

Chief

published,and

of

From

these

Mr.

tests

the

of

set

in Table

Edwin

Elevated

Boston

systematic

given

are

Arsenal

at the Watertown

Engineer
homogeneous and

most

been

have

to

conditions

draw

or

practice,

section

aggregate

but

be

tensile

with

different

view.

Kimball,

the

that

isolated tests

the

will

the

sand

clean

bers
mem-

the
best

partly

compressive strength

and

resultingconcrete,

same

The

the

sand,

cement,

where

reinforce

proportion of

Portland

personal equations of
extremely difficult to harmonize
of

is to

it is

of eminent

of.

advantage

cement,

the

number

works

the

the

the

high-burned

greater weight

constructed

occur,

and

quality of
on

number

factors that determine

the
substantially

stone,

can

its age

are

less influence

of modern

strains

where

situations

considerable

is taken

concrete

tensile

The

matrix.
or

the

concrete

similar

for Mr.
in

R.R.,

1899,

have

that

tests

George
are

yet

as

I.

Thacher

deduced

has

for

formulas

They give results that agree with

be entirelyrelied upon
for
the average
of the experiments and
can
from
concretes
They are as follows:
carefullymade
good materials.

the

ultimate

The

strength of

concretes.

compressive strengthin pounds

ultimate

per

inch

square

of

crete
con-

/ volume
7

old

days

=1,800"200

"

\volume
i

month

old=3,ioo"
"

3 months

"

of the

tenth

give the

Strength.

Tensile

4,900-

formulas

These

=3,820"

"

"

of

cement/

'

do.

),

460 (

do.

),

600

do.

).

350

results

shown

in Table

tensile strength may

The

of sand
~r"

."

compressive strength,and

the

be

II.

safelyplaced at

modulus

of transverse

one-

rup-

ture,
the

at

-r,

ratio

cement

as

to

about

lyV

follows

3 of sand

for

of

that

the

Portland-cement

Tetmajer gives

consisting cf

mortars

by weight:
/

Tensile

tensile strength.

strength

compressive strength
5-

V8.64+

1.8

log.of

age

in

months/

of

USE

TABLE

I.

PROPERTIES

AND

SHOWING

"

BY

STRENGTH

COMPRESSIVE
MADE

TESTS

Compress!

ARSENAL

Strength,

ve

1899.

IN

Pounds

per

MINED
DETER-

AS

Inch.

Square

of Cement.

Brand

Days.

MIXTURE

Atlas

904

Germania

2,428

2,966

3.953

3,123

4,411

,420

2,269

3,082
2,608

3.643
3,612

i"525

2,440

2,944

3.904

Atlas

1:3:6.

1,050

Alpha

892

1,816

2,538

2,120

2.355

2,750

2,486

2,930

2,349

3,026

2,432

2,969

I,2OI

1,583

1.257

I-S32

Germania

i,55"

2,174

Alsen

1,438

2,1

1,232

2,063

Average

MIXTURE

:6:

Atlas

594

Alpha

564

i,

Germania

759

Alsen

Average

583

AS

ULTIMATE
DETERMINED

BY

14

12.

,090
218

963

987
873

417

SHOWING

Months.

2,642

MIXTURE

"

Months.

1,592

Average

II.

2,219

Alsen
.

Month.

1:2:4.

1.387

Alpha

TABLE

CONCRETE

OF

WATERTOWN

AT

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

OF

I,

,042

COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH

THACHER'S

FORMULAS.

815

844

1,323

O66

L3I3

OF

CONCRETE

Age.
Mixture.

Days.

Month.

Months.

Months.

: i

'"3

i, 600

2,75"

3.360

4,300

: 2

'"4

1,400

2,400

,QOO

3,700

:5

1,300

2,225

2,670

3,400

:6

2,050

2,440

3,100

1,100

1.875

2,2IO

2,800

1,000

1.700

1,980

2,500

i:3i:7-

,200

1:4

:8.

1:5
i :6

:io

800

1-35"

T,520

1,900

: 12

600

1,000

1,060

1,300

REINFORCED

Modulus

of Elasticity.It has

This

experiments

and,

no

doubt,

give values
Table

III.

TABLE

III.

and

true

of the

modulus

great variation

has

been

has

greatly retarded

the

SHOWING
BY

modulus

The
of

MODULUS
MADE

TESTS

AT

From
values
exact

Table
very

for all

III

close to

the
the

introduction

ELASTICITY
WATERTOWN

OF

1:3:6.

the

in

the

5,000,000.

constructors,
of

reinforced

tests

concretes

as

CONCRETE

ARSENAL

MIXTURE

to

Arsenal

of

by

much

750,000

the

and

concrete

very

conservative

1:2:4.

1899

shown

AS
IN

of

in

MINED
DETER-

1899.

1:6:12.

followingformulas

practicalpurposes.

matter

rials
mate-

ticity.
of elas-

modulus

determined

with

MIXTURE

averages

as

Watertown

MIXTURE

the

as

from

E
elasticity

OF

property of

no

of
elasticity

of

left the

condition

works.

reliable

all the way

stated

that

in its value

published

important
for

"

uniform

discouraging

in

concrete

the

said

as

heretofore

Its value
was

is

be

may

probably is, but

This

been

"

of construction

dark.

CONCRETE.

of
For

the

have

been

experiments

concrete

deduced, givirg
and

sufficiently

USE

PROPERTIES

AND

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

OF

/ volume
7

days old,

month

"=2,600,000"700.000

of sand

i"

Vvolume

old, "=2,900,000"300,000

months

3
6

the

moduli
values

do.

~2)"

"=3,600,000"600,000

do.

-3).

volume

of sand

oi

as

entire

be

must

to

at

the

experiments

will

truth

be

than

zero

required

above

be

can

formulas.

deduced

number

large

to

determine

of

These

and

ably
prob-

are

from

the

ments
experi-

carefullyexecuted
values

these

the

shows

IV

ordinary purposes,

that

words, all

In other
Table

the

by

for all

any

as

less

or

zero.

zero.

as

determined

available.

present

considered

considered

reliable
sufficiently

near

zero

cement

is to be

term

is

"

as
elasticity

are

-I)"

values

of

do.

"=3,600,000"500,000

\volume

negative

"

term

(negative),the

of cement

"

/
If

"
"

with

greater

precision.
TABLE

IV.

"

SHOWING

MODULI

ELASTICITY

OF
BY

Mr.

W.

modulus

pressive
be

are

not

values

conclusive.

of two

Prof.

used

safelybe

may

conditions
or

for

the

eighteen

varied

were

H.

Wm.

and

stress

three

naturallybe expected

would

as

the

in groups

compared

and

in

stress, but

FORMULAS.

tensile

elasticityunder

of

MINED
DETER-

AS

given forty-eight determinations

has

Henby

H.

CONCRETE

OF

tests

the

that

so

with

results

of

modulus

they

the

com-

only

can

conditions,
and

erratic

very

concludes

Burr

under

constant

were

of

that

in
elasticity

the

same

tension

as

compression.
The

these

values

of "

limits include

square

inch.

would

be

For

for loads

are

only given for

the

practicalrange
of

purposes
from

loads between

600

to

computing
4,000

of
the

Ibs.,"

safe

and

100

working

ultimate
would

600, since

stresses

per

strength, which

have

considerably

REINFORCED

io

values.

lower
be

one-half

from

and

Ibs.

600
the

to

in

loads

For

loads

over

of

Boeck

and

Melan

connection

with

the

Austrian

tested

were

between

loads

for

given

would

Ibs. the values

2,000

data
satisfactory

according

the

would

to

to

than

values

ultimate

values

mixture,

seem

100

known

not

are

agree

of

of E

about

at

from

ranging

and

the

the

load

E, corresponding

loads

of

strength

to

per

of

average

to

number

1,500,000

ultimate

750,000

of ultimate

calculations

In

nearly with

more

value

experiments, where

of E

age,

750,000,

inch,

square

previous experiments
less than

much

the

strength.

Two

important points to

that

the

be

in

strength,and
being practicallya

of

steel inside

of

elastic limit.

determined

from

the

the limited

The

number

connection

far

so

ultimate

the

instead

curve,-

noted

limit of concrete,

elastic

close to

is very

found

destruction.

to

assumed

those
Ibs.

2,000

Professors

by formulas,

is

and

1,000

writer.

arches

are

between

two-thirds

to

For

CONCRETE.

it has

as

with

this

been

determined,

its modulus

that

of

of this

is with
be

cannot

curve

of determinations

elasticity
it

straight line, as

nature

subject

that

have

been

published.
Loads.

Working

working loads,
which

in
and

of

the

will about

cover

the

of

Properties
will

used

be

be varied

as

inch,

matrix

is

and

in

to

The

all

to

the

practice

cretes
con-

sand

of

voids

these

in

the

mixtures

concretes.

sections, with
These

conditions

cement

which

safe

properties for

followingproperties of

concrete

herein.

of

considered

are

and

present

for reinforced

"

what

square

sand,

range

Steel.

given

are

According

reinforced

computing

or

3 of

to

per

mortar

filled.

are

may

pounds

cement

aggregate

them,

in

Table

In

"

values

the

values

believed

are

steel for

in

use

assigned

to be

to

safe,but

require according to the judgment

of

the

designer.
Ultimate

strength,58,000

Elastic

limit, 55

cent,

per

Modulus

of

Working

stress, factor

66,000 Ibs. per

to

of

"

"

of

4,

expansion

Relations
relations
forced
If the

exist

two

elements
one

strength.

Ibs. per
"

12,000

degree Fahrenheit, 0.00000648

Concrete

between

inch.

square

"

the

and
concrete

Steel.
and

"

The
steel

to

0.0000686.

character

of
of

elements

combinations

concrete

either the
a

that

per

between

15,000

"

5,
of

ultimate

inch.

elasticity,
29,000,000.

Rate

the

square

or

act

the

composite design.

depends first on the design of the

independently in resistingthe stresses,

other

might

carry

all the

load,

it may

be

the

re.'n-

section.
so

that

called

USE

AND

TABLE

V.

Rate

PROPERTIES

OF

SHOWING

"

SAFE

REINFORCED

WORKING

expansion ] (Clark)
degree Fah- HRaeand

renheit

00000795

uWmate

Safe

Prof.

"

embedded

in

of

two-thirds

If

Hatt

of

some

forces resisted

after

values

they

636

to

60

to

started
For

resisted

are

for

would

entire section

per

from
50
reinforced

square

inch

round

rods

cent,

per

f"M

-r-5.

steel and

the

element

fail,it may

to

steel,

with

and

tension

that if the

so

mortar

smooth

entirelyby

the concrete,

entirelyby

of

not

table

concrete

1:2

100

slip was

to

1:3:5

"

640 pounds
756

friction

concrete

in the

given

forces

the

force failed the

one

to

the

that

adhesion.

the

the

found

also

concrete

cent,

per

use

570

adhesion

working
Note.

...

\"Hatt"

surlact

for

.00000655
)" .00000561

"

"

'(

CONCRETE.

FOR

Dougherty).

AOT6stee1
i(Pauschinger).
metallic

70

LOADS

of

per

CONCRETE.

other

resisting

be

called

in

the

bination
com-

design.
dispositionof

the

If
such

that

divided

elements

two

the

between

that

and

the

While

and

concrete

of the

monolithic

independent

are

load,

it is clear

like

and
This

is not

to

prevent it from
or

in

the

imply

buckling,

unit, and
manner

that

as

that

the
any

an

the

but

the

latter

in

as

they

do

steel does

not

additional

and

only

reducing

monolithic

design.

loosely classed
with

the
one

calculated

not

act

the

case

togetheras

reinforce

the

independent

the

all the

independently

stiffen the

not

bination
com-

and
carry

may

with

the

concrete

section,as
may

occurs,

true

either
be

being

in

common

Since

all-steel
concrete

is

result

been

have

should

element
or

steel,where

other, and

of each

each

that

stresses

called

be

section

all

steel would

designs.

all-concrete

an

the

concrete

single unit,

little

concrete-steel,they really have

steel

composite designs

many

and

and^the

as

section,it may

strengthof the

the

act

omission

entire

the

steel

the

concrete

section

may
steel

be.
and

tion
combina-

except
may

re-

REINFORCED

12

inforce

of

another, designs

concrete-steel
The

CONCRETE

this

reinforced

or

systems

of

designs.

In

or

protected by

of

4, of

i, 2, 3, and

of floor

none

scarcelybe

with

classed

concrete.

illustrations,
Figs,

Youngstown

type should

construction

these

three

the concrete, and

it

the

show

is the

of this type

examples

metal

embedded

either

be
-scarcely

can

and

Roebling, Rapp,

considered

as

in
mere

,Concrere

FIG.

FIG.

2.

Tile.

or

FIG.

For

structure.

into

in the
"

the

account
case

of the

Combination
on

which

the
will

strength of
under

loads

3.

Roofing Company's

Floor.

4.

with

Flat

Ceiling.

^*T Bars

7/'/e

temporary

with

Floor

Rapp

"

form

or

purposes

strength of

the

Arched

on

which

to

be

it may

metal

Ceiling.

build

the

tension

side
in

occur

the beam

include

element

has

been

concrete-steel
strained

well-designedbeam

is reached.

produce

maximum

Concrete

concrete

permissible to
acting alone,

Roebling arch, held against buckling by

designs

that

Steel

Floor

Rapp

"

centering

permanent

and

Floor.

"T Bars.

FIG.

^Brick

Roebling Arch

"

Iron

Youngstown

"

or

than

i.

beams

beyond
long
beams

tensile stresses

the

the

after

take
as

or,

concrete.

the

crete
con-

point of rupture,

before

the

reinforced
in the

ultimate
with

concrete

steel,
less

USE

PROPERTIES

AND

the ultimate

than

OF

strength,act

as

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

singleunit

and

13

classed

be

may

as

monolithic.
The

important

most

distribution

the

relations

the

of the

"

"

"

Under

between

of

"

direct
the

"

elements

two

the

"

concrete.

"

steel.

the

tension

or

in

are

steel.

"

compression

steel

and

concrete

concrete.

"

of
elasticity

"

the

following:

of the

"

mine
deter-

propertiesrequired to

or

between

the

section

"

modulus

"c=the
E8=

of stresses

existingbetween

^ic=area
A8=

characteristics

the

of

proportion

distributed

will be

stresses

:ACEC:A8E8}

FC:F8:

where

.Fc=the

total

stress

in

the

concrete

F8=thQ

total

stress

in

the

steel.

and

From

this is derived

the

equation
As
"

Es
N
(l)
,

_,

F*=:F*A~F"
sic rL,c
F8

F
if

and

/c=-r-=the

stress

per

inch

square

and

in the concrete

/"=

stress

per

=the

"

A8

Ac
inch

square

in

the

steel

have

we

Es
,

(2)

/"=%,

Ec

which

that

the

stress

directly proportional to

their

is

is to

say

directlyfrom

derived

which

is the ratio

When

the

means

that

stretch

or

by
per

of

will

inch

square

if

and

29,000,000,

per

the

compress

stress

section

to

steel is stated

to

be

inch

for

Ec,

stretch

the

or

If

2,000,000.

"="

"

Ec

intensityof

stress

steel,the

concrete

length

the

per

inch

square

will

be

its

to

will

length divided

is 2,900,000,

pound

one

equal

amount

an

it

29,000,000,

29,000,000

_r

by

it

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CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

14

steel

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BEAMS

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the
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the

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previous chapter.

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FLEXURE

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REINFORCED

20

/
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CONCRETE.

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sustained

"

concrete.

notation

"

of

!"-

concrete.

beam

above.

given

steel.

by

"

is the cross-section

the

in the

steel.

of load

proportion

Fig. 9

concrete.

concrete.

"

"-

in the

stress

axis.

sustained

"

in the steel.

showing

steel reinforcement

The

ing
accordcon-

may

*-X

-**-

N-

the dimensions

%%0W"?%y%

*
"o

; TS

FIG.

sist of

one

9.

or

"

For

the center
For

number

any

neutral

of the

Cross-section

beam
with

beam

axis

of Beam

of bars
on

the

supported at

both

or

only

load,

Notation.

IllustratingStandard

tensile
ends

and

cross-section

of any

sides

both

side.

and

loaded

at

M=Wl+4

supported at

both

ends

and

uniformly
M=wl2+8

loaded
For
other

on

with

For

other, and

beam
a

fixed

at

one

end

and

loaded

at

the

M=Wl

load, W

beam

fixed

at

one

uniformly loaded

end, unsupported

at

the
M=

wl2+

BEAMS

For
other

beam

and

For

fixed

at

THEORIES

end

one

and

FLEXURE.

OF

supported

beam

and

fixed at

loaded

M=wl2-^-S

For

beam

end

one

the

at

and

supported

the

at

both

at

ends

loaded

and

uniformly
For

M
beam

fixed

both

at

ends

loaded

and

M=Wl+S

For
with

beam

supported

singleload, W,

inches

Any

from

to

/"
inches

the

end

and

W2,

from

end

one

inches

W2,

will

the

from

W2

the

to

-t-l

m-n-

W"

center,

to

center

apart,

produce

ing
bend-

maximum

is

support

nearest

W*m

and
/Tr.

the

the

at

reaction

TT.

2(W1+W2)

R=[W2'n-\-Wl(m+ri)]-t-l, and

be

loaded

and

distance

will

other

the

ends

inches

greater than

or

when

moment

both

at

distant

loads, W^

two

being equal

wl2-'-1

the

at

center

and

16

M=$Wl+

center

fixed

21

the

at

uniformly loaded

other

THE

AND

the

opposite support

maximum

moment

M=R[l-(m+n)].
\bh2
/i i

)
1_

"
.

\T

ft
f A
\,-L*SUs^

i_
\^

'

A
""*-

.I

I.

"l

v'f-

'\2"|/-,
Jv
/

i^

f
L

i^

'\ (a

l^ ^*-

-T\\
/ J

/ V*'

"

"

( -t\
v

(2)

x=h-y,
z

'

(3 )

'

\\j/

u=x-de;
dlt

v=y"

t=x"dl',

(4)
where
where

I8=A8v2+Aa't2+

of the

d^=d-}- radius

d"=df-{-radius

steel;

(6)

of the steel bars

about

which

may

individual

neutral

neglected for

small

their
be

of the

of inertia

(themoment

(5)

steel;

axes,

without

rods

preciable
ap-

(7)

error);

12

The
will

distribution

of

between

load

the

the

and

concrete

the

steel

be

Le

ECIC

Ic
\
(9)
/

-C/8

,8

g
c=

and

s=-

-;

(io)"

......

la
-k/r
M=-

and
Z

="

"

ft

REINFORCED

22

CONCRETE.

I*
/

/-if

-K/T

fa=(Mus)+-I8,

M=

/N

-;

-77

"

(12)

(13)

]a

and

M=

"

and

US

f,-(Myc)+Ia

IB

SM.

I8
"

"

-;

"/

I C

=-c.

and

If /c=o,
condition
the

that

that

is if the

exists

ultimate

after

the

of

resistance

does

concrete

has

concrete

the

failed

reinforced

tensile stresses

resist

not

beam

is reached

before
have:

we

"

the

"

but

in tension

(14)

l')].(15)
bx3

Ic=

nearly,if A8

"

and

A"

small.

are

(16)

Ia=A8v2+Aaft2,
If
the

Aa'=o,

axis

neutral

is if the

that

(17)

nearly

steel reinforcement

is

of

side

tension

the

on

only,

x=-e-A.+^/+^A,(h"+d^(18)
bxs

Ic=

"

nearly,if A8

',

(19)

is small

\J

I8=A8v2, nearly
formulas

The
and

be

can

given above

solved

reinforced

steel rod
center
to

be

factor

when

First

exceeding

diameter

rod
of

is

i"

to

the

ins. above
matrix

easilyand

very

values

required

for

quickly
any

ticular
par-

symbols.
safe

and

deep

tensile
the

and

practice

extremely simple, except

are

is the

ins.

16
on

the

in

met

cases

at

ins.

side

bending

only,
of

bottom

six months

wide, having

placed

so

the

for

moment

concrete,

old

have

to

that

one

the

concrete

safety

5.
Case.

"

Concrete

allowable

/C=ii2, //=7oo,
From

beam

concrete

the

made
of

of Application.

two

the

What

"

$" in.

of

for

all

all

are

these

even

substituted

are

Examples
a

(18), and

by ordinary arithemtic,
case

nearly

cover

readily applied. They

perhaps (15) and

(20)

to

resist

fiber stress.

Ec=

3, 600,000,

part of

From
and

the

Table
E8=

V
2

tensile stresses
of the

without

previous chapter

9, 000,000.

equation (i),
22I
=

.8

ins.

BEAMS

From

THE

AND

equations (5), (7), and

(8),
.,^3

.\s

/8=o.6X6.32

and

23.814

23

FLEXURE.

OF

THEORIES

/c=-

23.814=1,341.52.

"

J
*-

From

equation (9),
g=

=0.99,

_
-

"

191.94

from

and

equation (10),
and

"=0.875
From

5=0.125.

equation (13),
1,341.52X112
M=

5~^

--

"

0.875X7-8
Second

Case.
Table

From
and

E8=

of

have

equation (18) we
8.06

i6.n

64.89X0.36
v

"'6XI4'5;

+"

i.209+\/i.46+35.04=4.833.

equation (19)

From

3, 600,000,

Ec"

previous chapter, //=7oo,

the

neglected.

tensile stresses

to

9, 000,000.

from

Then

of the concrete

Resistance

"

m.-lbs.

22,014.7

^-

get

we

4X112.89
!c=~
from

and

equation

20,

/"=

compressive

we

the

have

c=

the

compressive
from

and

5=0.5,

56.07.

9345Xo.6=

stresses

by

stresses

balance

must

tensile

all the

Since

=150-52,

"

by the steel

carried

are

concrete,
to

stresses

and

tensile

fulfil the conditions

of

stresses

stability,

obtain

equation (14) we

150.52X700

the

since

all the

and

=43'6oi-9 mch-pounds.

4833X05

is

assumed

there

tensile

side, and

will
the
that

of

comparison

not

instead

of the

first part

of

are

in

on

neglectingthe
so

is not

that

tensile

the

required with

will be

for the

that

shows

designed

fail

to

if (.he concrete

considered

beams
to

the

conditions

concrete

assumed

the

on

loads

side, nearly double

of

the

same

depth

resist tensile stresses.

produced by specified loads are required

will safelycarry, the
that the beams
bending moments

fiber

the

When

Case

with

beams

concrete

of material

required

great economy

if the
the

cause

amount

is

Case

stresses

equation

IT

to

14

should

be

used,

instead

of

the

second

REINFORCED

part,

as

done

was

CONCRETE.

above

in the

examples.

respects the operation

other

In

is identical.

When

the

formulas
be

used

used

for
elasticity

at

the Watertown

of

stresses

Engineer

determinations

less at
between

and

100

of

Boston

that
1,000

and

600

or

formula

for

square

inch.

TABLE

VI.

the

of

ratio

SHOWING

"

LOADS.

and

2,000

Ibs. per

GIVEN

EXPERIMENTS

IN

ARE

of

Geo.
in

but

OF

Ec

OF

THOSE

1899.
than
not

are

satisfactoryrule

any

MEAN

they

A.

much

inch

square

the stress

to
elasticity

STANDARD

determined

as

is very
elasticity

VALUE

THE

SEVERAL

WITH

of

modulus

the

Railroad,

inch,

the

near

for Mr.

Ibs. per

basis

the modulus

REDUCTION

VALUES

of

square

the

of

made

could

above

stresses

inch

square

Elevated

modulus

form

to

values

the

1,000

sufficiently
comprehensive

gives
of tests

series

the

for

Ibs. per

2,000

required,the

is

given

example

concrete

VI

in the

show

between

stresses

the

elasticityof

to

Arsenal

Chief

of

Table

up

beams

concrete-steel

case

known.

were

of

These

second

modulus

load

Kimball,

the

in

if the

breaking

strengthof

ultimate

per

INCREASING

WITH

SEVERAL

FOR

BRANDS

PORTLAND

OF

CEMENT.

The
is

given by
inch

square

calculated.
and

they

have

they

all the

are

been

pursue

in

old

been

by

concrete

are

few

series

designing

For

these

of

their

concrete-steel

beams

per

out
withwith

rationally

for this case,

to

tion
destruc-

authors, but

experiments, and

of

can

until

hardly be

ing
exclusivelyin design-

them

reasons

made

tests

better understood, it

good practiceto rely on

structures.

published

available

satisfaction

long

and

correctlyand

have
the

Ibs.

2,000

beam

old

inch, but

square

over

concrete-steel

be

the

to

loads

cannot

with

compared
beams

Ibs. per

3,904

determined,
satisfactorily

of formulas

established

as

important

months

six months

concrete

1:2:4

for
elasticity

strength of

number

propertiesof

recommended

to

six

concrete-steel

of

until

of

yet been

as

ultimate

concrete

1:2:4

not

I at

Chapter

modulus

the

have

the

them

I of

Table
of

values

the

of
compressive strength,

average

the

more

would

rational method
seem

to

be

that

BEAMS

of

calculatingthe

are

at

hand.

its modulus

of

this

values

proper

and

the

our

example
Thacher's

the

Table
the

loads

made

in

from

1876,

those

be

1876

certain

the

at

as

that

increased

TABLE

VII.

and
David

"

Edwin

Series

Thacher.

Kirkaldy.
Series

made

This

B,

made

E, made

D,
at

the

he

at

used

of

tests

be

not

were

different
for

value

the modulus

Portland

Portland

BEAMS

OF
BY

in

cement

true, but

it is

have

cements

at

AS

ACTUAL

Zanesville,

made

thirtytests

past 25 years.

AND

C,

between

quite

assumed

may

LOADS

at

of

Kirkaldy
were

strength of

made
Purdue

or

may

than

experiments

Thacher

for concretes

will

Thacher

results

cements

that

crete-steel
con-

ultimate

comparisons

the

it is evident

FORMULAS

Series
Series

in

apply.

actual

Mr.

of

on

Edwin

the

that

Since

BREAKING

and

the

Portland

considerablyduring

THACHER'S

shows

and

ultimate

average

Mr.

difficult to

not

based

closelywith

noted

date

same

SHOWING

"

BY

Note.

be

present time.

the

been

the

(18),

done

was

number

considerable

more

Thacher,

in all cases,

to
elasticity

preciselyas

published by

manufactured.

now

e=E8+Ec=2o
of

which

at

As

"

agree

Mr.

should

It

equations (i),(15) and

calculated

his formulas

by

destruction.

to

they

VII, given by

breaking

and

practicaland

are

completely determined,

more

in the

be

larly
particu-

load.

developed

and

been

and

concrete,

using empirical formulas

be given here, because

others

propertiesof

Formulas.

Empirical

loads, those

any

the

inserted

safe

designers are
safe

above.

strength then

for

safe

have
elasticity,
be

25

FLEXURE.

OF

working stresses, as has been

The
experimental data
necessary

from

When

may

ultimate

THEORIES

load

example given

in

the

safe

the

done
for

THE

AND

Ohio,

London,

Massachusetts

University by

DETERMINED

TESTS.

by Onward
England, by
Institute

Prof.

W.

K.

of

Bates
Prof.
nology.
Tech-

Hatt.

26

REINFORCED

Notwithstanding
between
shows

that

The

loading

the

same
=

M=
/

w'=
q

and

the

of

bending

moment

at

load

First
concrete

In

take

to

order

which

"

that
is

an

will

the

depend

VII

ordinary

safe

results.

conditions

the

upon

used

notation

The

designer.

parisons
com-

is

follows:

foot-pounds.

foot-pounds.

in feet.

lineal

per

load

per

in. wide.

for

of beam

in. wide.

of beam.

'

tension

shall

bending

of the

assumption

in

be

theory

common

x\-^r: :v:-^;
""c

side

only

and

tension.

before

section

steel

beams,

in

stress

beam

foot.

square

depth

no

for

beam

foot,including weight

Rectangular

of

including weight

effective
Case.

them

of

in

in

uniform

=h"dl=

with

give

to

upon

the

all

for

and

close,

relied

be

in

tests, Table

of

results

remarkably

as

resistance

actual

can

used

except

center,

uniform

is

judgment

of beam

length

1 2W=

be

to

moment

and

formulas

before

as

PF=load

formulas

Thacher's

used

arbitrary assumptions

agreement

safety factor

of

the

the

Mr.

cases

the

CONCRETE.

of

""

after

ing,
bend-

have

flexure, we

'

x=-f-ev,

therefore

plane

(21)

Js

or

fc'=fax+ev.

(22)

"

.......

therefore

v-q+(JjL+l),

(23)

.......

and
x=q-v.
As

the

total

compression

be

must

equal

af.,

or

x=2aT,

Substitutingthe value
we

total

of

found

//

in

(J8-t-e)(x2-7-v)
2a}8,
=

of

tension,

we

have

.......

(25)

1C

equation (22),in equation (25)

have

Substituting value

(24)

......

1*

the

to

fc'x
-

from

or

equation

v=x2-i-

(25),

-[(")'
(})]*

BEAMS

THEORIES

THE

AND

OF

FLEXURE.

27

Therefore
1

"'""""

(26)

"

or

x2-\-2aex=2aeq,

x=\/2aeq+(ea)2"ea

(27)

.......

For

the

concrete

AV

"
=

^'
the steel

For

'

12

therefore

36

Substitutingfor //

For

beam

from

its value

supported

at

both

12

have

equation (22),we

ends

and

loaded

the

at

center,

'

I
therefore

(29)
For

beam

supported

at

both

ends

and

uniformly

loaded

8M
=

therefore

(3")
To
q, and
the
be

design
/.

The

problem,
selected

by

d^ will depend
but

values

beam,

length

and

the

trial to
to

should

some

be

must

/ will

extent

assigned

generally be

depth h,
give

be

if not

the most
on

the size and

large enough

fixed

limited
economic

to

leave

to

by

/",//, "8, "c, h, dly

by

the

such

design.
shape
from

conditions

of

conditions, may
The

dimension

of the steel reinforcement,

one

to

two

inches

"28

of

of

outside

concrete

largest dimension
Values
a

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

value

to

for E8

indicate

determined
the

Table
to

for

use

for

that

it

/"/for

/" and

is

of

The

from

by
and

and

VI

and

old,

designer.

must

impact,

on

The

be

given

Those

ordinary conditions

all

seems

but

safety.

given conditions
the

uses

except

in which

adopted.

(23) gives

v.

x=q"

equation (26),

distance

divided

Thacher

with

used

steel.

the

six months

be

can

and

Then

Tables

the

less than

Mr.

by considerable

be

may

of

V.

of

any

for

accompanied

higher safety factor

Equation

safe

are

radius

concrete

largely by the judgment

the live load

a

high

not

Table

in

comparison

shows

VII

foregoing chapter

where
case

20.

be

better

plus the

given

are

this is rather

hand

had

aggregate

Ec

of

that

values

proper

the

and

e=Es~Ec

the other

in

of

steel,and

the

center

to

of rods

center

will be

the

of each

area

rod

a.

or

found

be

may

directlyfrom

equations (28), (29),

(30).
review

beam, find

q, and

as

To

h, d1}

equations (28)
the

probable

before.

(29)

if

ultimate

I), the values

Table

(29) or

(30) should

the

assume

values

proper

Equation (27) gives

the

for

value

/",E8, Ec,
of

x,

and

and
W
or
w
(30) will then give M
as
from
the value of //, found
equation (22),exceeds

and

required. Then

or

or

strength
of M

and

be reduced

compressive strength of

the

of

the
or

concrete

found

in the

ratio

bears

concrete

compression (see
by equations (28) and

that
to

in

//

the

probable ultimate
found

as

by equation

(22).
Second
to

By

Case.

take
the

no

common

"

Steel
stress

both

in
in

tension

compression sides;

tension.

theory

of

flexure

Ec
from

and

E8

have

we

the

proportion

E8

which

x=-"-e-v

and

frf=(f8-x}

(e-v)

and

f8'=tf/e+x.

crete
con-

BEAMS

Substitutingthe

of

value

in

above

//

FLEXURE.

OF

THEORIES

THE

AND

equation

last

the

29

have

we

(31)

J8r=tj*+v

q=x+v=evj-+v,
or

and
x=q"
v=q-7-(efj-+i)

As

the

total

tension

the

equal

must

~~M7/-a/f

total

x=2a

or

v.

compression,

fa

(32)

1C

Let

n=af-^-a

a'=na,

and

substitutingthe

and

from

have

equation (31),we

of

value

//

\o

/ c

Substitutingthe

//

of

value

q its value

writing for

and

x+v

o y

have

we

Q=(x2-^-2ae]
therefore

x=\/2ae(q+ndl')-\-[ae(n+i)]2"
[ae(n+i)].
For

the

For

the steel in

concrete,
"

"

"

"

(34)

S=}cX2-7-^6.
.

compression, S=f8'a't-"-i2 f8'nat-7-i2.

=

5=

tension,

f"v

4-12;

therefore
+

Substituting the
have
we
fc'=f8x-i-ev,

For

beam

supported

/"'

of

value

at

both

12)+ (f#v+ 12).

from

ends

equation

and

loaded

(31),

v].

center,

therefore

W=$M-^l\

For

the

at

of

and

beam

supported at

both

ends

and

(36)

uniformly loaded, iv="p

therefore

]"

"

"

"

(37)

REINFORCED

30

To

Design

Beam.

CONCRETE.

Find

"

/8,/"/,E8, Ect ht

for

assign values

or

* '

q, and

in the first case.

as

(*T~+ I ) and

Equation (23)givesv=q-r-

x=q"v.

nf)].
Equation (33) gives a=fcfvx-s-[2f8(v"
Equation (31) gives J8=jst-^v. Equations (35), (36), and
give the values of M and W or w as required.
To
and

Review

Beam.

Find

"

/",E8) EC) h, dlt q,

for

assign values

or

before.

as

Then

from

find

equation (34) we

] and

a=

(37)

total

of bars

area

in inches

in tension

divided

side

of

width

the

by

x.

v=q"

beam

the

af=na.

and

-f- ev.
Equation (31) gives// tj8-i- v, and equation (22)gives/"/ (f8x)
If this value
of the
of // exceeds
the probable ultimate
resistance
of M and
W or w, found
to compression, the values
concrete
by equations
=

(35), (36),and

should

(37),

probable compressive strength of

be
the

reduced

in
bears

concrete

ratio

the

that

found

the value

to

the

by equation (22).
Third

Case.

of

floor

given

in the

The

slab

of

spacing

to

the

through

be

should

joistbelow
the

same

Fig.

as

to

given

not

concrete

in

with

with
of

such

when

joist,it

analysis,is

placed
to

First

the

will

of

the

joists. The

the

greatest economy

act

as

part of the

surface of the slab extended

placed

at

monolithic

connect

tance
the dis-

by specialconditions.

slab

and

to

reinforcingbars

give

limited

be

equal

span

length of

to

the

the

the

as

should

resist the

for the

section,composed

Thacher's

with

the slab

as

tune

same

it,or

and

longitudinalshear.
Case, except

the

the
The

as

else steel

part of the
notation

is

follows, referringto

10.

width

thickness

be

disposed as

so

beam

direction

joistis

slab

the

^4"'

the

of the

as

joistsand

the

concrete

follows:

the line of the lower

on

across

concrete

bars

the

shear

not
or

as

joistsshould
that

reinforced

joist,following Mr.

of

center

floor system

entire

and
joist,

the

Case,

for

is first designed

insure

To

and

right angles to

at

for the

slab

Third

center

slab

solution

"

in

of slab

this

of
case

to

center

to

center

of

in
joists,

inches.

slab, in inches.
the

area

of steel which

shortening as

actuallyused

in the

do

the

would

wings

compression

of

side.

offer the
the

T,

no

same

steel

ance
resist-

being

BEAMS

is taken

dS

To

by

rf/ as

C.to C. of

John

"

above, assign values

indicated

b*

"

31

of the slab.

of r, the thickness

Supported. Having

Ends

Beam,

one-half

at

FLEXURE.

OF

THEORIES

Thacher

Mr.

Design

r, and

THE

AND

to

""/,

determined

/",fc,E8, Ec, h,

and

C.to C. of /or'sts

b'

-r--r---

FIG.

lltas

io.

in

of

Cross-section

"

the

4.8-s-b=a.

previous

T-shaped

that

noting

cases,

Notation.

IllustratingStandard

Beam

and

h"d^q,

A8-!rA8=n)

Then

(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)

as

A8

can

To

Review

until

be reduced
a

or

ix/ have

the

Supported, assign values

Ends

Beam,

and

required values.
to

/",E8,

and

Ec

before.
Then

of the

b)r+e-,^48=area

A8'=(V"

steel.

x=\/2ae(q+nd1')
+ [ae(n+i)]2"[ae(n+i)].
.

x;

v=q"

Christophe's
for
Case

/.

"

Formulas.

of T

beams

If the

}8'=tf8+v;
M.

"

(43)

(44)

ulas
Christophe gives the followingform-

section:

neutral

is above

axis

e(A.'+A.),L
/

-~

}c'=/8x+ev

the

--''
--

"-

lower

side

of the

slab,

-.

(45)
(46)
(47)

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

(48)

(49)
(50)
t=x-dl'
Case

II.

If

"

in the

slab, x=r
Case

III.

formulas

the

(46)

and

is level with

the

axis

neutral

(48)

is below

the lower

of the

side

Constants.
Mr.

by

the

slab,

become

"

calculated

of

side

lower

'o;

Thacher's

preceding formulas.

If the

"

axis

neutral

"

Thacher,

The

using

the

Table

in

constants

followingvalues

VIII

(53)

"

(54)

have

been

for the constants

in his formulas:

EB=

30,000,000

64,000

/", ultimate,
Ec,

for 1:2:4

concrete

month

one

old, 1,460,000

//,

2,400

six months

EC,

"

"

2,580,000

"

3,700
month

EC,

one

si

six months

"

1,220,000

2,050
"

1,860,000
3,100

TABLE

VIII.

"

GIVING

CONSTANTS
EDWIN

FOR

THACHER.

BEAMS

CALCULATED

BY

MR.

BEAMS

To

Table

apply

divide

VIII,

OF

FLEXURE.

constants

given

THEORIES

THE

AND

the

33
the

by

therein

safety factor required.

In

order

that

the full value

of the concrete

nearly its

full

beams

their

for

they will
This

takes

no

the

to

formulas

will

strength
in

tension,

old

or

in

is

than

be

reduced
The

EXAMPLE

i.

that

Ibs. per

the

of

used

the

ultimate

for

the

concrete

18,

six
of

applied

will sustain

is

neglected.

followingthe example
neglected,would

foot

square

of

depth

with

and

VIII

slab

ft. in

the

preceding

of

safety of

between

length

load, including its

factor

Table

practicalcases.

to

uniform

how

will show

find

To

"

/V

a=""

ports
sup-

weight

own

5 in six months,

of 480

using

6.o2X48o

For

0.0410.

4"

rods

diam., dist.

c.

to c.

EXAMPLE

2.

length of

ft. and

12

in. rods

"

of

with

"

10

square

foot

ins. from

factor

"

of

6.7".

i22

"7.75

on

slab

top of slab

safetyof

having
to

center

4 in six months.

10.0

7 70 Ibs.

I2

per

i,mXio2

7o-^-=-

"

load

depth

concrete

i.notf2
w

safe

find

To

"

rods, using 1-3-6

For

"

0.0419

100

of

concrete

concrete.

1-2-4

clear

old.

months

safety much

concrete

in tension

concrete

month

one

the

with

taken
the

the

that

on

loadings at

in the remarks

noted

month.

one

designed according

are

resistance

be

that

might entirelydisappear.

be

may

when

of

age

strength at

tensile resistance

followingexamples

formulas

the

for

concrete

assumption

that

as

therefore

may

of formula

and

for

used

be

to

the

use

they

provide

to

designed

the economy

the
illustrating

great

as

ample

considered

when

If

an

the

under

tension.

twice

safety factor

If this is done

be

about
will

safetyat

gained

safety factor

inclusive,the safetyfactor based

less,when

tension

lower

be

and

even

The

to

of

designed

in

reinforced

such

develop

to

it has

of six months

age

with

margin

beams

stress

an

six months

sufficient

at

sufficient

be

preferableto design

is

strength at

only applies to

concrete

when

strength, it

still have

shall

steel reinforcement

the

a=~

-=0.092.

109

ins. center

to

center.

.092

EXAMPLE
and

3.

"

To

effective depth of

find
12

width

of

ins. that

clear

joisthaving
will

support

load

span
of 400

of

15

ft.

Ibs. per

REINFORCED

34

TABLE

IX.

"

SHOWING

CONCRETE.

RESULTS

OF

TESTS

OF

REINFORCED

BEAMS

CONCRETE

BEAMS

AND

COMPILED

THEORIES

THE

FROM

VARIOUS

OF

FLEXURE.

SOURCES.

35

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

X.

TABLE

(Concrete

(1-2-4).

"

Age

CONCRETE

STEEL

months.

Factor
wide

Weight

Steel

-0875

Quantities

of

Bars;

-1075
for

Beam

Beam

per

Area,

Square

Foot

Concrete,

.070

.084

-125
i

.097

Lineal

.145

Cubic

of

safety

(exclusive

of

OR

Rods

5.

of

weight

Foot.

Inch,

Long

STONE

BEAMS,

and

a.

.165
i

Inch

.180

.200

.153

Wide.

Feet.

.in

.125

I 0-561

factor

of

.139

Steel, Pounds.

0.298

0.366

0.425

0.493

For

0.612

safety

0.680

of 4,

BEAMS

GRAVEL

CONCRETE,

medium

steel.

THACHER'S

BY

Safe

TH3ORIES

THE

AND

load

per

FLEXURE.

OF

37

FORMULAS.
foot

lineal

for

beam

in.

82"72
beam),

a=a-f-ioo.

of

Weight

Steel

.250]

22O
.

.280)

Quantities

for

Beam

Bars;

Area,

.335!

.395

Beam

.208]

.250]

0.748] 0.850) 0.952] 1.139!

weight
load

in

table

5%

Square

Foot

2.92

Long

I
and

a.

-510
i

I
Inch

-57"

Wide.

Feet.

.333

Steel,

Pounds.

1-343

per

Foot.

Inch,

-455

Cubic

Concrete,

.i67|

Lineal

per

1-547

"375

lin. ft. of bearrO

r-734

-417

I 1-938

REINFORCED

XI.

TABLE

(Concrete

(1-3-6).

CONCRETE.

Age

"

CONCRETE

STEEL

months.

Weight

of

Beam

per

of

Factor

wide

safety

(exclusive

Lineal

Foot.

For

factor

STONE

BEAMS,

of

of

safety

5.

OR

Rods
of

weight

of

4,

BEAMS

AND

THE

GRAVEL

CONCRETE,

BY

THACHER'S

medium

steel.

Safe

load

THEORIES

FLEXURE.

39

FORMULAS.
lineal

per

OF

foot

for

beam

in.

beam).

\-\

w="~t

=(7-4-109.

of

Weight

Steel

2019! .2294)

Beam

Bars;

Area,

for

Beam

.2o8|

.11

.250]

weight
load

in

table

5%

.292

1-232
per

.4174

Long

Cubic

Steel,

0.687] 0.780) 0.874! 1.045]

Foot

Concrete,

.i67|

Square

2569! -3073! -3624

Quantities

Lineal

per

Foot.

Inch,

a.

| .4679
and

5230

Inch

Wide.

Feet.

.333

.375

.417

Pounds.

1.419

lin. ft. of beam\

L59I

I 1-778

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

40

lineal foot with

82Xi22

820*
For

wide

in.

w=~~=-

400

=52.5;

"3"
I'

using

months,

in six

safety of 5

factor of

.,

-=7.6

crete.
con-

1-2-4

wide;

in.

52-5

J5

12.0X7.6
steel

EXAMPLE
8

ins.

4.

month

one

and

wide,

breaking

ins.

10

find

To

"

=-

in

deep

0.91

sq.

load

at

which

in.

of

center

beam

ins., for

q=g

ft.

long,

concrete

1-2-4

old.

9.0X8.0
steel=-

-=o."i

in.

sq.

142

EXAMPLE
that

wide,

"

be

can

find

To

5.

sustained
of

factor

by

safe

beam

safety 4,

between

the

given by

as

Steel
and

concrete

Prof.

the
H.

ft

Concrete.
steel

The

"

be

may
in

Burr

ins.

12

old.

6I0

and

W.

ins.)and

deep (q=22

222=

foot-pounds

in

moment

six months

Ig.X

between

following method,

ins.

1-3-6

concrete

Shear

Longitudinal

bending

24

-=

M=

shear

the

tudinal
longi-

found

by

the
of

his "Resistance

Materials."

fc= the

Let

intensityof
the

from

p=the
k=

intensity of
and

F=

of

the

variation

The

other

the

steel

shear

9.

surface

of

notation

/"

for

the

stress

the

is the

distance

at

in

between

the

from

the

concrete

same

as

given

end

of beam.

steel.

small
infinitely
with

distance

Fig.

(dm)
9.

is

(d/8).

M=jc-I+-'v,

which

dM=d}c-I~v

(55)

..........

dM=F-dm=d}C'I+v.
Then

p'dm-k=Aa'd}8;

Substituting the
have

value

......

(56)

therefore

dm=A8-d/8+p-k

we

distance

reinforcement.

the

on

the

at

concrete

axis, Fig.

shear

intensity of

The

the

the steel.

total transverse

/"=the

from

neutral

perimeter

in

stress

of dm

found

in

........

(57)

equation (57), in equation (56)

BEAMS

and

since

THE

AND

dj8-+dfc=e,

should

is greater
be

had

corrugated
resistance

to

the

should

re-entering angles
Hatt's

bars,

in

be
the

Formulas.

formulas

for

formulas

have

and

distance

hu

distance

the

of the

the

and

of

depends

p,

materials,
of

and

//, /8,and

with

the

appropriate
the

determine

stress

in

supposed
the

at

p and

at

n,

and

the

steel

ratio

in

of

the

x,

we

may

locate the

equate

Association.

face

the

to

axis.

neutral

the

to

face

of

that

of

center

cross-section

the

the

in

sion,
compres-

respectively.

in

to

are

be

at

in

the

of

the

constant

or

stress

of

square

per

of

neutral
forces

the

the

varying

values

concrete

varies
of

and

may

be

used

inch.
may

(59)

........

and

follows:

axis, that is, to

of tension

the

during flexure,we

plane cross-sections
/" to // and /8 to jc as

u,

practicalpurposes

For

values

quality of

the

by

elasticityof

Ec

of x,

designer,while

of the

with

flexure

alone.

values

The

jc.

fixed

are

flange

tension

control

the

concrete.

concrete.

and

//

and

modulus

of

fiber

outer

of

fiber

outer

I8=fce(u"x)-s-(i"x)
to

These
American

the

steel,concrete

tension

jc'=jcnx+(i-x)

Next,

of

Way

to

it is measured.

loads

assumption
the

following

Considere.

M.

committee

the

gives

compression

stresses

e;

which

however,
to

produce

not

reinforcement.

jc that is,the

stress

of

compression

they change during

computation,
On

is

u,

Hatt

of

of

area

concrete

stress

measured

on

by

of
elasticity

metal

in

stress

ratios,

are

do

as

pull

reinforcement.

the

moduli

Reinforcement
are

of steel to

beam.

/c=tensional
Et

K.

method

the

the

//=compressive

and

W.

the

from

and

/8=

offer

of beam.

width

from

ratio of

^=the

devices

Maintenance

of

gravity

E8, Ec, Et

Professor

recommended

/wc=the

b=

such

flexure, following the

Railway Engineering

to

given

rods,

will

that

section

other

or

Thacher

the

as

device

other

rods

strength, resort

concrete.

"

been

such

bond,
any

(58)

.......

adhesive

working

or

of the

p-I

mechanical

tendency

Preference

out.

safe

the

twisted

or

to

than
some

41

have

we

k=e-F'As-v
If

FLEXURE.

OF

THEORIES

(60)

.......

determine

compression

the
on

value
the

cross-

of

section, assuming,
of

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

42

the

that

before,

as

stress-strain

diagrams

arcs

are

Thus

parabolas.

(61)
above

/" obtained

jc'and

values

Insertingthe

the

obtain

we

following

quadratic:

have

Solving the quadratic we

9/4p2e2+p[6e{u(n-

3pe) + V

K4+

~^=^r
Having

obtained

the

moment

of

the

neutral

of

resistance

//

compute

may

we

the

and

section.

finallyobtain

/8, and

Taking

about

moments

have

axis, we

(63)

I"X

No

useful

will

development

result from

(63) of the value of x obtained

In practicalcomputations, n, e,
from

finallythe

the

load

face

tension

nearly

more

the

between
to the

of

results,at the
of the

lower
the

region

is

from

the

time

for

of

the

The

equations may

have

of the

under

concrete

in

of

allowed

with

tension

the

small.

crack,
With

is

to

forces

due

proper

stand.

itself,extends

tensional

the

in

correspond

cross-section,the equations"must
effect of the

(60);

difference,however,

appearance

be

puted
com-

and

concrete

concrete

parabola is

the
to

the

parabola.
of

is then

equation (63).

modified

be

diagram
a

from

equation

equation (62).
x

equations (59)

cracking

should

from

given;

are

computed

rectangleor

of the

omission

of the
We

the

u,

and

however, the crack, having formed

When,

by

rectangle than

and

equations
stress-strain

assumption

values

the

the

general terms

ja computed

corresponding to

these

that

fact

and

of resistance

moment

the

At

jc

62;

in

in

substitution

the

due

through

be
to

modified
ance
the resist-

tension.

then
Tf

%fc'x=Pf*
which

the

elastic
In

of

to

serves

the

the

limit
stone

iron

was

locate
of

the

concrete

reached

the

p- '(u-x)
"c

or

neutral

axis.

reinforcingmetal
beams

before

%x2,

tested
the

by

When

f/

/" is
may

Prof.

concrete

be

Hatt,
failed

(64)

....

assumed

to

be

computed.
the
in

elastic limit

compression.

BEAMS

The

THE

AND

THEORIES

of

resistingmoment

the

FLEXURE.

OF

section

43

is

I
M=bti*\-$-fe'x*+pf.(u-x)
.

The

qualityof

steel used
for

specifiedas
elastic

high

limit,such

be

been

under

being hard
or

and

medium

Shearing
beams

expense

Stresses

in

different

from

and

is

the

length
reduced

by

by

the

in

or

100

for

the

compressive stresses.
such

always
the

web.
is

would

the

resistance

about

that

appear

shearing

opposite to

other

one-tenth
the

stresses

the

the

concrete

material,
of

soft

by using high

the

in

shearing stresses
of

manner

would

its

tensile

compressive

of failure of

probably
a

be

with

of

what

not

the

strength.

From

beam

are

enter

concrete

this
in

by tension,which

web
plate-girder

of

called the

be

strength of
concrete

lines

sections

does

may

with

holding

the

the

when

and
in

on

direction

stress

compression
by

of

web

Therefore

weaker

thickness

for

same

the

stresses

is

web

column

long

tensile

much

of flexure

the

in

compressive

the

hand,

the

radically

of failure of the

as

under

is

the
practically

because

few

and

latter the

the

crete
con-

light on

problem

its thickness.

it is very

hand,

In

web,

acts

times

of failure of

manner

structural-

bars

much

the

metal

effect of

question

throw

mode

web

flexure

other

of the

the

on

tainly
cer-

steel

in reinforced

stresses

that

the

The

150

that

the

on

that

But,

only

find

line,we

is secured

plate girder.

the

stress

web

the

Such

than

warning

that

made

strength of

for the beneficial

concrete,

less

its

is

satisfactorily
analyzed,

buckling of

the

In

yet been

steel

formula

rails.

old

Shearing

"

been

the

and

sometimes

allowance

into

Beams.
as

of

compressive
of

from

strength

extra

and

Considerable

fail with

compressive stresses.

plate girder

an

not

that

recommended

loading.

quite certain,however,

thin

usually very
tensile

is

It

rolled

of

safety.

experiments have

question.

of

bars

Whatever
of

of

fully
care-

While

account

on

question but that

be required for

would

as

kind

same

with

have

be

as

duty.

same

steel

high

is little

ductile

brittle,would

steel.

steel is at the

if any

There

the

reinforced

of

use

the

doing

practice cannot

soft and

just as

steel members
has

the

conservative.

not

should

an

(65)

be

should

reinforcingconcrete

all-steel structure

advocate

engineers

some

in

12

is

under

it

sive
exces-

exactly

excessive

shearing.
A
To

plate-girderweb

reinforce

would

seem

to

concrete

be

to

is reinforced
beam
insert

for

by

stiffeners

shearing stresses

steel members

to

prevent buckling.

the

connecting

natural
the

method

lower

and

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

44

fibers

upper

Table

In

IX

beams

concrete

appear

that

shear.

As

to

loads

at

the

would

by

be

loads

greater end

in part account

for

vertical

to

1.2

of

reference
of

years
Tables

to

the

old

beams

inch

square

I and

Ibs. per

to

75

it will

V,

concrete
not

all

ordinary

and

cases

the

concrete

for

former

are

from

be
the

of

Ibs. to

and

be taken

may

shearing

270

mixture

age.

50 Ibs.

at

safelybe

figuremay

cases

tensile

the

the

that

seen

on

the

strength.

should

IX

latter

The

concretes

times

1.25

be

ultimate, depending

inch.

square

at

tensile

the

Table

in

given

old

1.5 times

working shearing strengthof

safe

This

and

rupture

transverse

weeks

four

concrete

two

at

380 Ibs. per

The

by

of

destruction

to

tests

duce
pro-

strength. Bauschinger gives

tensile

the

times

1.3

strength and
strength

bending

same

shearing strength of

the

that

states

shearing strength
By

that

failure

the

be

shear.

Mesnagen

from

shear

fact

generally shown

have

M.

the

loaded

would

that

shear

giving

the others

and

points of support would

than
bending moment.

the

near

much
relatively

beams

load

distributed

uniformly

end

of the

one-half

only

not

vertical

for those

shear

located) the

points (positionnot

It does

load

center

port.
sup-

reinforced

of

primarilyunder

failed

subjectedto

nearest

noted.

as

sources

has

beams

were

Concentrated

may

various

from

of these

of them

two

moment.

angle of 45" toward the

has
arranged 47 tests

an

writer

the

one

most

center

at

compiled

any

at

produced

by

inclined

and

used

on

loading,including

severe

impact.

Taking
the

which

they
the

1,114

Ibs.

strength

and

as

of

failed

of

only

under
1

load

6 had

failed under

failed

under

doubled
Mr.

and

Thacher

had

states

that

this

12,000

end

if

stillhave

shear

end

be

they
the

been

beams

Ibs.,
only

was

shearing

loads

producing

of

2,493

IDS-

shearing strengthof

shears

loads

able
prob-

ber
1,046 Ibs.,respectively.Num-

an

it will

even

these

the

ultimate

at

age

shearing strengthof nearly 17,000

producing

would

shearing

strength

under

plying
multi-

the

that

about

probable

for

found

was

they failed

producing

distributed

will be

and

its ultimate

Ibs. and

1,119

by shearing, and
there

to

probable ultimate

loads

uniformly

due
13

probable ultimate

Ibs., respectively.From
have

and

sand,

to

and

IX
ultimate

probable

number

Ibs., whereas

15,000

shears
had

cement

given therein,it

shearing
12

the

by

shearing strength of
Numbers

15 and
and

tested

were

maximum

maximum
14

proportions of

the

ultimate
while

16, inclusive,of Table

to

of their cross-section

area

for

strength

numbers

tests

of
seen

had

been

shear
a

these

that

and

should

Ibs.
2,493
not

tested to destruction

only have

would

safety factor

all failed

bers
Num-

20,900

only 2,548 Ibs.

Ibs.,

by

of 4 for

transverse

been

shearing.
rupture

BEAMS

due

bending,

to

of

THE

AND

with

THEORIES

vertical

cracks

FLEXURE.

OF

in

the

45

the

under

concrete

point

loading.
Taking

ultimate
Ibs.

of from

beams

producing

load

producing

been

on

of

failed

Ibs. to

5,000

an

the

beams.

of

about

Twenty

break

toward

The

center.

top of the beam

n.

Ibs.

to

the

two-thirds

of

of
at

or

Showing

failed

would

failed

beams

of

45") upward

break

joined

angle

diagonal

by

tion
in addi-

and

point of applicationof

Frequently Attributed

Break

have

shearing strength

reinforcingbar
an

under

uniform

Under

shear

ultimate

the

the

Diagonal

of 25

maximum

the

near

at

shears

twenty-five

where

point

29,000

end

Ibs.

12,000

probable

the

26,000 Ibs. to

out

23

the

these

sometimes

was

Diagram

"

Ibs.,and

that

maximum

producing

moment,

out

from

extending diagonally(often at

the

FIG.

loads

7,000

longitudinalshearing break
a

been

have

under

same

average

should

find

inclusive,we

47,

nearly 15,000

shears
the

to

23

shearing strength

These

loads

numbers

tests

the

load

the

Shear.

to

Neutral

of

Lines
Lines

FIG.

12.

and

sometimes

of this

Fig.

of failure
illustrates

12

in

beam

sections

when

the

that

break

the
of

lines

the

Fig.

dead

at

the

lines

beam

for

lines,and
From
at

the

are

the

of

is maximum
the

by

where

compressive-and
when

zero

the

that

the

crack

cracking

of

is

the

at

a,

is the

as

that

the

at

same

at

The

bottom

n,

concrete

the

for
at
was

due

the

intensityof

The

the

all

is clear

neglected,it

horizontal, at

are

Fig.

beam

noting

of tensile stress

vertical

the

compressive stress.

latter.

they

become

they
the

lines

with

load

line of

and

12

beam

the

the

cross

in

principalstresses

the

of

Rankine.

by

"a."

point

lines

Given

as

general characteristics

the

illustrates

weight

stress

this it appears
bottom

in Beams

Stresses

follows
practically

compressive

these

of

axis, making angles of 45"

on

Stress

and
Comparing Figs, n
under
a
single concentrated

Rankin.

given by
shear

it.

near

manner

-Srress

Tensile

Compressive

IllustratingLines

Diagrams

"

of

the

tral
neu-

stress

top of

tensile-stress

bottom

or

top.

practicallystarted
to

the

tension

of

46

flexure and
to

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

the

the

extended

was

line of the

shearing stresses

could
nature

by

crack

If

explanationis

beams

been

caused

by

failed

shearing

Again
point

the

support,

due

and

the

to

due

to

they

shear, and

Taking
which

that

the

in. square

deduce

rods, but

31

29 show

shows

and

the

probable

an

stirrupsare

can

be drawn

metal

on

beams

without

with

of

the

fracture

the

failure

where

point

to

while

shear.

see

and

for
are

20

the
not

side

with

purpose

with

tests

that

cent,

to

stirrups

This

notice

them

of the

would

by

compared

33

with

compared

34

indicate

that

definite conclusions

that

derived

them

compare

and

32

and

stirrups

16

without

which

cent.

whatever

compression
18

to

shear

of the

stirrups. Comparing

per

per

pointswhere

clearlydemonstrated

be

reinforced

we

five of

all except

at the

certainlyno
comparisons.

benefit

using stirrups. They

the

bars

likelythat

it is

the amount

identical

no

loss of 22.5

is worth

the

made

shear

loading with

loss of 29.2

these

no

numbers

stirrupswere

has

resist shear

to

at

disadvantage,but

from

shows

31

Tests

primary

IX,

by

seems

were

are

value

apparent

Incidentallyit
30

start

the

ends

34

of

manner

apparent

an

and

producing

the

and

reinforcing

beam

Table

primarily to

there

age

the

at

it
itself,

33,

32,

from

47

due

not

are

bending moments
with

similar

probably

case

flexure

to

at

ends.

the

probably

noting that

the beam

numbers

same

to

23

less than

was

cracks

Beams

for in

result from

resistance

would

they

described, and

as

weight of

these

of the

its ultimate
but

the

strength of

ultimate

numbers

test

failed

to

toward
would

occurred

had

the

between

safe.

been

that

in

extended

were

accounted

crack

primary

having

concrete

cracks

crack

that

considered

be

have

be

extended

is often

the

the

would

may

this

of

is maximum.

failure occurred
due

b, it

and

concrete

material

not

in

similar

the

While

material.

the

of flexure

cracks

apart.

cause

failure

is maximum

if the

occur,

tensile shear

that

at

as

similar

before

would

but

otherwise

the

which

possible that

reached

was

one

if

concrete

it should

true

longitudinalshearing

the concrete,
It is

other

strengthof

n,

acting normal

primarily,in

some

stress

which

stress

excepting that

been

and

tensile

referringto Fig.

nearer

manner

the

by shear,

the

by

by

the

less than

much

these

of

started

once

of shear

strength of

the

cracks

these

stress

pull the

to

less than

stresses

this

tending

were

caused

have

not

and

crack

tensile

the

by

29

from

neutral

compared
embedding

with
forcing
rein-

axis.

stirrupsand 17
of determining

and
the

without

19

advantage

of

entirelysatisfactory
comparisons because

reinforced
stirrupswere
with
reinforced
stirrupswere

with
twisted

plain rods, while

rods.

Fig.

13

those
shows

BEAMS

the

arrangement

two

beams

of

fourteen

with

steel

the

shows
and

reinforcingmetal

the

stirrupshad
in

days

age

number
As

19.

shows

20

far

kind

in

cent,

this series goes

as

and

cent,

per

of

area

number

18

with

number

17

with

compared

as

to discredit

it tends

stirrups

the

advantage

strengthas compared

loss of 32.3

in

slightadvantage

th withstanding this

No

loss of 7.4 per

also

The

beams.

without

those

over

47

four

these

in

advantage

an

and

reinforcement.

of that

of

FLEXURE.

OF

THEORIES

THE

AND

the

of

use

ber
num-

stirrups

arrangement.

Test

No.

17.

Test

No.

19.

j! i! | W*TT
-Jr-Hr

i.

18.

No.

Test

JL^i^J^--i--X_JL-J--_-i_-_
Test

Of
metal.

FIG.

13.

tests

24

for
No
with

to

metal

of

this

top

the

such

is not

their

in

at

running

angle

an

would

be

of

to

17

them

in Table

20

contained

those

would

excess

beams

An
is

were

length

from

of tests

IX.

sive,
16, inclu-

to

of

excess

an

ment
rarelyrequire reinforce-

the

with

depth, but

bottom

toward

of

not

the

47,

be

what

given by comparing
and

published with

reinforced

beams

inclined

the top and

to

support.

nearest

series
The

made.
interestingif scientifically

should

indication

reinforced
and

been

45"

very

reinforcingrods
beam.

have

to

36, respectively;46
rods,

of

inclusive,most

known

are

kind

inclined

for Tests

of Beams

shearing stresses.

steel members

the

47,

EO.

economicallydesigned like

the

tests

at

of

Construction

"

Beams
where

No.

111

in

may

be

numbers

otherwise

expected
to

metal

the

apart than

46 and

addition

expanded
were

farther

the

47

from

with

twisted

depth

tests

38

of

and

square

extending throughout

identical

with

38 and

36.

48

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

46 shows

number

Test
and

47

of

reinforced

so

this

29.8

it would

showing.

do

the

to

ultimate

cent.,

or

an

There

cent.

that

good, and

the most

does

taken

also

be
that

concrete

Care

distance

should

not

and

value.

of

Considere

except

Iks. Per

2,845

due

to

Where
those
the

selection

and

of

the

the

cross-section

loads,

using
the

than

more

of

excess

economic

out

that

there

3 and

much

amount

of steel in the

While

sufficient

the
to

formulas

meet

the

from

60

per

with

an

pactness.
acquire com-

not

stresses, particularly

severe

should

be

used

insure

of the

in

strength

modulus

of

of
1.2

steel

to

concrete

in

for

cent,

per
and

moving

the beam
without

three

fail first

to

in

danger

some

the danger being

respectively,

over

by

due

pression
com-

warning.
steel in the
or

equation (26) by

0.8

compression
In

supports.

more

practicallyunyielding,as

compression
and

and

gained by using

are

zero

designing.

economy

cause

continuous

of

no

therefore

if the supports

be, multiply the value

is

cent.,

would

be

to

side, except for beams

the latter case,

per

and

concrete

is not

did

to

of

concrete

placing,to

proportion

for static loads

steel,which

of the

for it in

cent,

points

The

and

loss

greatest possiblecare

assumed

gives the
at 2.5 per

and

There

value

of

stresses

the

reasonably close agreement

identical

were

shows

subjected

materials, mixing, and

and

compactness

Considere

to

flexure,the

be

variable

taining
experiment conment
2,845,000 for the experi-

gaging.

easilycrumbled
may

which

for

This

in

of

ing
involv-

formula

between

that

Ec=

water.

beam

edge

to

of its very

because

and

it

of the rods.

7, 111,000

used

water

concrete

of

with
elasticity

of

soft and

was

Ec=

section

of

total width

applying any

used,

of water

excess

of

excess

of water

excess

an

in

care

section, and

that

the

experiments,

two

inch

amount

with

gauged

nected
con-

58,

horizontal

any

reinforcingrods

concrete

of water

square

the proper

cent,

in

used

be

formula

by

on

diameters

two

elasticityof
found

and

distributed

on

beam

of

center

should

the amount

to

as

from

less than

be

remarkable

for the

stress

one-third

exceed

not

d"

judgment

modulus

the

and

the

of

width

the

better if it did

placed

been

have

an

of bars

total width

the

one-half

exceed

not

would

that

to

make

provide properly for the

the
to investigating
members, in addition
be

seems

properly

probably

To

should

due

beams

two

equally good showing.

longitudinalshear at the reinforcing

would

concrete

was

it

cent.,

per

explanation for
to the expanded

other

no

the

for

gain

this accounts

metal

of

kind

is

inserted

thus

metal

strength of 27.6

average

strength except

other

Any

in

per

additional

The

where

per

in ultimate

gain

metal.

of 32

gain

gain

and

they
use

should

the

same

side.

examples here given are

requirements of designers and

thought
constructors

to

be
for

COLUMNS.

calculatingreinforced

proportioning and
all intended
of

the

book

that

theory
does

of

they

should

flexure

in

and

complete,
theoretical

such

by

de

W.

la

H.

who

referred

Von

Noe, Resal,

of

those

as

and

of this

preparation
Tables

others.

Thacher.

All

the

They

great assistance

text-books

and

of

Resistance
C.

L.

fessional
pro-

Materials,"
A.

Wason,

reviewed

been

have

the

Christophe, Lefort,

Thacher,

above

in

L.
the

chapter.
used

be

can

will

sections

who

those

by

even

Edwin

Mr.

by

paper

confidence, and

with

fixing trial

in

from

taken

XIII, inclusive, are

to

pursue

to

this

mately
approxi-

even

further

Considere,
"

of

purpose

subject

desire

Emperger,

of

The

this

at

complete exposition

standard

to

Burr, J. B. Johnson, Edwin

Johnson,

other

of

readers

are

as

concrete.

treatment

it is not

beams,

concrete

considered

be

reinforced

those

discussion
papers,

Harel

of

permit

not

49

of

found

be

prefer to

use

formulas.

CHAPTER

COLUMNS.

III."

*i

THE

made

results
the

at

XIV.

columns

The

rod

where

used
rods

ins. for

4X4

columns,
of the

latter

in

cast

tensile

vertical

that

notation

of

position
the
the

used

to

in. and

strength of

Ibs.,and
The

being

cement

of

one-third
and

"

tested

plain bars
twisted

sand

or

rods

rods
about

and

form

6 of

loX

The

lo-in.

concrete

columns
machine.

were

The

56,000

Ibs. to

80,000 Ibs. per

square

from

was

square

stone, two-thirds

The

horizontal

the

section.

in. in size.

in

axes.

to

ins. for

column

the

inforced
re-

Where

cross-section, and

of the

5X5

Table

and

square

their

disposed as

so

and

of

that

ins.

10X10

center

given in

are

parallelwith

were

columns

parallel to

and

columns

concrete

Technology

in the

they

8X8-in.

of

of

rods

placed

reinforced

on

ins.

four

used

tests

8X8
or

was

were

the

and

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it

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of

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were

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four

series

Massachusetts

with
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is

P=/(-4c + "48)=compressive strengthof section;

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ylc
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area

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area

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where

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E8

modulus

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51

COLUMNS.

numerical

The

values

the

of tests, viz.

E8

to

have

of

the

are

in

puting
com-

series

of this

averages

therefore

8.23; /=

reinforcement

with

them

the

in order

computed

actual

the

Ibs. per

1,750

XV,

so

the

multiplied by

is

will facilitate the

ratio
of these

the

on

length

cross-section

the

and

metal

of the

area

divided

results

been

have

ratio of

the

of

of E8

comparison

XIV

show

may

loads.

Table

to

as

reader

the

breaking
in

experiments given
in Table

that

breaking load per square inch

of the equivalentsection where

inch

square

This

been

compare

the

diameter,

per

formula

3, 400,000,

for this work

compared
to

Ec

of P

results

The

the

used

been

have

inch.

values

enabled

by

that

constants

square
The

of the

of P

28,000,000 and

be

value

by Ec

with

e.

or

of other

those

experiments.

flexure,and
and

25.5

for
a

of

with
very

only

XV

these

are

of

six

of less than

with

the

experiments

ratio

of the

load

per

from

the

XVI

from

the

than

the

exact

columns
25.5

as

greater for the

identical

are

total

tests

value
that

of

with
column

No

This

agrees
which

lengths less

for

gyration,and

than

flexure

by

have

as

breaking

the

inch

of

variations

maximum

loads

load

per

of

square

divided
not

length to
that

seen

Also

above

below

these

the

the

that
the

from

average,

of

and

average

Without

7.2, 9.0,

average

average,

the

some

show

If, however, those

agreement

the

the

it is difficult to

tests.

diameter

variation

cent,

by (Ac+eA8).

by

with

of total cross-section

inch

reinforced

also

results that

these

the

variation

all,and

its per

to

breaking

cent,

per

the

good.

is 19.9

and

square

of the

averages

from

reinforcement

cent,

the

It is apparent

it will be

per

per

columns

ratios

is very

l/d=i4.4 is 19.7
with
l/d=iS.o it

load

breaking

of the

with

grouped according

by (Ac-\-eA^)and

all.

well

been

cross-section

the

of concrete

compared,

P=f(Ac+eA8)

of

diameter,

divided
of

average

for the

the

breaking

of P

total variations
are

inch

average

averages

radius

25.5

columns

steel columns,

crushing

or

results have

these

length to

square

the

and

iron

of

ratio

of eleven

out

l/d of

of

lengths.

Table

In

ratio

with

columns

and

with

usually fail by direct compression

twenty or twenty-fivetimes the least
for greater

have

to

seen

column

developed

l/d,only two developed flexure.

18 for l/d showed
flexure.
any

for

over

or

and

failure in Table

of

manner

numbers

developed flexure;

one

18

well

notes

respectively.Out

ratio

that

Table

from

l/d, only

ratio

to

indicate

which

XIV,

called

is

Attention

while

with
of
for

therefore

20.4,

the

formula

columns
the
the

and

with

columns
average

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

of

these

two

of the

average
that

all

for

columns

to

diameter,
XV.

TABLE

than

25

been

made

with

there

are

COMPARISON

"

diameters,

data

no

formula

no

longer

have

to

It is further

experiments.

21

practicalpurposes

not

known

together is only

taken

groups

which

by

This
since
25

does

the

not

diameters

either

or

As
and

base

would

the

be

well

without
or

in

to

not

diameters

would

that

the

severe

length of columns

appear

until

limit

of

capital,rarelyif
a

have

ever

formula
much

can

are

length

verified.

GIVEN

IN

t Buckled.

of much

is known

more

lengths of

reinforcement,

cases

be

EXPERIMENTS

OF

matter

and

rare,

of

practicalimportance,
practicerequiring columns
longer than

in

occur

very

would

works
less.

that

be

to

experiments

no

formula

capacity of machine,

exceeded

seem

are

with

break;

not

cases

subject it

25

Did

required for

greater ratio

results

these

is

the

XIV.

TABLE

from

flexure
as

such

RESULTS

OF

and

below

cent,

per

evident
for

of

columns

o.i

to

in classic
exceeds

all concrete

columns,

diameters, and

25

loading

concerning the

to

20

diameters

for
or

portant
imeven

architecture,including both

one-half

of the

for flexure in concrete

practicalvalue.

above

limits,it

columns

over

COLUMNS.

Finally,for
but
the

ultimate

TABLE

strength

XVI.

be

may

RESULTS

"

RATIO

is 14.6

2,006

As

the

such

of

of 4

loading and

then

be

placed

in

the

in the

Table

Table

be

is

value

assumed

XIV,

and

little

with

work.

The

TO

for

only

the

culation
cal-

lower

2.76

or

warning,

no

the

of

loads

safe

Tables

XIV

efficient

just as

and

longitudinalreinforcement,

as

and

it is much

the

may

that

XV,

other

any

conditions

working
35o(v4c-f"4").

say

comparison

center

length,

I.

and

to

in

ACCORDING

used, depending upon

of the

$oo(Ae+eAa)

at

the

in

suddenly

6 should

to

ARRANGED

than

of P

diameters

DIAMETER.

TO

higher

given
fail

from

reinforcingrod
of

TABLE

LENGTH

forcement,
longitudinalrein-

2,ooo(Ac+eA8).

at

XV

OF

importance

It appears

bution

value

columns

safety factor

taken

values

without

or

exceeding 25

not

OF

cent,

per

of the
than

and

hooped,

not

with

columns

concrete

S3

distribumost

venient
con-

in construction.
Table

XVII

columns
the

form

to

inclusive

per.

was

and

for

or

not

Considere
Numbers

number

reinforced

Ibs. per
number

and

reinforced

was

increased

the

says

with
with

inch

4, 5,

sections, numbers

6, Table
4 and

wire

by

stood
was

XVII,

with

The
more

to

results

are

so

indicate

four

9,150

Ibs. per
square

MM.

Quim-

except that

i,

than

times,

that
or

square

inch, but

the
from
inch
M.

good.

experiments

being hooped

at

longitudinal

number

6,260 Ibs. per

not

and

in

prisms
by

made

were

crete
con-

numbered

inclusive

12

hooping

identical

and

Those

7 to

on

wound

hooping
columns

inclusive

22

for number
3

concrete

to

by

wire
other

Considere,
13

experiments

identical.

direction.

resistance

Number
the

was

in any

square

i.

M.

by

Hennebique,

rods, while

hooping
2,240

made

were

European

reinforced

prisms

spiral,and compared
hooping, but otherwise

Number

wires

results of

the

the

Considere

it

and

of

without

shows

and

number

on

hollow
6 without

cylindrical

hooping.

54

o
w
H
w

Pi
o

"
o

fc

O
O

W
fe

o
CA

H
CO

H
h
O
co

O
E
03

REINFORCED

CONCRETE.

55

COLUMNS.

As

have

might

hollow

M.

as

Of
and

the

of

bands

and

series

of

iron

of
ii

reinforced, broke

7, not
number

It appears

also broke

12

probable, from

bands

had

effect

more

at

tied

with

together
ins.

3.15

at

to

center

numbers

while

Ibs. per

the

with

Ibs. per

1,050

2,420

ultimate

the

reinforced,

not

10

longitudinalrods.

and

suddenly

on

and

suddenly

comparison

first was

hooped,

were

by hooping

both

small.

is very
the

12,

prove
im-

not

by crushing inwardly, unless,

diameter,

and

does

hooping

longitudinalrods

in. in

Numbers

the

core

7 to

by

0.17

reinforced

were

and

wire

six, numbers

wire,

bands.

Number

inch

was

hollow

the

reinforced

that

seen

it fails

section, because

points out,

last

is

expected,it

Considere

the

center

been

inch.

square

tests, that

other

resistance

square

the

than

the

tudinal
longi-

rods.

Numbers
former

and

As the

the

latter

pitch of

of the

of the

to

diameter
the

j\

and

at

and

only had

of

that

by

on

the

flexure

over

tests

the

to

one

side

and

of

the

same

pitch

as

not

spective
re-

these
exceed

pitch

of

pressure," according

to

Considere

XIV

also

for the

for

these

sides of

two

that
a

the

column

for

cause

the

double
failure

columns

failure

18

were

in

5,000

that
from

and

three
to

flexure

by

is remarkable

flexure
from

about

having a length of 8.67

being hooped failed by crushing at

caused

two

being

sufficient

having lengths of

at

the

does

hooping

flexure, and

latter condition

three

not

one

that

that

"

be

may

of the

records

dimensions,

finds

column

to

account

results of the American

existing, the compression being

simultaneously relieved or "unloaded"

and

third

load

inch, respectively.As

of the

conditions

out

developed fiexure,and
the

as

recommends

square

in view

explanationit

Table

Considere

Ibs. per

XIV.

This

two

the

true

far

spiralsshould

"column

by

resistance

the

former.

half

If this is
21

Table

due

of the

diameters,

as

lengthof 8.67 diameters, it is difficult to

other, the modulus

for

little

Considere

is quite different
elasticity

flexure

the

"

the

1/8.6of the

and

clearlyindicated,

column.

4,700

in

greatly increase

increased

were

pitch of the

in this manner,

experiments given

under

that of number

1.18 ins. and

about

square
failure.

without

and
diameters, respectively,

failed

11

4,550

failure

modulus

Ibs. per

inch

square

the

that

of 5,120

diameter.

columns

for their

spiralhooping only, the

pressure

was

prisms, it is

of the

10

Considere,

and

of the

experiments go,

Numbers

on

YV

spiralsof numbers

series of

number

"f the

with

Ibs. per

resisting5,400

-Jand

diameters

not

spiralsat

spiralof

the

only 0.59 in.,or

these

the

failingbetween

inch, and

reinforced

were

other

7,000

only

7.2

25.5

in the

to

other

two

out

25.5

two.

of the

diameters

diameters

in

similar

columns

Ibs.

per

square

length.
of

inch,

56

REINFORCED

although
Ihey

he

does

failed

by

not

American

Considere

can

Since

enough

tested

were

of

view

In

destruction

to

flexure

in

for

not

more

of

M.

struction.
practicalcon-

even

or

20

in

one

be

never

under

serious

the

would

loads

that

or

theories

column

concrete

length, the question is

in

of

conflictingresults

safe working

practice the

in

induce

to

diameters

25

they

experiments, these results and

hardly as yet be accepted as a basis

extensive

half

that

state

flexure.

CONCRETE.

practical

work.

idea of

The
resistance

of

hooping

failure in cubes
of

of stone

hoops, although

form

is due

it is found

tested

the

destruction

to

the

on

this friction

that

familiar

The

cubes

point

the

to

that the

shown

which

great

form

pyramidal

also

platesthrough

is reduced

the

suggested by

was

experiments have

recent

friction

to the

When

applied.

confined.

when

sand

column

concrete

of

value

pyramidal

the

is

pressure

minimum

fail

along

surfaces

by lubrication,
parallelto the line of

the

series

of

numbered

to

pressure.

Following
Table

the

made

XVII,

to

in 1901,

from

resistance

cubic

cement

yard

cubic

per

days old,
days, and

23

These
to

the

not

is

tests

Considere

equal amount
is rational and
If A
to

the

of

the

to

use

the

at

22

the

prisms

not

675

Ibs. of

cement

17, 21,

and

22,

and

18

were

at

20

days

100

than

rich

had

20

13

to

concrete

days,

22

is the

Ibs. of

730

tested
and

16

relative

more

the

richer

at
at

21

for

hooped

naturallybe expected

and

advantage
This

columns.

it has

it is

that

or

ones,

been

verified

by theory.
value

gives the
of metal

in

agrees

very

area

of

concrete

elastic

of

the

hooping

at

2.4

times

longitudinalreinforcingrods, and
well with

cross-section
as

of

of

with

the

of metal

amount

an

the

steel hooping may

metal,

ultimate

that
his

of

an

analysis

experimental results.

longitudinalrods, then

column

limit

the

we

would

compressive strengthof

the

equivalent

entire
be

strength

written

as

have, according

Considere,

where

inforced.
re-

old.

is of

hooping

concretes

very

would
and

that of identical

and

in

22

prisms, increased

mortar

Numbers

days, 15

14

that

hooping, arranged

reinforced

If

at

or

small

others, 16,

sand.

to

13

hooping, constitutingfrom

wire

times

the

17 and

mortars

result that
other

by

of

indicate

necessary
a

yard

numbers

tests

poorer

and

19

tests

15, 18, 19, and

sand,

and

14

that
of the

nine

to

14,

13,

of

show

volume

four

Prisms
per

idea

of the

cent,

per

this

out

concrete.

to

If the

longitudinal rods

elastic limit

an

The
that

their value

since

of metal

amount

inch

amounted

and

to

therefore

the

ratio

stated,

length
the

keep

to

retain

to

But

tests

and

after

soon

of

pitch

an

lent
equivawith

began

and
is

spiralbelow

the

at

1,730
It is

chip.

to

in

important,
of

nection
con-

when

especiallyso

or

the

square

per

9 cracked

longitudinalreinforcingrods

the

hooped columns,
is large. It
diameter

to

hooped

n,

pressure

8 and

Ibs.,while

indicate

in
of

and

10

until the

chip

spiralsof

the

of

inch,

of the value

cent,

per

or

3,360

square

desirable
with

and

hooping

to

seem

omitted

be

might

hooping.

crack

not

2,900

2,480 Ibs. per

in

used

did

longitudinalrods,

only 40

is

would

XVII

rods

longitudinalreinforcing

columns,

the

result

Table
9 of

and

elastic limit of F, and

an

would

there

F',

numbers

tests

the

of

have

57

WALLS.

ING-

RETAIN

before

as

column

the

diameter.
As

columns

hooped

loads

of from

with

somewhat

them

Safety factors
per

5,

will

giving working
the

cover

will

of

stresses

safe

under

to

use

safety factors.
to

900

conditions

of

range

be

lower

or

chip

1300

Ibs.

well-made

for

columns.

concrete

CHAPTER

to

stresses

and

crack

strength,it

ultimate

higher working

3^

inch,

square

hooped

of

suddenly, but

fail

not

of their

to

do

IV"

RETAINING-WALLS,

DAMS,

DUITS,
CON-

TANKS,

CHIMNEYS.

AND

RETAINING-WALLS
.

usual

THE
resisted

the

by

for

with

steel.

the

In

In

occur

at

the

wall

the

proper

with

base,

be

cases

due

to

of

such

would

cracks

apt

retaining-wallin
the

to

weight

called

the

stabilityon

gravitywall.
there

of

moment

of

of resistance

dependent

form

wall,

thermal

these

about

of

the

in

the
in

and

of

wall

be

or

rods.

to

use

economic

the

of
and

the
is

brick, stone,

center

wall, is
called
or

crete,
con-

built

secondary

of

causes

crete,
con-

are

prevented by reinforcing
The
for

succeeding section
the

is

pressure

stabilityby reinforcingit
other

can

bars

reinforcement

dispositionwill be given in
The
principlesinvolved

wall

built

gain

changes

intervals,and
of

the

long walls, especiallywhen

longitudinalsteel

amount

earth

righting moment

whether
to

the

of

weight

nothing
of very

the

which

this
on

determination
purpose

and

of
its

Dams.

applicationof

reinforced

the

capacity of
due

moments

to

cantilever

loading,acting as

utilization

resist
and

bending

supported

only a fraction
permitting the use of small
of material required for a gravitywall, and, second, the
of a weight of earth on the base or footing,costingpractically
with

sections

thus

beams,

combination

concrete-steel

the

transverse

to

the
retaining-walls
are, first,

of

construction

the

to

concrete

of

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

58

of the amount
substitution

nothing, for

weight

the

of

omitted,

expensive masonry

resist

to

the overturning moment.

Walls."

Plane

wall,
retaining-

The

simple

most

illustrated in

Fig.

form

of

consists

14,

reinforced

of the
a

concrete

base, EFGH,

to

I*--b
FIG.

which

is

14.

"

Diagram

of Thrusts

rigidlyconnected

latter acts

as

cantilever

the
beam

and

Moments

vertical
fixed

on

Retaining-walls.

part of the wall

at

BCD,

which

CD.

The

projectingportions of the base also act as cantilevers,the

of
part projectingin front,or the toe, loaded by the upward pressure
the reaction
and
the portion projectingbehind
the wall, or the heel,
of the weight of material
loaded
filled in
by the downward
pressure
above

it.

both

in the

Therefore

top and

the
in the

base

will

bottom,

require
and

the

transverse

part A BCD

reinforcement
will

require

RETAINING-

vertical

reinforcement

plane DC

the

mimimum

and

in
at

zero

the

true

is known

the

determination

of

angle
90"

the

for

the

is maximum

moment

of the wall

section

of repose

be

top and

at

finished

with

the

to

taper

may

rock

would

reasons

Even

if

coping

to

that

retained,

or

can

else

it must

thrust

jPy=the

parallelto

the

be

from

of the resultant of which

height of

volume

(i

cu.

the

wall

ft.)of

at

HK,

the

Fig.

surface

surcharge

the

slopes at

is the

14,

material

cos

angle

become

"

these

For

it and

behind
minimum

angle

material

the

the

horizontal

w=the
the

wall

in

with

wall.

tion
direc-

component

the base.

weight

of

Let
a

of natural

of

Then

cos2 d"

"

of

x"

unit

(l)

"

6+ vcos2

be

to

hydrostaticpressure

A/cos2 6

angle

with

provided

the

-7-3 above

behind

in

and

wall

the

the

to

of solid

bank

water

behind

and

"

cos

If the

for

bank,

COSC/-

Py=

due

conditions

height

45", may

be

must

of

material

of

acts

the

any

the

even

would
(/"

wall.

the

on

pressure

designed

surface

that

accumulation

under

30", or

collectingbetween

pressure

wall

hydrostaticpressure

built against

successful

resist the

obtain

"p is
water

were

be

the

prevent

for

zero

with

the

behind

simple matter, but this

considerable
degree of

any

in which

wall

is

between

of water

sheet

designed to

of repose

Let

with

produce hydrostatic

ample drainage
be

known

retaining-wallto

any

it must

thrust

saturated

material

the

of the

material

vertical

thin

"f"of

value

any

solid rock.

nearly so.

the

of

As

the

at

often

have

It may

or

rock

the

AB,

changed by becoming

so

zero

angle

is not

repose

accuracy.

be

back.

59

desired.
When

to

the

practicalthickness

when

WALLS.

6"

cos2

repose,

"j"

that

is, if

the

angle

slope,6=(f",and

wx2

Py=

If the

value

The

apply
to

60"

surface

to
are

most

of

is

the

cases

COS

horizontal, 6=

functions
met

given in Table

in

used

zero,

in

(f"

and

equations (2)

practice, and

XVIII.

(2)

.........

for

values

and
of

(3), which

"j"from

zero

60

REINFORCED

TABLE

XVIII.

horizontal

The

RS'=P=Py

that 6

It is clear

cribs

place by

never

some

or

line of action

The

of P,

is

length unity
6=1, and P=Py.

cos

the

horizontal

the

(3).

AND

prism HKN.
unless
be greater than "j)
equivalent device.
of

weight

can

for

Py

6=0,

when

(2)

EQUATIONS

IN

thrust

the

of

component
6.
Therefore

cos

USED

FUNCTIONS

OF

#="/",P^P^the

When

in

VALUE

"

CONCRETE.

slopeis held

the

component

of the

resultant

where

HR=

thrust,will

intersect

vertical

the

through

R,

at

"

Let

the

W=

YV,

their

and

GHK.

plane
the

to

downward

prism

CIKH

heel

on

the

due

the

to

vertical

the

intersect

will

lower

front of

in

W)

(W-vq)

moment

through

the resultant

Then

(RG-P--

YR+

G"q=

wall

the

one-half

but

between

the

length

the
of

side

the

on

will

base

of the

heel

the

will

DC

at

safety
the

find

to

downward

part of the reaction

be

equal

(P-RH).

be

M=Px-^-^.

be

the

weight

of

the

heel

to

design

resultant

on

comes

The
of

the

CH.
heel

the
moment

and

moment

that

be

will

DC

section

the

at

moment,

difference

the

it will

and

righting

moment

and

downward

of

BCHK=

and

EFGH,

(P-RG).

on

enough

near

moment

be

the

multipliedby

the

resist

moment

moment

be

the

distance

Then

overturning

bending

will

BCD,

plane HK.

the

\/P2+W2

be

overturning moment

The
The

at

distance, YR,

gravityfrom

will

base

the

horizontal

of

center

of

surface
the

the

foundation

length of

unit of

find

common

the

on

of

weight

the

find

the

the

width

W'=ihe
1= lever

intensities
of the

vertical
arm

of

on

upward

heel

should

the

on

pressure

base,

let

base.
of

component

between

the

q and

the

reaction

the center

intensityof

of

p=the

average

p'=the

maximum

intensity of

pressure

p"=ihe

minimum

intensity of

pressure

pressure

acting through

figureof the base=

the

on

on
on

base.

the

base.

the

base.

to

the

taken.
To

It

q.

Gq"b/2.

61

RETAINING-WALLS.

for

Then
base

will

length unity,

the

intensity of

average

the

on

pressure

'

be

p=W

the

-^b\

maximum

outer

edge

of

heel, G,

will

be

the

intensity at

toe, F, will be

the

and

minimum

the

the

intensityat

inner

of

edge

the

(5)

l=b/6, p'

When

1/6

greater than

tendency
of

lift.

to

material

the

the

Let

of

of

the

length

those

that is

of the

heel

the

wall

Fig.

will

within

that

average

have

resistance

overturn.

then

will

the

figurerepresent

the half

the

/ is

represent these

14

figureFfgG,

point,and

will

crushing

the

center

of

under
vertically

ED,

from

the

of the

sum

cepts
inter-

between

pressure

the

same

By graphical statics

the

from

natural

is the

thrust

and

2.
(90"-"")-f-

draw

RS

of

center

and

prism
With

will

and

draw

pressure

conjugate

of

be

pressure,

be

and

the

and

moment

by
the

on

heel of the base

of the

base

Bisect

the

of fracture

HR

is desired

and

triangleHKL.

the

it of

EH

and

angle
the

lay

off HM

by

condition

will

KHL

and

will pass

Consider

The

the
of

HR=%HK,

line RS

length unity.

Draw

of KHM

angle

making
The

HL.

follows:

as

satisfies the

that

HK,

on

decimal
line TS
will

Pv, which

will

part

through

through

section

weight

of

of
the

be

the
TS

5;

the vertical

easily found

is

edge
0.

parallelto

then

convenient

RS'

off

and

any

at

of the

overturning moment,

gravity

HKL

cutting RS

inner

behind
filling

of

line HK

at

thrust

plane

Lay

through

will

that

manner.

of repose,

angle

which

maximum

the

product

moment

gravity of

between

pressure

This

in

HK

of

average

ED.

toe

found

be

line HL,

TS

the

ordinates

every

upward

the

wall

at

If the

vertical

the

the

in

p"

complete

distance

multiply it by

length

be

and

the

When

zero.

ultimate

is exceeded

lines pf and

the

horizontal

of the base.

at

of

if the

case

toe

be

negative and

be

points will represent

figureFfgG

it may

the

of pressure
two

the

and

toe

latter

will

p"

points.

of the

the

the

will

intercepts of

any

Find

D,

In

pressure

the intensities
at

b, p"

under

and

equal ip

of

length

intensities

will

the

measure

and

the

lay off

RT=W"

on

through T, parallelto

then

acts

scale

be

the

of

of the

measure

through R.
the

overturning

The

horizontal

horizontal
moment

the

the

surface

resultant

KL,
jugate
con-

projectionof

component
in

vertical

of

foot-pounds

the
will

62

REINFORCED

the

be

horizontal

this

of

amount

the

is

RS'=

multipliedby
horizontal,6=0, and
wall

the

givingdue

vertical HK,
of

the

of forces

scale

of the

of

at

angle

an

with

length unity, must

solution

respects the

used

in

the

by

diagonal

resultant

sure
pres-

side

of

the

intensity

safe

compressive

of

the

prism HKN,

load

6=$,

line KN,

the

sloping on

off the

When

the

is founded.

weight

laying

is identical.

and

the

lower

the

wall

bank

the horizontal, the

be

the

drawn

weight of
vertical plane

and

YZQV,

line

the

to

the

and

exceed

the

and

else the maximum

the

surcharged with

the wall is

When

which

on

equal

cut

or

not

RSf,

to

direction

should

should

toe

equal

forces

and

horizontal

wall

gravity

specific
gravity
through this common

UV

the

amount

material

the

YZ

third of its width

the

on

pressure

resistance

between

resultant

This

with

surface

of

wall

the

scale

in the

UV

vertical

the

on

parallelogramof

the

the middle

within

base

off

off YV

base.

the

on

produced, lay

represent in

then

will

YQ

material

the

Complete

HK.

of

lay

and

wall

the

RY

On

R.

through

it at

intersect

gravity and

of

center

difference

the

center

between

vertical

the

When

common

contained
to the

Draw

the

the

pounds by

in feet.

Find

TS.

account

elements.

two

HR

arm

material

of the

and

in

component

lever

of forces

of

CONCRETE.

RT.

KN

other

In

will

be

equal

toHK.
found

Having

the

in

given

and

rods

where

thick

enough

made

for

the

to

to

of

values

the

6, and
"/",

of earth

and

trial and

for

If the bank
thrusts

to

Py

where

For

cases

deformed

of

the

wall,

value
either

be

the

same,

be

made

be

being

used.

The

from

one-

depending

the

on

it is

conditions

base

on

the

while

in

be
be

may

structures

to

the

BN',

the

make

selected

given

bending

the

somewhat

methods
line

and

which

masonry

should

b=o.$ox
of the

or

walls,

the heavier

consequently

-reinforcing

quite common
is 2 on
slope,"/",
3,

stability,the
the

are

to

x,

concrete

for

beams

on

allowance

rods

on

gated
be investi-

latter should

the

the top of the wall

and

will

and

vertical

and

equations

chapter

the

on

unfavorable

substituted

slopesfrom

the

pulling out,

reinforced

of

the

should

generally found

is

adjusted by
P,

of

the natural

for

0.503;

ordinary

overturning moment,

from

when

moment

and

rods

CD

at

general railway work

b =0.4^,

or

base,

height

In

w.

is
filling

verified

the

base, ",
the

CD,

readilyproportioned by

bond

of

one-half

part of the

wider,

the

prevent

the

the section

at

longitudinalshear
enter

great importance.

weight
up

the

they

of

practiceto make
to make
6=0.45^
of

be

can

mechanical

required width
quarter

find

to

bars

or

the wall

on

The
shear
chapter on beams.
provided for. Equation (58)

used

be

may

moments

sections

the

base,

the

the

for

above.

Fig.

moment

righting moment

14,

and

RETAIN

will be

This

EXAMPLE.
ft.

18

being 35"
=

and

and

0.81915,

neglected,as

Required

"

high

be

may

surcharged
the

and

weight
ft.

x=iS

wall

at

of

to

"3

it is

form

slope of 6=(f",the

54

of

the

and

of

safety.

coal-pocket
angle of repose, "",

cubic

55 Ibs. per

coal

the

side

side

the

foot.

Cos

"f"

Then

Py=($$'X i82)-7-2X0.81915=
P
=Py cos #=7,300X0.81915

+29

the

on

IK

between

material

of the

by the weight

increased

slope BNf.

ING-WALLS.

Ibs.

7,300

5,980

Ibs.

Ibs.

joerSq.Ft.

|"

n'o"

FIG.

15.

Graphical

"

the

Graphically, draw
edge
the

of thejheel

line
the[slope

and

KN

the

angle
HM.

in

HK,

draw

parallelto

of Plain

Calculation

vertical

fromjH"

Bisect

horizontal.

-"j

HM,

Fig.

Retaining-wall.

15,

making

KHM

by
Make

the

an

the

through
angle

line HN

HR=%oc=6

of

35"

and

ft.,and

inner
with
draw
draw

64

REINFORCED

RS

of the

trianglesHKL,

"

"

"

check

RS

b.

at

produced
HKL

Scale

bk

distance

Lay off 6^=3.87

triangleHKN.
The

prism

ft.

scale

HKN

area

of

of forces

the

of

action

of

Table

for

Therefore
that
w=

will

give a

h of

AD

CJ?J/=3.5
foot and

over
filling

CIKH',
BCI,

ft. X

19.5

"X
"

19.5

ABmD,

19.5

"

"

2.0

3-5

as

1.5
"

X
X

1.5
"

0.5

Xn.o

"

of

the

the

weight

With

the
and

decimal
draw

TS

represent by the scale

Py,

the center

of

S, cutting the

the resultant

horizontal

and

then

be at EH',

the lever

6,000X7.5

bending

for

beams

lineal

By
DC

Make

Table

equal

ft. long with

foot

Then

AD.

and

of

concrete

of

center

in.

for

in. wide

gravityof

be

that

plane

ft.,and

Ibs. per

cubic

the wall,base,

follows:
55

-5-2X

Its-

804

"

-^-2X140

Ibs.X
'

=1,365
"

=3,080

i-75

6,567.75

X4-oo=

3,216.00

'

X4-50=

9"I53-oo

'

X5-25=

'

X5.5o

=2,034

Xi4olbs.
Xi4Q

3,753

55lbs.=

ins.

in the

ft, ED=$.$
140

will

AB=6

its center

at

thick.

find

we

ins. and

b=n

moment

ft. wide

24

1.5 ft.

foot-pounds.

45,000

try

or

of the resultant

arm

The

ft.

per

line and

ground

foot-pounds for

weight

ft. X
"

be

lineal foot

weight

heel

the

19.5

BCm,
EFGH',

the

calculate

the

7,260 Ibs.

will

Ibs.

300

base

the

Ibs.

the

ft. the load

required.

Assume

be

gravity of

vertical from

then

be

per

of the wall

face

ft.

will

angle
tri-

the

triangle KLN.

of

center

to

RH'=j.$

of 45,000

Try

the

of the resultant

the base

be

10

moment

vertical.

of the vertical

and

of

span

gravity of

10.62X48.2^132.2=3.87

ft. below

safe loads

the

center

6,000 Ibs.

CD

at

horizontal,cutting

of

will then

will

horizontal

the

hk

the

equal

level at H

will

draw

draw

7,260

Drop

3.5

ground

ins. is

22

R.

and

Ibs. will

55

TS

S'] RS'

(8X45,000) ^(100X12)

depth
and

be

S.

top of

The

ABCD

gives

will

at

scales

component
wall

Then

direction

at

and

the floor and

the

ft.

vertical

through
R

84.0

gravityof

of

132.2X55

foundation

the

horizontal
on

Py,

ft. thick.

below

the

is

and

is

48.2

%x

will b be

10.62

RT

amount

Assume
base

and

through

component

off Ha=i2
and

cuttingRS

which

horizontal

9.33X18.00^2

ft. and

make

parallelto KN,

multipliedby

long,

forces

9.33X10.33-^-2

the center

at

ft.

eh=\eN

off

k will be

gravity

132.2

lay

Then

of

centers

HKN.

HKN=

Lay
k.

at

and

the

"

the work,

on

cutting RS

HKL

the

through

pass

and

KLN,
of HLN

Area

As

will

which

parallel to HN,

CONCRETE.

7,166.25
=

11,036 lbs.X'3-90

65

RETAINING-WALLS.

off R

Lay

VQ

and

equal

9 ft. and

Y=$.

from

parallelto S'R,

foundation, and

its amount

lay

off YV=

YQ

will

F
then

found

be

can

11,036 Ibs.
the

be

resultant

scale

by

the

on

the

by

or

off

Lay

tion
equa-

F"2=Vn,0362+6,ooo2=i2,562.
The

resultant

will

X6,ooo-r-n,o36)

intersect

the

3.9o+5. 165

base

9.065,

q, where

at

and

Gq=

#2=9.065-

(9.5

3. 90+

5-5

ft-

3-565

Then

=11,036-7-1.1

1,003 +

and

pf

i,oo3 +

(n,o36X3-565-^20-I7)=+2"954,

1,003-

(11,036X3-565 -^o-^H-

and

p"=
from
end

which

it is

of the heel
of

is less than
the

at

pressure

foundation.
while

and

there
the

nothing

were

material

filled in behind
the

upliftwhen
(ii

X 948
of

cent,

the

to

than

tons

would

the

upliftp",

the

wall
In

will
this

Ibs.,

=1,267

is not
be

the

frictional

the

while
should

will then

toe

of the reaction

the toe would

on

If there

is

11,036X3.67
of

Table

lineal

per

depth

foot, and

shear

The

base

on

of the

equation

Table

the

be

of

20

per
upon

resistance

Ibs.,or

less

[(i,oo3X 5-5X 2.75)

2.75)1=3.2 ft. in
moment

would

be

larger value,

(8X 40,502)-i-(iooX 12)

w=

on

34,822.4 foot-pounds.

negative reaction, it
the

The

gives
X, by interpolation,

safe

plane of
21

Ibs.

21

nearly
find

we

270

ins.

as

Ibs.
the

CD
per

is

equal to

square

and

is 6,000

inch, nearly,

or

Ibs.,which

only

about

shearing strength.

longitudinalshear

is found

the

required.

6,ooo-r-(24X 12)

one-third

the

to

foot-pounds. Using

the

by

of

upliftwill

any

is 10,882 Ibs.

its amount

40,502

of beam

The

and

resistance

no

if

balance

to

=3,802

be

10,882 multipliedby 3.2 ft.

be

turning,
over-

depended

without

since

isfactory
sat-

foot.

square

plane AD,

be

any

resistance

total

not

per

from

friction

tons

increased

sufficient

1,036-7(n"9.o65)Xf

safe

somewhat

case

in this case,

on

be

be

sity
inten-

1.5

pressure

(i,95iX5-5X3-67^2)]-f-[(i,oo3X 5-5)+ (^fX

the

is

allowable

This, however,

would

per

resultant

front of the

-T-

is 1,460 Ibs.

uplift,p'

The

948

and
stability,

two

pr

of

latter is small.

3, 902)X

Py

insure

to

-r-

resist

to

maximum

is less than

toe

the extreme

upliftat

will, therefore, be

wall

value

the

the

within

The
the

of

the

foot,the

square

per

end

outer

intensityof

the

0.5 ton

is well

foot, which

square

while

that

seen

948,

on

the

vertical rods

by equation (58) of Chapter

II

as

where
follows:

they

enter

the

66

REINFORCED

k=eFAaV-rwhere

A8=7"
and

ins.,

sq.

in ins.,

7=5,527
rods

rods

The

length equal

is

near

the

to

be deformed

or

If the wall is very

great

pulling out
adjusted

the

base.

as

to make

so

the moment

While

the toe, for

on

the

ins. above

2\

in the

the bottom
and

bottom

The

inch

in

weight
the

on

its

desired

When

this

or

compressive

culations
cal-

the vertical rods

heel

and

toe

the

also be

may

amount

same

on

proportions.
will be

case

less than

much

generallybe preferableto

will

base

and

below

make

18

say

the

bending

Ibs. per

all

due

the

to

centers

on

running

moment,

and

an

inch, which
extreme

weight

of

versely.
trans-

square
amount
to

take

may

be

enough

near

square

high

ins.

rods

compression per

it will be

case

is very

stress

spaced

the

to

ins. round

ij

in the top, and

by

this

In

of

consist

the top,

centers

wall

the

sought, the

is

throughout.

the

height.

should

thick, but if this is done

moments

it will

D, caused

at

18X140-^144?

neglected.

of the

the heel in this

on

within

up

be used.

of
possibility

of the wall itself will add

concrete

proportionalto
this at

8 ins.

ins.

economical

thickness

taken

longitudinalshear

the

economy

22

bending

practicalreasons

reinforcement

The

base

most

on

of uniform

base

maximum

length

the

As

should

prevent any

The

be

equal

distance

of

(5)

value of adhesion, the rods

bond

base

must

beam.

working
and

to

thereby give the

and

each

be used

must

care

of the

adjusted for

be

may

safe

long

values

The

center.

to

the

longitudinalshear

mechanical

some

into

extend

depth

the limit of the

4 ins. center

by equations (18),(19),(20), and

must

the

ins., as

24

and

easilyfound

are

II.

Chapter
DC

ins. diameter

being i J

and

ins.,

sq.

11.35 ins-"

v=

to

inch,

square

6,000 Ibs.,

p=io.6

of

73. 6 Ibs. per

^7=4,085,000-:-55,400=

6=20,

F=

the

COiNCRETE.

is

accuracy

the wall

be

may

considered.
with

Wall

Counterforts.

well adapted
particularly

spacing

By
and

making
required for

the

is

high.

In

produced by

this
the

case

in

for reinforced

between

strength

and

cost

the

resultant

form

Another

counterforts

the

wall

reduction

"

concrete
a

is that

counterforts

the

of

with

forts.
counter-

distance
no

horizontal

moment

construction,

thrust

and
about

apart,

thicker
very

be effected,especiallywhere

overturning

that is

wall
retaining-

considerable

convenience
may

of

the

bending

an

axis

the

than
siderable
con-

wall

moment

in the

plane

RETAINING-

of

top of the

the

the

wall

between

load

but

will be

wall.

act

uniformly

as

between

be maximum

found

will

be

wall

of unit

between

lineal foot

per

the

from

the

as

be understood

for

found

was

the

Then

width

in

Fig. 16,

the

on

having

counterfort

considered

in

sections

ins. in breadth.

12

beam

considered

The
is the

to

the

top

the

the

load

of

be
The

wall

ft.,but

desired

to

it would
than

the

for

per

clear

of beam

Showing

"

Ay

foot

in Table
with

low

of Wall.

Top

enough

of 48 ins.

depth

counterforts

moment

span.

Diagram

"

611.4 Ibs.,which

be

safe

16.

FIG.

14,062.5

for

to

counterforts

(see Fig.17).
of

clear span

possiblybetter practiceto
of

Where
use

have

will then

span

The

of 48 ins.

CD

safetyand

of the counterforts.
be

the

lineal

the side of

on

bending

center

load

the

ft.

16

equivalentbend-

ins. wide

between

the

calculate
center

depth
24

of

span

the value**-

will

it will be

give an

to

width

designed

at

moment

lineal foot, w,

have

on

will

counterfort

for

If b is 23 ins. the
inch

ing
assum-

ft. apart

10

bending

per

of b inches

where

foot-pounds.

Table

by

each

diagram

that

data

6,000 Ibs.,and

on

explanation.

same

spaced

graphicallyby
will

which

previous example,

450,000

correspondsto

more

further

P=

ingmomentmust

the

2Pr-s-x2, where

be

or

shown

Ibs. and

find the

may

section

readily obtained

thrust

will be

per

will

be

counterforts

60,000

Ibs.

will

thrust

thrust
on

be

ft.=

beams

of the

center

that

centers, the

we

loaded

load

center, the

to

moment

may

each

beams

these

Taking

"

used

CD

This

horizontal

The

length.

on

without

EXAMPLE.

be

center

may

loads

constructed

it

and

wall.

These

were

forts,
counter-

toe.

or

counterforts

the

height,that is,of

distance
of

the

the

%nPx.

The

load

of

length of

at

as

the top,

at

zero

reaction.

upward

resultant

the

to

counterforts

the

slab

or

acting horizontally.

between

at

beam

of the

direction

feet apart

nP,

unit

the

edge
n

load

bottom

width

same

by

be

the

supported

are

will

for

the

outside

counterforts

counterforts

been

in the

counterforts,while

horizontal

carrying a

distributed

them
the

at

as

from

beam

acts

and

the

entirelyby

will decrease

if it has

base,

will

the

slab

uniformly

The

If the

counterforts

counterforts

the

on

resisted

are

the

the

supported by
The

base

WALLS.

span

10

the

ft.,or
maximum

of say

the

distance
is

economy

ft.,or

say

ft.

68

REINFORCED

The

load

per

foot

square

Ibs. and

that

the

the

on

wall

should

the

on

Ibs.

2X6,oooXi7'5^324=648
333

CONCRETE.

top section
taper from

lowest

On

the

19

Ibs.

middle

Table

the bottom

top, making
fact that

The

for

table
the

CD

at

will be

we

ins. at

reinforced

be
find
the

for the
the

gives

safe

span.

taper from

may

ins. at

12

be

will

XII

clear

to

ins. diameter

it

to

counterforts

48 ins.

will

allowance

some

the

loadings

IT

section

From

ins. at

10

i-foot section

with

AB,
rods

embedded

and

in

the

if
crete
con-

parallelto the inclined surface.

To

shear
provide for the longitudinal
be
should
deformed
they
to effect a

mechanical
and

bond

Ground Line

reinforcement

between

the

sist

rods

of

about

*JL

rods
and

the

in

and

the

shear

17."

Retaining-wall

with

Counter-

forts-

In

this

case

from

be

substituted.

Six

bending

due

be

the
the

top

of

upward

the

spaced

so

of

base

reaction

be

in

ins.
the

the

the

may

give
The
tions
sec-

counterforts
ment
reinforceand

in construc-

good bond.

beyond

the

forts,
counter-

top of the base

bottom

will be

will be
of

to

as

necessary,

exercised

to

smaller

metal.

the

if

insure

to

rods

and

and
investigated

only projects18

transverse

largerrods

or

and

wall

in
longitudinal rods
rods
ij ins. in diameter

in
to

heel

j"T, the

to

and

rods

the

as

omitted

tion

center

of

should

care

to

the intermediate

introduced
FIG.

These

between

should

con-

9 ins. center

equivalentarea

an

will

wall

in. diameter

bottom

in the top,

ones

ins. center

at the top,

be used

__""'""_-"]

be

bottom

center

"i_

all

spaced

the

front face.

the

may

of

placed horizontally
of and
i J ins. inside

in. to

concrete

in the base.

counterforts

parallelwith

at

the

thoroughlyanchored
The

\\

with

of

the

sufficient.

required
foundation

to

may
heel

tudinal
Longiresist the

between

the

counterforts.
The

weight of

10

lin. ft. of the wall

with

counterforts

will be

(1+ 4)

69

RETAINING-WALLS.

9-5
97-5 + 9"-5=I88
The

of

weight

(5.5X

10

48,650

Ibs.

19-5)

The
total

weight

base

the

is

wall

the

55

will

be

Sa7

and

Ibs.

the

26,320+48,650+30,800=
the

Ibs. in

foot, against 11,036

lineal

be

will

48,647.5"

2X11X10X140=30,800

Ibs. per

10,577

ft.,884.5

cu.

foundation

the

or

884.5

behind

heel

the

over
filling

188

on

Ibs.

105,770

the

of

weight

Ibs.

ft.; 188X140=26,320

cu.

ft-'"

cu-

9"-5

previous example.
The
to

difference

recalculate

the

Assuming

that

counterforts
and

covered

width

of

find

we

that

deep, which

inch
a

counterforts, and

dividing

beam

gives a good margin

material

will be
the

wall

and

of

span

ft.

10

required,but our base is 24 ins.

ment
safety. The longitudinalreinforce-

of

wrill then

of twelve

consist

without

round

Ibs. of

steel

cts.

favor

of the

design with

cent,

of

total

reds

ins.

Braced
in front
the

the

number

building.

considerable

These

braced

and

I-beam
and
wall

wall

reinforced

steel

walls

have

shown

in

requires

economical

The

as

space

economically

more

I-beam
beams

the

too

distribution
with

much

enclosed

Ibs. of

rods
and

yard
of

wall
18

in
per

the

built

they
does

can

walls

be

braced

framework

the

wall

beams

be

built

can

not

give

attained

just as
The

effective

as

in

thin.
filled

rods.

by

of

concrete

with

reinforced

and

sidewalks

of reinforced

been
but

as

wall

the

by keeping

concrete

of the steel

the

about

or

with

to

use

is saved

metal

of

foot

under

sidewalks

Fig. 18,
of

$5.64,

space

been

usually

concrete

counterforts.

vault

The

carrying

be

of

cubic

per

lineal

per

without

buildings have

valuable

vault

concrete,

would

great advantage of this

One

is that

well

of

top by the beams

in with

wall

the
"

saving

counterforts

Retaining-walls.
of

the

797.3

costing $8

forts
counter-

of rods, while

favor

and

concrete

concrete

with

yds.

cu.

in

saving

wall

2,691.1 Ibs.

require 17.176

shows

place,

of

cost

and

yds. "f

cu-

With
in

pound

per

the

will
This

2.065

ft. of wall.

10

of

rods.

lin. ft. of the

10

of concrete

yds.

cu.

counterforts

counterforts

for each

build

required to

15.111

3,488.4

with

the

for

Ibs. per

220

is

deep

ins.

19

get

we

is under

by 48 ins.,the

10,577

Table

From

which

only

load,

the

carry

the

diameter.
The

at

to

of beam.

width

in the top of the base

in

base

of the

assumed

necessary

longitudinallyto

transferred

is

be

not

foundation.

the

on

pressures

part of the width

portion

lineal foot
per

cent., it will

5 per

reaction

the

the

by

the

resultant

that

by

less than

being

concrete

rods.

wall

is

resist

usually computed
the

transverse

on

the

loading

and

assumption
the

that

concrete

REINFORCED

acts

only

as

slab between

CONCRETE.

the

beams

and

as

protection to

the

latter.

Using
.thrust

on

the

notation

the

of

and

Fig. 16,

part of the wall above

the

lettingW
section

the

considered,

horizontal
a

distance

Is*Floor

Section

of Maximum
Moment.

Floor

Basement

Levzl

Steel

With

Section

Beams.

ff-"-"-";
FIG.

from
wall

the
on

18.

"

Designs

top designated by
the

braces

or

Concrete.

Bern-forced

With

Section

for Braced

r, and

sidewalk

Retaining-walls.

l?=the

beams,

reaction
find

we

M=rR-$rW,
R-IP,

at

the

top

of

the

that

(6)
"

"

(7)

and

W=PS+x"

(8)

RETAIN

ING-WALLS.

values of R

Substitutingthe

and

from

(7) and

(8) in equation (6)

get

we

M=\Pr-(Pr*^x?)
M

will be maximum

when

r=

(9)

j^x, which

substituted

in

equation (9)

gives
(10)

M=j.8Px
This
from

is

only 2^

uniformly

enough

distributed

proportion

to

total amount
the

the

the

moment

beams

slabs

or

it will

and

load, M=Wl+8,
for

uniform

the

at

center

be

near

equal

load

in

P.

to

Unless

greater than

cent,

per

bracing

the

to

top of the

wall

is

the

continuous,

top

A
Base

of

Rail.

Front

Elevation.

A-B.

Section

Plan.

FIG.

should
of R

Bridge
counterforts

abutments,

in
the

for Reinforced

Design

lineal foot

center

ance

"

supported by

be
per

19.

to

The

only

the

methods

bridge

resist

to
a

reinforced

load

uniform

equal

span

to

the

dis-

general

form
to

be

formulas

from

the

the

of which

is shown

provided

for which

that

have

with
retaining-wall

concrete

successfuly
applied to

condition

seats

The

"

been

and

Abutment.

of braces.

Abutments.

the

coping designed

with
acting horizontally,

center

has

Bridge

Concrete

been

superstructure

and

construction
in

Fig.

has

given

bridge

19.

not

been

are

the

moving

of

load.

covered
loads

on

These

REINFORCED

72

be

best

can

taken

bridge seat
of

section
square
the

on

the

in

walls

for

of

sum

loading and

shall not

side

the

compression

the

in the

bending
permissibleunit

to

exceed

increasing the

and

loading

the

per

fibers

outer

of

stress

compression.
angle with

be built at any

may

the face of the abutment,

degrees,giving a straight abutment,

zero

and

abutment,

that

so

to the direct

due

compression

Wing
from

counterforts

these

concrete

concentrated

each

directlyunder

counterfort

by building a

point of heavy

or

inch

of

care

CONCRETE.

they

be

can

to

the

designed by

90

degrees,giving

rules

already given

walls.
retainingIf founded
of

thrust

the

for.

When

in

the

these

of

that

horizontal

the

foundation

the

is

methods

relied

be

carefullyconstructed, can

for

above

given

ment
abut-

an

retaining-

give satisfactory

to

upon

ponent
com-

properly provided

considered,
intelligently

are

the

to

taken

be

plane

points

designed according
walls, and

should

piles,care

on

results.

DAMS.

Reinforced
of
the

found

reinforced

here, as

on

the

generalsubjectof dams,

to

cover

measure

that

shown
and

in the

of about

and

be

may

and

thermal

to

The

of
ft.

cracks

due

the
wall

proper
to

in

very

in about

more

these

upon
steel

the
not

points may

be

object of

the

that

two

wall

long

be

may

this

lowed
safelyfol-

these

to

cracks
and
to

measure

thermal

causes

tend

hardening
equal

by

reinforcement.

reinforced

experimental
to

the

setting

percentage

prevent

etc.,

design.

as

concrete

seepage,

contraction

depend

in

large

Experience
crack

and

appeared
remaining

open
at

in

has
up,

intervals
air

such

shrinkage in hardening

changes.

available

volume

one

For

limited
practically
of

in
walls

concrete

50

the

these

chapter
important applicationsof

by shrinkage in settingand

stresses

case

of

discussion

general methods

the

require special treatment,

the

of

some

and

caused

Cracks

desired.

up

calculations

the

direction

foundations,

concrete

in

guarded

the

insecure

every

struction
con-

be

can

by

taken

being only

cracks

of

up

the

It possesses

caused

failures

in works

economical.

in

and

be

not

opening

for

extent

some

steel reinforcement

the

against by running
will

the

to

it is often

purpose

that

advantage

used

been

for which

dams,

distinct

Cracks

has

concrete

cracks

data

coefficients

and

of thermal

hardening,

of steel to
from

bearing

use

opening

the

in the
up,

on

this

subject being

expansion

and

changes

following determination
cross-section

under

shrinkage

of any
and

of

given

thermal

DAMS.

stresses, is

claimed

not

require revision
The

in the
of

change

Neat

than

more

light of
in

length

during settingand

future

"

in cement,

poor

after

cement

swelled

"

water,

swelled

"

air,

shrank

"

immersion
Mortar

for
of

months'

part of

one

for fifteen

months

tend

to

slow

setting,and

the

concretes

in

only

the

or

water

due
respectively,

if

wet

order

they

to

calculated

in the
the

may

be

in

those

and

are

should

be

and

nine

or

as

hardening in
this

of

more

is several

without

be

times

after

neat

during
in

air,
with

But

hardening
in

hardening

shrinkage or

swelling,

whole

in

stresses

hardened.

He

in the

reinforcement
Ibs. per

8,500

than

in the

rich

due

poorer

volume

the

fixingworking

unit

very

and

has

changes

to

inch.

While
than

mortars

These

ing
swellthis is

slow

accompanying

mortars.

in

that

ones,

square

greater in the

are

the

by

out

rich

kept

in part, in

or

points

the
to

be

caused

than

steel

reinforced

that

in air should

immersed

in

concrete

sand

air may

two

properties

construction

of

stresses, both

dams,
for the

steel.

generally

are

that

exposed

air after

the

harden

changes

in

then

recommends

especialimportance

"

that

of

the

considered
for the

Assuming
mixtures

of

in

the internal

5,500

cement,

length.

shrank

they

concretes

on

hardening

less in poorer

concrete

concrete

in

rich

setting are
of

after

changes

poorer

from

it appears

immersion

exposure

to

to

it has

stress

in

part

subsequently immersed
and

to

amount

allowed

after

that

volumes

the

subsequent

previous swelling.

Considere

minimum

concrete

important

more

M.

and

.0005

setting.

subsequently

are

reduce

to

of the

in

built

the

air,on

that

water

of the

by

.0005
"

.0003

in

are

swellingdue

slow

the

results

works

concrete

the

exceed

or

to

these

From

.002
"

Part in length during

amount

in

fraction

shrinking caused

equal

may

be

in cement

poor

air

hardened

when

.002

"

.0002

experiments

the

to

.001

parts of sand, after hardening

in air and
of

from

0.00024

0.0005

these

From

fraction

would

shrinkage

shrank

hardened

have

three

to

ments,
experi-

.0015

years

swelled

water

cement

in air.

which
swell

in

in water,

exposure

cements

weeks

three

two

of

follows:

as

for

hardening

concretes

number

shrank

"

Neat

and

water,

"

Concrete

large

may

experience.

air,

in

hardening

cement,

and

cement

neat

from

Considere

M.

by

up

of

specimens

theory, and

reasonable

experiments

hardening, deduced

summed

are

be

to

73

in

poor
used

for

and

stone,

be taken

at

greater

cracking, reinforced

is

walls, or
the

0.0004

than

cement"

average

of

cement

shrinkage

to

of

can

not

be

reinforced
stretched

will
from

such
six

to

concrete

part per unit of length.

concrete

concrete

one

applicable to

While
stand

2^

to

that

3 times

amount,

tensile

under

other

in

or

If this

from

them

of the

the steel would

all of

take
taken
at

the

at

37,000

50,000

Ibs.

Considere,

of the

that

Thermal

given

are

which

were

will

the

in

its

f"r

should

steel

carbon

steel.

the

upon

the

steel and

of shrinkage

coefficient of

or

of

ratio

to

point,

at any

coefficients

modulus

own

be

According

crack

not

to

may

structural

does

used

be

limit, which

medium

of

ever
what-

cause

any

stress.

50

s^eel and

the

greater than

Ibs. per
Ibs.

per

steel,which

of

I the rate

the

of

area

of

the

inch

square

is far

and

inch

square

within

last

in

concrete,

differences

the

these

difference

probable
of

two

make

cannot

calculated

limits

between

between

place

the

the

length for

for

0.00000655

difference
the

in

of

change

determinations, the

difference

100

exceed

not

stress

over

high

Chapter

In

"

times
This

of

difference

for

independent

of several

averages

values.

for

strength

tensile

from

its elastic

depend only

0.00000657

at

many

entire

inch

and

steel reinforcement

the

concrete.

Stresses.

was

which

be

the

actuallyprevents

but

up,

crack

if the concrete

contraction

would

and
elasticity,
steel to

inch

concrete,

less the ultimate

within

square

square

per

in

stress

safety,sufficient

ensure

Ibs. per

thermal

and

mean

to

in the

appreciable work.

any

opening

should

take

to

in the steel would

the stress

i" F.

have

tensile stresses

the theory of M.

the

But

if the concrete

and

that

from

cracks

the total stress

equal to

concrete,

It follows

the

stretches

ment
advocates, the reinforce-

able

very

concrete

inch

square

of stress

doing

showing

least

at

reinforced

Ibs. per

300

concrete

it has

occurring.

least be

at

the

Considere

increment

any

is correct, and

only prevents

or

without

0.0012

M.

to
200

without

without

words

theory

not

must

exceeding

amount

to

o.ooi

According

stresses

considerable

from

or

cracks.

visible

any

CONCRETE

REINFORCED

74

maximum
of

accuracy

our

present knowledge of the coefficients.

The

since

less than

the

that

contraction

on

in the

the

or

mass

be desirable

to

in the

conductor

poor

If the

which

will

be safe in
sections

greater range

it,and

provide for

the

localities
are

very

be used.

In

tropics thermal

stresses

may

take
and

often

of
F.

climates

range
be

70"

exposed

severe

considerablygreater

average

amount

to

thin

crete,
con-

materially

the

as

determine

most

used

may

of

mass

of heat, will be

surrounding

water

is that

somewhat

but
with

air

range.

sides,a

it may

is

the

throughout

temperatures

expansion,it will

or

the maximum
all

extreme

material

of

temperature

as

of

range

of temperatures,

neglected

perfectsafety.
Then

for

0.00000657
0.0004599

the

range

of

change

temperature
of

length

of

part per unit of length,or

of
an

say

70"

F.

and

the

unrestrained

0.00046 part.

coefficient

body

would

of
be

75

DAMS.

If
the

at

wall

other

or

ends

and

subjected to
the

throughout

concrete

fall of

F.

mass,

its

time

time

the

modulus

then

be

0.00046X29,000,000=13,340

modulus

of

thermal

would

can

come

inch

square
latter

plus

is taken

Ibs.

per

cross-section

of

at

required in

the

elastic

shall

limit

limit

of

1.268

300

be

not

30,000-7-36,660=0.818
of about

use

in. of steel per

The

from

the

the

rigidlyat
As

of

intervals
be

six

by

up

variations

concrete.

of

percentage

steel

the

that

steel having

elastic

an

W.

of

limit

Ibs.,

50,000

the

Colpittsrecommends
last

in the

0.6

figure,or

sq.

section.
very

long walls

steel reinforcement
stress

in

wall

as

cracks

which

in

exactly

under

are

supposed

are

fixed

be

to

above.

temperature

that

age

hardens

in

at

concrete

approximate

at

occur

should

used.

Stresses.

Shrinkage
shrinkage
in the

of

unless

the

is free to

mass

not

if

they

were

such

walls

are

stressed

not

reinforced
which

exactly
with

depends

be

upon

wall.

the intervals between

wall

the

longer

points of
wall

or

No

least

both

are

material

the

relieved

will

be

The

cracks,

crack

do

the

resistance, either where

at

of

up

friction

cracks,
When

the

intervals
of

stresses

ends.

the

length

friction

the

resistingmovements,

the

intervals

the

at

character

greater the
and

opening

rigidlyheld
and

amount

the

and

cracks

the

friction

will
or

occur

on
on

will

shorter

stronger the material

The

the

air

intermediate

The

contract.

by

surrounding material

the

strength of

the

as

steel

and

the foundation

and

sets

concrete

part per unit of length will produce tensile

0.0004

concrete

When

"

lengths of long walls, when

of

W.

propertiesof

the

months,

elastic

considered

like that

ends,

maximum

the

of wall

of thermal

conditions

same

for

an

given

amount

lengths of

opening

Mr.

cent.

foot

square

intermediate

prevented

per

be,

per

If the

[(37,000" 13,340)-7-300]=
30,000-;- 23,660

100-^-

of the

one-half

will

that

Ibs.

13,340

wall, in order

reinforced

the

be

to

stress

of

the

inch,

square

strength,

supposed

are

of the

the

square

per

tensile

stress

strength

for steel with

cent., and

per

Ibs.

maximum

The

If

corresponding

the

its ultimate
its ends

0.00046

inch.

square

per

thermal

exceeded,

Ibs.,

37,000

stress

3,600,000,

times

tensile

the ultimate

be

thermal
Ibs.

own

that

to

in the steel would

contract.

steel is its

equal

would

crack, since

it cannot

the

upon

be

length,which

is

eight

to

ture
tempera-

average

would

stress

concrete

it would

that

so

the

in

rigidlyfixed

were

0.00046X3,600,000=1,656

four

reinforced

rigidlyfixed

the

be

is from

which

if not

and

of
elasticity

stress

inch,

elasticity. The

of

70"

thermal

the

stretch it 0.00046

required to

reinforced

of

mass

in

the

at

the

strength of

the

minimum.
is

perfectlyuniform

in

strengththroughout, and

even

76

REINFORCED

best

the

of very

bar

of

reduction
of

under

the

of

ends

the

its total

caused

those

sections

of these

the

inch.

thermal

and

the

it would

is correct,

cross-section
1.27

or

0.82

duty
be
in

and

come

per

per
cent,

appears

of

of

to

tensile

steel due

wall

cent,

for

steel

it
its

that

steel

high

resistingthermal

the

safelyused, high

reinforced

beams,

the

concrete

square

inch

correct
same

having
an

of

never

the

if it

to

exceed

its

greater the

theory,

in either
If this

for

thermal

use

as

given

an

elastic limit of 37,000

elastic

limit

steel is the

of

50,000

more

qualitiesnot

columns, tanks, etc.,

case

theory

of steel to

percentage

own

tensile

Considered

shrinkage stresses, for

ductile

concrete.

were

and

the

the

ultimate

steel.

the

that

neutralizes

contraction

because

of stress

maximum

probable

plus

Ibs.,

elastic

an

Under

"

can

for

cent.

per

shrinkage

steel

carbon
and

Ibs.

required

having

seems

own

in the

the

steel with

the maximum

of

strength

With

to

by

is the

for

the steel will be

and

Combined.

clear

be,

algebraic sum

steel reinforcement

combined

increment

at

compression

0.0004X29,000,000=11,600

Stresses

seems

any

in

upon

30,000^-50,000=0.6

stress

the

Then

zero.

the

the concrete

cent.

per

Ibs. per

it appears

as

It thus

use

deliver

not

in

the elastic limit of the steel 37,000

caused

concrete

change

steel will be in tension

fail,or else,according to
necessarily
doing appreciablework,
elongate without

it would

still

may

stresses

be

would

concrete

can

in the

13,340

at

immovable

or

steel will be

can

of

and

stresses

tensile

of

stress

strength of

it

inch

stresses

maximum

the

thermal

the

stress

be

zero.

that

ultimate

Shrinkage

compressive

and

the

the

uniform)

were

cent,

per

shrinkage

while

may

area

the

must

is weakest

steel will be

alone,

mass

fixed

of

concrete

strengthof

Ibs. it will be

tensile thermal

alone,

tensile

The

and

Thermal

the

the

30,0004-37,000=0.81

of 50,000

That

of

stress

in the

series

therefore

same

being

summation

steel will be

tensile

stresses

the

friction

in the

the

of

consideration, cannot

is strongest the

Ibs. per square

300

be

therefore

external

the ultimate

to

shrinkage

the

with

section.

points of

six

form

other

or

the

or

steel,and

wall

under

the concrete

maximum

square

limit

five

than

sections

wall

length of

concrete

compressive stress

will

show

of

strength.

shrinkage

stresses

The

being

other

reserve

where

the

(provided

per

out

points of

the

edges taking the

sections of

while

the

by

where

equal

its

show

drawing

sometimes

breaks,

some

length, and

steel

and

or

longitudinalsteel reinforcement,

The
at

failure

considerable

it

bars

long

is far less uniform

stress

same

in

reductions

steel will

before

area

point of

have

uniform

Concrete

waves.

the

the

strength by

minimum

tested

steel when

of

grades

CONCRETE.

in

stresses

Ibs.

Ibs.

economical
which

for

purpose

being required. For

the saving in weight

77

DAMS.

by using high steel

to

of

basis

thermal

and

strain

to

and

6'.32" -H'

6l4l
20.

BC

be

the

water,

and

BC

and

BC

and

the

x,

in

the center

of

scale

at

be

representedin
with

of

scale

the

Fig. 20.

on

the

direction
base

at

and

the

section
of P

of

the

with

the

the

amount

the

resultant

by
center

the

on

DABC

dam

vertical

equal to

parallelto NG,

OS

q will be

to

the

Then

of forces.

act

face
sur-

CM

N, lay off NO

at

draw

P,

normal

gravity of the triangleBCK

being equal to one-third of BC.

intersection

the dam

will

of

prism BCK,

immersed

the

on

pressure

surface

of

center

M,

the

in the

of the water

pressure,

Dam.

perpendicularto

CK

Draw

water.

gravity of

forces,and

the

in

base, BT

the

of the

This

BC

gravity of

to

by

of

overturning

the

dam,

Acting

Forces

weight

amount

the

From

of

of the

through

center

weight, W.
the

the

of the

surface, DC

will the

then

length.

and

the

of

is illustrated

base

Solution

depth

will intersect

Find

regards

as

graphicalmethod

The

"

surface

the

immersed

length unity,be

surface

uniformity

Graphical

the

unit

Surface.

on

in

and

structure,

"l

"

equal to

one

its

FIG.

Let

resultant

the

the

material.

the immersed

on

pressure

deficient

very

Immersed

the

on

finding the

material

for
strains

equalizesthe

of

length

the

along

exceedinglyuniform

an

moment

from

mass

Pressure

appear

its inferior

to

reinforcingconcrete

steel

the

is that

stresses

sections

for

above

theory given

shrinkage

the

changes

at

the

different

between

due
reliability

for the loss in

not

qualities.

The

of

in fact does

great, and

nearly so

be sufficient to compensate

ductile

by

is not

the

line SN,

of reactions

through

weight,W,

making
the

and

OS

equal

base, R,
and
on

will

section
its interthe

base.

78

REINFORCED

If q is found

third of the

middle

the

within

CONCRETE.

base

in

will be

dam

the

on
intensityof pressure
The
foundation
the
excessive.
is not
intensityof pressure on
any
be found
by the method given for retaining-walls,
part of the base may
of R
acting through q. The intensity
using the vertical component

stable

of pressure
obtained

at

the

by

When

thrust

the

method

immersed

the

in

shown

immersed

the

of

point

any

maximum

the

equilibrium provided

Fig.

methods

for finding

given

applicableby making "" equal

are
retaining-walls

on

readily

be

can

16.

is vertical the

surface

BC

surface

to

zero.

When

the

line BC

the
CK'

is

crest

x' and

equal to

the

intersect

to

from

the crest of the dam

This

may

be

BCK,

and

the

g'g multiplied by
G'

BK"K'C,
BK"K'C

will

G'

at

of

be

the

center

of

of

areas

EBK"

the

triangles

that of the

diagonals

at

where

sects
inter-

GI

off

The

to

area

of

area

of

and

trianglesECK'

the

I9

equal

the

by

gravity sought.
of

BK"K'C.

the

is laid

divided

and

area

difference

be

the

g'g produced, gG'

on

the

will

is the

if

Or

g'g produced.

of

tntersection

the

by

gravityof

of

and
gr respectively

and

G,

g,

lay off
perpendicular

gravity of

of

and

at E

BK"

Draw

centers

gravity of BK"K'C

of

center

EEC.

duce
Pro-

follows.

as

water

find the center

and

at

BKK'K"

parallelogram
then

EBK"

of the

surface

by locatingthe

done

will be

solution

perpendicularto

toBC

ECK',

the

submerged

EBK".
The
of

force

of
Find

at

to

to

length of

the

weight
of

prism

the

vertical

then

the

the

over

center

common

and

will be

S'N'

for

length unity,acting

resultant

length of

of

unit

sides

triangle.

BCK'K",

will be

AEFB,

water

through

off N'O'

P',

of

the

P'

pressure

on

BC.

surface

of the

of

M'

at

length of

corner

right angle,the rectanglebeing inscribed

weight

BC

the inside

equal
the

to

the

section

crest, and
of

W.

the

of the

intersection
P'

gravity with
O'S'

Draw

dam

at

Nrt

paralleland

resultant,R', intersectingthe

base

q'.
The

the

the

to

G' normal

vertical

lay

equal

equal

the

the

of the
and

the

at

the

one-third

are

including the right angle

through

and

rightangle triangleis

of which

sides

triangleadjacent to

and

unit

gravityof

rectanglethe

of the
in

of

center

values

distance

X'=20
The

W, R,

DQ', given

dimensions

x=i$

of P,

and

in

unit

ft.
ft.
base

DC=i$

ft.

and

Fig.

the
20,

weights.

distance
were

found

DQ

and

Pf, W,

by assuming

the

R', and
ing
follow-

79

DAMS.

The

batter

The

crest

The
foot

and

of

AD=T,

AB=$

ft. in

its

height.

ft.

weight of the prism of

weight of water=62-5 Ibs.

average
the

the

dam=

140

per

cubic

foot.

Ibs. per

cubic

p
p

o
J2

^o
J3
"3

"15
CJ

"S
cT

For

/?', and

the

DQ'

EXAMPLE.
at

R, and

P, W,

Theresa,

"

New

The

DQ

surface

the

of the

reinforced

York,

water

level is at

water

is at

in

and

for

P', W ',

E^r'.

gravity

concrete

is illustrated

ABT,

Fig.

21.

dam
The

recently built
highest water

8o

6 ft.

runs

deep

the

making
of

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

with

the

buttresses

supports

width

of

strengthened by
which

has

The

base

longitudinallyand

metal.

ins. and

spacing gradually increasing

toe, the

is solid

toe

the

slab.

the

apart

at

to

ins.

is

crest

edge,
The

rods.
surface

immersed

the

concrete

The

J-in.Thacher

two

with

its down-stream

on

forms
ins.

of

beam

which

spaced

are

inside

of the

side

reinforced

and

The

and

ft. in their

up-stream

thick

ins.

concrete

slab

the

of about

batter

inclined

The

base

the

of 6 ins.XS

in

having

structed
con-

thick

ins.

12

is

dam

The

tee,

inside

ft. wide

22

reinforced,

not

expanded
on

is

the

point of

the

ft. 6 ins. wide.

slab

reinforced

reinforcingrods

high.

concrete

ft.

section

ft.

side.

and

ft. over

center, and

rods

f-in. Thacher

17

buttresses,

down-stream

the

about

about

crest

to

height on

with

concrete

6 ft. center

spaced

or

crest

about

dam

slab and

the

the

over

run

bottom

near

the

the

near

the

at

top

crest.

the

Assuming
of

weight

of

its center

321,448

through

the

Adding
of the

dam,

of
from

of the

section

just as

the

weight
have

we

ft.

X22.3X62.
with

laying

off

as

in
5=

of the

in

Fig.

length,

20.

is

D, and

section

^0=37,130

from

AB

be

"

of the

Ibs.

and

dam

6 ft. in

section
it is

AT
tion
sec-

(6+ 17) -5-2

length

Ibs., we

ft.

at
a

to

96,200 Ibs.,nearly.

0,5=96,200

ter
cen-

0.86=9.34
for

--

weight

through Q

weight of BCK'K"=P,
2X^X62.5)
(BK"+CKr)
for

the

shifts the

10.2

the vertical

with

of P

to

21.

vertical

the

to

This

Ibs.

will then

position of

The

16,028 Ibs.,and

the unit

37,130

the

referringto Fig.

verticallyover

water

31,505+5,625

ft. toward

letters

//.

=10.2

length of

horizontal

the

foot, the

cubic

per

is the

long, which

follows,the

Ibs.

Ibs.

140

buttress, and

the intersection

done

at

6 ft.

foot-pounds -=-31,505
of gravity.
center

Find
was

dam

found

gravityare

gravity0.86
D.

concrete

each

supported by

sections

of

weight

find

spond
corre-

Then

SN=R

DAMS.

Ibs.

130,500

of

ins.

dam

the

of

the

the

the

of

margin

the

the

latter

of

lines

of

pressure

at

to

Table

of

5, and

draw

per

is

the

rods

of

of

sand

or

10

details

of

the

Dams.

or

submerged

as

seen

to

in

will
on

Where

arched

or

of

the
a

rock
dam

found

be

is

of

of

to

stone), or

be

per

square

BC,

ing
bisectof the

apex

intercepts

be

the

intensities

found

to

to

center,

be

Ibs.

378

the

discussion
in

the

as

with

to

in the

be

the

the

treatise

which

is clear

an

and

the

that

or

earth

added

if the

form

Clemens

to

overflow

In

that

or

in

use

Herschel

of

will

down-stream

form

the

weight

base.

the

on

may

parts of

or

the

in

overturning moment,
of the

the

on

mixed
4

only

coffers

concrete

ogee

best

by

These

to

that

need

they

riprap stone

slab

besides

advantageously

that

cement

the

gives a
direction.

slab is built

width

given
of

be

coffers.

or

(i part

weirs

waste

often

to

In addition

of dams

buttresses,it

considered,

reduction
or

forms

concrete

such

resistance

8 ins. center

together in every

apparent

pockets

15

rods,

according

safety factor

in the table.

may

so

the

even

well

are

cross-section,may
The

will

the

foot,with

it

other

reinforced

faces

or

12

design

desired.

solid

to

will

expanded metal,

binding

That

"

cheap material,

dams

are

given

with

concrete

series

considerable

the

hr

used, f-in. round

illustrated in Fig. 21

increasing
filling,

permit

to

From

and

square

greater than

exposed

proportions

foot

normal

5.7 ins. center

Ibs. per

If another

any

BC
These

rods

is reinforced

example

filled with

works

equal

x=EC,

pressure

t, then

point

BC.

on

steel

the

of

consist

the

between

strength,besides

or

Ibs.

for 909

cent,

slab

mentioned.

and

off mt=fjig

f-in.round

of reinforced

will

cases

BC

i.

of

Forms

dowTn-stream

curve

taken

square

intensity of
Erect

CK'

foot

good

of

in the

dam

foot

square

ft.,and

per

Fig. 21.

through

or

4 per

the

constructed

this

mt

area

excess

Other

be

Ehr

Ibs. at

900

XII

further

to

the

on

the surface

on

being

length of

pressure

is the

lay

square

center, is about

be

Fig. 16,
a

mean

in

and

m,

6-in. slab with

shown

in

with

ft., the

of BC=m

parallelto

and

the

per

foot

square

per

given

prism ECK',

middle

triangleECK'

to

about

pressure

tons

within

followingmethod.

foot at

buttress

safety againstoverturning.

16,028-^-22.3=719 Ibs.,which

the

intensity of

average

pressure

method

Taking BC=22.T"

at

of

rock, is less than

on

the

by

base

the

as

intensityof

found

weight

by

\vide

average

be

may

and

is founded

has

The

intersects

its center,

base, which
the

side,
of

any

particular
and

other

subject.

dam

is to be

walls, and
may

be

an

in

constructed
extreme

substituted

width
for

narrow

of not

gorge
over

gravity darn.

300

The

or

to

canon

500
arched

with

ft.,an
dam

82

REINFORCED

will

found

be

length

that

and

case,

to

arched

can

and

economical

be

more

be

determined

gravity dams

the

than

the

gravity dam

below

that

equal

are

the

which

at

for

the

due

saving

to

up

estimates

by comparative

length is reduced

the

as

CONCRETE.

of the

cost

former

the

to

each

will increase.
Consider
and

find

the

direction.

the

stresses

succeeding chapter

accordingly.

the

In

heights above

the

between
the

of

side

the

will of

of

This

will

safety.

If

it will

Therefore
vertical
be

cannot

be

taken

considered

Core
and

limitations
intervals

be

by

buttresses
and

shrinkage

deeply

buried

in

of the

be

often

found

be

to

of

wall

core

may

in

encountered

the reinforced

concrete

pressures

this assumption.
immersed

of

the
but

off

arch
must

extrados

economical

the

as

be

can

the

at

accordingly.

very

thin

on

built

practical

supported

at

They requirereinforcing
they

as

be

neglected.

as

free

from

changes
When

the

will not

steel

than

sequent
con-

orate
deteriNo

core.

under

guarding against seepage

construction

will

properly
and

cracks

plates,and they
for

generally

are

thermal

the

claimed

be

cannot

be

walls for dams

as

and

dam

steel

the

core

sides.

will

span,

laid

they

as

divisions

the

give

built

only,

stresses

be

be

can

both

or

and

of

pressure

the

by

or

polate
inter-

the

division

be

should

and

error

make

of

line must

permit,

earthwork

the

will
difficulty
with

one

out, which

rust

base

will

thermal

as

seepage

the

on

they should

or

walls

on

the chord

construction

core

comparatively small

reinforced

more

Such

of

error

to

radius

concrete

in the

sections

each

on

the

load

the

construction

of

line of

Reinforced

stone.

or

load

It will

vertical,the

no

advantage

designed
convenient

any

any

is

will be

there

method

determined.

and

surface

The

so.

the

on

results
satisfactory

of earth

for

act

"

work

the

some

division,and

Walls.

for

and

amount

section

loads

the

base

the

at

elastic

at

three

acting perpendicularto

as

to

of the

center

be

nearly

or

and

the

components

immersed

the

in

the

be

or

used

facilitate

both

and

can

two

be

can

horizontal

be

crest,

horizontal

The

height

sections

other

compute

surface

course

surface

to

them.

arch.

up

surface

arches,

on

the

to

unit

computed by

manner

base,

immersed

the

same

sufficient

generally be
on

be

then

may

slice of

or

immersed

the

on

pressure

The

in

given

section

horizontal

with

any

other.

TANKS.

Reinforced
the
water

and

other

density,that
are

of

construction

the

best

say

for the

should
rich

purpose,

in

be

built

cement.
as

in

extensivelyemployed

tanks, bins, reservoirs,

fluids

is to

been

has

concrete

those

with

than

for

of the

concrete

Mixtures
richer

Tanks

etc.

Europe

of

to

to

4^

4^
are

for

holding

maximum
to

to

liable to

83

TANKS.

show

hair

with

cracks.

all of the

will

certainlytake

tensile

at

The
form

small

very

main

lined

and

the rods

from

be

desirable

of

hoops

metal

The
below

center

but

or

bars,

intensityof

the

pressure

is w,

is p=wx.

of which

is at

height of

sustained

which
the

by

on

margin
is

concrete

distance

in the

so

in

the

it will
shell.

bars

fluid, whose
on

below

of

direction

the
is

at

In

weight

place

ment
reinforcemore

nomical.
eco-

distance

unit

per

of

section

of

the

shell,the

surface

of the

fluid,and

unity, assumed

where

steel,is F=pD-"-2,

of

expanded

are

of surface

center

frequently

netting or

or

to

as

diameters

two

in the

wire

unit

tension

The

either

hoops

rods

of

sheets

contained

the

the

to

direction, rods

circular

of

the

far the greater part of the metal

by

as

the

surface

of

and

center

vertical

smaller

rods

used,

the

few

required in

the

volume

of

be

may
is

the

made

placed

In addition

face.

insert

to

concrete

additional

the

strength

be

should

between

or

the outer

The

thoroughly connected

be

must

they

section

concrete

tensile

consider

cost.

reinforcing rods

perfect hoops,

the

stresses, but

neglectingthe

by

steel.

resisted by the

are

part of these

safety secured

obtained

stresses

is to

reinforcement

general practice in designing the

that

of

frequentlybeen

have

asphalt.
The

of

water-tanks

Concrete

be

internal

is the

to

entirely
diameter

of the tank.
The
shell of
of the

working

EXAMPLE.
and

height is

unit

D=2o

in. for

Let

ft.
ft.

bars

2X"

ins.

foot

height of

shell.

the

of steel may
the

steel with
The

and

bottom

in

lower

case

of the

section

The
determined

proper

in

stresses

in

the discussion

of

ins. center

both,
from

tank
be

can

Chapter II, or

latter

or

may

be

be

be

shell and

to

built

for
manner,

be
the

of reinforced

as

made

sections

the

of

section

finding P

and
in

beams

concrete

of the

one

methods

sphericalinvert.

for

invert

holding grain

and
retaining-walls,

sq. in. per

smaller

or

sq.
Use

top.

constructed

between

surface.

=0.80

wider,

Ibs.,

12,000

^8=0.781

the

center

to

readily proportioned by

provision must

similar

Ibs.,and

gradually reducing

thus
bottom

may

it may

tanks

(water), /=

section 15 ft. below

spacing

pressure

of the

slabs, which

given
the

the

the

spaced 7^

used,

Ibs.

Ibs.,^=9,375

^=937.5

top the

be

f,where

steel.

of shell at

two

Towards

ft.,1^=62.5

#=15

Then

height

A8=F

in the

stress

"

required in this section of the

/ is the permissibleintensity

steel reinforcement

of the

area

and

the

other
the

in the

stresses

the

In

shell.
solids

formulas

can

given

p by the equation p=2P+x.

be
in

84

REINFORCED

COLUMN

An

and
of

FOOTINGS

excellent and

foundations

is offered

base

column

wall

reinforced

by

CONDUITS,

for

the

engineers have
the

of

construction

cases.

SEWERS,

AND

of

building such

the

works

be made

one-half
for

reinforced, but

not

to

about

about

which

sections
In

some

of

use

ft. in

diameter,
where

cases,

give

to

reinforcement,

and
of

judgment

the
the

It is customary
much

not

is

build

ft. to

is used,

long

as

will

of

are

concrete

avoid

will

used

the

of

length

in

sewers

longitudinal

such

depend largelyon

the

in

long

for

When

monolithic

permit.

lengths of
longitudinal

monolithic

cracks.

shrinkage

the

to

directlyapplicable.
weight
the

verticallyover
or

probable
rule

for

cases

It is very

failure.

sections

may

amount

of

The

be

steel

sections may

monolithic

in the

shrinkage stresses

tion
sec-

reinforcement

computation of the stresses, sections, and

and
box
culverts,the methods
flat-topsewers
given

for beams

than

reinforcement.

the

For

culvert

minimum

dams.

on

equal

concrete

unequal settlement, the

prevent

metal

required to prevent shrinkage cracks

be determined
given
by the formula

for

with

cross-section,up

any

of

all

practicalconditions

as

concrete

small

without

danger

applicable to
amount

reinforced

designer.

to

50

over

reinforcement
made

there

rule

increased

customary

of

for

and

engineersprefer to adopt

many

sufficiently
strong

are

in

places

uses,
concrete

of economy

are

culverts

these

reinforced

sections

longitudinalreinforcingbars

difficult

the

and

no

which

with

the favor
for

by

of those which

sewers

be

reinforcement

without

material

ground

the

of

case

CULVERTS.

offered

the

stability.Generally speaking,
may

this

advantages
entirelyon

the

should

there

culverts,and

generallyreceived

question

and

of concrete

use

and

sewers

the determination

chapter for

foundations,

successful

and

methods, formulas,

The

exactly applicable to

these

to

grillagein

for steel I-beam

concrete.

are

footings and

extensive

FOUNDATIONS.

the first part of this

in applying them
difficulty

The

SPREAD

substitute

retaining-walls

of

and

AND

economical

examples given in
the

CONCRETE.

that

this,and
is known

by

material

this will

in many
in

the

clear span

as

sewer,

of

some

which

It will be

of

and

the

give

the

the

actual

conditions

very

cases

the

ratio of

safe

moving

slab

the

the load

assume

that
the

come

can

roof

of

on

the

less,but

actual

load

slab
no

to

will be
safe

the

the
It is

possibleload.

maximum

much

loads
forms

that

weight

to

II

Chapter

in

less

general

weight of

SEWERS,

CONDUITS,

the

material

top of the culvert

the

over

be

added

walls

the

weight

be

treated

load

from

advantage

that

to

should
and

pressure
An

reinforcement
Mr.

W.

in

is the
Fuller

B.

Duluth,

with

to

one

ft. per

42

in

which

Fuller

and
better

produce
will

built

the

in

manner

These

the

thick, making
embedded

they carried
showing
and

load

raked

deflection

out

of

horizontal

diameter.

importance

backed

to

up

tamped,

they

ordinary

cases.

fail under

Conduits
similar

to

had

The

crete
con-

to

the

embedded

when
has

tendency

of

in

entirelyfeasible

are

has

author

to the

8.7

but

of 30

ins.

in

in

were

were

their

on

ment.
reinforce-

40

ins.

their horizontal

on

may

place in
he made

1900

ins. and

They

height of

distributed

tons

laid

pipe without

concrete

38

and

experimental data

no

pressure,

on

diameter

and

in sections

internal diameter

an

and

culverts

arched

arches.

external

under

gravelup

to

depth

of

out

of 6 ins. below
observed.

was

to

The

ins.

long.

diameter

extrados, without

depth

deduction

to

When

concrete.

their horizontal

diameter

will

load

carry

When
very
under

tanks.

of

any
not

small

be

drawn

from

with

thoroughly

these

pipe, whether
on

the

ins. below

ins. to

laid

that

collapsedwhen

9^

the

diameter

solid

bed

their
tests

is

of

plain

and

well

good material, thoroughly

is liable
backed

to

up

on

come

they

are

them

in

liable to

load.

internal
If

their horizontal

They

thoroughly embedding

reinforced

or

not, -due

was

care

stresses

cast

destruction

to

raked

been

concrete

be

"1T to T1^ in.

gravel had
the

it

more

better

secured

It not
being practicable to
appreciable deflection.
from
load
the gravel was
their sides
gradually removed

the

when

joints,leaving

of reinforcement

use

sewers

can

external

in
a

any

increase

pipe

pipes

or

tile.

as

series of three tests

When

pipe

place

reinforced-concrete
a

the

velocity was

workmanship.

concrete

either

same

take

workmen

him

by

perceptibleripples.

has

when

without

granite blocks

the

to make

than

for

be

earth

or

the

below

experiencehe

used

therefore

which

in

down

determining the
given in the chapter on

method

Reinforced
be

in his

and

that

the

built

of

constructed

were

jointsand

the

was

contractors

steel is used

sewers

that

side

offers to attrition.

designed and

sewers

some

with

sewers

the material

that

inverts

reinforcement

the

The

in

in

concrete

jointsprojectingenough

states

The

impact.

retaining-wallsfor

to

resistance

the

for

top.

common

mortar

one

where

to

the

high

loads

moving

fil

the

great something should

very

abutment

as

observed

of the

fact that

the

second, that the granitewore

the mortar
Mr.

of

If

determined.

be

can

is not

sewer

or

is

roof

the

verticallyover

85

CULVERTS.

AND

pressure

is the

should

intensity of

be
the

treated
internal

in

way

pressure

very
per

36

REINFORCED

tension
the

and

inch,

square

the

on

entire

"customary

the internal

shell per

diameter

longitudinalinch

tensile

stress

in

desinging of tanks,

the

of the conduit

is resisted

is
the

by

steel

and

the

steel is /, the

longitudinalfoot

of

the

conduit

In

square

where

cases

settlement

unequal

allowed

the
of

area

be

will

that

Assuming

reinforcement,

that

in

per

inches, the

in

F=pd+2.

inch

.stress

-each

CONCRETE.

is

as

working

required in

steel

A8=i2F-^j.
occur

may

it is not

where

or

foundation
bed
or
practicableto obtain a uniform
throughout the
be
length of the culvert, longitudinal reinforcing members
may

introduced.
either
or

be

The

circular

thoroughly connected

be inserted

may

metal

be

may

Conduits
in

reinforcing members

as

used

if

under

order

tall

of

maximum

give

often effect

is

required

in

the

Compute
of

figureof

the

steel
of

of

resistance
EXAMPLE.

the

connected
of

foot

weight

alone

Ibs. per

to

crete
con-

the

the construction

to

of

chimneys

with

purpose

it will

brick

chimney

the
The

concrete.

and

stresses

advantage
following
of

steel

base

and

the

the

center

sections

chimney.
of

will be

wind

the

at

about

reinforcement

maximum

stress

per

of

in the

inch

square

where

fs^M-^-Sa,

circular

inside

The
the

wall

outside

will be

wall.

Ib. per

or

about

have

inch,

chimney

Sa is the moment

foot

of

load

per

cross-section

height, which

one-fifth
uniform

ft.

100

high

and

ft.

laterally
supported by, but

The

of uniform

column

is about

may

seepage.

to

steel.

concrete

wall

avoid

former

reinforced

steel

the

side

with,

square

inside

the

the

the

Required

"

with

of the cost

steel

computing

Then

the

internal diameter.
not

with

of

of

the windward

on

cent,

per

40

the

For

overturning moment

base.

made

well adapted
particularly

favor

resistance

expanded

netting or

STAND-PIPES.

reinforced-concrete

moment

AND

or

for

be

density and

in cost

compete

simple method

should

stand-pipes.

of 30

durability in

to

as

and

saving

will often

and

is

concrete

chimneys

spiral. Wire

pressure

CHIMNEYS

Reinforced

perfect hoops

form

to

should

above)

preferred.

internal

to

their ends

at

continuous

(A8

of

the

thickness

due
for

to

its

ft. is

100

safe load.
of 4

inch

square

on
own
100

Therefore

ins. from

bottom

top.

Assuming
the

top,

thickness
we

8 ins. at

4-in.

of the

space

latter to

find the external

the bottom.

between
be

diameter

the

inner

8 ins. at the
to

be

7 ft.

and

bottom
o

in. at

walls

outer

and
the

ins. at

top and

and
the
7 ft.

CHIMNEYS

of the

weight

The

at

pressure,

Ibs. per

50

on

the

resultant

and

its moment

of

side

of

the

of

pressure

about

the

plane of

base

at

Assume

of

which

moment

and

of resistance

of

annular

diameter)].
inches.

the

in.

(or

the

[(the

the

chimney

or

safe

internal

working

from

value

is the
each

steel

in the
of

reinforcement,

will

ins.),multipliedby 902.5

and

divided

2-in.

X^-in.

line

of the

sq. ins.; say

sq.

ins.,and

use

be

in

10,830,072
the

tion
sec-

shell,measured

multipliedby

ins.

12

in

2,723

Then

of the

foot of circumference

nal
exter-

pressure

have

we

required.

S8

be

to

wind

the

diameter)
the

by

of 5" is found

the value

arranged,

are

divided

eters
diam-

same

external

diameter

stress

of the

the

the

Calculate

84 ins.

of

diameter

inside

reinforcingrods

cube

vertical,to

be

the

in. thick

overturningmoment

which

6 sq.

gives 1.99
to

the

requiredin

center

in which

example

this

For

-7-12,000=902.5,

on

base

reinforcement

will

space

diameter
shell

of the

power

the

inch-pounds by

of the

without

which

annular

an

annular

an

space

Dividing

of steel

and

base,

outside

the

5=0.0982

(the fourth

minus

in

arranged

formula

the

by

and

83

the

as

the

the

intersect

then

the axis

of

foot-pounds, of

902,506

would

18,325

action

ft. above

49.26

base

the

of

center

wind

fail.

ins.

is

be

principalreinforcingrods,

the

in. thick

be

The

7 ft. from

figureof

the

would

chimney

the

of

will

the

plane, will be

normal

resultant

The

point over

on

128,400 Ibs. and

be

chimney.

wind

3 ft. outside

over

the

the

10,830,072 inch-pounds.

plane

foot

square

windward

the

Ibs.

will

wall

exterior

87

VSTAND-PIPES.

AND

2,723, which

by
bars

6 ins. center

center.
t

The

intensity of compression

maximum

leeward

side

base

the

at

to

one

for the value

=

12.6,

due

207.1

per

inch

square
The

their
the
which

inch

is

must

strength

structure

only
inch.

and

the
the

be

will then

gives

will

be

fc=M

12.6(2722.6-7-3)

base

the

weight

have

we

of

the

of

of the

intensity of

is founded

will

not

that

shows

safetyof
base

pressure
be

the

Ibs. per

exceeded.

to

be

must

for

340

Ibs.

six.

base, or foundation, far enough

dimensions

in

tributed
shell dis-

207+75=282

Table

factor

compression

-7-5=10,830,072-7-52,294

the

Adding

2,300,000

29,000,000-7-2,300,000

5=5c+tf5a=4o,859+

permissiblewith
enter

Table

old

compression,while

permissible maximum
the

the

on

follows:

as

way

intensity of

annular

8-in.

maximum

rods

full

square

the

of

maximum

wind

to

get

we

month

one

the value

the

Ibs. per
on

square

concrete

which

Then

52,294.

similar

concrete

"

of Ec, and

from

concrete
=

nine

in

the

o.o982[923 (764-7-92)]=
40,859.

5C=
For

is found

in

the
In

develop

such

material
some

that
on
cases

88

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

additional

saving

in

the

The

of

retaining-walls
may

an

base.

for the

in cost

methods

manner

hoops

identical with

Evolution
idea of

extrados

in the

of the moments

by

the
The

the

from

derived

for.

tension

banding

in

was

engineeringand

of the system

on

the

side of the

not

very

on

the

there

extrados

Therefore

29,

1884, the

by Jean

United

first and

States

Monier

read

the

side

tive
negamust

intrados,

advantage
take

place

reinforced

from

the

duction
intro-

Paris, between

patent, which

principalclaim

article of manufacture,

in

iron,

are

the

dates

works

of

there

great, as failure would

architectural

years

summation

the side of the

on

The

"

voussoirs

by straps

when

zero,

latter.

the

of

many

The

since

But,

equal to

the

by

tensile stresses

be

for

Arches.

antedates

extrados

total amount,

invented

Monier's

In

1878.

July

provided

to

ARCHES.

OF

opening up of jointsat the intrados.

general and commercially successful applicationof

concrete

and

the

and

made

provision was

no

spacing

understood.

now

up,

open

equal in

positivemoments,

and

as

ring must

producing

moments

be

thus

were

in addition

tanks.

DESIGN

metal

wind

to

ment.
circular reinforce-

and

sections

given for

clamped together on
not

with

hooped

with

concrete

jointscould

the

that

of the

or

in

require

not

due

of Reinforced-concrete

arches

of reinforced

banded

were

do

and

chimneys,

the

AND

Advantages

reinforcingmasonry

the advent

so

and

be

that

TESTS

V."

CHAPTER

for

they must
computing

for

method

rings is

or

tions
sec-

treated

been

for overturning moment

above

given

as

the vertical reinforcement

The

and

stresses

and
retaining-walls

on

analyzed

be

Stand-pipes may
same

section

bases

the

here.

discussion

in the

full for

in

given

directlyapplied to find the

chimney. These points have

sufficient detail in the

further

formulas

and

reinforcement

by using

be

of

base

effected

be

may

as

1876

issued

was

on

follows:

of construction
integralelement
composed of a metal skeleton comprising longitudinalbars or rods and
of metal, and
ribs secured by ligatures
transverse
a
coveringof cement,
and arranged
in which
said metal skeleton is embedded, all constructed
forth.
set
as
substantially

As

an

From

this it appears

confined

invention

was

members

is not

generallyaccepted belief

that the
to

the

correct, since

an

use

he

of

WIRE

NETTING

distinctlycovers

that

for the
any

form

Monier's

reinforcing
of

metal

TESTS

skeleton
that

comprising longitudinaland
of the

most

in detail

if the

embedded

in the

tensile

producing

voussoir

increase

in

and

strengthis

the

better

other

experiments in
tested

were

One

will

be

being

much

with

2-in. to

been

latter

there

had

the

steel

either

1894

Mr.

noticed

shown

Fig.

built

the

be
of

rise

has

already
for

thus

gives

does

not

been

With
as

to

Fig.

but

In

arrangement

of

system

of

wider

Wunsch

any

there

is

entire

no

be

to

ft. 4 ins.
It will be

of

or

original,is

instead

zontal
of hori-

range

of

cation.
appli-

arches

in

which

reason

of transverse
arch

13

arrangement

curved

1884 and

ins.

45

An

of

use

channels,

or

from

spans
to

1894

by

Between

is believed

the addition
tie the

nettingand

arches

bearrs.

22.

fully
care-

Europe.

The

ins.

16

the

know

used,

entirely successful.

lightersection, so

the

to

in

1884.

flat arches.

permits

and

very

its first set.

built

of various

which

netting

concrete

the

pull on

taken

in

from

arch,

objection

that, unless

some

in

same

either

wire

ordinary

angles, tees,

bridges

all very

Another

reinforcingconcrete

Hungary,
be

the

expensive gravel concrete

arches

varying

This

author

this arrangement

six

Wiinsch

23.

by

clearlyshown

were

extrados, and

not

of others

members

embed

displaceor

to

may

built,is

these

from

The

of

results

is that

metal

of

fine and

very

Monier

which

ins., the

variation
in

the

principal reinforcement

surface

the

has

200

the

it is difficult to

first used

were

Wiinsch

that

much

gave

tion,
longitudinaldirec-

entirelyomitted.

or

is liable

Buda-Pesth,

or

in the

transverse

It is claimed

least

at

members,

ft. 8

55

or

that

concrete

of

rolled

intrados

number

small

very

the

giving

with

case

Monier

near

among

as

design

near

used.

shapes

Wiinsch

was

usually built

as

transverse

is that

tamping

been

arches

in section

3-in.meshes

the

Rolled

moments

the

extrados, a

tables

the

direction,the

advanced

disturb

ring

netting

arrangement
the

to

arrangement

arches

economical

an

generally been

thus

This

reinforcement.

This

in

in the

consequently mortar
done,

to

in

smaller

has

R.

is used

in the

that

wire

one

nettings,one

two

Monier

Monier

objection to

should

cost, but

destruction.

to

whereas

has

several

with

as

the

the metal

from

shown

the

and

on

extrados.

be

which

quantity of metal

that

the

near

results,as

iron

built with

cheapens

of the

extrados,

with

only

latter variation

The

intrados.

resistance

the

derived

afterwards

were

the

near

banded

arches

constructed

the
at

thus

Monier's

advisable.

often

concrete

stresses

ribs.

rods, and

or

differ from

transverse

were

materiallyincrease

not

arches

arches

bars

transverse

required and

expedient is

89

ARCHES

"systems"

of the

of metal

first Monier

The

stone

so-called

omission

the amount

it is doubtful

does

later

the

in

or

reduces

only,

OF

DESIGN

AND

why

it should
steel

bers
mem-

togetherin all direc-

REINFORCED

9"

tions and
earth

resist the

on
rilling

stresses

CONCRETE.

due

to

spandrel walls, it

the

I.

shrinkage
would

be

22.

Arch, Showing
Deflections

tern

yet devised

superiorto
The

next

FIG.

tion

States

for

those in

on

Manner

were

of

as

any

at

which

the
sys-

Plan.

Loading

and

Points

in Test.

arches, and

in

some

respects

general use.

system of reinforced

23."

of

Measured

reinforcingconcrete

Buel-Wunsch

that of Prof.

was

thrust

n.

Wunsch

"

the

effective

as

Half
FIG.

and

System

J. Melan,

Sept. 12, 1893,

and

was

arches

concrete

of

Reinforcing

which

was

described

that

attracted

Concrete

patented
in the

atten-

Arches.

in

the

United

principal claim

as

TESTS

"A

vault

arch

or

ARCHES.

OF

DESIGN

AND

91

consistingof abutments, beams,

ribs

rigidlyconnected
fillingof concrete

with

said

abutments, beams,

the

like

between

or

said

girders,arched

or

girders,and

or

ribs, substantially as

described."
The

earlier

described

as

the

arched

ribs

opening
of the

Melan

embedded

in

riveted

reinforcement
from

for

plans

the

at

the

back

skew

in the

concrete

ring, the

older

function

shrinkage has already taken

that

reinforcingmembers

of the

Melan

arches

built

been

omitted

Such

cracks, however,

but

and

is

it

feet,and

125

Von

Herr

the

replacedby

extrados

the

to

bars,

successful

to

was

he

to

who

by
be

other

design

in the

concrete

this

being

out

of

of

failure,

the

public.

ago,

About

the

and

for

Melan

34

in 1904

the

varies

from

number
12

feet

of reinforcement

Melan

system
and

near

arch

Edwin

Mr.

parallel

Thacher

the

more

the first engineer

was

the

bridges in

elastic theory and

of

comparativelysimple method
computing

were

by lacing,tie

concrete

according to

of

in

general use.

Thacher

Mr.

method

to

connected
into

come

efforts

arches

these

first worked

which

of the

not

man.

one

have

of them.

some

years

spans

ribs

of reinforced
the

to

ten

most

contract.

bars

system has

is due

of any

those

in America

the

In

introduced

patented a system

intrados, the

advises

girders"

of alarm

of

in which

that

danger

any

was

of these

embedded

introduction

States

United

than

and

in

1889, and

is under

afterwards

of metal

occurred

about

in

built-uparched

or

struts, but

or

The
the

rolled

or

in this country.

length

136 feet

of

one

bars

used

The

100.

"beams

occasion

Emperger

ing
hav-

danger

them.

prevent

construction

only one

Emperger

the

in which

arch

the

built in America

considerablyover

to

it

been

be

may

Fr. Von

the

was

had

spans

Herr

by

have

age
shrink-

the

by

in part,,and

or

usually indicate

not

of

system

States

several years
arch

do

to

these

longitudinalcracks

Melan

United

introduced

verse
trans-

of the abutment

concrete

in whole

in America

unsightly and

they are
The

be

place

with

of the

M.
Considere
clearly points out
already shrunk.
is laid on
shrinkage cracks occurring when fresh concrete
the

and

abutment

caused
soffit,

the

girder"

or

prevent shrinkage cracks

to

was

along
longitudinally

up

the

The

thereto.

"beam

the

of

concrete

bolted

or

showed

arches

mation
sum-

can

readily

concrete

Mr.

stresses

applied in practicalwork.
Almost

at

the

beginning

perceived that

Thacher

negligibleand
safely be

omitted

patent embodying
arches

are

being

with
this

the

of

work

his

shearing

that

therefore

considerable

and
principle,

built in America

in

web

arch

an

of the

saving

than

in

stresses

the

at

reinforced

Melan

in metal.

any

other

one

tically
prac-

ribs
He

the present time

were

more

kind.

could

secured
Thacher

The

In

long

less,thus
or

in the

(2)
and

The

the

of the

cost

load

abutments

(4)

The

would

moments

be, and
Much

could

than

of the

forms

unit

in

stresses

concrete

cause

any

be

can

vented
pre-

reinforcingmetal.

proportions that the bending

impossible with any ordinary masonry
and

of reinforced

from

both

concrete

easily

having

tables

report

ft.

bridges of

to

tests

determine

above

the

All
most

The

13
of two

ft. span

the

and

tests

from

the

were

made

theoretical

work

full record

conclusion

twelve

or

complete

no

was

from

arches

results

(1:4) show

ins.,
struction;
con-

TV rise; (3) tests

series

of

used

in

all materials
based

on

the

results

struction.
theory and consupervision of
conformity to usual practice,

up
other

and

Arch-

Architects.

exhaustive

an

regard

divided

so

of deflection

derived

in

under

insure

to

and

calculation
result

of the

spans of 4 ft. 4.3

of floor
all kinds

of
elasticity

theoretical

engineers

rise; (4)

strength and
a

with

3.6 ins.,representing
culverts of 32.8 ft. span

prominent

the

expert.

ft.

75
the

ten

"Engineering Magazine,"

tests of 17 floor arches

arches; (5)
(6) conclusion

attained;

while

(i)

covers:

in Austria

presented are a part of the report

Austrian
Society of Engineers and

the

ins.,and
(2) tests

10.2

of four

of

following extracts

made:

herewith

Committee

The

been

the

The

"

made

tests

class of masonry.

other

any

of conditions

given set

any

Arches.

Concrete

from

taken

are

translation

tests

with

reports of the extensive

ago

The

practicalfor

are

Reinforced

of

the

years

longer spans

be seriouslyconnsidered

Tests

XX

correspondingly less,

perfectsafety.

constructed

been,

cent,

per

smaller.

occurring from

them

render

have

much

very

of 50

are

successfully.
(6)

the

such

is

working

with

cracks

of

rings

thrust

much

very

distribution

the proper

(5) Arch

and

of

made

a saving
effecting

the

steel, the

with

danger

by

can

be

may

be

ring can

steel

ring.

considerablyincreased

be

and

being reduced,

(3) Reinforced
can

load

dead

reducing the

more

of the

the thickness

spans

with

arches

advantages gained by reinforcingconcrete

(1)

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

92

the

to

strict

that

each

details

is

part fell

an

given.

in Tables

indicated

to

and

XIX

in both

sions;
dimen-

(i) concrete
cases
adequate
the
(2) the Monier
arch, with one wire net, has failed to show
the
for it, which
is the more
because
superiority claimed
significant
Monier
arch has been, up to date, the most
favored
type of fire-proof
are:

construction
The

Europe.

report disapproves the

netting, as
increase

in Central

in

it needs

1.85

strength,so

times

that

preferable. Referring to

the

use
more

dirt
fact

of

concrete

which
filling,
that

floor with

concrete

both

and
is

the Monier

gives only
more

concrete

trifling

economical,
arches, with

is
or

TESTS

TABLE

XIX.

TESTS

"

Remarks.

At

"

No.

unloaded

half

the

abutment

occurred.

Monier
of

of

arch

the

arch

being
appeared.

without

wire

further

says:

netting,have
with

have

but

understand

considered

littlemore

that

this

time

Monier

small

recommended

Monier
which

the

it is evident

center, but

span.
arches
may
The

10,

with

eccentric

in

crack

at

IDS- per
for

square

i}| ins.

the

foot, one-half
arch,
load

tudinal
longi-

of

1,320

be

This
with

well

the

to

that

arch

concrete

of

wire

report

the

Monier

replaceit.

may

arch,

netting,it is

mortar

composed
Engineers have

1:3.

arches
wire

the

behavior,

same

ordinary buildingpractice.

littlethicker

the

wit,

the

arch with one

wire
arch, a concrete
ence
carrying capacity, so that the differ-

condemnation

to

as

that, besides

expensive concrete,
spans,
in
not

failed

almost

shown

importance

any

It is also concluded
To

1,109

No.

IDS- Per
square
1,217
of the 2^ ins. Monier

arch

plainconcrete

shown

cannot

be

This

10

at

fissure

foot.

Compared
netting has

No.

At

crack

square

with

occurred

INCHES.

10.2

arch,

same

failed
At

FEET

horizontal

the

6, for

totally
loaded.

being

loaded.

Ibs. per

No.

arch

93

OF

arch,

concrete

On

This

SPANS

WITH

the

occurred.

failure

arch,

the

for

2,

the

foot, one-half

ARCHES

OF

ARCHES.

OF

DESIGN

AND

with

is needed

wire

two
on

both

of
for

nettings

sides of the

it is

it must
a
a

for
arch

more

long
large
and

nearly impossible to use two nettings in a

been
point
fullyjustifiedby the test of the
two
nettingsof a span of 75 ft. and 15 ft. rise,
to insert here, so
to make
not
as
a
faultyimpression.

failure occurred

has

under

one-sided

load.

XX.

TABLE

abutment,

No.

the

arch

the

failed

the

side

crack

The

these

in.

did

value

of the

of

per

arch

and

division of the

was

place

arch

in

under

the

unloaded

Ibs., and

The
under

took

No.

at

determined

as

very

much

at

only

by

by

of

pause

tests

made

less than
Prof.

750,000.

Boek,
This

has
who
value

No.

at

throughout

4,

cated
indi-

load.
a

Melan

The

hair
near

arch

This

Ibs.

662

18

At

half.

movement

ft. 8 ins. long, visible

a

at

foot, including

square

crack

crack

822

abutment.

the

after

later

first stated

work,

developed

895 Ibs. per

developed
at

about

widen

Ec,

crack

3.6 INCHES.

FEET

13

place
foot, including dead
square
10
developed at test No.

concrete

experiments, is

assumed,

arch

thickness

not

took

OF

No.

at

second

arch,

the

Ibs.

812

3^

under

this

of

7 for the

under
of

arch

z\ hours, under

concrete

length

No.

at

failed

No.
5
indicated

SPANS

WITH

Monier

at

after

The

load.
entire

arch

and

movement

the

ARCHES

OF

i%-in.

The

"

the

the

TESTS

"

Remarks.

dead

agreeingwith

deflections

this series

from

entirelysustained, the
theory was
computations.

elastic

the

that

experiments is

actual

greatest importance deduced

of the

conclusion

The

of

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

94

crack
the

on

crown;

hours.

in connection
been
had
was

with

customarily
charge
used

of this

by

Herr

TESTS

Von
a

but

Emperger,
careful

more

that

since

study

the

DESIGN

AND

of

value

of

publicationof

the

Ec=

95

full report, and

the

therein

results

the

ARCHES.

OF

given, Mr.

Thacher
for

is warranted

1,400,000

after
cludes
con-

in

concrete

specimens give a higher value.

As EC has such
for varying conditions,it should be
wide
a
range
fixed by specialexperiments for very
important works, so that the
conditions
far as possiblewith those
of the experimentswill coincide
as
of the actual work.
in calculations
A high value of Ec assumed
gives
low
in the concrete
and
in the
stresses
proportionatelyhigh stresses
cannot
steel,and since the steel in an arch ring of reinforced concrete
be stressed up to an amount
anywhere near its safe working unit stress
without exceeding the permissiblestress in the concrete, for safetyin
the stresses Ec should be assumed
at its maximum
calculating
probable
large masses

value.

and

On

small

that

the

other

hand,

if Ec

is assumed

at

value

its minimum

of steel required but this will

saving in the amount
be very great compared with the entire cost of the structure.
In
of the rings of arch bridges the value of Ec will certainly
large masses
be much
less than in ordinary beams, slabs,and test specimens,
the available data on
the subjectfullywarrants
the assumption

there
not

the

and
that

will be

some

"

e=E8+Ec=2o.
Table

XXI

givesthe

arch

by

the

span

of

6 ft. 6 ins. and

The

square

arch

in

pointsat

indicated

are

of the

horizontal

extrados.

Between

Table
York

by

drawing.

abutment,

XXI.

Sections

"

but

RESULTS

I, II, and

IV, V

Mr

The

1891.

inches.

It

to its own

this may

OF

gives

George

the
Hill

TESTS

OF

fine cracks.

results of
in

have

1894

increase

some

and

due

to

WUNSCH

sizes and

horizontal
the

straight

ARCH.

open

to

until

the

0.08.

breakdown.

experiments made
1895.

load

measured

were

measurable
been

shows

Fig. 22

gives the

clear

designed for

the table

J Crack
slowly

Wiinsch

had

arch

was

no

was

with

weight.

given in

There

" Cracks

unchanged.

XXII

20

the deflections

which

movement

t Crack

in

foot in addition

the

on

TABLE

rise of

plan, elevation,and sections,and

metal.
the reinforcing

of

arrangement

experimentsmade

Hungarian government

of 80 Ibs. per
this test

results of the

Numbers

in New

76 and

77

96

REINFORCED

arched

were

and
about

and

steel T

78

to

beams,

old

XXII.

"

when

RESULTS

Note.
the

"

In

tie-rods

the

calculations

is assumed

shearing strength
Ibs. per

square

inch.

to

of the

arches.

any

The

latter

crete,
con-

were

tested.
TEST

OF

1894

of

without
respectively,
Melan

87, inclusive,were

ninety days
TABLE

CONCRETE.

here
be

made,

50,000

rivets

OF

MELAN

ARCHES

MADE

IN

1895.

AND

in

the

Ibs.

per

ultimate
square

single shear

tensile
inch.

is taken

strength
The

to

mate
ulti-

be3o,ooo

TESTS

Approximate
of

Ring
Von

the exact
the
"

stated

of the

OF

ARCHES.

the

Computing

that

elastic

dead

load

in

pounds

per

live

"

"

"

"

it

97

Stresses

following short

The

"

arches

reinforced-concrete

in

who

method

for

Concrete.

stresses

Emperger,

Let

Method

Reinforced
the

DESIGN

-AND

gives results

in

method

was

that

Arch

an

of

culating
cal-

given by

Herr

well

with

compare

theory:
foot

square
"

wf ;

"

=w\

"

in

span

feet=/;

"

rise in inches =r;

"

thickness

of

in

concrete

inches=d,

this

generally equal

to

height of beams;
"

distance

between

beams

in inches=#;

"

The
the
answer

stresses

total

loads

the

in

both

W,

can

further:

/?=!.

materials,
be

and

what

or,

assumed

is

practicallythe

distributed, W=WC+W8)

same,

if it

following proportion:
Wc

d3a

EJc
=

Ws~EsIs
This

48o7*

put in,
W,

or

"

"

B=

and

(2)

i+r
The

span

and

its distance

and

rise

a.

being given, we
The

have

proportion

to

"

assume

is

the

limited

size of

by

the

beam,

necessity

98

REINFORCED

the

that

It carries
the

to

Wc=a(wf-\-w)
reference

vertical

plans

Ibs. per

42

to

act

main

as

main

as

and

girderand

also

as

beam.

cross

Ws=/3(w'+w)

transmits

beam.

iron

With

has

body

concrete

CONCRETE.

theory, in

inch

where

cases

allowed

the

by reducing

occur,

square

elastic

the

to

in

spans
in

stress

two

concrete

to

get

we

1X42X144

a=

8064

c\/?(X+w)'
If
the

find

we

the

in

stresses

applied to

of

the

main

section,A

We

have

per

square

inch

and

in the

steel beam,

It

can

only to

be

To

The

rl

we

steel

can

signs tabulated

be

glance that
7S, the

reduced

stated, a half-loaded

span.

is

equal

call the rectified rise,and

moment

in

M,

moment,

and

section

choice

in the

get

centrally
with

the

find

we

the stress

concrete

and

or

the

/?,which
pressure

we

must

consider,as

viously
pre-

to

is found

by equation (7).

^'

T3^/from

the

center

-r)
1024

of

limits.

pressure,

"5
I~

The

above

proper

its proper

to

and

thrust

by

tension

get the highest tension

horizontal

is not

to

concrete,

and

on

which

force,H

proceed

fibers:

outer

our

at

large,we

too

produces consequently a

in the

seen

mainly depend
in the

use

is not

girders.

in the

followingstresses

choice

our

is

.......

(3)

TESTS

For

full-loaded

OF

DESIGN

AND

ARCHES.

99

span

H=\(w'+w)^.
.

The

moment

the

at

is

crown

-r)
The

moment

The

last three
while
the

For
and

its

for

with

since

have

we

use

that

far

so

the

as

spandrels be

equations (i) to (8) will

have

we

see

to

the

from

compute

resultant

the

further, that

other
for

enough

correct

of

sufficient.

equation (9),

within

keeps

foundation

be

sidered,
con-

has

the

inner

proper

area

weight.

Compared
and

to

and

base;

total

the

itself

(10)

.........

is

the

ordinary use

and

weight,

abutment

equations are

abutment

third of the
for

the

at

(9)

......

calculations

arch

practice as

introduced

the

this

of

moment

extremely simple

with

comparison

is

inertia

method,

exact

an

and

the

section

in

equation (i).
While

number

of

the

designed according

were

earlier
the

to

above

Engineering Company,
the
use
Company, now
The
say

to

up

in the

so

that

the

dead

method,
method

be recommended
number

of

the

they

load

can

be

can

be

Its

the

Shape
point of

from

the

of

by

equation (8). He then gave

three-eighthsof the span at
extrados

parallelto

points three-sixteenths
the

and

and

them

more

be

at

distance

the

ring

the

span

part, the depth of the ring thus

the

ring by

the

It

not
can-

sufficient

accumulated,

satisfactorily

were

that

point by

of
his

uniform

depth for a length of

by making that part of the

center

with
each

assumed

of three-sixteenths

proportionedthe ring at

lines of the extrados

by

when
been

is

mate
approxi-

an

approximate method.
Ring." Herr Von Emperger

concentric

of the

the

spans,

now

the

Arch

and

value

calculation
of

have

struction
Con-

ordinary

chief

crete-Steel
Con-

sively.
exclu-

materiallyaltered.

elastic method

ring to

center

the

the

Arch

getting

thickness

be

not

in

in

interpolatedfrom

the

the

and

America

method

for all

important work,

or

calculated

critical

backs

economical.

will

Melan

elastic

enough

correctingthe

for exact

Style or
the span

in

computations by

approximations
than

is safe

in

method,

the

to
exact

more

it is not

built

approximate

preparationof preliminary estimates

thickness
of ring to assume
for use

elastic
latter

ft.,but

100

arches

successors

method

approximate

Melan

the

intrados.

side of the center

tangent

to

the

curve

graduallyincreasingfrom

From
to

the

of the
those

the
skew-

central

points

REINFORCED

IOO

to

in which

intrados

the

Herr

Von

span

is short

the

With

of

ring

passing
of the sections

in

is

for

by

no

means

for

rings

nearly all of

in

case

this

the
shape, when
relatively
large,all

span

without

or
great difficulty

flat arches

ring,that

and

easy

of

good

the

the

in

moment

great, the pressure

so

of the

entirelyoutside

the

long-span

springingbecomes

the

ring

rise to

the

but

material,

the

near

of

only holds

was

properly provided

be

can

waste

ratio

the

or

rule

This

segmental,which

is

Emperger's designs.

stresses

much
the

(see Fig. 24).

skew- backs

the

CONCRETE.

line

times
some-

adjustment
required

proper

of material

the amount

is excessive.
first reinforced-

The

strictlyaccording

Melan

with

Arch

Von

elastic method

the

to

Emperger

Style

of Ring.

After

determining the
for

largerradius
the pressure

the

extrados

line and

avoid

to

be

in

the

those

were

and

Arch

Style

designed
Topeka

of Ring.

24.

lines of pressure,

in the intrados

sharp curves

America

Thacher's

FIG.

bridge.

in

arches

concrete

at

the ends

in order

to

and

fit the

producing

moments

Thacher

Mr.
used

considerably

shape

duced
intro-

of the

ring

to

tension

in the

generallyused

three

length of

radius

excessive

concrete.

In
and

his

succeeding designs
rarelyfive centered curves

for the
distant

extrados

one-quarter

quarter times
material
In
Mr.

that

at
an

Thacher

the

the

of

says:

the

span

at the

over

in

Thacher

the

Herr

has

for the

intrados

of

ring at

gives a depth

depth

crown

article

Mr.

from
crown

Von

and
the

two

quarter points,

of

about

(seeFig. 24).

This

the

center,

form

of

one

saves

and

some

ring.
Emperger's
News
of
Engineering
September 21, 1899,

TESTS

An
nor

economical

thirty

times

consider.

middle

third

dead

at

designs

of the

ARCHES.

arch

is

usually

of

inertia

moment

endeavored

the

center,

for

concrete-steel
the

ring,and

have

no

not

By

due

economically with a segmental arch.

solid spandrelfilling
three-centered
a
and, he

thinks, is
arch, THOUGH
elliptical

construct,

centered

or

FREQUENTLY

TAKE

be

flat

the

at

with

the

at

the

ends

Thacher's

the

on

point

his in that

than

three-centered

have

they

the

except those

very

the

The

arches

designed

the

of the

five-

(ELLIPTICAL)

WILL

the

been

design

of

number

with

built,agrees

but

economical,

are

be

haunches.

the

difficult to

more

Mr-

differs

construct

say

of

if not

as

span

in

the

the

its plane

all,with
neutral

lines,and

only,lay

fairest

ellipsefrom

an

is

the

the

be

possiblewith
3 for

the

of

an

all, the

point of

view

center.

the intrados

made
any

coincide

to

other

curves.

"Memorial

line,with

pressure

curve,

than

eye

curve

every

at

can

close to the

so

the

for
semiellipse

axis

No.

design

three-centered

pleasingto

more

that

nearly as

that

neutral

Bridge"
live load

the

surface

that

at all intermediate

moments

Whether

or

the best for

does

curve

to

consider

Burr's

these

on

to

perpendicularto

line

in Prof.

one-half

on

line

pressure

than

eye

solid

with

flat at

have

radius, is

segmental extrados,

with

the

LATTER

includes

proved

appearance

cases,

many

generallyuses

it is less troublesome

arch, as

arches
elliptical
not

of

on

prefers and

He

and

center

unreasonable

its

circle,presents

were

from

can

arches.

almost

seems

the

spandrel filling
sharper at the ends, approaching an
spandrel spaces should be sharp at
open
ends, approaching a parabola, or, which

of which

that

abrupt change
when
elliptical
we
curve,

and

lie within
pressure
tension on
the concrete
this

THE

experience,which

from

In

of

Arches

and

elliptical
arches, several

with

frequently

and

center

flatter at

and

author's

It

segment

is

important to
very
arches
the writer (Mr.

pleasing to

more

MATERIAL.

arches

is better, sharp

of

LESS

while

ELLIPSE;
the center

The

end

is

of

amount

with

should

neither

patience
usually be
only as regards dead and live loads, but temperature stresses
The
succeeded
in doing this
writer, however, has never

well.

to

101

the

at

which

line

have

to

arch

live load.

or

done,

late

has

the

great

as

In

Thacher)

as

concrete-steel

parabola, and

OF

DESIGN

AND

the

not

almost negligible.
points were
elliptical,
parabolic or three- centered curve

solid reinforced-concrete

not

anywhere

come

arch, it is certain
what

near

is

that

required by

is

segmental

the

true

line

of pressure.

Before
well
to

to

which
The

leaving the subject of

give

they

brief
are

descriptionof
best adapted.

originalarch, at

illustrated in

Fig.

the

25.

least in
Where

the

Europe,

the

of

shape

arch

rings it may
principalstylesand the

is the

available

semicircular,or

height permits

of

be
uses

Roman,
its

use

102

REINFORCED

it is

economical, because

arch,

and

it

While

the

Oriental

often

can

arch, namely,
Tudor
The

not

much

until

Gothic

27, 28, and

29,

in_bridges,but

the fifth

Gothic
Tudor

Arch, Depressed.

where

or
or

there

particularly

FIG.
Gothic

27.

Pointed

or

Arch,

Lancet.

FIG.

29.

Pointed

respectively.

are

26.

Pointed
or
Arch,
Equilateral.

FIG.

cases

earlier in

about

'

Pointed

to

used

Europe

Figs. 26,

FIG.

28.

or

adapted

in

rarely used

are

Arch.

Gothic

been

four

are

25.

FIG.

flatter

good effect.

in

appear

shown

are

Semi-circular

or

with

in any

principalforms of the Gothic

lancet, depressed,and four-centered or
equilateral,

pointed arches

FIG.

thrust is less than

is said to have

There

A.D.

the

arches, which

Roman

employed

arch

countries, it did

sixth century

or

the horizontal

be

pointed

CONCRETE.

Semi

Arch,

30.

Arch.
-elliptical

Four-centered.

is

heavy

load

the

directlyover

center

of the span.

Fig. 30

shows

flat arch

in which

the

intrados

is

and
semiellipse

the extrados

segmental.
Two-hinged and three-hingedarches
form

Figs. 31 and 32.

properly so, and, in the opinion of
to build segmental-archbridges of
have

either

in

two

or

three

hinges.

These
the

illustrated in their

are
are

author,

any
There

segmental arches, and

whenever

considerable
can

retical
theo-

be

hinges except that due to friction in the hinges,and

of being much
at the springing,instead
greater
transmit
the
the ring, need only be sufficient to

it is necessary

they

span
no

at

moment

therefore
than
thrust

other
to

should

the

the

depth

parts of
the

hinge.

TESTS

arches

Hinged

have

concrete

the

with

as

been

well

The

on

the foundations

31.

FIG.

avoid

increase
In

the

"

them

is to

expend

can

Segmental

Arch.

Three-hinged Segmental

"

of abutments

to the movement

which

secure,

Two-hinged

forced
Europe with reinplain concrete
rings,

little more

generallybe done,

Arch.

reduce

rigidityand

deflections.

both

verticals

must

be

so, as

in the

the
at

the

to

classic Roman

Gothic

arches

springing lines.

arch.

In

or

This

flat arch

the vertical

three-centered

generallytension
statical

and

Roman

tangent

skew-backs.
the

32.

in

complication of hinges. Hinges

the

in the flat Tudor

and

due

103

and

voussoir

stone

practice,however,
make

to

FIG.

and

with

as

American

piers.

ARCHES.

quite extensivelyused

objectof preventingcracks

or

OF

DESIGN

AND

as

in

multi-centered

The

semielliptical
ring
but
has
requirements,
more
ring than

feature

is tangent

to

is

preserved even
ring without hinges the intrados
the semielliptical
ring,or nearly

will exist in the ends

semicircular

the intrados

any

not

curves

or

heavy

moments,

ring near and

only economically

of the

points in
other

common

flat arch.

at

the

fulfills

with

the

It is claimed

however, by

pleasing.
the

by

An

arch

the

yV

are

much

had

flatter

major

depth

and

moments

always

the

say,

axis

minor

the

bridge

semiellipses.The
had

competition
axis

minor

design

the

one-half

was

of

rise

jointsdivided
vertical

the

with

the

in

K=the

depth

of

all in

feet.

weights

final

weights

pressure

the

radius, R)

the

the greater the

But
of

in

the

does

not

up,

or

the

The

the

Austrian

arch

of

that

is fixed

also

applicableto

any

form
at

the

or

the

exact

an

skew-backs

hinged

of
and
at

the

rise

(or

flatter the
other

in

rare

less

the

arch

(or

thingsbeing
makes

crushing

determining
bending

the

of

cases

direct

of the

very

due

factor

to

in

is

moment

designingan arch ring.

tion
theory,which, since its verificain

be
for

termed

the

computing

constant

or

continuous
the

and

correct

R+o.^S,

not

necessary.
un-

principlegoverning

moments,

Except
question of

elastic

styleand

arches

is not

the

and

amount

method

more

recalculation

to the

the

experiments,may

solid arches, affords

make

greater the

considered

"

when

then

ring

mensions
generallygive diwill be near
enough

load

conform

least is

at

trados,
the in-

trial

find the

only

and

radius.

fixingthe depth of the ring.

generallythe chief factor to be
The
The
Elastic Theory.
by

to

Pocket-book

less will be

the

where

rise of

F=the

used

be

moments,

flat arches

come

and

formula, K=o.2+

with

very

for reinforced-con-

X=.oo75(S+ioF),

adjusted ring to

rings,that

Trautwine's

or

crown

dead

not

arch

will, however,

assumed

It does

radius)the

the

method,

in Trautwine's

arch

the

span,

It

greater the

ring vary

spans

elastic

the

of

given

line

the

equal.

that

to

formula

only

available.

relied upon.

be

cannot

in the

not

formula

The

should

This

close

ring at
the

5=

ring of a solid
springing.

theoretical

crown

the

by

crown,

use

are

so

found

the

for

reliable data

the

be

may

of

shape

say, the
the

ring. This
ring required by the
the

throughout

constant

of the

approximate depth
arches

to

from

depth

the

theoretical

thrusts; that is

has

arches

voussoir

the
to
ring from the crown
in segmental rings by making
by the secant of the angle between

depth of
commonly done

of the

increases

An

thrust

is to

which

full

not

are

from

in the Zanesville

Bridge

radial

is

fairlywell

agrees

long

they

Memorial

that

and

jointradius

depth

in

arches
elliptical

this, but

the

the

This

the radial

and

The

span;

increase

skew-back.

crete

rise,built

intrados
semielliptical

in

ft.

general practiceof European designersof

to

the

and

flat is not

axis.

The

been

55 ft. span

than

arches
elliptical
the

the

axis.

major

one-fourth

of

if too

curve
elliptical

that

architects

many

author,

was

to

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

104

ends

law
the

variable
at

the

only, for

of flexure
stresses

in

in
an

cross-sections
It is

crown.

which

case

the

TESTS

solution

is very

simple

ARCHES.

OF

DESIGN

AND

hinges is neglected. The

friction in the

if the

105

materials

of
good for any material or combination
homogeneous throughout the length of the ring from

theory holds
is

skew-back.

Even

for stone

theory gives more

provided the
third and
and

allowed

the

thin, laid

jointsare

the

harden

before

Briefly,the

method

consists in

given

ring.

and

arch

are

(i) that

are

fixed in direction;

vertical
zero.

the

of the

positionin

its true

fulfilled

line of the

give

ring at

invariable;

springing line with respect

are:
Expressed mathematically these conditions

to

deflection

of

the

is

span

mortar,

equilibriumpolygon

true

and

(2) that

middle

struck.

are

when

lished,
pub-

been

has

that

to

elastic

the

Portland-cement

good

loading and

the neutral

to

tangents

in

of

outside

pass

findingthe

which

conditions

The

not

centers

of

system

other

any

does

line of pressure

to

for any
arch

that

results than

accurate

skew-back

method

the

arches

voussoir

that

one

these

the

results

springing

the

the

(3) that
the

is

other

yMys
and

in which
on

abscissa

is the

the
of

reinforced-

length of

neutral
the

line and

center

concrete

small

of

y and
with

division
x

the

or

segment

of the

the
respectively

are

origen at

ring these equations of

one

condition

ured
ring meas-

ordinate

springing.
take

the

and
For

form

Ms

Ec(Ic+eI8)
and
Mxs

2Ec(Ic+eIs)
=

Let-H"=the

horizontal
for any

/=the

thrust, which

is constant

the

ring

given loading;

interceptof

the

ordinate

between

the

line of pressure;

and

throughout

constant
e=Ea-"-Ec, practically

throughout.

neutral

axis

and

the

io6

REINFORCED

Then

if

be

may

Ec(Ic+eI8)

the

constant, by construction,
s+-(Ic-\-eIa)

make

we

CONCRETE.

of

placed outside

the

sign

of

term

and

summation

we

have
and

=o,

In

most

it will be

cases

exact
sufficiently

throughout the ring,and

constant

fulfillsthe

ring,we

While

making

construct

may

(i foot),and

s+hz

the

or

the

in

fixingthe

assumption

of the

the
and

is

high

as

and

stresses

loading and

of

making

of segments

of

in

computation

final determination

the

secured
for

generaluse

simple

most

well-

this

computing

of

elements

by

engineering

structures.

Theoreticallythe ring
of segments,

the

in

introduced

are

of accuracy

those in

higher than

sections

architectural

degree

it is

But

methods

resultingin

the stresses, the

if not

depth

problem, beginning with

entire

Considering the

of the

intensityof

method

in the

structural work, either

data.

radial

the

approximations introduced

practicalapplicationare not mathematically so.

known
fact that
approximations or assumptions
analysisof

slice of

is the

its

every

-r-/cconstant

constant.

elastic theory is exact, the

the

of

thickness

is the

inches

ring considered, usually 12

of the

that

Ic-t-Iais

that

assume

condition.

where
Ic=bfJts-^-i2,

Since

therefore

to

should

divided

be

the

ring is

the

values

larger the

the

the

divided

infinite number

an

therefore

small;
infinitely

into which

into

ber
num-

will

accurate

more

be the result.
When
the

of

the variations

in percentage

ring are greater

of

loads

the

than

or

stresses,s-t-(Ic+eI8)must

the

the

maximum

be made

probable error in
permissibleerror

the assumption

final

in the

constant.

magnitude the value of Ec may

to
predetermined by experiments carefullyconducted
represent
in the
then
local conditions, which
be closelyfollowed
should

In

be

the

than

for different parts of

of Ic+Ia

important

execution

of

the

of sufficient

cases

work.

The

of the
conjugate pressure
and
be neglected or
stability,
may

the arch

with

hollow

flat arches, unless

But
economy
spans,

great

in the
and

design

in very

its effect may

be

long, hollow

refinement
of the

flat arches

neglected,as

it may

With

spandrels.

very

earth-fill

always

be

avoided

spandrels

in

are

of

the

and

it is

stresses

conjugate pressure
always

on

the

side

is
of

with
not

course

computing
ring are not so important
the

increase

by constructing

short spans

very

to

acts

ticable.
prac-

rigid

or

in very
so

very

short

small

safety.

that

The

TESTS

flatter

the

arch

the

OF

DESIGN

AND

will

less

be

ARCHES.

the

107

of

amount

the

conjugate

pressure.

Open

Spandrels.
floor

supported by
or

columns.

steel,or
the

When

loads

the

arcade

better

few

be

can

hollow

secured

outward

by

of
floor

thrust

of which
solid

In

tendency

the

on

and

independent

an

to

but

walls

the

with

second

the

spandrelswith

Open
additional
are

advantages.

reduced,
and

The
with

ring
the

Water

is loaded

inspection,and
Any

kind

supports

of

of
are

hollow

dead

The

the cost

the

thrust

the

ring

pavement

completed

can

makes

load

and

in

the

This

may

be
be

by

the

without

it

be

vented
pre-

the

ring

changes

difficult,if
lesser

the
not

degree,

for

ring
made

and

stresses

the

ments,
abut-

amount.

correspond

to

lateral

The

entirely eliminated.

are

The

extrados

all sides

at

following

the

considerable

be

on

soon

waiting

offer the

calculations.

earth-fill

as

may

examined

laid

becomes

by tying

in

in the

spandrel spaces.

can

between

up

consequently

both

points, which
of

the

then

them

columns

or

structure

assumed

notably in

spandrel.
walls

material

of the

definite

at

and

transverse

collect in the

cannot

remedy

the

entirelysatisfactory,

is

objectionapplies,but

This

points of loading
to

ring.

of

wall

slipjointsor

Neither

requiringless

reducing

due

stresses

thus

with

structure

longitudinalwalls

the

the

are

has

ring

opened

spandrel

of the

account

cases,

have

spandrels,

that

the

on

the

columns

or

particularlyobjectionablebecause

is

impossible,to analyze.
to

of

cracks

The

walls

rods.

vertical

throughout

stresses

walls.

walls

to

of

drainage

replaced by

walls

number

spaces

tie-rods

use

concrete,

spandrel

unsupported by

constructingthe

by
the

arch

in

to

The

transverse

Rico, wide

spandrel

fill is

is far

effect

in solid-filled

as

of reinforced
the

stylemay

permitted.
longitudinalwalls,
the
longitudinal

When

walls.

earth

when

than

more

is

design

usually

large blank

it is customary

of the

in Porto

the

of the

attention

much

is

the

cases

built with

outside

arches

spandrel

Juanadias Bridge
ring

of masonry,

the colonnade

spandrels.

arches

greater depth of the latter,and

the

built

favorably distribute

to

many

been

have

avoided

are

deflect

to

In

treatment

any

solid

conjugate pressure

used.

be

walls

transverse

spandrel construction

of open

requiresas

spaces

walls, both

by

may

disposed as

so

spandrel arches

spanned by

enclosed
the

they

greater diversityin

appearance

are

resist the

and

and

carried

properlyso, although

and
style,

the

spaces

used

are

treatment

spandrel walls, and

giving

slabs

or

is

spandrels the roadway

open

give satisfactoryresults.

than

or

ring.

architectural

sometimes

of

columns

concrete,

the

on

hollow

arches, beams,

reinforced

The
in

With

"

the

the

ring

fill to

is open
at

and

any

for
time.

spandrel

settle.

With

io8

spandrels the ring

open

and
greater facility

The

Ribbed

ribs from

be

made

ribs
the

in

results,and
In

moment

bridges with

very

than

the

duty

the

well

adapted
extend

beams.

The

variable

may

be

the

of

ring

of material

increased.

ring is

rib to its particular

Fig. 23 is particularly
rings in parallelribs. The
in

columns

While

loads.

obtained

were

or

line,
of

ribs

of these

without

resulted without

greatest economy

this

and

neither

crete
con-

struts

transverse

complete designs on

two

in

enclosed

be

ring and

reinforced-concrete
the

light material,

built of very

of the

out

depth proportioned to

difficulties and

has

unusual

any

the

sacrifice

the

assumption
zontal
slighthori-

of

essentials.
Abutments.

While

"

that the abutments

movement

will

of which
It

abutments

does

with

Care
the

the

should

material

stresses

be

given

section of the
taken

angle

of

to

with

the

vertical

stresses, the

application

and

the

half
of not

material

the

appreciable effect

an

moment

the

on

of

the

stresses

of inertia

as

on
pared
com-

ring.

keep

repose,

piles,about

on

effect of

yielding of

relatively
large section
be

on

computed by preciselythe

thermal

for

elastic

the

that

produce

not

the

be

may

based

seen.

perpendicular to

of the

inside

angle

shown

of their

account

the

readily be

be

can

theory is

rigidlyimmovable,

will

as

elastic

the

are
on

method

same

30

arch

details
built,very satisfactory

been

and

worked

spandrels with

open

for

distribution

reinforced-concrete

form

has

author

of

full width

ribs to

the

used

be

is attained.

illustrated

arch

construction

the

over

between

using

the

would

to

giving the

By

proportioningeach

of economy

Wiinsch

to

abutments.

The

saving

further

parallel

saved.

be

can

section of the

thus

by

latticed struts, which

transverse

should

loads

others, and

modified

in several

roadways carrying trolleytracks, the ribs

be made
of the tracks,etc., may
deeper or

wide

maximum

ring

economical
of

spandrels.

ring

permit

the

than

more

of inertia

heavier

supporting the

The

of

cost

bridge,a

of the
the

thicker

and

also

will

depth slightlygreater

full width

of the

far

ribs, with

more

or

solid -filled

of the cost

weight

material

the

radial

in

reduction

two

constructingthe arch

cent,

35 per

in

with

than

By

"

built

be

may

economy

Ring.

to

25

consequent

any

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

angle between

the

of each

bed

layer or
degrees.

or

say

30

of

the

latter should

less than

the resultant

concrete

If founded
be

degrees, and

20

of

course

driven
if

thrust

in
at

soft
an

practicable

degrees.
Thermal

change

of

Stresses.

length of

corresponding

"

the

horizontal

If D

is the

ring with

deflection

changes

thrust, then

of the

crown

of temperature,

due
and

to

the

the

TESTS

ARCHES.

OF

DESIGN

AND

109

?
.......

By tabulatingthe
springing

one

Ec(lc+els)

of ocy for all the

values
the

to

other

ring from

extremely simple,

is

solution

the

s, of the

segments,

since

constant.

is

The

followingis

given by
Let

Prof.

the

is

which

of

demonstration

the

method,

another

Cain:

change

rate

number

neutral

of the

span

axis ;

of

expansion

degree Fahrenheit

per

of divisions

ring in degrees Fahrenheit

of the

of temperature

of the

segments

or

ring,5

then

Ic~els

EJrc
-R-

"*

-LJ.

TT~o

"

ly^"mly
The

multipliedby
The

on

section,and

the

the

component

moment

will be

will be

section

any

bending

M=H(y"m)

is

Cain,
the

in

Prof.

used

Cain,

findingthe

of

Nostrand's

in the

examples

the

with

in

Bridge
in

reduce

the number

of

Further
greater accuracy.
Graphical Statics," by Prof.

the stresses
are

found

the

Engineering

and

H.

thrusts

News

of

by

T.

and

the

Sept. 21,

lar
perpendicu-

cation
practicalappli-

Elastic
Nos.

Prof.

William

Arches," by
42

and

48).

that
given is essentially
deflection polygons from

will be

that

of

the
Roof

and

reference

its

Series

is due

be

may

examples by

third

and

the

had

The

Thacher.

Mr.

to

method

The

Trusses."

scalingoperationson

in all parts of the

easily computed

and

Braced

second

the

of H

Arches," by

Science

tabulation

by

summations
introduced

Having

span

(14)

theory

and

construction

modifications
author

Solid

(Van

"Stresses

Burr's

elastic

the

"Theory

author

method

Prof.
of

also

and

the

........

of Steel-Concrete

given in "Theory

same

The
of

of

full demonstration

for half

taken

be

y may

two.

thrust

to that

y2 and

of

summations

V-'-O/

.......

diagram

to

and

the

give
in

"Researches

Eddy.
bending moments,

concrete

and

of the

the

intensities of

steel reinforcement

following formulas, published

1899, ^7

Mr.

Edwin

Thacher.

in

the
The

notation

is

reference

EC

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

HO

AC

=area

"

"

"

"

"

steel per

moment

to

facilitate

steel.

b,

=A

-5-

b,
the neutral

concrete, Ac, about

of

inches.

wide, square

inch

one

width

inch

of inertia

but

concrete.

"

"

steel in width

of
elasticity

of

"

"

Chapter II,

full.

of section of concrete
"

in

that used

as

modulus

or
"

Ic

same

giverrhere in

"

Ea

is

coefficient

As

mostly the

axis of the

combination.
Is

jc
/.

moment

of
intensity
"

h'

depth

"

"

steel.

to
the^combination

axis of

outer

fiber of

outer

fiber of

concrete, inches.

distance

"

"

neutral

from

bination.
com-

in inches.

steel

distance

axis of the

concrete.

"

"

of concrete

"

the
v

in the

stress

"

the neutral

of inertia of steel,a, about

to
axis of Jthe^combination

neutral

from

steel,inches.
T
M
P
/'

thrust

section

on

bending moment

pressure

on

distance

from

section

one

line of pressure

on

distance

on

from

of

axis

neutral

inches, taken
k

wide, pounds.

inch

one

inch wide,
section

foot-pounds.
inch

one

combination

wide, pounds.

line of pressure

to

in

to line of pressure.

normal

steel to

gravityof

of

center

bottom

of

concrete,

inches.
b

distance

from

of the width
For

sections

disposed about

in
the

center

to

center

of the

arch,

which

the

center

steel members

of

the direction

inches.

steel reinforcement

gravityof

of

in

the

is

symmetrically

concrete,

6hM

(i5)
eT

For
the

sections

center

of

in which

gravityof

the
the

6eh'M

steel is not

symmetrically disposed about

concrete,
T

h'm"

Pt'u
'

TESTS

ARCHES.

OF

DESIGN

AND

or
.

i2uM

T
ic

~i

~A

"

ePt'v

eT

;"=i-

Ac+ea

(19)

~"T-."r

Ic+eI8

or

i2evM

eT
Js

be

may
The

written

height of

of the arch

for Pt'

the

bottom

or

"

(17) and

in

(19).

axis

of the

concrete

is

the

above

combination

of the

neutral

soffit

equal to

\-eak\
-t-(Ac-\-ea)

(21)

......

The

for

each

square

the crown,

or

make

A8 equal

depth

the

at

Some

in

exceeding
stresses

the

the

ring

cannot

third

without

limit of

unless

in

the

which

of

the

the

-7-144,

of
elasticity

the

steel.

Such

"

one

concrete

the

being

is

steel

and

not

distribution
in

comply

of

properly

everywhere
To

bending

entire

concrete

fails,and

necessary.
the

the

take

from

concrete

is not

precaution

limit

steel to

the

line of pressure

the

within

the

with

this

being 36,000 pounds

per

inch,

for sections in which

center

greater than

assistance

I8

and

or

of
elasticity

occur

condition, the
square

to

the

the

of

cross-section

of

less than

be

not

crown.

designed ring
middle-

foot

engineers proportion

moment

should

steel reinforcement

inch

square
at

of the

section

of

gravity of

the

^M?;-T-3,ooo,

the steel is

(22)

.......

symmetricallydisposed about

the

concrete

(23)

.......

or

(24)
EXAMPLE

and

i.

"

This

example "shows

sections in detail for

of
the

two

an

'duplicatespans

semiellipse.

the determination

arch

for

with

multi-centered

highway

or

of the

city bridge,

stresses
to

sist
con-

intrados, approximating

H2

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

is the

33

thrusts.
the
the

The

clear

arches,I,

of the

span

grade is just 4 feet above

profileand the limitingpoints on

high

street

Elevation

of

ring

arches

"

high water

+271.40"

"

"

foundation

+255.00
or

neutral

"

"

sine)of

(or vers

line

"

+273.40"

axis at

"

(= J of

the span,

}in^R=^"^^

ft.

2X5.25

correct

so

as

s-r-h3 constant,

to make

spacing being obtained

into

subdivided

proportioned and

was

segments, "s,"

ft.

5.25

...

2r

ring

ft.

+ 273.775

springing+ 268.525"

............

of center

The

"

crown

"

'"'

neutral axis

follows:

274.15

"

center

of

elevations

"

at crown+
"

as

elevation of

ft.

intrados

nearly)

the

are

+275.40

"

the

The

water.

"

"

Radius

the

roadway

top of arch

"

Rise=

of

grade

"

42'.5, and

-and

line of pressure

the

graphic diagram showing

the

on

given in

as

divisions

10

Table

or

XXIII,

trial.

third

XXIII.

TABLE

Point.

The

"s,"

and

summation
The

loads
for

then

scalingthem

in

greater accuracy
is

XXIV

by Table

computed

weights from the center

half the span,
placed over

of the

live load

maximum

are

Correct.

to
to

on

each

For

XXIV.

convenience

"

LOADS.

in plotting

the

load

line.

division

each

line

load

springingare

give maximum

moments.
TABLE

for

or

the

given.
nearly

TESTS

The

following operations have

diagram, Fig. 33:
Assume
ordinates
of
2

pole

to

and

set

and

are

down

to

results in column

Trial

o.)

but
done

IM=Q

make

closingline

for

it is convenient

In hke

8.399.

column

ordinates

K2V'=

To

^7=

make

to

number

nvr

diagonal
and

closingline
they

is drawn

equal.
Multiply column

is

points) 83 .99
=

is found

Kl"K2

gives the

parallelogram nn'v'v,
the

ordinates

other

and

the

Only

be

can

(column 4)

the results in column

(or

8-399^- 42.5

the

triangleis required when

parallelto v"v',

in

as

same

would

be

the

the present

figures

nn'vf, is just the

triangle,

figuresopposite point

one

easily

most

Only

6.

more

trial

since

case,

are

T'

the

on

7
'

distance

span
r

42.5
HP
3

1034.30
Of
O
"

"

The

vertical

gravity of

the

through

these

interceptsof

points will

the

"

lay

it off

through
of the

the

ordinates

=vn=v'n'=8.4o
anywhere

and

tr with

draw

o"s

of the

(or
draw

the

draw

point and

o"r

o"

mark

be

exact

r' from

then

from

the

through

the centers

of

from

the

it R.

-"^

2 1

"

.25

center,

This

erect

draw

r'"t

parallelto t"t'\

scale

0.2

ft.

ular
perpendic-

is the center
On

this line

equals 8.399). Assume

pole to point r* and note
the

83.89

perpendicularthrough
and

equilibriumpolygon.
to

to

1803.03

span
-

horizontallyleft

distance

the

pass

I column

center

triangles.

two

take the distance

v

products (or

the

42.02

^column
Next

from

."v.'W*

/"

2 column

the

(L

"

"

vi

down

set

Lay
horizontally,making

7.

i cum

and

off the

diagram

JTcolumn
rPT)tPr

by column

column

in

moments)
and

in

triangles).This

shown, the

etc.

10,

where,
any-

which

points,which

Find

nn'v'.

the

down

it is reversed

oppositepoint

of

for arch

of

taken

2M=o,

3) -5- (number

slide rule to 7W-j-spanX

except that

and

as

equal

44.36 4-10=4.436.

interceptsof

by settinga
(column 4), and set
for triangles
nvv' are

and

so

be

may

trial

for
be

also

must

make

to

closingline

the

Draw

done

closingline

true

(I My

column
the

trianglesnvv'

the

properly

it

(column 3) X (column 4)

The

take

2) by

Mx=o:

the

making

equilibriumpolygon

manner

by dividing (2

Column

points

at

points from

of

distance

2Mx=o.

by making vn=vrnt=(2

-Mo=

and

=Mx.

Scale

in columns

results

set down

the

and

XXV

equilibriumpolygon.

horizontal

and

Table

to

equilibriumpolygon

to

"s"

4.

of ordinates

must

trial

and

Scale

XXV.

moments

polygon

of arch

of divisions

centers

3 of Table

reference

the

construct

line

center

loadingor
and

and

ARCHES.

OF

DESIGN

AND

center

parallelto
off distances

of

of

lay off

r"s

"o"

its intersection

Connect
and

i*

r"

pole

gravity of

or.

gravity

the
/ and

s"rr.

angle;
tri/'

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

114

the end

closingline by

locate true

Now

found

ordinates

these

by

equations:
wuvr

42.0

: 44.5

off

Lay

8.4

: :

and

vm=8.g

and

and

minus.

Take

Take

the

and

set down

in column

and

9, 3 and

8,

column
line

from

ii

through

39.5

: :

8.4

column

the

deflection

the

sign in

proper

side of center

rightof

the

the

In

6.

for

between

of column

center

as

arch

for

same

"a"

9.

and

points i

same

sign

proper

points 2

way

construct

on

horizontal

10

load line and

the

By

10

same

equilibrium polygon

struct
con-

process
the

on

left

line,getting"'=2.75.
column

Correct

is the true

column

9, for
Do

off values

polygon

which

interceptsbetween

polygon, gettingthe closingline 7=2.03.

construct

7.9.

8, noting

arch, column

5 and

to the

interceptsmpmf

the

with

Lay

8.

of arch

crown

42.0

oppositepoint i.

7, and

column

v'n' : i}'m'\

in

down

set

10

and

: :

off

with

same

interceptsof

of

sum

sr'

m"mr,

down

set

and

K^aK2

Ki"Kz,

connect

v'm^j.g;

the

Do

nn'v'

8.9

closing line,with 2Mx=o.

m"mf
and
polygon and
plus

and

: vm

: : vn

rs

by multiplying values

in

column

by 77==~~~

/ O

and

results in column

set down

12.

'My

take the difference of columns

Then

of column

set results in column

9, and

horizontal

The

thrust

multiplied by

results
set

are

column

the

are

down

The

bending

in column

thrusts

rays

from

arch

and

the
to

13

and

true

the

line of pressure

surface

the values

to

show
The

This
it

"

arch

obtained

lay

off

on

found

as

assumed

is the

pole

16,300 Ibs.

(16,300Ibs.)and

thrust

the

ring in foot-pounds,which

are

is omitted

the

graphicallyby drawing

tangents

the

to

two

line of

center

the ordinates
in column

13.

from

ing
check-

one

the center

Connect

Secondly, the

rays

the line of pressure

the

because

diagram

the

methods,

parallelto
on

the

shown.

plottedby

the line of pressure.

the load line

points.

be

may

neutral

pole to

are

pole parallelto

First

have

sign

14.

other.

we

in

moments

the

and

"

this horizontal

by

shears

line of pressure

The

the

2.03

Multiply

distance
2.75

Ibs. X

12,000

"=-=

changing

12,

13.

I'

distance

now=o.

and

pole

true

or

is

the

line

these
from

at the

or

points

the true

respective

scale is too

small

distinctly.

pole is found by drawing a line from the assumed

pole
the
and
to the load-line parallel
to m"mf,
true
by laying
closingline,
off horizontally
from
this point on
the load-line the true
pole distance
or

true

horizontal

thrust=

16,300 Ibs. found

above.

TESTS

X
X
m
j

PQ
"

AND

DESIGN

OF

ARCHES.

n6

REINFORCED

proportion the ring to the stresses

(20),using the one applicableto the

To

(15)to
An

critical pointsare
for

are

to

6, 8,

section

10,

section

14

and

15

and

V.

The

columns

inspectionof

XXV

CONCRETE.

slice

or

inch

foot

it is found

that

be

changed, the depth

and

therefore

h3 must

be

depth
other

at

these

either

one

the

length of

that

the

any

change

at

It will often
the
are
or

and

ring,and
the

or

excessive

numbers

the

that

of Table

must

first be

duced
re-

any

point has

to

XXVI.

".h"

in order

the
V

does

not

the

at

all

at

affect

without

springinglines,

S-t-h3 constant,

keep
ratio

same

varied

be

to

at

the

points.

to

by increasingor diminishing the

axis.

and

The

section

altered

not

are

the

for this is

reason

KiaK2

Since

conditions, the
reference

any

and

by

V.

possiblevariations
formulas

formulas

convenient.

thrusts

These

ring

interceptsmpm'

requiretwo

were

the

shows

XXV

and

three

or

sometimes

right section for the critical points. Those

only the final ones, the trial sections which
which

most

and

thick.

sides of the neutral

both

or

Table

points,except

in

points may

two

points of

changed

at

and

moments

of

depth

changed

whatever

change

any

on

must

of

XXVI.

of all other

also be

V,

the

one

sections

in Table

thick, as
TABLE

When

of

apply

in

strengthhaving

in methods

method, which, however,

for

this

sections
gave

been

the sections

(i), (2), (4), and

given
high

too

discarded.
worked

are

(5), given

part of the

trials to find

more

in

the

problem

below

stresses

To
out

trate
illus-

by

the

approximate
are

exact

and

reliable.
Point

/"=

10.

0.336,

L9

5"

"

and

a=

Eala

=^-

i+y

+ y

36"

IT..6
=

c.

0.079.

480/8

"

I beams

-^=0.93.
14.6

14.6

62

to

c., h

at crown"

7", /*

i3", ^'=5",

TESTS

i,

Ibs. per

f +178

72X176"!

510

ARCHES.

OF

DESIGN

AND

sq. in.

6X

i,5io

Point

^62
^=^^=2.24,

6.

( +

$X 176!

0.60,0

=0.31,

3.24

3.24

Ibs. per

+ 204

Point
From

V.

from

2.

There

all the

the

"

be

between

"

"

Instead

of the
to

sq. in.

for

they

on

of

Fig.

those

to

the

of

and

34

which
for

construction

and

of the

"=14.813

trations
concen-

taken

the

is located

arch

and

XXVII

with

arch

over

ratios

"

by

and

RT'=
T"

8.082-0.266=

8.348,

r/=i6.i64,ffrom

which

8.348
vm=

26.10
.

16.164
'v'm'"

26.

lo-^-"
16.164

Cr=Crx=

7.816.

0.266=

8.082+

12.62.

we

the

=13.05;

lo

8.082; TR=

additional

vn

to

vm

is used.

vn=vfn'="

"

XXX

differ.

before

as

to

require no

findingthe

(8,518.22-^234.89) 36=0.266
=

be

and

ties, and

wheel

may

they

Io

17.45)-36

the

Tables

the

Example

point in

one

graphic

closingline

26.10; CR=

ballast
the

on
longitudinally

v'm', the followinganalyticalmethod

K1V"K2V/=-

of
of

consider

to

ties, and

three

over

feet

bottom

the

It is usual

better.

least

and

single-trackrailroad

adjacent wheels.

similar

are

arch

uniformly distributed

explanationexcept

The

sq. in.

"

"

78

"

top of the

graphic diagram

inclusive

i/n'

72-foot span
generally be at

distributed

space

The

is

should

perfectsafetyas

and

sq. in.

"

Ibs. per

154

Ibs. per

j + 2,080

This

"

6 feet would
as

-M

(+3,500

J "i

6,187.45

-.

between
filling

Ibs. per

7,230

equation (16),

bridge.

and

II

7c=6,i74.

[45-16

EXAMPLE

or

ri,730TI7"28oX42"lj +
=

it

^=42",

sq. in.

equation (15),
f

and

( +

fI"365 -,-6X5X681
+
I
I "-3I
T~
L-079
0.336 J

It

"g

_|_

sq. in.

2.24
a=

162

Ibs. per

2,440

get

equation
vn-\-v'n'

n8

REINFORCED

XXVII.

TABLE

Live

load

assumed

Ibs.

5,000

distributed

as

LOADS

"

lineal

per

foot

Assume

Then

in

.by Table

XXIX

pole

track

WIDTH.

OF

Ibs.

plus

50,000

at

56,000

head

at

excess

of

train,

of arch.

distance

Ibs.

scaling the interceptsmpm'

they

1348

column

in

FOOT

PER

are

computed

the

values

follows:

as

values

The

of

place

of

ft. width

16^

on

CONCRETE.

multipliedby

give

in

72
12.62
3, and

column

in column

values

the

inverted

multipliedby

give

72

values in column

the

Column

interceptsmpm',
6, which

column

values

The

of Table

values

taken

are

in column

of

set down

Table

by subtractingthe
latter

Joad line of the

The

3 and

of

sum

7 of Table

XXIX

set

5 from

3 of Table

are

and

which

the assumed

gives the

XXIX

deflection

in column

thrusts

XXX,

Table

n,
moments

polygon
Table

gives the
those

in

XXVIII.
in column

down

for

values
the

for the

ordinates

or

equilibrium polygon

and

XXVIII.
for

slice

also illustrates the

depth at the crown

of 1.48,feet, keeping s-"-h3 constant.

from

in column

column

from

column

4, and

XXVIII.

Column

are

4.

columns

5 is the

inch

one

method

of 1.94

feet

of
to

thick

are

given

in

adjusting the ring

the

requireddepth

TESTS

AND

DESIGN

OF

ARCHES.

119

O
LO

ON

oo

REINFORCED

120

CONCRETE.

XXIX.

TABLE

Point

78=

9.

Steel, 12"

"

From

222-^36.

I beam

31^ pounds; 1=36",

at

(15) and

equations

(16),

34,

lbs' per

Point

Point

^=9.3-^36,

II

7,ooo

7,870

sq'

II

m'

II

14:

18:
180.000

[5,780
40.35^

~l

2,497

+215

"

lbs. per

sq.

in.

TESTS

Point

ARCHES.

OF

DESIGN

AND

121

i:

264,0001

r^^o

DOO_"

[40-35

.,

Ibs. per

+ 244

in.

sq.

2,497
.

Point

V:

7,840
i24"-

at

both

is

time.

ranging

from

above

examples,
available

best

6=20

to

6=15

data

are

for

span,

3.

the

The

latter

that

somewhat

exactly

further

of

Example

insertingthe

while
columns

the

at

ent
pres-

values

arches

truth.

arch

culvert

diagram, Fig.

The

finding the

for
to

in

that

taken

was

generallyused

the

to

of

XXX.

of

that

Example

of

gives the

35,

and

thrusts

Fig.

2,

15 ft. clear
loads

moments.

docs

and

34,

explanation.
of the
2,

analysis,given
in the

except that

simplifiedby combining
mpm',

is

semicircular

similar

previous example

ordinates

by

is

analyticalpart

The

the

is for

require any
to

This

public highway.
graphical construction

and

not

"

in.

sq.

value

2, the

indicate

near

TABLE

EXAMPLE

and

than

considerably higher

The

IDS per

+ 6,300

40=

7"840 J

of the

This

40.

In

sq. in.

268,000!

/"=

Ibs. per

+ 252

i,ooo,ooo!

Table
in this

case

8, 9, and

was

the
10

present

operations

the

XXIX

in Table

same

of

introduced

the

case

in

is
In

finding the

for

XXXI,

work

table.

one

operations are
Table

is similar

XXXI,

performed

which

corre-

REINFORCED

122

spond
the

five

figuresof

and

the

chance

5 of Table

3, 4, and

columns

to

from

columns

of

in

errors

CONCRETE.

XXIX.
table

one

copying

points

T column
iun=vn

vn+v'nf

distance

points

3.024;

=7.248;
1

CR=

3.16;

28.99
_

of

saved,

number

copying

25.28

of

is thus

another

to

of

reduced.

column
number

labor

The

from

center

-=

column
"

span

="

column

"7

210.

-7-5=7-56-7-5c

"

28.99

^column
C- J.

L-J

"

-P;

"

TR=CT

7'^

column

-CR=

span_i35.oi

14.51

1.80-0.06=

i.

RT'=CT'+CR=

1.80+0.06=

1.86.

TT'=TR+RT'=

1.74+ 1.86=3.60;

74;

Therefore

RTr

,=

rT~*

v'm'=

86

7.248X^=3.75;

T~\

"

Therefore
vm+v'm

The

follow

computation
in the

The

same

assumed

way

of

columns
as

that

'=7.25.
8, 9,

of Table

10,

and

of

Table

XXXI

XXIX.

pole distance is 4,150 Ibs.,and

/'

1.66

=4,225.
"^
1.03

The
as
i

moments

before.

and

2.

and

All other

thrusts, columns

operations are

17 and
Hcntical

18,
with

are

found

those

of

precisely
examples

TESTS

AND

OF

DESIGN

TABLE

XXXI.

ARCHES.

123

REINFORCED

124

CONCRETE.

CENTERS

Success
the

on

in

arch

of the
The

make

loaded.
on

The
which

with
in

the

spanning

lower

The

series of

When

retroussee

under

the

Deflection

ring
the

below

planks

with

so

the

of

intrados.
form

arch

ring

measured

an

have

ribs

the

the

opening

construction

facilitate

camber

loading,so

or

be

and

that

stresses

sand-boxes.

arid

the

the

the

on

the

of

centers

and

the

braces

The

at

are

in

have

that

to

coincide
bolted

Fig. 287
should

deflection

never

cut

lagging

centers

the

to

than

of

are

is shown

ring will

shorter

the

centers.

lagging will

bridge.
equal

of

by spiking together

construction

about

surface,

striking the

foldingwedges
fine, clean,

Topeka

the

the

gradually removing

thickness

tie-beams,
back-pieces,
of

or

construction.

during

and

the

top

This

arch, with

top edges of which

and

ribs.

"cocket"

injurious deflections,

usually formed

the

under

used, extraordinary

ring comes

joints,the
that

neutral

of the

of the

are

open
or

of the

of

progress

material,

intrados

it, so

of

full

on

break

The

amount

other

times
some-

are

by properly designing the

minimum
the

truss

as

latter

narrow

be

to

occur

act

bers
mem-

piers.

or

that will

to

web

or

traffic

span

loading

the

centers

under

computations
To

only

the

to

centers

weight

trussed

the
illustrating

given

be

equal

the

to

as

inside

together to
be

as

rock
bed-

on

classes, those

"retroussee"

and

or

parallelwith
or

called

may

during

cement

back-pieces of

curve

laid

which

keep

to

excessive

reduced

load

temporary

several

be

The

avoid

to

the

more

largelyprevented by temporarily loading

with

The

be

deformations

be

can

crown

the

be

can

and

centers,

in

charges

driven

heavily

be

braces

those

or

are

span

cocket

or

struction
con-

it is possible

well

as

two

the

clearance.

abutments

be. exercised

must

and

the

the

may

into

of

tie-beam, and

it may

openings,or

be

not

they

divided

give under

to

of

should

intersection

or

construction

width

should

they

provide water-way

supported by

centers

care

chord

to

and

design

unyielding as

as

when

be

may

every

opening

an

during

centers.

at

used

the

on

much

as

ring.

be

they

quite

or

foundation.

themselves

required
the arch

be

only

supported

are

piles,and

equallygood

centers

arch

used

pilesare

foundation

an

it does

as

should

centers

If

Sills should

or

supports

for the

them.

permanent

as

their

WORKS.

depends nearly

abutments, piers,and

supports

to

construction

and

centers

FALSE

AND

assumed

of

the

length,
in

the

sections.

centers, they should

If the latter

perfectlydry,

and

they

are

be

used,

should

be

supported

the

sand

sealed

on

should
around

TESTS

the

plunger

the

centers

of

they

case

the

by
the

with

cement

both

quality of

poor

most

arches

are

been

the

latter

give

when

thin
In

to

latter

accounted

for

seal them

around

for

concrete

should

in which

is the

of the

Where
used

Table

XXXII

in

Table

until

usual

been

strikingthe
and

support

Figs. 281

in

the

lesser

spaced

further

the

If

arch.

and

of

number

apart than

lagging

The

and

other

in

supports

be

may

the

cient
coeffi-

inches, E
moment

of inertia

taken

at

1,200,000

for white

and

spruce,

oak.

or

lagging
be

may

and

length

7 the

forms

braces

the

and

question, the

or

beam

formula

timber,

and

pine

cases

the
and

after

struck

centers

by

struts

and

other

any

proportioned by

Table

XXXIII

be

may

for

proportioned

the

ring

within

is

one

closed, but
week.

to

let them

down

and

without

shock.

the

arches

concrete

supports

are

or

282.

This

arrangement

in

Care

strike

to
a

of

be

through the
back-pieces,as

is effective

and

ters
cencases

used

of load

up

the

the

number

should

relieve them

carried

wedges directlyunder

not

in

ally
gradu-

tie-beams

illustrated

economical

been

successfully
employed.
that
the
important
supports

directions,but

point.

practice with

uniformly

some

It is

deflecting

places, the salvage

1,600,000 for yellow pine

white

thirtydays

have

has

ribs

XXXIV.

It is the

In

of

the

centers

oak.

or

of

the

center

is not

the

for

yellow pine

to

at

deflection

beams

be

are

the

pounds uniformly distributed,/

in inches.
and

spruce

in

of
elasticity

cross-section

and

they

of

soffit of

three

or

can

deflection

investigatedby

center

modolus

or

ring,and

ring between

the

to

material,

extra

of the

edge.

on

centers, without

two

the latter

the

weight

from

span

the

set

used.

cases

be

than

lagging

curve

of the

weight

surface

more

for

pay

the

to

of

4-in. pieces

by

ft. between

uneven

not

lagging is

supports

pine

at

important

of the

an

required,as

are

the

ft. to

are

than

more

costlyribs

and

failure

form

2-in.

conform

to

ins., to carry

lightlytoe-nailed
will

be

to

enough

to
sufficiently

in

the

and

convenient

most

found

narrow

deep enough,
when

the

cases

has

They

and

used

the

In

plungers.
In

by

sand

be

may

under

used

were

Jacaguas bridges.

entirelysuccessful, which

not

were

and

Topeka

125

sand-boxes

Such

mortar.

the

ARCHES.

OF

DESIGN

AND

Figs.

280

to

and

centers

be

well

braced

illustrate
286, inclusive, sufficiently

in all

this

126

TABLE

XXXII.

SHOWING

"

(FOOTS-POUNDS)

TABLE

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

XXXIII.

"

SHOWING

(FOOT-POUNDS)

CAPACITY
FOR

I,OOO

For

White

CAPACITY
FOR

For

1,500
Yellow

OF

TIMBER

LBS.

PER

Pine

OF
LBS.

$Q. IN.

IN

FlBER

BENDNG

MOMENTS

STRAIN.

Spruce.

or

TIMBER

BEAMS

SQ. IN.

PER

Pine

BEAMS

or

Oak.

IN

FIBER

BENDING
STRAIN.

MOMENTS

TESTS

TABLE

XXXIV.

SHOWING

ARCHES.

OF

DESIGN

AND

STRESSES

UNIT

least

the

engineers

ring heavy

without

construction,
a

scheme

arch

bridges
is

It

the

the

in

author

use

floor

the

centers

it

the

as

and

lagging

out

on

small

for

but

be

could

of

amount

which

have

Such
is

important

continually

injurious
not

it

and

hazardous.

even

an

could

or

place

taking

but

not

scale,

large
and

experimental

during

concrete

supports.

temporary

or

would

they

ring,

the

of

reinforcement

steel

the

construction,

regards

and

make

carried

inch.

square

per

carry

deformations

construction,
of

of

inches.

in

member

to

to

successfully

that

concrete

enough

POSTS.

feet.

pounds

proposed

the

used

certain

during
on

be

may

generally

very

stiff

of
in

stress

have

and

in

member

dimension

/=safe

Some

of

length

TIMBER

FOR

"

127

be

effect

estimated
.

The
in
Van

work

general
by

Nostrand's

John

subject
B.
Science

of

McMaster,
Series.

centers

is
entitled

treated

"Bridge

in
and

considerable
Tunnel

detail

Centers,'7

PART

II.

CONSTRUCTION

FOUNDATION

VI."

CHAPTER.

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

REINFORCED
work.

Only
The

been

and

development

these

teredo-infested

has

attained

It

is

combined

covering
similar;
and

the

concrete

and

in

the

by
of
per
For
for

Fig. 36.
1,166,000

the

In

concrete

Ibs.

top
other

course

courses

has
timber

in

layers

to

was

allowable
gave

of

the

at

22

7$-lb. railway

layer

top
of

rails.

this
to

ing
carry-

but

footing,
beams

they

embedded
of

composed

ft. 8

of

each

other

succeeding
rails

with

soil

ft.

ins.Xiy

final

was

were

way
railand

step
rolled

is shown

column

carry

I beams
The

steel

construction

the

on

grillage i5-in.

of

grillages

designed

footing

beam

employed.

pressure

load

mesh.

to

the

concrete

concrete-steel

skeletons

right angles

footing
was

steel

of

forms

replace

foundation

of

metal

and

of

are

column

of

of

with

footings
forms

capable

forms

grillages

generally

column

ground
systems

these

concrete

earlier

were

The

of

heavy
of

of

footing,

these

plate

or

crete
con-

tion.
construc-

column

concentrated

Various

each

the

typical single
This

soil.

slab

area

an

rods, bars,

as

foot, which

square
the

such

development

I beams.

for

continuous

principle

under

rigid

the

into

superimposed
in

but

which

tall-building

and

In

provide

to

over

footings

"

embedded

load

divided

Grillages.

rails

is
is

this

into

elements,

greater

reinforced

of

simple

columns,
area.

each

which

the

forms:
more

constructing

arbitrarily

Beam

or

overloading
in

be

small

of

distribute

employed

may
in

three

two

in

development

foundation

purpose

it without
are

for

steel,

will

so

have

confidence.

material

foundation

spread

highest
in

whole

embedded

and

its

footings

The

"

employed

the

have

armoring

or

plate

caisson-work,

the

sheathing

the

waters.

Foundations.

Spread

is

favor

of

use

ance.
accept-

piles

begets

concrete-steel

of

is

to

and

grows

minor

uses.

considerable

in

piles

also

second

they promise

them

tion
founda-

extensively

so

concrete-steel

recently

with

examples

the

in

general

foundation

and

and

forms

with

met

spread

successfully,

exceptional

with

the

construction,

experience
few

are

met

driven
as

are

is

Comparatively

piles.

made

these

of

variety

however,

have,

tall-building

for

There

of

in

employed

forms

two

first

in

employed
capping

is

concrete

IN

load

3,000
ins.

in

employed,

step in the

Ibs.

plan.
and

develop-

REINFORCED

132

3/ Rails,

75lbs.per

Vtf/

CONCRETE.

CONSTRUCTION.

FOUNDATION

beam

of

ment

grillage. Fig.

37

for

building in

ip-story

of

the

was
grillages

shows

San

ft.

building was
98X102
of
concrete.
layer plain

foundation

The

area

tom
footing consists of a 2-ft. botset a layer of i5-in.I beams,

This

this

On

Cal.

entire

employed

grillagefoundation

Francisco,

this

for the

of I beams

employment

continuous

the

133

was

f^%\w^%"4-^^^

FIG.

37.

Continuous

"

end

to

of

length

These

beams

ft.

91.5

of rafts

means

with

Footings

together.
footings

and

network

embedded

the

netting
wall

and

the

sets

of

bars

are

reinforced
with

by

layers

two

spread

continuous
in the

Monier

made

netting.

exists
or

in

bars

each

The

or

other

the

This

arrangement

and

of the

on

it.

in

all of

bar

for

tension-bars

these

may

be

for

wall

of

the

plate.
For

wall

loads

heavy
above

The

partlyon
one

of

are

in the

heavy loads.
for

form

reinforcement.

and

the

to

for

location

embedded

footings

footingsboth

of

are

Monier

perpendicular

shape

bars of which

column

column

universal
in the

of

considered

regular

For

structions
con-

form

and

Expanded metal,
substantiallyin the same

layers,the

which

side

only

netting placed one

reinforcement

of

in the

Footings

is in fact the almost

with

number

them.

is used

carrying-rodsare

general uniformity

same

compression
of

the

layersof

for ordinary loads

footing-slab
on

side

between

arranged
and

layer.

by
footing

this

differ

employed

as

tension

more

constructions
are

foundations

carrying-bars.

footings employing
or

first

reinforced

carried

were

spliced

first layer. This

the

"

spacing-rods parallelto

of concrete

netting.

the

to

of concrete

footings,consists

that

so

spread foundations,

in

like

Reinforcements.

netting used,

or

placed

the

right angles

at

columns

Bar

construction,

for

is

and

for

bars

Monier

filled in flush with

was

layer of i5-in.beams

ins. thick

The

Spreckles Building,

distributinggirders.

Mesh

reinforcing

Concrete

concrete

footing 54

beams.

employed
the

placed

filled with

of

ft.

it a second

on

was

then

were

operation completed
two
layersof i5-in.I
by

length of 96

beams, and

the tops of these

to

to

for

Cal.

Francisco,

San

splicedend

Foundation

Grillage

I-beam

are

other

employed
manner

as

of all foundation

of

metal

and

mesh

arrangement

reinforcingrods
at

right angles to
side

Fig. 38 shows
column

as

tension

the tension

the

side
and
the

of

the

partly
regular

footingsfor

the

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

concrete-steel Ingalls Building

square

in

plan

with

k-

FIG.

38." Single Column

is reinforced

and

sides

pyramidal

The

O.

Cincinnati,

at

at

footing
the

is

bottom

"

with

Footing

Bar

Ingalls Building,

Reinforcement,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

2,%.
Bars*.

A Bent-Down
/-\

as

Shown

I/Bars or

Stirrups
Plan

of

Upper

'-,-"

Portion.

45

Enlarged
Section

A-B.

Plan,

footing
FiG.

39.

"

Combined

for

6-

Columns

Footing

for

9-

Two

Columns,

Ingalls Building,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

by two layersof f-in.twisted square bars, the bars in each layerbeing

footingsfor two columns
spaced 6 ins. apart. The combined
employed
in the same
in
with
wide
a
building,Fig. 39, are rectangular
plan

CONSTRUCTION.

FOUNDATION

batter
at

the

on

both

shows

sides

top and

and

bottom

combined

one

narrow

by

footingfor

the

on

ends,

and

reinforced

are

longitudinalrods.

and

transverse

135

unequally

columns

loaded

Fig. 40

which

was

'OJ

""

C
o

'"6

bo
C

"

11

Q)

28
O

CO

cd
CO

employed
at

in

the

Hardware
Norvell-Shapleigh

St. Louis, Mo.

described

580

tons

on

334.

distributed

Footings
European
systems

p.

The

with

over

Bar

constructions
of

reinforcement.

reinforcing-bars
were
The
an

and
for

total
area

load

of 232

Company's

carried

corrugated form
by this footing is

sq. ft.

Stirrup Reinforcement."
spread
The

foundations

most

building

of the

notable

employ
of

these

number

rod

and

is the

of

stirrup
Henne-

136

REINFORCED

bique,whose
This

applicationto

particularfooting

France,

and

it carries

was

CONCRETE.

singlecolumn
employed in

column

load
in

footingis

of 130

metric

and

of

courses

bars

iron
each

to

the

two

laid

at

lower

the

other,

adopts
straps

When

concrete.

is

footing

bar

planes.

plane

at

the

are

Hennebique

reinforcement

laid flatwise

are

in which

and

The

parallelin

straps in each

right angles

to

adjacent planes, and

For

straps.

Mr.

of

his

C/3

layer

of

in

modified

flat-platefloor

which

heavilyreinforced

layers

footings

employs

ribbed

construction

in

continuous

Hennebique

form

those

different

separates the

concrete

stiffer

Mr.

required

horizontal

of

by

having stirrupsextending upward

into

OH
a

reinforced

round

Lisle,

at

It is square

tons.

is

right angles
bars

by Fig. 41.

building erected

plan

shown

the
the

on

ribs

are

compression

rv

in

edge
bars.'

addition

Fig.

continuous

the

to

shows

42

usual

the

tension-

details

of this

foundation

spread

of

construction.

Pile Foundations
d

Concrete

a
J3

Caps.

of

The

"

concrete

'o

to

with

embed

foundations

pile

of

adaptation

of reinforced

use

and

cap

Reinforced

the

is

tops

simply

concrete-steel

to

an

other
an-

rf

of

the
is

concrete

for which

purposes

plain

The

employed.

most

nished
furimportant examples of it are
by tall-buildingpractice,but
have

bridge piers
the

same

way.
caps

The
for

largelyfor spread
the

same

masonry

smaller

unreinforced

tops of the

pileswith
or

area

concrete.

reinforced

with

placed two

for tall

foundations

foundations

are

that

pile foundations

stiffness with
or

influences

reason

same

concrete

rather

more

thick

founded

been

the

adoption

influences

its

buildings; it gives
and

usual

caps

is to

bed

of

layersof I beams

construction
embed

and
On

concrete.

which

are

crete-steel
con-

adoption

so

footingof

less thickness

much

The

of

in

than
of

cover

this

pile
the

form
plat-

filled between

FOUNDATION

and

covered

with

grillages.A
cap

CONSTRUCTION.

in

exactly as

concrete

bold

example

of

is shown

by Fig.

43,

of

FIG.

for
40

an

Continuous

"

and

ft.

165

and

Footing, Slab,

close

approach

to

sides of the

lot.

to

Each

the

reinforced

crete
con-

foundation

the

Girder.

of

long, and

beam

Slab.

Girder

-story Chicago office building. The

ft. wide

long

42.

of

foundations

spread

with
pile foundation
which
is a portion of

Details

Details

137

owing
walls

transverse

to

of

Construction.

foundation

was

the

conditions

the

buildingsadjoining the

of columns

row

area

it

sirable
unde-

was

is carried

on

| uTTLfi

LC--.~./Q'Q!'. J

FIG.

43.

"

separate

footing, and

these

plate girdersembedded
on

the

three

transverse

outermost

employed
rose

for

No.

gage

in

of

rows

the

consists of

plate.

The

Piles, n-story

footings

each

piles,with
for

the

was

secured

of

which

rests

bracketing out beyond

capping

concrete

piers of the
Philadelphia,Pa.

masonry

to

111.

parallel

three

concrete

reinforced

SchuylkillRiver at
layer of expanded

metal

of

its ends
the

Building, Chicago,

consist

rectangularslab

piles. Fig. 44 shows

the pile foundations

ferrybridge over

reinforcement

for Timber

Capping

Concrete-steel

Section.

Cross

Section.

Longitudinal

metal
each

of 6-in. mesh

piletop by

PenThe
and

staple.

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

Concrete-steel
with

in

on

usual

the

the masonry

In

construction

columns

from

same

with

of

timber

disadvantages.

concrete-steel

the

the

as

employed for
timber
piles.

advantages and

several

important advantage, perhaps,

most

crete-steel
con-

or

essentially

not

be

may

manner

same

have

pilesthey

Their

concrete

pilesare

material; they

much

or

rows

steel superstructure is built in

or

that

in

and

purposes

Compared

platform or grillageof

which

manner.

different

with

capped

and

in

driven

pilesare

tions
founda-

the familiar

materiallyfrom

the

timber-pilefoundations;

of

clusters

differ

of

construction

The

"

-steel pilesdoes not

concrete

construction

Foundations.

Pile

some

is that

'i

^^rmtrrm^
Section

Cross

FiG.

44.

Side

Penrose

Foundation,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Capping

Concrete-steel

"

Elevation

Pile

for

Bridge,

Ferry

they are equally durable in dry or wet soil,while pilesof timber must
serious
be constantly submerged to remain
preserved. Their most
that

disadvantages are
troublesome

drive

to

they

than

more

are

timber

piles.

of driving concrete-steel
the difficulty
and

with

care

it is

any

soil that

timber

usually cost
saving in
pilesoff
of

pilesis

promise

the

embeds

Pile

combine

the

for

Another

tops.

advantages

of

more

in

almost

use

will effect

having
of

they

and

pileswith

the

cut

volume

concrete-steel
be

may

concrete

to

or

bonded

reinforced

word, concrete-steel

timber

will

pile concrete

of excavation

advantage

In

driven

its

foundation, since, not

and

practice,however,
largelyovercome,

be

Often, however,

with
which
efficiency
grillageor capping of

their

been

pilescan

and

readiness

which
to

of the

reduced.

be

monolithicallywith
concrete

pileshas

such

first cost

recent

ground-water level,the depth

may

the

timber.

total cost

below

masonry

that

In

pileswill penetrate.

than

more

the

probable

expensive in

some

piles
of

the

CONSTRUCTION.

FOUNDATION

piers,and

advantages

of

of moisture

conditions

make

suitable
particularly

them

Cast-pile
the

masonry

principalforms

in construction.

The

concrete

pileof

possess

certain

would

be

molds

and

advantages

of

reinforcement

the

the

piles illustrated

are

quadrilateral.Fig.

shows

45

of

cast

form

in

its

employed
reinforced

of

pilewould
of

the
All

all but

and

one

bearing pile designed

of

form

it

sections, but

construction.

cross-section

in
the

been

show

50

greater complexity

the

required

rectilinear

are

to

have

rectilinear

over

of

expensive because

more

Figs. 45

Such

being used.

section

obvious

of

instance

no

of the teredo

work.

pileswhich
of

writers know

circular

the ravages

illustrations

The

"

from

for marine

concrete-steel

of

particulartheir independence

their freedom

and

Construction.

in

139

II

FIG.

in

used

and

45.

to

top

in

shoe

consistingof

together at

tops
round

as

into two,

reaching

rods

is increased

The

to

the

the

shown

pilesare
running lengthwise of
sides.

French

section

above

the

shoulder

driving-cap. The point is shod

point and four side straps which

into

soft-iron

intervals

this reinforcement

hole

lock

to

by

the

engineer
point being pyramidal and

round

Construction.

Hennebique

section,the

in with

applicationof

of four

of the

in

the

their

at

of

important structures

of

being shouldered

permit

cast-iron

number

Pile

Concrete

It is square

Hennebique.
the

Reinforced

"

placed at
by

by

the

four

beveled

at

the

additional

rods

constructed

the center.

surfaces

In

at

the

This

sists
con-

and

corners

bend

reinforcement

four

drawing.

also sometimes
them

The

concrete.

with

wired

instances

some

placed midway
with

hole

bifurcates

point,and

serves

circular

for

water-jetduring driving and

as

It is filled

previous

piles Mr.

rectangular slab
the
of

the

so

as

'

form

to

faces

slotted

are

semicircular

These

employs

six

instead

for

serves

being placed

FIG.

46.

the

show

form

One

driven
a

the

Fig. 48
the

shows

form

of the
at

the

The

will be

corners

and

At

bottom

point and

Portland

are

cement

pile of American
cross-section

with

Portland-cement
in. rods

placed at

consists

of

7.7 ft. by

means

and

quay
of

wired

of

other

of

fastened

the

at
to

top

massive

pile which

court-house

togetherat
the pile the
together.
parts

river

by

three

intervals
ends
The

designed

was

carried

gravel.

The
and

reinforcement

extending down

back

employed

in

many.
Berlin, Ger-

near

the
rods

rods

pile is
is made
of
the

J-in.

converge
was

reinforced

consists

apices
placed

ties of

by

mixture

into

for

anchor.

concrete

three

concrete

are

was

of 8 ins.

of the

tongue

they

i-in. iron

by Fig. 49. The

design
flat top, and
a pyramidal point and
corners

has

pileis triangularin section,with

is reinforced

concrete.

angle cross-

was

built

tied

beams

plateand

the

by

is shown

parallelI

two

is shown

the

injecting

described.

been

pileswhen

shown

for

welded
and

sheeting,
piles. This
as

for

design

the

concrete-steel

the

seen,

has

pile of European

anchor-rod

construction

the

face

Construction.

Hennebique

adjacent
particularpile illustrated

trianglecut off,and

wire.
to

driven

afterwards

faces is grooved and

the
the

foundation

broad

pair of

each

construction

interlockingof

of
filling

As

sheet

narrow

the

wall, and

quay

into

for

reinforcing-bars,

of each

pilesare

of

Piling

pile whose

of about

sheeting.

as

Sheet

reinforcement

of the

provide

to

four

to

square

of the circular
points. The final filling
plate of the sheeting. The drawings Fig. 46

sheet

intervals

togetherat
ties.

of

The

47.

of sheet

the

Concrete

concrete-steel

Another

Fig.

Reinforced

"

the

water-jetduring drivingand

monolithic

of

between

bottom

to

top

grout into the soil around

holes forms

from

midway

one

when

form,

grooves

circular hole from

hole

cross-section

position.

construction

faces
by beveling one of the narrow
point is formed
wedge edge with the opposite face, and both narrow
by a semicircular groove running from pointto shoulder.

The

pile.

pile.

the

bars

additional

two

the

In

changes

Hennebique
and

the

its final

to

soil

the

into

forcinggrout

pilehas penetrated

capping

to

of

means

the

surrounding the point when

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

140

part

concrete

square

in

of 1-2-4
four

iT7^-

pyramidal

point,where

they

anchored

the

to

Throughout

by

ins. above

driven

seat

the

on

shoe-point.

cast-iron

wire

the

of the
ties.

pilethe

this top concrete

be

may

is carried

piles are

the

after

tops.

together

concrete

off,leavingthe rods

broken

their

bound

reinforcing-rods

but
reinforcing-rods,

tops of the

point is

This

at

are

top of the pilethe

the

At

in

bent

pile by wrought-iron straps

the shaft

at intervals
a

take

141

CONSTRUCTION.

FOUNDATION

projecting

NEWS.

FIG.

to

bond

47.

"

pile with

the

Sheet

Concrete

its

each

were

foot

drawings.
of pile,and

262

Ibs.

in

area

I-beam

50

in

constructing a
Altogether twenty-four of these

Russia.

the

with

capping. Fig.

pile employed

They

Pile

to

the

carry

Concrete-steel

pilesso

The

ms-

square

reinforcement
total

pilehad

Each

and

15.75

Piles

weight

to

load
Built

far described

of the

are

wharf

about

employed.

were

reinforced

45

as

shown

Ibs. per

lineal foot
floor

of wharf

crete-steel
con-

Novorossisk,

at

piles

of

form

the

by

lineal

was

about

269

sq. ft.

Ibs.

Place.

molded

shows

pilesper

section

85,584
in

were

weighed

support
of

and

Reinforcement.

"

The

forms

of

complete,and

reinforced
after

crete
con-

hardening

REINFORCED

142

CONCRETE.

^^r^^^^/^.%%?";^;^"^/,^/3t^

|"-

-^

-15-

k'V/ire

FIG.

48.

Pile

"

for

EN".
NCW9.

Reinforced

Concrete
tion,
Founda-

Court-house

Berlin, Germany.

-I"
Jet Hole
C.I.Point
FIG.

Reinforced

Concrete

Building, New

FIG.

49.
Pile

for

York

Hallenbeck

City.

Reinforced
at

50.

Concrete

Novorossisk,

Pile

for

Russia.

Wharf

FOUNDATION

are

driven

devised
described

inventors

have

constructingthe pilesin place,and

these

like timber

methods
in

of

CONSTRUCTION.

piles.

pileswhich

designed

are

to

in the
of
but

followingparagraphs. So far as
concrete-steel
been
piles have never
form
plain concrete
pilesof the same

excepting that
employed in a number

the

manner,

of

reinforcement

important

author

the

in the

Fig. 51 shows

structures.

same

been

inserted,have

not

was

described

construction,

actual

constructed

and

crete
con-

these forms

knows

in

used

fully

are

place are

in

constructed

be

recently

reinforced

of

forms

Two

succeeding chapter.

of

number

trans-

$$""?"

p"jp

FIG.

"

horizontal

verse

Simplex

51.
Built

in

and

Pile

FIG.

52.
Built
"

Place.

vertical

Pile

Raymond
in

Place.

longitudinalsections

of

the

reinforced

pile designed by the enigneers of the Simplex Concrete

of Philadelphia,Pa.
This
pile is reinforced by a
Piling Company

concrete

cylinder of expanded

circumferential
has

pile
Chicago, 111.
in diameter

smaller

bars

t%

of

thickness

made

The

in. and

by

the

reinforcement

metal.

The

Fig.
3-in.mesh.
Concrete
Raymond

consists of

extending lengthwiseof

the

round

reinforcingmetal
52

shows

Pile
bar

Company
about

pilealong its axis, and

spaced equidistantaround

the

the

circumference.

crete-steel
con-

of

i^ ins.
of three
These

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

144

bars

outside
made

with

Examples of Foundations.
and
pile foundation
pier pf
The

piles,pier,and

will be

the

seen,

point.

to

shows

Fig. 53

"

all of

being

construction

in

one

piece

with

continuing
by practically
piles used
pier. The

the

Sectional

As

construction.

are

obtained

through

reinforcing-rodsup

concrete

Alsace-Lorraine.

in

Hennebique

pileswhich

eleven

on

reinforced

the

bridge

Brumath

the
are

spans

pier rests

it, this monolithic

the

butt

taper from

uniform

pile is usually

The

diameter.

in

in.

generally f

are

Plan

A-B,

Inverted,
Section

Vertical
FIG.

53.

"

14

were

consisted
an

and

long

6J

from
of

decreased

be

4^

to 0.4

figuredby

was

to

12

mud

drop

ins. at each

The

in.

of

Bridge,Alsace-Lorraine.

Brumath

ins. square,

16

ft. the

the

and

overlyingcoarse
20

ins. the

blow;

foundation-bed

gravel.

in the

gravel with

2 ins. at
penetrationwas
ultimate
bearing power

Q
q

the

O2

Q+q

values

taken

first and
of

being

in pounds =8, 800;

weight of hammer
weight of pilesin pounds =8, 800;

height of
final

With

pilespenetrated

Ritter's formula,

546,000 Ibs. each,

.

Foundation,

and

and
8 to

2^

Pien

ft. of swamp

8,8oo-lb. hammer

of hammer

to

ft.

16

of about

soft material

Pile

Concrete

Reinforced

of

fall in inches =48;

penetrationin inches=o-4.

these

the

drop

ally
gradupiles

FOUNDATION

This

foundation,though small, shows

readily obtained
capping

CONSTRUCTION

or

when

reinforced

superstructure

of

the

unity of

the

structure

combined

pilesare

concrete

material.

same

which
with

is
a

concrete-steel

c
o

"+u
o;

cn

be

.2
J3
c

JJ

s
o

fe-:"

1
-

"

of

foundation
of

Figs.

addition

pretentiouscharacter

more

54

and

to

the

55.

This

Hallenbeck

foundation

Building

is shown

was

in

"

New

by the drawings
designed for a ten-story
York

City. Fig.

54

is

146

REINFORCED

generalplan
and

and

of the foundation

sections

character

CONCRETE.

The

quite plainly.

tilevtr//;?,
%?"

and

of the construction

pileswere

'"/'#"". '}'///,;"

|S^ |^ ^
WnjJKs*%

illustrates its arrangement

"',;

^"':"

^IIP|lf%$tjiff
~^ ^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^

'

-Soft Steel

"Diam.
Wirt,jt

FIG.

shown

55.

Reinforced

"

The

by Fig. 49.
capped

were

with

Concrete

Pile

pilesof

reinforced

Capping,

Hallenbeck

group

of two,

each

slab

concrete

by Fig.

80,000

36,000

Ibs. per

the New

York

piers and
borne

is

wall

quay

which

four

somewhat

Railway
7'

land, in
the
ins.

apart, and

"

..

50.

"

xxeinforced

Wall

Quay
forced

Carried

Concrete

steel

connected

piles

and

ft.

400

and

long

western
South-

Southampton,

at

of

Eng-

with

spaced

of

of

front

the

wall

the

concrete-steel

Both

bearing

TT

and

3 ft. 7
row

filled

were

sheet

piles.
of

piles were

sheet

Concrete
on

Rein-

Piles, South-

by

fVm-

constructed

were

ties.
at

The

construction.

ing piles were

j wharf

Southampton

ins.

12X12

reinforced

by

;,carried

in

Hennebique
and

bars

over

those

face

the

Ibs.

Longitudinallyof the wall

1898.

between

FIG.

of 44,000

cross-section

supporting pileswere

under

for concrete

built for the London

was

by

reinforcing-rods.

diagram

of

up

allowed

foot

additional load

the

Fig. 56

made

Building Laws

an

by

as

each,

square

piles

shown

calculated

piles were
Ibs.

six

four, or

constructed

The

55.

sustain

to

Building.

1898

in

bearsection

eight ij-in.
by
is

concrete-

shown

in

FOUNDATION

cross-section
consists of

and

two

long

and

The

foundation

four

rods;

and

the

other

12

ins.

piles are

^O

part is

each

are

of

wharf

part is 90

one

ft. long and

100

composed

This

57.

other;

and

square

superstructure

carry

by Fig.

each

rightangles to

at

parts

they

H*

"147

part longitudinalsection

ft. wide

30

CONSTRUCTION.

46 ft. wide.

reinforced
braced

ft.

by

frame-

Concrete

777?.

w/.

f77//7/7/77///7/

V///W////////

ENG.
NEWS.

Section.

Cross
FIG.

57.

Reinforced

"

Wharf

Concrete

Carried

and

for

load

of about

platform

which

or

brick

575 Ibs. per

followed

in this

curb

wall

in

steel

and

sink

them

sunk

in

similar

work;

place and
one

cases.

An

by the foundations
Switzerland,constructed
by
This

city.

layer of

made

bearing
spaced
was

then

to
set

outside

horizontal
To

area.

excavation

cm.

excavate

up
of

the

the

Simons,

them

flared

reinforced

concrete

depth

of

pit varying

the excavation
was

filled with

with

frame

concrete

the
or

to

to

and

the

piers were
gain a large

curbed

mode

of

the
the

the

as

rods

procedure

of the

nature

form

is

Berne,

at

horizontal

by

form

procedure

penetrated a

These

bottom
sunk

pit was

concrete-

engineer,of

piers which

on

of

civil

crete
con-

cylindersare

Theatre

solid soil beneath.

with

reinforced

the

first mode

Municipal

of procedure

modes

metal

as

(3.9 ins.) apart vertically.The

inside
which

with

of the

for steel

cylindersof

other

founded

section

construct

progressed

10

into

is to mold

Paul

Mr.

building was

ground

rectangularin

for

in foundation

Two

is to build

one

example

designed

is its substitution

foundations.

top of the

on

pier was

of concrete-steel

use

other

the

furnished

same

"

Piles,

Concrete

foot.

square

curbing in sinking pits for

are

The

concrete.

practicedin Europe,

been

has

reinforced

Foundations.

Open-caisson
work,

of

Reinforced

on

England

Southampton,

work

Section.

Longil-udinal

soil and

annular

space

curbing.

As

148

soon

as

the

After

another

section

Each

South

hard

with

Mr.

E.

blue

The

M.

De

about

with

spiralsof

two

No.

being

turns

by

so

spacers

sort

made

to

as

mortise.

of

bars

No.

half downward

into

which

steel keys

cylinder construction
provided

with

inside

concrete.

water

level.

These
The

of reinforced

piles.

formation

the

stiff blue

about

ironbark

butt, and
the

40

sunk

ft.

they

level of the

the

clay to

to

apart

cylindera
were

extend

one-

into

cylinderstogether.

they

to

24

s.

Fig. 59

shows

the

cylinder was
sunk

were

by

cast-iron

of

depth

vating
exca-

der
cylinfilled

with
sand

by

the teredo

Monier

mixed

of about

about

clay to high-water

15

with

5 ft.

ins. in diameter

at

the

ft. into

level

ft. below

36

lineal foot.

per

for

cylinders
armoring

is furnished

Sydney, New

near

the

into
fish-plate

bottom

infested

Creek,

driven

apart cir-

upward

and

of this construction

depth

between

mortises

successfully
employed

pileswas

long, 14
were

cost

armored

were

penetratedby

overlyinga

been

Cockle

the

as

two

and

cylinders

sinking the cylinderswere

In waters

example

over

three-pilebents

Five

After

"

have

notable

bridge built

the road

The

Piles.

so

lengths exactlyas

successive

cylindersdelivered

concrete

cutting edge,

sunk.

of

one-half

sinking, the

In

the

blocked

were

by Fig. 58, and

cylinderswere

Timber

Armored

From

adding

commonly

with

timber

cast-iron

and

piersare

were

is shown

i^-in.

to

60"

spaced
end

the

diameter

inserted

mortise-bars

locking

overlying

completelyround

were

inserted

the

in

proper.

woven

points at
cylinderstogether the

inserted

were

wire

pair

cylinderand

cut

were

coupling construction

The

at

lower

the

E., made

reinforced

were

couple

each

the

ney,
Syd-

near

silt

They

To

each

and

wound

in. apart.

concrete.

ft. internal

gage

wire

was
fish-plate

Slots

cylinder.

upper

concrete.

C.

Inst.

sand

3^

16

8 gage

six

at

placing

and

coincide

to

M.

ins. thick.

forming

leave

In

in the

double-cylinderpiers

ft. of

togetherend to end six pairs of bars ijXj in.

the two
spiralslengthwise of the cylinder and
cumferentially. The

sections above

the

embedded

made

nettingof

steel-wire

layer of

similar

manner

to

Burgh,
5

cylinderswere
with
shell 2^
a
long

clay.

cylinder,the

the

new

consistingof

mesh, and.

bonded

dowels

or

in

knocked

was

filled with
depth the pits were
Cockle
road
Creek,
bridge over

foundation

curbed

curbing was
rods

frame

cylinders for constructing two

3 ft. 7 ins.

and

and

the

full

Wales,

Monier

of

use

hardened

pit dug

of

their

constructingthe

New

of

short hooked

by

had

curbing

section

completion to

In

on

of

first.

below

and

section

and

down
to

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

South

by

Wales.

cylinders. The
vegetablematter
The

point and
the

of

pileswere
18

ins.

clay stratum.

four hard-wood

battens

of the pile and

spiked longitudinally
90" apart circumferentially.
coated
with
Stockholm
tar
pilewas
previous to driving,and after

CONSTRUCTION.

FOUNDATION

driven

being
this

number

of

Monier

battened

lengthsof
covered

FIG.

pipe were

with

58.

the

pile.
by

FIG.

to

reach

of

"

the

FIG.

Cylinder

the

for

60.

"

Timber

Foundation.

South

lengths of pipe were

joined up to form a continuous
removed
and the cylinderlowered
platform was
by
under
A
of

jet of

bottom
from

water

the

casing to
applied by means
down

the

to

until

edge

ij-in.pipe

loosen
of

clay
by

concrete

clearlyshown
cement

mortar

nettingof No.
by

the

State

in

Fig.

with
16

the

at

gage

Harbor

60.

the

top

to

form

Monier

The

top

filled with

jet and

of

form

Commission,

pipes

were

San

of

the

was

stream.

bottom

being
forced

pile kept

annular
sand

the
was

space
with

The

hooks

pressure

the

The

cap.

of

the

casing

clean

New

Bridge,
Wales.

around

the

consistingof

reinforcement
wire.

worked

for

Piles, Cockle

means

bottom

batten-pieceson
after sinking the

and

of the

means

mortar

The

stratum.

scoured
of

then

was

screw-jacks at

pile concentric,

the

on

einforced

cylinder.

underlying material, and

the

casing and
out

it rested

several

Armoring

Concrete

Creek

the

adjacent
netting

The

60.

of

length

collar of Monier

by Fig.

on

sufficient

pile,a

jointsbetween

The

means

Cylinder

tion.
Founda-

the

Reinforced

59.
Concrete

crete
Con-

of

diameter

indicated

plaster as

for Sections

of Reinforced

Cylinder

ins. in

connected

cement

Coupling

"

of

portion

head

the

21

pipes

high-water level,and

above

attached

erected, by threading over

was

the

platform was

149

9 ins.

construction

is

if ins. thick, of
ij-in.square-mesh

timber-pilearmoring adopted
Francisco, Cal., for pier con-

REINFORCED

15"

struction

in teredo-infested

designed

to

sawed

off, one

After

FIG.

take

the

61.

load

ft.,one

pilesare

and

by Fig. 61.

driven

are

ft.,and

in

pilesare

the

wharf

and
level.

cylinders of 3-in. planks

Armoring for Timber

Francisco, Cal.

Concrete

The

clusters of three

8 ft. below

one

driven, wooden-stave

Reinforced

"

is shown

waters

all the
2

CONCRETE.

are

Construction,

Piles, Wharf

San

placed

them

over

cylindersare
a

then

cylinderof

set

the

16

and
the

driven

sealed

No.

inside each

expected that

by

and

gage

the

the

at

ft.

10

remaining

teredo, leaving the

ft. into

12

and

bottom

expanded

wooden-stave

or

sheathing

will

armored

concrete

ins. less in

is filled with

space

These

out, after which

pumped

metal

mud.

the

diameter

is
It is

concrete.

ultimatelybe destroyed
the

piles as

permanent

structure.

CONCRETE

REINFORCED

VII."

CHAPTER

BUILDING

IN

CONSTRUCTION.

principalstructural

THE
are

items

combine

which

walls,
foundations, columns, floors,partitions,
concrete

is

employed

for all these

form

to

buildings

roof.

and

forced
Rein-

also for stairways,corbels,

and

tinental
vaults, cupolas,and ornamental
shapes. In Conprojectinggalleries,
Europe buildings of concrete-steel have been constructed in

greater number
its

use

as

and

variety than

material

highly developed

for

following European

in the United

for foundations
a

number

of

precedents that

and
years,
whole

for
but

States.

In

this country

floors
fire-proof
it is

has

been

only recently and

buildingsof

concrete-steel

have

erected

been

development
and
on

of the

some

Pacific

the

Ransome's

years.

All

Valliere

small

practice covers

ft. in

the

plan

of the

and

reinforced

the
walls,.

high

is the

of this

pages

found

in

The

chapter,and

take

following sections
and

stairways,roofs,

of

News

Engineering

other

representative
examples

the inside

July

up
of

items

veneering

in the

building

as

Many

succeeding
whole

will

1903.

30,

order

in

brick

trimming.

described

are

known

It is constructed

and

marble

descriptionof the

building

building is 100X504

cornice.

to

and

window-frames,

concrete-steel

of

This

except the

separate details of this building

of the

European

6-story office building

sidewalk

from

in

vary

buildings,

tall office

to

the

In

concrete-steel

court-houses.

and

Cincinnati, Ohio.

at

class.

latter

of

shops

example

States

concrete

metal

construction

of structure.

range

ambitious

United

ft.

213

last few

the

building

the

to

wholly

churches

to

wide

most

Ingalls Building

entirely of

be

residences

in the

construction

belong

factories and

from

quite as

Probably

Most

are

construction

purpose

engineer

foreign systems imported direct

Hennebique and De
foreign practice. The
States

buildings constructed

and

from

the

of

this

within

done

been

by

E.,

C.

construction.

of such

concrete-steel

of

systems

United

the

States

character

as

other

systems

United

concrete-steel erected

examples

Soc.

Am.

Assoc.

Ransome,

has, however,

adaptations from

the

and

notable

are

work

the
in

employed

L.

Ernest

earlybuildingsof

Coast

of Mr.

or

Mr.

this

pioneer in

The

number.

considerable

in any

was

IS1

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

walls,

floors, columns,

building

and

construction

give

of each.

FLOORS.

Reinforced

class

first

The

classes.
as

of

steel; the

the

girdersand

the

floor

is

is

the

of

all steel floor

of

each

to

constructions

depend
a

belonging
as

the

the

in effect it is

they

are

of

floor

and

classes

main

two

beams

support

long-span
strictlyto

commonly

on

serve

work
frame-

in which

monolithic

with

with.

of constructions

there

classes.
or

two

away

sub-class,which

constructions

framing being

small
for

beams

concrete

distinct

into

which

those

of reinforced

are

eliminate

and

constructions

includes

construction, or

nature

designed to

girders alone
Floor

of

framework

class

separate and

two

third form
of

floor

beams

plate proper,
these

Between

second

divided

constructions

girders and

the

fillingbetween

be

may

those

comprises

simply

constructions

floor

concrete

done

what
partakes some-

This

joistsof
the

construction

tion
construc-

the

main
of the

ordinary

beams

and

first class
.

the

second

class,or

designated,have

crete
all-con-

been

more

152

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

in

extensivelydeveloped
this class that

engineers and

been

of

have

counterbalanced
first class in

the

Considering first the

be enumerated

may

carried

plate is

various

the

floor-beams

tops of the

flat-toppedarches

(5)

top flush with

third

forms

with

form

some

of

below
thejfloor-beams
and

of

forms

both

if

ceilingconstruction
and

fourth

forms

portions of
the

the

of the

second

the

form

the

take
stiffening-ribs

of ribbed

of the

ribs,

heavy

with

above

upper

the

on

the

flush

with

flanges; (4)

arch-

the

floor-beams, and,

bottom

-flangesand

is

boxing

or

required to protect
forms
of plate floors

two

require some

form

desired.

floors of the second

The

the

them.

floors of

In

over

of

suspended

to protect
floor-plates

the

large part

which

the

the

whole

the

or

the

first form

place of

form

main

series
ribs

of floor

flat

main

Construction."

plate of

beam

to

concrete

beam.

girders.

ribs

The

at

standard

joistsof

series of

building

ribs

parallel
columns

arched,
heavy

Columbian

and

except that

intermediate

and

structions
con-

monolithic

are

walls

girders are

long

have

plate forms

right angles to

at

between

for

employed

reinforced
It is

or

of

These

introduced

the

and

the

on

ribs

is continuous

being designed and

Columbian

steel beams

of smaller

or

the

constructions

In

theyusuallyconsist

In

some

the

girders resting

which
floor-plate,

construction, all

flat-topped arches.

class,and

of similar
the

of all-concrete

class,or

sometimes

from

the

continuous

expansion joints are

floor-

flangesof

is
floor-plate

flangesof

also

ceilingis

plates or

first

walls, and

supported by

of

the

floor framework.

Floors

and

in which

top flanges. In floors of the first and

floors

is commonly
floor-plate

of the

the

floor-plate;these

floor-beams

them

first class,these

the bottom

on

above
require a filling

the

of

few

floor-beams; (2) flat-plate

springing lines

flat

only

forms.

considered.
specifically

in which

haunching

the

arch

carried

pean
Euro-

structions
devising con-

long-span

of floors of the

lower

the

just above

or

be

embeds

or

between

floors sprung

ring

need

their

has, however,

activityin

legion,but

of the
top flanges,

floors
floor-beams; (3) flat-plate
the

is

The

extent.

with

short-span and

few

American

by

out

(i) Flat-platefloors

is
floor-plate

the

Within

constructions

their

forms

follows:

as

on

floors in which

both

recognitionand

wide

gained

considerable

by

constructions

of these

number

to

developing all-concrete

in

than

more

worked

engineers in comparison

of American

brethren

been
a

quite

representationof

true

development.

employed

until

Indeed

the only

was

have

systems

been

have

backwardness

The

other

in America.

American

an
strictly

was

however,

years,

construction

Ransome

recently the

than

Europe

points.
this

form

spans.
floor consists

by straightparallelbars extending

employed

for

spans

up

to

24

ft.,but

for

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

decreases
and

than

longer

spans

the

the

as

ft. the

16

depth, sectional

of the

depth
but

plate is

this limit is
The
the

to

suspended

the

floor-beam

the

end

of

different

the

with

the

on

p.

336.

side

each

long-span

In

the

which

to

receive

of the
the

the

bars;

the

direct

mixture

action

employed
of

proportion

mixture

cinder

no

is made

sand

thoroughly drenched
described

with

illustrated

are

"s

FIG.

62.

in

by Figs.

bars,

to

is

with

2j

as

The

over

omitted
main

employed
veneering

proportions

slag aggregate

or

parts.

is

employed

The

The
it is

constructions
shows

Fig. 62

63.

struction.
con-

receive

to

of the

concrete

mixing.

and

62

are

webs

slag aggregate

before

water

the

but

usually increased
if

hung

perforated

of fire.

case

the

rolled

are

are

employed except

generally1-2-5,
and

wet

very

is

of flame

is

of the

depth

floor-beams

the

floors

concrete

are

of the

Generally

steel and

is

fastened
are
directlyto
reinforcing-bars
floor-girders
by riveted angles. Stone or slag
embed

plate

short-span floors they

In

the

to

concrete

of support

which
by stirrups,

floor-beams

leg on

bar.

rapidly

loads.

of structural

are
reinforcing-bars

described

it

from, especiallyin long-span

frequentlyvaried

from

and

spans

ins. greater than

i^

made

special sections

are

and

for

and

of the

method

profile,
spacing,and

reinforcing-barsdiffer

is small

thickness

The

lengthens.

span

metal

in

saving

'53

the

con-

Cinder

"Columbian"

Short-span

"

^Cinder

Floor

Construction.

$*

24"

"-"i

207,65/te.--

Fi3.

struction
and

embedded

beams

"

Long-span

6-ft. span
in

are

24

to

the

shows

The
a

Construction.

bars

6-foot

are

space

24

ins.

apart

from

the

floor-

spaced

hung
floor

using 4^-in.bars

in*a 6j-in.plate. The

embedded
beams

Floor

using^2-in.bars

4-in. plate.

ins. apart and

connected

"Columbian"

floor

by stirrups. Fig. 63

spaced
bars

of

63.

by

riveted

angles.

reinforcing

REINFORCED

154

Metal

Expanded

and

employed for all

plates are employed

is

be

must

line

floors

regarded

used

floors

of 8

spans

for

for

for

all greater spans;

elastic

very

8 ft.

to

up

considerablyless

The

division

of

is

the

Flat-plate Floors.
expanded

than

forcement
rein-

metal

9 ft.

or

is

no

arch

struction
con-

This

sion
divi-

hard

and

different

forms

plates have
ft.,and

and

in

the

been

is of doubtful

standard

instances

for

division

calls for

flat-

platehas

less than

beyond

compared

as

economy

the ribbed

is shown

quently
fre-

some

tages
advan-

no

8 ft.

construction

reinforcement

of

flat plateshave

approximately exact, however;

ordinary loads
plate for spans

The

"

the

which

for

plain flat

the

There

one.

greater spans

construction

'

platesand

over

metal

ft.,for ordinary loads,

to

up

for spans

ft.,plate construction

ribbed

with

much

the

arches.

topped
with

for spans

employed

heavy

as

spans

dividing the span-lengths for which

employed in actual practice; ribbed

are

been

floor form

heavy

expanded

of flat

is

ribbed

fast

form

Floors with

"

plates,flat-toppedarches, and
stiffening-ribs.
Approximately speaking the flat-plate

plateswith

construction

Constructions.

built in the

are

flat

CONCRETE.

of

floors
flat-plate

by Fig. 64,

but

this

con-

I Beam

FIG.

struction

is

plate flush
flangesof
with

64.

the

these

with

constructions

and
other

some

the

reinforcingmetal,

shown

as

by Fig.64,
when

flangethe reinforcingsheets
curve

supports
a

and

standard
of

or

the

sag

cinders, with
of the

plate.

84 Ibs. per
In

Cinder

cubic

the

for spans

are

reinforcement

of

the

continued

over

beams,

thus

of the

the

modified

continuous
for each

the

beams,

over

In

span.

plate embeds

the

and

top

given

securing continuityover

tension

plateis

In

made

side

of the

3 ins. thick

parts sand, and

embedded

plate.
is

and

For

posed
com-

cite-coal
6 parts anthra-

in the

lower

inch

composition stated weighs

about

foot.
where

considerablymore

dispositionof

reinforced

reinforcement

concrete

is made

separate sheet

of the
the

lightweight.

which

part cement,
the

special cases
of

is

the

between

floor of 6 ft. span,

mixture

of

aggregate

instances, however,

downward

Reinforcement.

Metal

Expanded

by locatingthe top of the reinforced

the I beams
or
by carryingit on the lower
above
with a meagre
made
concrete
filling

tops of

beams

or

the I beams

Floor

frequentlymodified

with

cinders

many

Slab

"

reinforcement

flat-platefloors
than
has

have

been

designed

ft.,a specialarrangement

usually

been

adopted.

and
As

an

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

illustration

reference

for

warehouse

had

span

ins.

5^

No.

and

middle

the

5 ins.

of the

There

I beam

each
beam

also

was

and

sheets

part sand, and

it is

plate floor design,

reinforcement

boilers

Electric

This

ft.

or

of

the

to

center

and

about
house

floor.

still soft this

layer of
metal.

expanded
making

boiler

housings
loads

the arch

this.

curve

and

center

In
set

then

with

The

only

between

Metal

The
brief

the

lower

is built,the concrete

to

of

excavate

the

to

place

ft. to

flush

with

layer of

The

by

length
center

spaced
boiler-

tops of the
While

concrete.

placed

was

4-in. layer

engine

with

then

second

of

bases

of the

the

for

depth

built

level

Y.

N.

7 ft. from

ins. of the

the

base

layer
of

crete,
con-

and

foundations

this floor.

arch
segmental 'flat-topped

description. As
Fig. 65

Company.
sheets

flange

the

Queens

entire

the

were

ins.

I beams.

flat-

carry

poor

very

ins. square

finished

was

in

Rockaway,

running

which

upon

practice the

some
on

for

"

and

floors

material, concrete

2-in.

the

of

nature

layer of expanded metal,

floor

These

long-span

heavy

Far

at

to

built

spread

concrete

Floor.

Expanded

from

no

calls

is sprung

St. Louis

within

was

was

20

placed directly on

were

of

plant

power

spaced

piers

its total thickness

Flat-topped Arch
heavy

floor

covered

was

2-in.

brick

by

the

deep

behind

While

floor built

the

this hard

were

rising to

whole

the

over

bases

false

ins.

18

5 ft.

5^ ins.,i part

next

cinders.

for

necessary

Upon

of

in., i part cement,

ground offering a

was

at

spans.

Company,

on

it

and

them

upon

6 ft. apart and

of

and

These

building.

another

in

Power

located

was

ft. wide

piers and

and

hard-pan.

to

more

laid

were

fairlyillustrated

foundations

machinery
10

is

Light

power-house

top

form
flat-plate

generating machinery

and

Borough

of the

lapped

composition

The

example

for such

employed

use

flat-toppedarches

of

slab.

the
fairlytypicalin illustrating

is

which

occasional

The

individual

of

and

over

depth

of the span.

for the

stone;

side.

metal

distance

bent

parts anthracite

an
essentially

is

described

for

metal

the

For

part J-in. broken

2^ parts gravel,and

cement,
floor

follows:

as

was

double

top of the

the

at

lengths were

the center

toward

near

8-ft.

two

expanded

downward

slab

expanded

was

crete
con-

its under

on

stone-concrete

being

of

sheet

placed

slab concrete

of the

the

metal

the
a

then

were

and

slab of stone

concrete

reinforcement

floor

This

foot.

square

reinforced

in the

This

mesh,

span,

of

ins. of cinder

embedded

8-in.

design recently developed

Ibs. per

consisted

i"

its top.

to

400

carry

in. and

was

from

gage

to

thick, with

reinforcement

of

ft.

ins.

6"
The

of

floor

made

be

may

155

of the

Other
of

for

ordinarily employed

shows

the

designs

expanded

I beams.

floor

differ

metal
When

being depositeddirectlyupon

of the

design

are

in

detail

bent

to

this is done
the

expanded

156

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

metal

is stiff

sheet, which

the

soffit

the

composite type

being plasteredto

"

of

station

the
and

5 ft. span

the

of 5 ins. at

thickness

Ribbed-plate Floors.
construction

metal

Chapter

belongs

of

Waterside

the

Metal

Reinforcement.

Here

the

built between

the

of

good example

arches

of

are

i5-in.I beams,

with

earliest

of ribbed

form

with

floor

Golding

floor of

66.

this form

shows
to

8 ft. in

of

with

The

arch

arch

distance

thickness

between

of

ribs.

have

for

Fig.

A-B.

is assumed

reinforcement

are

been

monolithic
and

Plain

and

columns

and

are

metal

be

usual

In

The

in

flat"

and

plain

ft. apart

in

and

figuringthe

ribbed-plate construction

this floor

way

sometimes

plaster.

span

shows

ft.

30

as

about

the

8 ft.

channels,which

and

same

in

"

Floor

construction

the

the

plate is

stiffening-ribs

with

elaboratelydeveloped
general use:
plain flat plates,ribbed
in

plainflat-toppedarches, and

beams

in the

Constructions.

has

of construction

walls

to

from

spans

and
illustration,

Fig. 67

up

metal

to

to

corrugated-bar reinforcement.

Hennebique

are

the

66

Reinforcement.

soffit

by

usuallyplaced

are

spans

by expanded

carried

are

Channel

adapted

of

plates employed.

designed
reinforced

ribs

ribs

and

expanded
substantiallythe

is

The

is

by

wrapping

floor-platereinforcement
plate construction.

ribs

shown

exposed, as

covered, usually by

the

Metal

Expanded

construction, which

length.

sometimes

are

Floor

"Golding"

"

expanded

Section
FIG.

to

crown.

the

was

Company.

are

floor

floors

Expanded

with

Edison

The

"

I.

boiler-room

the

ins. rise and

10

This

and

load,

temporary

metal.

in

Floor

York

New

the

carry

the

by

Arch

Segmental

65.

to

embed

discussed

is furnished

construction

FIG.

enough

take

arch

their

without

the

France.

rib construction.

support

directlyon

intermediary of

Hennebique
Four
flat

forms

plates,

All of these
the

main

forms

building

steel framework

of

girders.

Flat

Plates.

"

Plain

generallylimited

to

floors
flat-plate
spans

of 5

m.

of

Hennebique

(16.4 ft.),but

in

tion
construc-

exceptional

where

cases

is had

the

covered

space

edges of

for all four

permissible. As a
employed for spans

157

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

the

is

approximately

platemuch

greater spans

rule, however, ribbed

greater than

or

are

support

considered

constructions

arch

(16.4 ft.)-

m.

and

square

are

designing flat-

In

c
(U

I
,2

"
'v

"
H
rt

"S
3

eS

o
o

"
i/5
V

2^
t5 i

(0

tf) W
^
(0

cn
c
o

.^

i_

*-"

(^

O
o

Uj
o

_rt

I
jfi

'"

SO

plate floors,the
then

the

reinforcement

of reinforcement
is the
bars
The

most

thickness

are

of the

is determined

employed.

characteristic.

placed parallelto
straightbars

are

floor

Of

by
these

calculation.
the

form

It consists of alternate

each

other

located

close

and

and

chosen
-plateis arbitrarily

in

to the

the
bottom

Three

by Fig. 68

shown

straightand

direction
of the

forms

of

curved

the

plate and

span.
are

158

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

tied to

the

turned

bars

are

start

near

in the

above

concrete

of the

middle

from

three

from

varies

to

to

six per

(0.32 in.

mm.

(0.8X0.06 in.) flat

20X1.5

mm.

plate is

encased

wall

in the

without

bars
that

so

plane

the

as

tance
dis-

The

stirrups.

by calculation; generallythere

width

meter

horizontal

same

are

is determined

bars

20

bars

downward

bend

and

these

of

curved

The

concrete.

end

in the

are

curved

These

apart of the

they

span

ends

stirrups. The

the

to

top of the plate at each

the

straight bars.
are

them

anchor

to

up

flat iron

by

plate and

of the

in.).

to

0.8

iron.

At

of

the

its spans

illustrated

particularfloor

The

masonry.

of

stirrupsare

The

ends

the

diameter

their

05-

:--^.-.--^.:..-"k.

"~^^'?^^^^^^-~^^---^^-~--^--"-~^^"^"^--~~"

wsMESWSBSsasRSRsns:

"

4~l

S = "A"SrVSJV"VJWtrj|MOTIIUIfVWlMUVIflMIM!lVWiMUUI^^

^TSJi'S.1;

"
"

^""
.

"

___"_MW

-"

....."..""

."^._..JP.....

....._....*..

..

..
.

__

__"-____

"

""".__
"

__-___-^

i-

"

-4^."

"

_"_---""-

-_-

c^J-mssums-sOTARW^iMi^^

FIG.

by Fig. 68
bank

68.

is

of 4.7

one

reinforcement
flat-plate

are

similar in

to each

will be

other.

provided
are

the

bars

top and

both

are

two

and

in

of

sets

one

the

with

Single

one

constructed

designed for
on

in

and

floors

third

of these

mately
covering approxi-

all four

are

forms

edges,

and

stirrups. The bars at

alternatelystraightand bent

straightand

plate. The
right angles to

as

in the

are

"

The

form

of

As

placed

bottom
these

floor shown

Hennebique

floor

nately
alter-

bars

are

staggered
by Fig. 68,

the

Floors.

both

of reinforcement.

of the

with

Ribbed-plate

of

forms

straightbars are without stirrups. The second form of

is exactly like that of Fig. 69, except that the
reinforcement
bars are
replaced by straightbars at the top of the plate.

but

for

1897

at rightangles
parallelreinforcing-bars

direction
bottom

Reinforcement.

second

The

supported

shows

Fig. 69

the

seen

at

bars

Switzerland.

openings
having

Plate

(15.42 ft.)span

m.

building at Basel,

square

Flat

Hennebique

"

most

double
curved

com-

monly

is

employed

stiffening-ribs are
the

between

and

span

m.

3.5

m.

main

of

ribs.

Generally

ribbed-plate floor.

the

employed,
set

'59

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

secondary

The

of

set

running transversely of

ribs

ribs

main

the

secondary

of

ribs

span
to

m.

exceeding

not

usually kept

is

ribs

main

the

the

generallyfrom

spaced

are

(9.84 ft. to 16.4 ft.)apart and

(11.5 ft.)apart. The
span

running parallelwith

ribs

main

of

sets

two

{"--/"
-"1

18 Bars-'

down
as

to

much

"

to

m.

as

to

In

(45.9 ft.)-

m.

14

(16.4 ft.

m.

Floor

Plate

23

with

designing,the

of

floors

the

is

which

of

composed
of the

diameter

for
rib

main

shown, each

of

rods

Palais

the

there

is from

them

at all

from

the
the

cm.

into

to

points,and

bottom

of each

the

cm.

of the

concrete.

ribs is

and

the

the

bent

to

2.4

are

top rod.

bars

kept

main

at

ribs

are

so

spaced

that

between

concrete

least 25
are

ber
num-

ing
stirrupsreach-

with

ins.)of

the

The

of reinforcement

total section

The

of

pairs,each

(1.97 ins.)and

mm.

pair is provided

The

in

arranged

mm.

(i in.)

firmly anchored

reinforcing-rods. The
that of
the same
as
practically

supporting-wallsby

secondary

rods

the

bars

of

arrangement

As

concrete.

the bottom

ment
reinforce-

the

70, which

plate

Justice at Viviers, France.

rod

(1*2ins.

of the

made

tions
sec-

50

upon

and

been

shows

by

exceeds

has

thickness

by Fig.

straightbottom

bar

upward
vertically

de

is reinforced

never

lower

The

form

indicated

are

pairs employed depends

required.

of the

ribs

the

for

Reinforcement.

and
arbitrarily

the

reinforcement

Double

ft.)if possible,but

depth of the ribs are determined

is figured to correspond. The

and

into

Flat

Hennebique

69.

FTG.

reinforcement
the

main

ribs,

i6o

REINFORCED

but

seldom
made

than

consists of

more

continuous

through

reinforcement

The

span.

CONCRETE.

mm

,-50

the main

the

of

pair

one

of bars.

These

ribs from

side to

is

plate proper

always

ever,
how-

are,

of the

side

or

one

the

mm

,-18 Bars

"

j i ;38Bars

:'

|
I I
l-u.

II

4-jJ

FIG.

other
ribs
at

the

of
are

the

70.

forms

omitted.
Petit

floor

has

71.

spaced 2.316 m.
per

square

already
Fig. 71

Palais

FIG.

This

Hennebique

"

meter.

"

des

Beaux

of

L'4-

Double

with

described.

shows

Hennebique

span

Floor

such
Arts

Floor

7.35

(7.58 ft.)apart,

m.

and

I.I
LI-L

at

with

In

il
i- +

some

Beams.

the

cases

construction,which
the

Paris

was

secondary
adopted

Exposition

Single System

(24.11 ft.)for
was

of

System

of

1900.

of Beams.

the

designed for

ribs, which
load

of 800

are

kgs.

Plain-arch
with

Floors.

L-

im
..-/--

._...

FIG.

of this type

Arts
6.1

at

illustrated

was

of the

dimensions

Arch-ribbed

each, and
The

meter.

square

long spans
employed

Exposition of

Paris

to

1900

are

"

Hennebique
Fig.

73

shows

73.

construction
a

"

or

Floors

72.

in the

of

clearlyshown
The

plain

Hennebique

arch

than

floor of 7.91

are
m.

Arch

arch

Floor.

for very

by

Palais

des

The
Beaux

of
adjacent galleries

for

the

loads.

heavy

Petit

two

span

Section
FIG

by Fig.

Arch

designed

was

arrangement

arch

Floors.

Plain

Hennebique

"

for

(20 ft.)span

m.

per

the

is shown

tion
construc-

^J

employed

are

particularfloor

72.

plain-archfloor

of

good example

reinforcement

Hennebique

si

kfm

"

161

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

load

of

the

kgs.

1,100

reinforcement

and

the

drawings.

is less

commonly

used

in

E~F.
Ribbed

ribs

Floor.

carrying

(25.95 ft.)span

of

this

flat

type

plate.
which

62

REINFORCED

built

was

for

consists

machine-shop

of

Monier

Constructions.

divided

be

between

There

"

France.

Nantes,

at

springingplain arches

in which
may

CONCRETE.

Another

the

main

several

are

tion
construc-

ribs.

arch

forms

of

floor

struction
con-

Monier

netting is used as a reinforcement.

They
floors,arch-platefloors,and long-span
flat-plate

into

constructions.
Flatof

plate

thin

flangesof
some

both

cases

with

meagre

just

described

concrete

Europe

thickness

of the

(3.94 ins.).
to

The

in.)in

0.39

the

is

Both

and

in

Arch-plate
of
the

lower

and

aggregate

concrete.

for spans

of

(250

m.

Ibs. per

arched

the

increasingthe
of the

one

Floors

floor shown

are

anchored
the

and

dead

depth

of

cm.

(0.18

to

in.

and

in.)

0.24

(0.03 in.)wire.

mm.

The

reinforcement

the

and

span

and

cement

kgs. per

on

cm.

8 parts

suitable
meter

square

is

sists
con-

set

about

made

is considered

1,200

and

10

arch-plate floor

part

(8.2 ft.).

m.

mm.

10

stronger floor

to

Floor).

desired, two

filled between

by Fig. 74.
the

I beams
is molded

floors of

weight
In

providing

adapt

long

of the

Monier

span

with

meagre

and
to

anchors

section

the

ment
reinforce-

without

materially

patents in Germany,

given
a

Monier

construction,Mr. Koenen,

this floor the

completely encases
floor-spansbetween
and

To

"

controllingthe

to

and

masonry

of

other

(Koenen
of

concrete

adapted

loads

the

construction

firm

the

while

above

plate is

with

When

foot).

one

The

2.5

spacing

3 parts sand.

type of construction

(16.4ft.)and

beam

forms

(1.57ins.)to

rise of one-tenth

concrete.

of the

(0.12 in.

and

form

lower

(1.87 ins.)apart,

with

cement

floor-beams.

This

mm.

struction
con-

filled between

The

to

employed.

are

Long-span
to

to

plate in

coke

Floors

employed.

ordinary

is filled above

square

plates,set

concrete,

The

"

and

mm.
cm.

rods

are

part

used

4 cm.

to

main

steel rods
of

or

(6.56 ft.)

tion
construc-

tops of the

to

m.

from

mm.

to the

mortar

Floors.

(1.98 ins.)thick

wall

and

flangesof the

consists

Another

cinder

spans.

spaced

are

singleplate arched

short

to

generallyfrom

from

wired

are

wrought-iron

is embedded

only

with

the

is left empty.

space

the

of concrete.

platesare

carrying-rodsare

diameter

and

bottom

platesis

beneath

on
floor-plate

generallyfrom

are
distributing-rods

in diameter

is

suited

are

the

the

or

floor
flat-plate

beam

above
filling

top and

in

employed
The

and

the

haunching

placing

beams

the

in

or

of

tops of steel floor-beams; this

enclose

to

slabs

of Monier

simplest form
the

it necessary

consists in

In

The

"

plate restingon

makes

boxing

Floors.

for

rods

slightsag
The

the

netting
beams,

tudinally
strengthlongiconstruction

same

by encasing

designed

of the

between

of uniform

beams.

walls

main

the

reinforcement.

ends

in
In

the

Ger-

this

many

construction

thickness

the

at

for

of

center

only

houses,
ware-

of

it spans

with

buildings,and

similar

built with

(21.32ft.)are

floors

employed particularlyfor

is

factories,and

163

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

6.5

dcm.

m.

(7.86

FIG.

74.

ins.).

The

sand

Construction.

L.
is

The

foundry

by

parts

the

several

places the
shown

as

plate consists

by
of

i|-in. twisted

ij-in.

twisted

cement,

with

50 per

in

one

upper

shown

rods.

The

floor

described

covered

and

each

corner

girder and

rebated

concrete

of the

to

of

that

part

to

of the

every

the

of the

other

beam,

ins.

them.

of

gered,
stag-

the

floorning
run-

girdersconsists of
consists of two

composed

of

stone.

The

parts
floormixed

parts sand

edge

The

by

sion-joints
expan-

beams

were

expansion-jointshaving
of the

adjacent slab,as

jointbetween
of the
so

building and

ft. blocks

beam.

the

The

fresh concrete

at

plate 4

girderswere

ft. main
22X11

under

Fig. 75.

floor-beams

in. in size.

into

receive

ft. apart.

6 ins. apart and

and

cement

This

ft. in dimension.

beams

was

22

built

J.

piece with

main

88X100

an

divided

was

N.

flat

of the

parts ^-in. screened

of

one

spaced

concrete

singlesolid sections,those

hardened

by specific

Ransome

reinforcement

rods

and

gravel up

by the drawings
not
separated; the

the

rods,

square

beach

cent,

over

made

twisted

girders; that

main

square

ft. annex,

22X100

described

panels 5iX22

The

part plan.

of
f-in.finishing-coat

floor

The

the

in

opposite sides

on

parts sand, and

platehad

beams

and

beams

floor into

the

J-in.square
the

parallelto
two

It is best

Mr.

ment
of reinforce-

system

Company, at Paterson,
spaced n ft. apart in rows

girdersand

divided

construction

This

steel columns

developed by

of columns,
girders along the rows
the girdersand
5^ ft. apart, and of

of

consists

his

Fig. 75 illustrate

of

Eastwood

of the

right angles to
thick carried
by

on

Floor).

and

cement

part

employing

firms

the

drawings

floor is carried

was

floor construction

The

"

flat-plateconstruction.

ribbed

the

and

Ransome

examples.

In

in

(Koenen

mortar.

Ernest

It

Reinforcement

is embedded

reinforcement

Ransome

for

Monier

with

Floors

Long-span

"

that

slab
the

beam

and

is

slab

placed directly
in reality
jointwas

was

146

REINFORCED

CONCRETE.

plane

of weakness

and

not

an

joint.

open

nearly equal halves separated by

corresponding to a tongue and groove.

two

like

but,

twisted

those

rods

in the

in

the

made

methods

jointin

of

Fig.

The

75.

wall

floor

open,

ends, so

that

the

halves

the

at

lock

and

two

proportioned for

The

together.

steel supporting-columns

the

drawings

clearlyby

the

of

250

load

extend

they would

girdersto

shown

in the beams

rods

the

girdersare

was

not

Ibs.

per

foot.

square

Another

FIG.

76.

the

Pacific

were

built

Ransome

"

deep,

Floor

Coast

eightbays

in
25

These

apart.

form

This

which

divides

ft.

and

one

in

girder and

Borax

The

ft. wide

by

the

there

the

bay

piece with

and

19 ins. wide

halves.

At

floor-beams

are

in the

them

is

clear.
a

floor-beam

the

beams

lower
are

chord

bars

the

at

of the

and

top.

ins.

deep
Covering the
24

and

is divided
into

the

halves

the
as

with

main

24

ins.

Between

main

4^

beams

25-ft. squares

of

arranged

similarlyreinforced

into

dimensions

same

right angles to

into

12.5 ft.

set

floor-slab 4 ins. thick.

joint; this divides the floor

reinforcement
expansion-joints.The
and

girders A

secondary girder B

divided

ft.,is

J.

J., which

of columns

rows

N.

Hook,
N.

Hook,

transverse

carry

close

of upper

Constable

transverse

seven

into

eighth

at

Constable

Factory,

building,200X75

bottom,
is

8.5 ins. apart

every

main

of columns
at

Co.'s

of

large works

the

in

employed

Company,

secondary girders there

spaced

Pacific

for

1898.

rows

and

was

Borax

9 ins. wide

girdersA

of floor

is shown

construction

type of factory floor of Ransome

by Fig. 76.

and

jointswere

similar way

floor-beams

the

the

to

inches

girder and

the

attaching
and

of

few

projecta

to

the

across

to

slabs together. In

two

These

offset

an

were

floor-slabs
and

joint with

vertical

built in

girderswere

The

The
simply planes of weakness.
the rebate
laid to project across
were
lap past those in the adjacent slab so as

beams,

expansion-beams

to lock the
were

for the

165

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

and

ins. thick
and

Each

giders
main

by a vertical
separated by

girders consists

shown

by

the

the

addition

drawings,
of

stirrup

CONCRETE,

REINFORCED

bars

at

intervals.

continuous
floor

per

square
The

building by means
designed for a uniformly

was

of

Figs.

columns

set

made

girders are

turnbuckle

of

connections.

load

distributed

bays,

ft. apart.

16

this

17.5 ft. wide

one

Fig.

78

of

Ibs.

800

Ohio.

building dividing
the other

and

it

and

of the

of

row

interior

transverselyinto

ft. wide.

33

this division

shows

77

floor construction

the

show

Cincinnati,

at

lengthwise of

runs

are

and

77

6-story Ingalls Building

floor

main

foot.

drawings

two

the

the

across

The

reinforcing-barsof

The

The

the

columns

arrangement
LL""

431

FIG.

of

77.

General

"

girdersand

columns
27

Sections

floor-beams

legend

the

on

floors

the

on

drawings

The

of

Fig. 78

and

of

secondary girderrunning
floor-bay.

the

on

above

drawings

Floors

planned to

36 ins. deep

are

ins.

of Ransome

The

main

first floor,34

ins.

in

width

vary

Between

77.

main

right angles at

main

and

Ingalls Building, Cincinnati,Ohio.

suit it.

they

Fig.
at

in

girder

is of rather

the

the

on

second,

shown

as

is

of

each

the
is

verse
trans-

shown

character.

and

by

girdersthere

center

reinforcement

elaborate

girdersbetween

the

by

There

is,as

Section
G-H.

Section

FIG.

will

Details

78.
"

be

thick

C-D.

by

floors

set

of

of

are

in

tension-rods

Ingalls Building, Cincinnati,

and

against flexure,a

set

series

diagonal wind-bracing rods.

first floor
a

Floors

Ransome

beam

for the

reinforced
These

the

set

of

seen,

strengthen
column

Section

A-B.

bottom

and

network

calculated

for

ins.
of two

load

thick

for

layersof
of 60

of
of

Ohio.

compression-rods
and
stirrups,

The
the
bars

Ibs. per

at

is
floor-plate
floors above.
laid at
square

to

each
7 ins.
It is

right angles.
foot, except

first and

the
and

the

of

One

construction

of which

"

of this

buildingare

and

Floor

Ransome

drawings

in the

stories

reinforced
wide

and

The

roof

high

300

ft.

also

Each

two

spaced

20

rows

at
a

from
each
main

the

drawings

floor-level.
transverse

carried

on

Each

wall

girder or

double

buildingis

Jones' Factory,

it is built

slab of

continuous

four

girder and
transverse

"

Kelly

plan, and

it has

lines of

columns;

60

concrete

above

and

ft.

below.

versely.
slightpitch trans-

girdersrestingon

the

girdersdivide the
building. The columns
the

building.

slab construction

pierscarry
line of

entirelyof

these

the

of
longitudinally

the

The

79.

tiers of columns

of interior

that

Fig.

of

Pa.

bays transverselyof
the

of

'girder

works

essential details

The

Pa.

floors except that

ft. apart

Considering only
seen

the

are

2o-ft.

three

floor is

long separatingthe

floors

piers and

ft. in

60X300

is similar to

floor into
are

and

concrete.

The
wall

Ibs.

200

and

brass

of the

Construction,

Girder

Greensburg,
four

of

floor

Ransome

Greensburg,

at

shown

of

is that

knows

writer

the

Jones Company

"

examples

notable

most

Kelly

79.

for Joads

calculated

are

Ibs.,respectively.

80

FIG.

floors,which

second

167

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

an

outside

piersand

girder.

These

here,

box

columns
main

it will

be

girder
carries

girders are

i68

REINFORCED

ft. apart

20

and

section

wall-girders. Over
double

girder

beams

wide,
3

of the

-the

dimensions

All

square

foot.

girders were

floors

Roebling

were

Construction.

construction

of

by

The

80.

"

Roebling

Arch

Floor

of

of

with

are

and

and

the

Fig. 79.
Ibs. per

250

floor is

posite
com-

particular

calls for

styles,one

other

having

-I

--

FIG.

9 ins.

each

It is built in two

by Fig. 80

shown

girdersand

J-in.broken

with

load

which

metal

solid

arrangement

concrete

uniform

main

transverse

drawings

the

side-

floor-beams

the

arch
Roebling flat-top

use.

the

girdersare

thick.

1-2-4

for

of its extensive

paneled ceilingas

make

All

clear.

the

the

on

to

as

so

main

shown

and

of concrete

descriptionbecause
a

ins.

are

The

"

in

transverse

parts of the

ins. wide, and

ends

right angles to

ins. ; the

designed

the

two

concrete

apart

made

secondary

at

the

at

floor-slab is 3

of the reinforcement

stone.

having

8T5g ins.

depth, 14

same

The

floors and

column

floor-beams

ft.

support

with

secondary girdersare

ins. wide.

The

takes

interior

The

pair is

each

filled between

are

spaced

are

which

each

slab 3 ft. square.

girdersare

between

midway

girder of smaller

CONCRETE.

Paneled

Ceiling.

"

I Beam

Clamp.
FIG,

81.

"

Detail

as
suspended ceiling,

metal

element

used

of Flat

Ceiling Construction

shown

by Fig. 81, of wire

of parallelround

consists

for

Roebling

lath and
rods

woven

Floor.

plaster.
into

The
wire

rods

netting,the
diameter

for

is filled above
used

in

the

it level

placing the
until

concrete

observed

that

leaves

This

the

form

Modified

As

will be

seen

beam,

of

the
rods
at

beam

four

to

"catenary"

the

This

Laundry.
are

carried

the

walls.

the

roof

to

of

drawings

one

the

There

being

side.

building and
floor-slab

by

building is
side
are

similar

The

in

columns

this and

is 4 ins. thick

50

the

lower

and

buildingwork

and

up

and

construction
an

side walls
one

82.

Fig. 83

the

concrete.

consists,for

"catenary"

two

The

object of the
negativebending moment
beams
are

Laundry

floor

by

ribbed-

rods in the beam

hangers.

this construction

floors

is in

is

reinforcement

togetherthe

tie

from

horizontal

or

take

ft. wide

carry

slab, of parallel tension-rods

the

the

walls and
four

the

the Forrest

show

by

important of

most

for

separated
horizontal

for

is to

and

Fig. 84

increased

Construction.

twisted-wire

hangers

Pennsylvania Gymnasium
The

Floor

two

The

by

the

floor-beams.

Mr.

illustrations

representative
buildingsof

most

of the

in America

reinforcement

beam

in the

the

is further

One

"

use

Valliere

the beam.

rods

bearing

in

steel,and

slab rods

the

flangesof

lower

netting.

flanges.

tension-rods,

supports, while

over

beam

De

"

these

round

right angles to
tied

its

the

through

pass

J. O. Ellinger. This
by Fig.
typicalform is shown

slab

from

of smooth

are

the

on

Construction.

82.

and

filling

to

concrete

floor this

lower

and

FIG.

the

seat

adopted by

as

plate construction

shows

the

foreignconstructions

Valliere

De

centeringis

projectbeyond
stiffening-rods

for

Valliere

De

modified

is the

the

around

concrete

nettingbeing strong enough to carry

By referringto the drawings it will be

set.

paneled

the

in

and

sheets

No

beams.

in.
T9-$

the

of the

firm

of the

case

haunching
the

ends

into

cut

floor-beams, and

the

tops of the

the

concrete,

opening

an

flangesof

with

it has

the

centering and
In

lower

the

and

5-ft.span

nettingis

metal

This

y-ft.span.

between

sprung

for

in. in diameter

being T\

169

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

and

at

construction
160

ft.

roof

to

the

8X16

in.

carry 8X14

piece

with

of

slab.

Universityof
Pa.
Philadelphia,
for

the

and

midway

floors,but

with

floors

between

concrete,
a

pitch

lengthwiseof the

in. floor-beams.
the

Forrest

the

reinforced

girder

The

the

long

of columns

row

and

girders and

The
beams.

REINFORCED

170

FIG.

83.
"

Reinforcement

for

CONCRETE.

Girder

and

Slab

of De

Valliere

Floor.

Isometric

View

of Steel
Reinforcement.

Concrete

Beam-;-

BearingPI.
FIG.

84.

"

Details

of De

Valliere

Floor

Construction,

Philadelphia,

Pa.

Forrest

Laundry,

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

The

roof

has

columns

in.

8X14
from

range

column

The

floor construction

reinforcement

similar

to

for the

clear

that

and

yj

ft.

floor is

and

International

plate floor
International

this floor is the

for

the

and

carried

is

mode

of

with

furnish

shows

is to

that

roof

of

for

from
of

the

for

this

rear

This
60

building

balcony
The

walls

the

metal

fabric

is

used

in

of

in

described

of

majority

and

details

Music

30

the

86

of these

One

drawings
other

at

more,
Balti-

building

332.

This

the

on

p.

and

particularcases

ft. span
the

cases

is the
forcement
rein-

same

given

are

at

one

and

constructingtheater

here.

ins.

48 ins. deep and

in.

ft.

girder

recital hall

The

long, and

wide,
of the
are

recent

first is taken

The

has

intermediate

without
12

Two

necessary.

80

floor

is less than

used

Cincinnati, Ohio.

girder

12X32

in

required in

are

span

and
are

span

ft. 7 ins. wide

another
of

Fig.

these

occasionally

longer

by

of

GIRDERS.

-SPAN

constructions

is carried

beams,

segmental-arch floors.

much

is 60

tops of the

hotel

wire

favorite

the

over

netting or

framing, the

drawings

balcony extending entirelyacross

ft. 7 ins. span

span.

the

College of

new

netting
ment
arrange-

hospitalbuilding,and

used

fabric

construction

such

fabric

girders exceeding

in

girders
galleries,
examples

the

to

the

steel-floor

The

construction

wire

construction, and
In

that

wire

descriptionis

continuous

with

beams.

LONG

ft.

show

anchored

are

this type of construction.

employed

It is seldom

Where

the

carry

reinforcement

The

welded
electrically

20

further

no

wall; also

to

with

drawings

cables

the

"

construction

short-span

is

wall

between

long-span

Md.

that

reinforcement

as

procedure

The

the

by

peculiarityof

The

in connection

clearly that

Construction.

employed

De

of ribbed-

form

building construction

in

girders.

noted

good samples of

shows

shows

Fig.85

"

ropes

so

from

slightsag

bay

one

for the

used

concrete

ft.

tops of the cables.

Wire-fabric
fabric

and

reniforcement

the

on

The

bay.

spaced

are

ft. 5 ins. in

32

Fireproofmg Company.

slab

continuous

are

is

notable
particularly

is

but

of

span

employed

of steel-wire

use

It will be

necessary.

other

been
and

reinforcingboth
of

clear

Construction.

has

Fence

Fig. 84.

trap-rockmixture.

Floor

which

of

drawings

in. floor-beams, which

have

1-3-5

by

beam-girder

University of Pennsylvania Gymnasium

8X16

ins. in the

The

the

The

3-in slab.

8 ins. square.

to

building just described,

of the

span
clear

of 30

are

and

beams,

clearlyshown

in the

of the

apart in the

Valliere

ins. square

25

and

in.

8X12
girders,

171

32

ins.

same

shown

in

the

support.

deep,
width

and
and

by Fig. 87,

172

REINFORCED

CONCRETE

II
"-oti

r-.njjr

o
-C
c

10

00

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

and

of the

those

of the

recital hall

supported by
of

girdersare
shown

rods
From

the
the

through

ties
the

and

4-in. slab stiffened by ribs 15 ft. apart

girders12X48

substantiallythe

tension

The

ft. 7 ins.

ins. X6o

same

construction

of these

as

the

straight and

are

balcony girder
of

eight if-in.

four

are

girder.

As

the

balcony

floor

at

the

section

engaging
girder.
the upper

to

with

The

take

girder was

two

lower

part of

the

placed

"-in. anchor-rods
part of the girder
1-2-4

concrete;

the

was

made

about

bent.

upward

straightrods, f-in. i6-gage strap-ironstirrupsextend

the

roof

These

long.

consists

girder reinforcement

side; four

roof

The

same.

compression, the girderwas

down
by fVmi-f-in.compression-rods anchored

sufficient
four

four

the
practically

girder are

of

consists

by Fig. 87.

on

in.

12X48

173

of

not

reinforced
annealed

by
wire
of

mid-height

of 1-2-3

largest aggregate

concrete
was

in.

REINFORCED

crushed
per

The

gravel.
foot.

square

girder

Under

it

designed

for

deflected

/g

in.

"

their

own

Bars

:-4,

':~~~~i~'r\'^^

"

ft

Ibs.

90

"

-190

-"]"-

of

load

Under

f-

^"-p---^

rs"^i^^ay.~-g--"

floor

Wire.'

Annealed

,T$

"

190

was

test

j|"--"5""t""

CONCRETE.

Ctj.i.Ij44-f-T4-^

^M^"$"^

,8.1% Bars

I/7KFIG.

Girder

87.
"

the roof

weight
The

the
of

drawings

FIG.

88.

at

pany,

50 ft.

the

oect'ion

Z~Z

Roof

Girder

"

Long

of

ins. and

Music,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

in.

12X48

balcony girder

in.

details of the

factoryof the

Central

Felt

roof

girders over

and

Paper

Com-

Column.

Factory
Long Island

Felt

Central

of

Y.

City,N.
15X30

are

the

for

Island

the

girder J

show

Fig. 88

of

machine-room

J in.;
in.

12X32

of

Gallery, College

deflected

girders

f in.,and

deflected

the

Supporting Hanging

City,

N.

and

Paper

clear

girders have

These

Company,

Y.

of

spans

ins. in cross-section.

COLUMNS.
Current
methods

of

reinforcement.

rectangularsection,

forcing-rodsarranged symmetrically and

is the
illustrate

these

columns

without

number
for

some

construction.

normal

of

features.

reinforcement

American

and
filling

of these

It is

and

encasing

designs

may

be

exhibits

construction

column

practice in

few

together at
examples are
practiceto

connection

classed

close

built
as

up

have
of

composite

vals,
inter-

sufficient

also
steel

floors.

used

shapes,

structures

to

concrete

use

reinforced

with

English designers
columns

straight rein-

with

tied

quite common
in

vagaries in

few

of

crete
con-

and
con-

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

and

crete

of

the

steel,but

steel,which

all the

takes

and

load

far

is, so

of

structurallyindependent

fireproofing

the

than

provide for scarcelymore

others

is concerned,

power

175

the

as

the

supporting

casing

or

fire-

proofing.
Bank

Fig. 89

Building, Basel,
employed

were

U"rJ
'^W?

in

the

89.
"

basement

in
cylindrical
the

Hennebique
columns

"

columns

The

illustrated in

buildingat Basel, Switzerland, where

bank

f\M^
^^^
/

"41 Bars

FIG.

Switzerland.

Columns,

are

Bank

square

and
cross-section,

Building, Basel, Switzerland.

and

they

those

will,with

type, illustrate the ordinary practice of the

of

the

upper

floors

are

general description of
French
engineer Hennea

76
in

bique
four

reinforced

applying

standard

reinforcement

or

four

bars

bar

and
the

at

at

the

center

of

intermediate

peripheral bars
to

mm.

the

50

column

horizontal

the

mm.

ends

of

and
to

the

practice

of weakness

The
and

where

and

enclosed

also

splicesare
in

mold

to

of

passage

Office

the

necessary

sleeve.
cylindrical

hollow

pipes,wires, etc.
Building, Cincinnati,

preceding paragraph, the

rather

than

are

the

circular

bars

which

faced

to

columns,

faced

ends
from

faced

the

in

of the

ends

the

two

one

each

bars.

3$

Each

so

being

In

the

story only, but

stories.

top of the

bar

At
to

form

used

this

building

and

they are

34X

cast-iron

38 ins-

base-plate,

vertical round

tops of the projectionsare

.bearingfor the
four, six, or eightof these

the

true

jointsof

which

made

are

bars

part of the building these

the

third floor they extend

stage of the work

a

special

columns

In

for the

form

to

above

each

is

in size from

seats

has

lower

described

column

the

the

pendently
footingsare built indewhat
rectangularpedestal some-

ins. in diameter,

for

The

The

column

another,

used

columns,

decrease

form

as

load.

butt-joints

by Fig. 90

this is set

to

top

in

used

to

square

the

wall

are

has

Upon

plane

in contact.

through

They

compression only.

ins. to

column.

horizontal

true

height of

around

the

and

projectionson

act

5 of which

it is

in this construction

space

ins. at the roof.

12X12

to

largerthan

extend

to

common

shown

column

16 ft. to 33 ft. apart.

basement

having

all but

columns,

22

of the

by

cut

Unlike

"

Owing

bending

floor

one

standard

spaced from

bars

Ohio.

sists
con-

the rods

those

to

design. It is an example of
1 6-story IngallsBuilding at
Cincinnati, Ohio.

in the

at

It is

form

much

from

interior

columns, the

in the

there

have

are

(19.7 ins.)

binders,
flat-strap

which

rods

cm.

the column.

similar

horizontal

slipover

much

continuous

on

The

common

to

within

these

by

in columns
made

are
reinforcing-rods

ends

peripheralstrap
binders

most

the

at

50

vary

base

the
rest

square,

about

The

introduced

Hennebique piles(p. 139)

cut

are

spaced

punched

wire

employ

to

At

in the concrete.

forms.

two

are

form

to

as

planes

which

bars,

are
reinforcing-bars

straps of iron

placed so
the

the

upon

used

sizes of bars

The

1.97 ins.)in diameter.

plateembedded

apart vertically.There
of four

rectangular

or

depending

numbers

in

carried.

(0.32 in. to

sheet-metal

ties between

added

are

the load

and

the

of square

corners

quarter-pointsof cylindricalcolumns, but a fifth

in large columns
is often added, and
the column

the size of the column

from

the

at

togetherat regular
planes. Generally

in horizontal

arranged

of

type consists

this

bound

iron

of round

employed placed

are

columns

wires

or

of

columns

in

employed

The

construction.

column

to

concrete

longitudinalbars

more

intervalsby straps

of

CONCRETE

REINFORCED

socket

for

the

next

sleeve is put
bar.

These

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

sleeves

filled with

are

circular

bars
due

bars

twisted

of

intended

are

tension

to

grout

cement

wind

load

steel.

through the column

from

four

compression-bars are

tied

has

column

each

The

is made.

compression only.

take

to

connection

the

as

the tension-bars

and

to

take

the

smaller

ten

togetherdiagonally

encircled

are

To

The

every

12

ins.

'

Twisted Steel

Tie Bars-.,

"^/Square Twisted
Steel Wind Bars,
I"from Face

Bearing Bars.
Smooth

and

Round, with
Faced

of Column

Ends

'Wired

Splice

ENG.NEWS.

Section.

Cross
FIG.

90.

"

by hoop-bars
from

500

to

Column

for

of twisted

750

of the columns

one

of the Central

broken

stone

intervals.

depending
The

on

tie-rods

construction

used

The

column

14

York,
in

loads

the

on

Ohio.

shoes

range

rods

round
same

by

were

Long

at

four

from

column,

and

"

ins. square

20

reinforced

the size of the

for this

Fig. 91 shows a cross-section

constructingthe one-story factory building

ins. to

vertical

were

N. Y.

Paper Company,

concrete

The

steel.

New

Felt and
from

were

6-story Ingalls Building, Cincinnati,

tons.

Factory Building,
of

and

Island

and

vertical

in. to

were

is shown

The

made

of

were

rods

tied

ij

ins. in

circular

in. in diameter.
T36-

building

City.

by Fig.

umns
col1-2-4

togetherat
diameter,

in cross-section.

The
97.

wall-column

i78

REINFORCED

FIG.

91.

Factory of
pany,
Paper ComIsland City, N. Y.
for

Column

"

Felt

Central

Long

CONCRETE.

bonded]

and

in with

%o

JJ"

t^"^S"^Z*

"

'"^"*"^:"$::$M

*""

^MMj^^^M
^^l^'^^l|
"f^:-':^^!, '''rS.-^:^.*,
:":^*:.-"
%"%""*?.
''"

";.

my^^y^
.""."*"

..-"*-

"i'."'.ft..'-^:

."*..""*.""

Og

Section
b-f

through

Concrete
Division

FIG.
at

92.

"

Wall

Pier

Louisville, Ky.

for

Power

House,

FIG.

93.

Vertical

"

Showing
and

Floor

Center

Column
Wall.

Section
and

Craneway

of Wall

Roof
Bracket.

Pier

tions
Connec-

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

Power
twelve

House,
concrete-steel

vertical

section
floor

the

of the

columns
These

by Fig.

consist

bars

splicesthe
concrete

and

tied

were

5.7 parts broken

cross-bolts

of

use
as

Kelly " Jones

made

was

for the

column

circle and

The

wired

are

columns

3 -in. shells.

bv

helix

of

bars

and

piers

or

They

circumferential

actual

helix

made

were

these forms
metal

are

as

framework;

used

for

^Xj

in.

(2)

Walls
of

consisting of
steel;
of

composed

and

masonry

with

mentioned

these

reinforced
brickwork

third

walls
and

The

is

the form
other

indifferently. The
nature

Monolithic

of the

several

be

may

may

the

of

and

rods

wall

hollow

with

corner

and

each

at

vertically.

of the

with

solid

brick, stone,

be

either

of

reinforced
a

columns

concrete
terra

solid

limited

mentioned

and

by

hollow;
laid

concrete

framework;

and

lintels which

The
to

last is

form

partition

of
or

an
exclusively

when

cotta;

terra

or

steel

cotta.

supporting

carried
or

of

notable

more

hollow

or

network

reinforced

of

walls without

either

supported by

commonly

and

section

Some

plasteredmetal

or

are

building the

same

construction

partition

veneered

walls

end

to

PARTITIONS.

rectangular slabs

construction, and
construction.

commonly

consisting of
between

walls

bars

twisted

ins. apart

12

drawings,

these

end

|-in. rod

of forms.

(i)

often

the

spaced

and

follows:

are

by

AND

variety

these

exteriors

surface,and

J-in. square
In

such

spaced equidistantin

bars

rectangular in

reinforced

were

both

are

by Fig. 79,

the

by

tory
fac-

brass

column

hooped

shown

the

intersections.

at

bars

taken

of
As

in. from

is illustrated

4-in. pitch extending from

practice wall

has

concrete

in America

WALLS
In

3.8 parts sand,

constructing the

In

"

by eightvertical

less than

together

Pa.

Considere.

Mr.

is reinforced

in

column.

first time

by

nowhere

enclosed

Between

drawings.

the

by

cement,

Greensburg, Pa., which

at

is recommended

each

f-in. bolts

two

stone.

Factory Building, Greensburg,

of

these

f in. thick.

joints.

shown

as

part Portland

the

at

together by wkes,

composed

was

i5-ft.lengths splicedby

and

side-bars

by

bars

of

up

ets,
brackof

and

ins. wide

ing
show-

scale,but

reinforcingmembers

bars

to

1903,

crane-track

the

of

one

by Fig. 92.

smaller

to

and

main

flat iron

eight

made

were

distanced

The

of

is shown

house,
drawn

The

93.

in

Louisville, Ky.,

connections

truss

of

section

transverse

at

power

column

same

and

girder

is shown

brick

"

built

columns

walls of

the

strengthen

and

Louisville,Ky.

i?9

work
frame-

(3)

Walls

up

like

(4) Walls
are

filled

construction
interior
exterior

wall
wall

employed for exterior or interior

following examples indicate clearlythe form
forms

are

constructions

defined.

i8o

REINFORCED

Walls.

Monolithic

for

Hennebique
construction

The

"

rods

at

the

slab.

of the

center

by

exterior

in each

wall

face

partitionwas

the

of

bank

The
a

engineer
particular

This

and

solid-plate

French

walls.

vertical rods

The

by stirrups. This
transversely

the

door-opening.

rods

show

Fig. 94

interior

an

shows

of vertical

row

and

for

employed

was

of

extensivelyused

interior

both

Basel, Switzerland, and

consists of

drawings

construction

wall

monolithic

CONCRETE.

building at
reinforcement
of horizontal

row

tied into

are

designed to

slab

the

resist

lateral

KJ

FIG.

thrust

94.

-Monolithic

"

of 250

kgs. per
the
practically

walls

in
filling

the

Wall,

per sq.

plate construction

same

between

spaces

(51 Ibs.

meter

square

Construction.

Hennebique

columns,

is

and

ft.).

For

employed,

being

in

exterior

the

plates

piece

one

with

them.
wall

The

interest; it
O.,
three

and

faced

of the
and

by

with

are

vertical bars

the

brick

walls

only
and

horizontal

bars

marked

in the
are

to

Figs. 95

and

is of

96

particular

6-story IngallsBuilding
outside

and

3 ins.

of the

the

on

facing the

vertical

arrangement

for

is veneered
and

in

shown

designed

was

stories

Exclusive
not

construction

terra

cotta

8 ins.

are

with

street

of

walls

J-in. bars

27

above

thick;

4 ins. thick.

bars

marble

twisted
is shown
ft.

the

the

All

to

nati,
Cincin-

at

height of

fourth

floor.

party walls

the

walls

steel.

are

The

by Fig.

were

forced
rein-

typical
95.

The

long extending through

floors

two

placed

and

ins. from

marked

bars
middle

of

Over

J-in. bars

of

^-in. bars
wall

the

and

lapped

FIG.

95.

ings,
or

in

are

least

at

between

secured

at

secured

facing

every

floor

wire

by
and

veneer

surfaces

engage

with

City,

columns,
also
shown

have

section

the

the

the

method

of

back,

The

marble

the

top and

These
wall

ported
sup-

is also

and

concrete,

of the

wire

facing is

inclination.
face

are

Ohio.

with

the

brick

the

of

window-open-

concrete.

on

grooves

on

the

shows

The

in

upward

an

grooves
form

and

joint.
of
the

Fig.

show

97

Central

Felt

Y.

The

walls

of this

and

they

carry

no

of the

floor and

the

bottom

each

by Fig.

formed

facing have

faces

inside

wrapped

are

wall.

concrete

pairs

are

adjoiningbars

of
over

ends

four

or

Ingalls Building,Cincinnati,

projecting from

edges
at

of

lapped

ledge

ribs of similar

drawings

N.

by

of which

factory of

of the

the

ends

the

window-openings.

of the

jointsoccur

of Wall

the

anchors

speciesof dovetail

and

hog-rings. Fig. 96

on

terra-cotta

bottom

The

with

the

supporting

the

Section

outside

edges

the

ft.,and

of 27

columns,

together

the

near

below

or

When

and

the

side

by

lengths
ins.

21

Elevation

"

side

bars

marked

horizontal

The

ins. above

ij

bars

These

steel.

twisted

piece of "-in. bar

short

the

at

being butted

ends

story, the

each

in

made

joints are

wind-bars;

jointis lapped

each

placed

of

column

the

are

window-openings

together.
of

edges

the

lapped at the floor line. They are

The
vertical
the window-openings.

ends

their

having

181

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

97.

The

the
and

except their

roof-slabs.

bay

wall

Paper Company

building are

load

wall

monolithic

At

is reinforced

between

weight

the floor and

as

wall-platereinforcement

Island

Long

at

6 ins. thick
own

construction

and

the

cent
adja-

levels and

roof

girder,as
consists

wall

of

is

clearly

vertical.

182

REINFORCED

EN6.

PIG.

96.
"

Part

Vertical

NEWS.

Section

CONCRETE.

of

Ingalls Building Showing

Veneering

of lock-woven

sheets

steel fabric

this fabric
the

at

side

shape

FIG.

"

each

Details

of Walls

concrete

sand, and

of

form

to

as

the

net

bent

to

the window-sill.

under

concrete

U-shaped

material

same

dow-openings
win-

At

face.

'

for

Factory

for the walls

was

of Central

City,

N.

of

mixture

wet

and

Felt

Paper Company,

Long

Y.

part cement,

parts

5 parts fine cinders.

Plastered
of

the inner

near
so

in the wall

Island

The

back

Sheets

opening.

'--fTi-."

placed

is folded

also embedded

are

"

97.

of

183

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

and

Mesh

plasteredmesh

and

steel-frame

to^metalconstructions.
employed
States,while

in

Steel-frame

The

Europe,
it has

walls

Monier
but

expanded-metal

development,although

Walls.

to

construction

limited
is

notable

most

the Monier

are

construction

only

gained

The

"

has

and

the

been

extent

considerable

expandedvery

in the

an
particularly

forms

sively
exten-

United

American

popularityin Europe.

84
Monier

wall,

Construction.

the

Monier

vertical.

When

they
which

bound

the

similarlyconnected
be the main

with
A

lime

or

modification

where

it is desired

vertical

of

the

This

and

supports
sill of

the

center

of the

and

wall.

by

in

each

face.

Monier

construction

construction
walls

and

consists

has been

top and

openings

hollow

round

bars

of

with

cement

or

with

wood.

This

in which

for

of the

exterior

all

the

to

sides

and

of

use

wall

of the

plastered.

plasterwall

for both

of interior

with

them

sill and

bars

the

and

case

and

chief

partitions.
exterior

construction

partitionand
is covered

floor-beams, which

sides

formed

Door-

channels.

with

window-

and

This

nected
con-

construction

For

lime

floor-beams

Any

on

Between

behind
alternately

the

both

verticallybetween

screw-eyes.

to

on

ment
reinforceare

The

of forms

the

stretched

construction

number

crosswise

the

at

times
light solid partitionsthe practiceis somewood
sills
and
and
laying
ceiling-plates
stretching

connected

are

with

slab with

metal

the

places where

nettingare

Expanded

studding set

wall.

adopted

"

tical
ver-

from

placed
In

them.

and

ordinary form

bottom

cased

are

walls

developed in

lath

expanded-metal

between

space

Construction.

of channel-iron

partitions. The

at

forms

walls of Monier

is for interior

Expanded-metal

bars

Hollow

of

thick

"

rods

extra-heavy carrying-rod.

an

construction.

making

the

arching

wall-platefree

parallelsheets

thus

mortar,

in

single network

Monier

two

parallelplates with

two

walls

the

the

abutting against the

ribs

of

weight

employed

wall-plateentirelyon

intervals

arch

as

ordinary

is necessary

embedded
near

the

carry
For

act

slab is the normal

wall

thicker

rods

curved

sides

(1.97 ins.)thick.

cm.

consists

insertingat

ture.
struc-

both

is sometimes

of the

weight

may

independent

plastered on

described

are

which

wall,

an

plate 5

rods

These

the

or

it is

modification

extending horizontallyand
These

building

forming

the

carry

of

work
net-

casings

channel-iron

or

frame

network

construction

to

supports.

of the

mortar,

of the

timber

supporting

metal

pierce the

firmly attached.

are

members

completion

cement

mesh

the

to

framing

Upon

the

of

distributing-rods

the

windows

or

all sides with

on

rods

doors

for

openings

are

and

carrying-rods horizontal

Monier

points of

the

verticallybetween

stretched

of

solid form

first the

Considering

"

netting is

the

with

support

to

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

in front.

second
the

by

interior

walls, but

sheets

of

This

mesh
and

carrying-rods are
wall

of hooks

and

constructions

ordinarilya

foot

is

of hooks
metal

expanded

both

window-openings
with
at

top and

sides
cased

are

metal

and

laced

are

plasteredon

connected

These

apart.

means

is also used

construction

means

about

ceiling-plate
by

Door-

mortar.

and

work,
framebottom

clips.
just described

special exterior

may

wall

be

used

framing

is

designed.
about
and
the

This

ft. apart

15
bottom

window

horizontal

metal

is

cement

connected

lines

members

from

is

on

fire

the

inside

with

are

boxed

they

to

which

plastered
lime

plaster.
with

around

top

Between

expanded

the

with

outside

the

on

the

at

bars.

and

channels

sheeting

and

bottom

angles

vertical

set

This

and

top and

at

spaced

columns

wall

I-beam

horizontal

by

are

attached.

mortar

columns

and

of

consists

commonly

protect the

To

metal

expanded

and

plaster.
Walls

of

reinforced

Cast

Slabs.

concrete

buildings in Europe

Wall

"

has

been

and

is unknown

forms

of

cast-slab

wall

of horizontal

(3.28X4.92 ft.)is
like

plates set
the
and

rods

second

form

in the

wall

from

of

to

wall

Frame

Concrete

consistingof

(1.18

Monier

edges
The

the

pieces

and

they

98.

columns,

panels

"

window-sills

filled with

be

separatelycast
laid.

treatment

of

Walls

has

wall

Filling.
"

framework

been

up

as

of this construction

concrete

to

Kahn

of the wall-

composed

/V-A.

those

afford
furnished

lintels for

the

concrete-steel
of cut

members

the

with

the

occasionallyby

used

similar

struction
con-

Reinforcement.

Bar

this construction

pieces laid

nearly equal

reinforced

In

with

blocks
laid up

are

lintels,cornice, water-table, etc.,

and

brickwork,

engineer Hennebique.
are

Lintel

Cast

the

In

SECTION

FIG.

that

so

ins.)thick.

cast

m.

building tile.

are

Brick

and

i%

framework.

the

form,

posed
com-

horizontal

two

1.6

to

tile in

concrete-steel

cast

with

joints,exactly as

mortar

plates are

plates to

construction

burnt-clayhollow

Reinforced

the

cast

the

on

two

work

about

few
cerns
con-

employed

frame

The

filled with

These

cm.

wall

Monier

with

are

protrude

attaching

have

meshes

forming

meshes

the

practice.

form

one

window-sash.

of

means

resemble

and

comparatively

Europe

In

members

reinforcement

made

are

erected

glass in

the

furnish

plates
used

of

vertical

only

in

slabs of

especiallycast

in American

construction.

and

in

adopted

construction

controllingMonier

of

construction

French

members

stone

would

opportunitiesfor architectural
by

carrying

veneered
brick

walls

walls.
over

The

use

window-

i86

REINFORCED

and

door-openings is
here

used

CONCRETE

illustrated

is the

described

bar

Kahn

ment
of reinforce-

form

The

by Fig. 98.

p. 337.

on

ROOFS.

Two
the

of roof

forms

first form

both

reinforced

frame

and

steel

and

covering

as

second

the

In

concrete-steel

of

covering are

timber.

or

In

employed.

are

attached

plates are

concrete

ordinary roof-framing of

the

to

in concrete-steel

construction

are

form

monolithic

in

of

the

construction.
Plate

Reinforced

and

constructions
flat-plate
well

and

separately in

roof-framingand
of

the
In

these

buildingthe
Milk

three

each

mortar

by

other

by

28

ft.

which

Monier,

frequently

been

and

centers

joints. The
in

times
some-

attached

are

mortar

described

ins.,the

side, with
The

coat.

been

Brooklyn,

of slabs 4 ft. wide

laid side

each

of

concrete-steel

The

slabs

place on

and

the

to

tion
construc-

preceding section;

for roofing:
examples of platesdesigned specifically
densed
two-story 2ooX88f-ft. stable for the Anglo-Swiss Con-

Company

spans

or

has
floor-plates

followingare

in

sheets

joined to

framework,

have
floor-plates

molded

Any

"

employed equally

be

may

wood

or

other

employed, they being sometimes

cast

Construction.

floors

steel

having

expanded-metal, Columbian,
so

for

employed

covering roofs

for

Steel-frame

N.

the

Y.,

trusses

roof

of which

roofing
directlyon
long enough to reach
rests

and

scarfed

joints,and

construction

of the
1"-

carry

from

is shown

"k-

^'-

divided

into

I-beam

lins.
pur-

purlinsand

these

with

by Fig. 99.
"

sists
con-

ridge,

to

eaves

plasteredover

slabs

^"

was

J-in.
The

".

No. 14 Wire.

v
""\.

Plan.

End

View.

Section.

FIG.

99.-

-Roofing Slabs

for Stable

for Anglo-Swiss

Brooklyn,
main

of
reinforcing-frame
spaced 3! ins. apart by

staggered holes
No.

14

gage

for

wires

the

each
three

rods.

spaced

slab

N.

consists of

transverse

Over

and

6 ins. apart

Condensed

Milk

Co.,

Y.

are

gridironof J-in.rods

spacing-platescontaining
under
woven,

these
and

staggered bars
stretched

over

the

bottom

with

the

very

fine broken

rods

edges

scarfed

are

the

roof

FIG.

ioo.

and

overlap when

Roofing

struction
D.

Fig.

Slabs

C.
in

around

the

in

longitudinaltwisted

with
filled,

asphalt i

slabs

filled with

Another

square
and

ins.

roofingis

shown

rv

to

and

around

roof

and

the

'/77/7't//////"/

VAV

the

was

concrete.

is made

This

x,v\^

ridge

jointsbetween

the

101.

C.

haunched

edgewise in

by Fig.

D.

of transverse

joint at

deep,

con-

Washington,
ridge were

were

network

The

f-in.pine stripsbedded

of slab

form

bars.

by

at

eaves

thick

5 ins.

reinforced

in. wide

from

reaching

were

were

cement

locked

Office

Printing

slab

the

Printing Office,Washington,

and

slabs

with

flat steel bars

concrete-steel-slab

the

Government

ft. wide

12

to

of

with

reinforcing-frame and

Government

the

place. These
purlins; they

were

thin

shows

100

edges

permit

edges

made

concrete

made

the

to

for

Slabs

employed

molded

and

bolted

be

is filled flush

skeleton

This

laid, the jointbeing

also left in the

are

-framing.

"

netting.

with a 1-2-4
spacing-plates
2-in. plate. The
a
stone, to make

to
angle-clips

or

wire

fine

of the

Voids

mortar.

is

187

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

of

^
'^ V/ /////r////
's/'/
x

$ fyy///,//sfr*fr?r'7?,s
'/,'///'777/77:'77/ / x//// x ^; x^a
///'///'///////'//,
'/'/'/"'/'/////'A
'////////S/'//,

FIG.

corrugated

101.

plasteredon
made

are

about

which

steel sheets
both

sides

laid

are

with

cement

ft.X-J-in. deep.

10X20

15 Ibs. per square

Corrugated

of Plastered

Roofing Slabs

"

foot and

the

on

roof-framing and

then

corrugated sheets
roofing ij ins. thick weighs
$21 per

complete about

costs

Plate.

The

mortar.

This

Steel

ioo

square

feet.

Monolithic
the

Construction.

roof-framing and

construction
roofs

to

has

arched

been
roofs

Flat

concrete

and

roof-plateare
applied to all forms
and

of

roof

construction

both

concrete.

This

reinforced

of roofs

of elaborate

domes

roof

construction

from

simple peaked

composition.
of

very

European
bold

acter
char-

steel.

Pitched

consist

monolithic

the

practicein particularexhibits
in

In

"

Roofs.
"

usually of

Flat
ribbed

and

pitched roofs

plates and

of monolithic

resemble

struction
con-

closelyplain

88

platefloor

ribbed

of

mansard

the

spanning

built for

was

face

to the rear

and

flat roof

the

on

FIG.

The

roof

The

flat roof

of the

102.

construction
in the

The

roof

shown

pitched-roofconstruction
the

court

-room

The

Island.

spaced
of 49

the

The
to

Nassau

These

the

arch

ribs

is

support

York

extending

the

on

of

of

girders

front

wall
the

the

is

also

is stiffened

thickness

It

by

covers

arched

ins. thick

other

of

Mineola, Long

of 5 ins. and

is
roof-plate,

monolithically.The

flat-roof

example

ceiling.
at

flat-roof

show

notable

together.

construction

normal

this is the

Court-house
and

Hennebique.

welded

exactlylike the
88

Residence.

is the

its vaulted

ins. thick

ribs have

City

used

Figs. 79 and
by Fig. 103

County

like
ceiling-plate,

sists
con-

ward
back-

roof-plateand

asphaltbricks

was

because

roof-plateis

3 ft. apart.

ft.

connected

of

takes

New

shown

of

and

flat roof consists

carrying a

drawing, and

same

drawings

The

of reinforcement

here

flat roof

given by

is

by plate buttresses resting on

for

this roof

on

forms

City residence

The

roof

Roof

form

The

floor shown

constructions.

and

eaves.

is braced

and

coveringused

construction.

front

mansard

Monolithic

"

attic floor.

or

York

New

building transverselyand

suspended ceiling. The

of both

example

the street

on

the mansard

from

An

construction.

roof

This

Fig. TO2.

top

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

details

ribs
span

and
of

is
the

construction

shown

are

prevailingtimber-roof

189

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

drawings. In Europe practicallyall

reproduced in concrete-steel by Henne-

the

by
forms

are

490

FIG.

103.

Pitched

"

bique, Bonna,
and examples
Domes

FIG.

104.

applied to
seated
the

on

span

arranged
22

m.

of

Arched

Fig.

both
a

domes

and
the

(72.2 ft.)span

arched

As

for

domes

will be

parallelin

of this construction
shed

200

m.

the

arched

have

been

(656.2 ft.)long

has

of

arched

plate is

twisted

roofs.
built.
has

an

been

Roofs.

connected

are

consists

in reinforced

Arched

and

seen,

of which

reinforcement
and

Domed

practice

which

construction

opposite sides
The

railway

roofs constructed

Construction

arches.

American

and

European

European

of Habrich

radiallyin

Switzerland,

and

shows

104

Both

"

tie-bars.

Y.

N.

other

Roofs.

channel

by

and

of domes

Details

"

Ceiling, Court-house, Mineola,

Vaulted

prominent systems of construction,

gable,mansard, and weaving-shed roofs are numerous.

examples

concrete.

with

Cotancin,

and

furnish

Roof

across

straps

Domes
At
arched

of

Basel,
roof

of

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

190

20

The

twisted

are
reinforcing-bars

The

apart.

and

(65.6ft.)span

m.

roof

meter

(15.4 Ibs. per

meter

(8.2Ibs jpersq. ft.);the

(46 Ibs. per

is

sq.

employed

of

twisted

Almost

for domes

and

by

105.

vertical

between
A

dome

covers

Domed

"

Roof

plates set

the

mausoleum

notable

example

kgs. per

square

wind

load

of 40

kgs. per

square

construction

an

of Frederick
of dome

is 225

for

kgs. per
as

form

concrete

nettinginstead
dome

tion
construc-

plates connected

at

Mineola,

N.

part of the annular

to

stiffen the

outside

diameter

III. at

Potsdam.

construction

of

of Monier

Court-house

lower

square meter
that justdescribed

Monier

roofs,using
Another

meagre

ins.

of 75

same

radially. The

5"

about

load

dead

Construction

or

snow

load

arched

construction,with

per meter,

sphericalshells

shells is filled with

of this

the

for

reinforcement.

as

consists of concentric

FIG.

for

sq. ft.)and

ft.)

straps

spaced seven

calculated

was

of this construction.

(13.12 ft.)rise

m.

of 8.8

is illustrated

Y.

space

construction.
m.

by

(28.9ft.),
the

draw-

CONSTRUCTION.

BUILDING

of

ings

Fig.

Court-house
of

carried
The

on

the

and

bars

ribs

in each

rib.

4^ ft. high

reinforced

from

the

the

under

on

bars.

These

7 ins. thick
roof

and

of

most

The

the

the

girder,while

cantilever

circular

and

apart and

the

height of

the inner

and

then

they

well wired

are

of Portland

composed

the

outside

cross

follow

to

together.
and

cement

the

weight

rods

by J-in.
ins.

12

are

drum.

first 7 ft.

for the

from

distance

All

rods

lap

18

dome

of the

concrete

dome

of the

same

to

is supported

roof

The

bottom

the

f-in. broken

unscreened

and

columns

its

and

lines

is reinforced

apex.

The

center

surface

to

over

on

roof.

ins. apart at the

12

circular annular

circular

or

drum

the

of

and

ribs

girder

roof -dome

of

row

circular

the

horizontal

in. from

surface, which

jointsand

are

inner

remainder

without

set

dome

of

The

rods

are

the

thick

rods.

radial

radial rods

action

ins.

the

the

wall

drum

ft.

reinforcing-

i-in.

the

under

oblique ribs

eight points to

of

weight

about

by ioX22-in.

four

has

ins.

3^

roof

extends

is stiffened
ribs

with

concentric

and

ins. apart

18

J-in.

four

of

flat annular

of

consists

forced
ring or girderrein-

drum

high.

radial

by

wall
4-in. cylindrical

bottom

this

of these

Each

high.

at

solid shell

radial

at

6 ft.

the

by

The

9 ft.

J-in. bars

carry

large circular

the

has

of

part of its weight directlyto

carry

in

and

and

with

side.

tangent

are

Outside

is stiffened

on

columns.

circular skylight

n-ft.

an

being

two

twelve

shell and

the

in

ioXi2-in.

the

reinforcement

The

supported

top of this drum

ribs

and

rods

is

has

ins. thick

lof

and

inward

which

i-in. rods.

two

it is another
thick

dome

ins. thick

side.

J-in. twisted
This

with

consists

It

1901.

supported by

sphere

under

the

on

circular

by

ribs

Its shell is

and

drum

of

County

Nassau

ceilingdome,

or

rings each

segment

crown.

circular

radial

is

in

built

was

inner

an

pair of concentric

and

Y.,

and

dome

ceilingdome
at

or

roof

or

N.

part of the

forms

structure

Mineola,

at

outer

an

This

105.

I91

ins.
was

stone.

STAIRS.

general

Two

In
notched

tops

the

they

other

are

the

to

form

only

carried

The
which

construction

and

sometimes
treads

from

concrete

been

risers and

risers

framing.

In

for the

built

or

reinforced

the

familiar

ribs

concrete

the

having

by

are

ordinary metal

followingexamples
have

plates of

stiffened

and

practiced with

are

monolithic

are

treads

metal

on

only change

risers.

staircases

the

stair

stairs

the
and

of reinforced
and

of

the

one

smooth

sometimes
in

forms

second

form

illustrate

of reinforced

some

and

of

side

and

tion
construc-

is the

tution
substi-

cast-iron treads

of the

concrete.

with

string-pieces;
concrete

construction
stone

under

crete-steel.
con-

more

Much

simple
more

REINFORCED

complicated forms
or

unusual
Two

carried
on

106.

I beams.
and

material.
the

itself to

On

Monier

bold

example

treads of wood,

with

is formed

landing
example shown

plate being arched

reinforced

plate is

Plates.

supported at top
string-pieces

top of this plate the steps

covered

the

shown

platesare

Strings Carrying Reinforced

Metal

with

The

second

adapting

"

channel-iron

two

on

first

/.34

Stairs

"

the

In

107.

FIG.

in

with

of stair construction

and

06

concrete-steel

conditions

unusual

meet

to

structural forms.

examples

by Figs.

constructed

been

of
pliability

illustrate the

to

and

have

CONCRETE.

there

and

instead

by

any

plate.

Monier

top and

at

suitable

other

bottom

In

Monier

the
string-pieces,

metal

carried

or

arched

an

no

are

stone,

crete
plain con-

in

molded

are

bottom

and

beams.

on

"

1.465

"

"

I
,rn

I.V7

"

1.465"

"

FiG.

The

steps

are

modifications
of the

most

on

the

to

encase

of
York

107.

molded
of

Stair

"

in

these

obvious

"

plain concrete

of these

is to

carry

building wall, using only an

the plate in the wall so that
Fig. 1 08 illustrate a section of

City residence.
landings,and are
They

consist

These

stairs

seated

simply

of

at
a

Plates.

in the first

as

constructions

two

Monier

with

Construction

also

are

edge

one

it forms

are

top and
reinforced

of the

Monier

bracket.

main
in

One

employed.

plate

another
string-piece;

outside

the

Several

example

with
half-flights,
bottom
slab

on

ings
draw-

The

stairs built

for

is

New

diate
interme-

extra-heavy girders.

plain

on

the

under

BUILDING

FIG.

FlG.

108.

109.

Reinforced

"

"

Main

Floor

Concrete

Stairs

CONSTRUCTION.

Stairs

for

for

New

York

City

Residence.

Ingalls Building, Cincinnati, Ohio.

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

194

side

and

notched

construction

of

stairs

main

of

slabs

the

side.

upper

by Fig.

third.

their

109,

will

As
with

risers, and

Figs.

and

Fig.

be

their

tops

bottoms

and
in

no.

"

Stairs

for

Upper

and

regular ceiling.
the

Fig.

drawings.
This

in.

at

The

An

Nikolaief,

is shown

and,

as

The

reinforcement

by

details

example

stairway

the
is

of

ascends

Russia.

drawings,

entirely of

stairs

curved

Property

O.

The

to

stairs

all

for

monolithic

are

notched

or

stair

the

form

to

form

smooth

Line

Ingalls Building, Cincinnati, Ohio.

of

of

the

shows

no

offset

sloped

Floors

Cincinnati,

at

the

show

no

these

seen,

Easf

FIG.

and

109

6-story Ingalls Building

concrete-steel

and

treads

the
shown

are

above

floors

the

on

the

reinforcement

spiral stair
the

This

shaft

of

stairway

is corbelled
round

bars.

out

given fully

are

construction

lighthouse
is

about

from

by

is shown
tower

108
the

tower

structed
con-

ft.

high

walls.

CONSTRUCTION

BUILDING

195

CORBELS.
Reinforced

been

has

concrete

frequently and

constructing corbels, brackets,

of

examples

The

pages.
which

by

such

drawings

the

out

second

connected

are

(5.58 ft.)deep.

The

Fig.
it

construction

was

to

necessary

originalwalls
roadways

that

so

the

over

brackets

maximum

walls
the
a

height

and

sidewalks

had

being

the

clearlyshown

brackets

consists

deep

narrow

slab
The

drawings

in the

of

is

City, N.

were

them

shallow
the

show

the wall-bracket

Felt

Central

and

(1.64 ft.)

m.

varies, the

span

of

has

carried

edge

stone

floor-

employed
Island

Long

at

of

parapet.

construction

Paper Company

by

and

the

carry
a

the

retaining-

outer

beams

and

asphalt

(3,936 ft.)

m.

all 0.5

the

form
plat-

construction

platform

at

the

bordering

the masonry

The

Paris

from

reinforcement

these

wall;

the

their

to

beam

of

by

cantilever

1,200

were

tem
sys-

shown

the
a

m.

example

back

show

some

and

113

The

Ceinture

on

drawings

drawings.

with

paved

Fig. 114

factory of the

to

floor.

narrowed

carried

belled
cor-

girder 1.7

Another

Fer

(9.59ft.)and

the

wide

close

beam

which

proper,

be

to

connecting

by

of

de

there

m.

is

(14 ft.)

m.

engineer is

(9.84 ft.). The

of

4.27

the

same

this

by Fig.

m.

manner

are

the

and

of which

is shown

Hennebique.

The

cut.

spaced 2.925

span

brackets

cut,

preceding

construction

fascia

retaining-wallsset

new

of the

by

Chemin

the

sidewalk,

were

their

thick;

the

edges

of this cantilever
The

the

designed by

bordering

spaced

girder carry

was

construct

the

cantilever

are

ends

outer

double-tracking the

In

113.

in

building at Nantes, France,

and

employed

noted

several

and

beams,

the

brackets

brackets

of reinforcement
of cantilever

mill

their

at

show

112

The

street.

been

have

Fig.

floor of

the

over

apart and

constructions
of

cantilever

and

in

successfullyused

Y.

SHAFT-HANGERS.

mill-buildingconstruction

In
beams

and

girders with

operating
A

the

machinery

variety of solutions

The

one

girders by

shaft-hangers
usual
the

receive
the

could
In

manner.

beam

beam

of

means

as

the
at

be

attached

problem

adopted

has

anchor-bolts
attached

this

by

have
been

molded,

with

future

timber.

threaded

their

to

been
to

system

the
the

the

shafting for

ceilingstructure.
from

suspend
of

timbers
or

anchor-bolts

to

preferable construction
to

which

the

the

ceiling

which

lag-screwsin
built

are

projectingbelow

ends

sockets

line

concrete

presented by engineers.

of bolts

means

construction

it is

intervals

be

may

provide the

to

which

by

means

some

for this

commonly

most

it is necessary

the
the
into

its soffit to

is to

timbers

embed
mav

in
be

REINFORCED

196

CONCRETE.

-1.9 Bars

FIG.

FIG.

Spiral Stairway

in."

ii2."

Cantilever

Beam

for

Lighthouse

|"-

-2.47

Second

Carrying Corbeled
Nantes,

Tower

at

Nikolaief; Russia.

Story of Mill

Building

France.

FIG.

113."

Cantilever

Sidewalk

Over

Open

Cut

at

Paris, France.

at

connected

by

is shown
with

by Fig.

rriTTFf-^"t
-H-n-HrrH-

of

embedded

and

of such

example

It consists

115.

socket

threaded

An

bolts.

suitable

197

CONSTRUCTION

BUILDING

socket

frequent

at

stirrupforged

inverted

an

tion
construc-

intervals

the

in

-Rods
.

Ll-Hl-'-H^4-l-l-f-j.4-lv
LkS"l="^"irLrU!

=*i^"

'Wood

Filler

p
FIG.

114.

Factory
City.

Bracket

Column

Wall

"

Building

at

116.

FIG.

for

Shaft

"

Slot

of

Construction
for

Beams

Concrete

York

New

Attaching

Hangers.

-Tarred PapetfLayers

ENO.NEWS.

Expansion
FIG.

115.

"

Socket
Shaft

Attaching

Construction

Hangers

for

FIG.

crete
to Con-

Beams.

beam,
threaded
of the
shown
very

'oint

ExpansionRoundhouse

Roof.

is indicated

as

Detail
of
117.
Concrete-steel
"

for

Joint.

inside at

one

by
end

the

have

sketch.
been

Wrought
used

in

pieces

similar

of

manner.

gas-pipe
One

beams
is
designs for attaching shaftingto concrete
is
As will be seen, the construction
by the drawings of Fig. 116.
desired
be attached
flexible; the hanger can
at any
point along
most

recent

198

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

the

beam,

and

should

beam

the

to

another

machinery

patented by

been

has

will

at

of

location

attachment

hanger
N.

the

shifted

be

can

Mr.

point

another

to

or

be

altered.

This

H.

P.

of

Jones

shaft-

Yonkers,

Y.

EXPANSION-JOINTS.
There

is

either

locating or

structing
con-

and

building work,

reinforced-concrete

expansion-jointsfor
the

practice in

well-established

no

ideas

therefore,individual
followingexamples illustrate,

and

erences
pref-

only.
constructingthe factoryof

In

Constable

Hook,

floors and
a

walls.

portion was

one

from

divide

of

this

FIG.

foundation
beam

Fig. 76.

The

Company

Sketch

the walls into

the

In

at

Plan

of

or

all

floors

floor

Roundhouse

cases

versely
trans-

sion-joints
expanthe

divided

ing
sections 25 ft. wide, extendthe

into halves, as
vertically

jointsin

floors at which

joints,therefore,

These

roof.

section of wall

"

Borax

and
longitudinally

both

the lines in walls and

and

to

girderor

118.

building

introduced.

25-ft.squares

finishingone

Coast

in both
introduced
J., expansion-joints were
four stories high and
A portion of this building was
rectangularin plan. Vertical
story high, and it was

25 ft. apart marked

floors into

Pacific

N.

planes passed through

were

the

are

againsta

Roof

is

joints in
shown
by

close

case

ings
draw-

the

jointsformed

vertical form

Showing

each

and

Arrangement

by

allow-

of

Expansion- joints.

ing

the

concrete

to

set

before

the

succeeding sections

were

concreted.

simply. In building
joints are, therefore, planes of weakness
reinforced
the wall jointsthe adjacent edges of the wall sections were
A somewhat
similar
by a vertical bar extending from top to bottom.
of expansion-ioints
was
system
employed in constructingthe foundry
The

BRIDGE

floors of the

Eastwood

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

AND

Company

199

Paterson, N.

at

This

J.

tion
construc-

struction
by the drawings of Fig. 75. Fig. 117 shows the conroof built in 1904
for a roundhouse
of the expansion-joints
sketch
A
the Long
Island Railroad.
plan of this roof showing
bounded
of the areas
the dimensions
location of the jointsand
by

is illustrated

for
the

them

is

given in Fig. 118.

The

concrete.

in

concrete-steel
or

slabs

such

as

ribbed
in

slab is of

unstiffened

The

This

of the

spans

employed,
and

much

important

are

and

longer

than

of

spans

under

spans

ft. to
in

the

but

work,
30

side.

small

particularfavor

5o*ft.

building

corrosion,and

from

and
low

of

165

built

been

have

ft. span

The

designed.

been

have

sally
univer-

is almost

construction

material

that

monolith

items.

arches

concrete

any

railway tracks, canals,

across

ft.,arch

50

very

from

spans

lightweight,freedom

the

to

the

girderson

or

with

met

highway bridges

structure

longer

For

has

is

ordinary box-culvert

of

where

streams,

to

is

plain flat plates

construction

adapted only

course

construction

foot-bridgesand
cost

usual

the

requirements
construction is frequentlyapplied to

length.

small

but

the

meet

constructed

been

sometimes

are

ribs
stiffening

slab, with

These

abutments,

restingon

has

bridge

Europe, however, girder bridges of

In

used.

much

are

consisting of

States.

United

the

which

form

only

concrete-steel

of

form

common

forced
rein-

applicationsof

of the best-known

one

most

this is the

the arch, and

extent

is

construction

BRIDGE

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

AND

BRIDGE

IN

CONCRETE

REINFORCED

VIII."

CHAPTER

the
position between
metal
to a large degree the
arch; it possesses
bridge and the stone
qualitiesof lightnessand cheapness characteristic of the steel bridge,
arch

bridge

while
Its

having

its
the

at

When

beauty

arch;
and

least,for

and

street

first introduced

principalappeal
stone

occupies

concrete

of the

much

in America

roadways.

reinforced

durabilityof

the

arch.

masonry

been, therefore, chieflyfor highway bridges and

has

use

of

to

American

its claims

structural

as

bridges and
the

concrete-steel

engineers as
a

merits

particularly,
bridgescarryingpark

arch

cheap substitute

type of construction

peculiar to

itself

bridge made

having

an

for

viduality
indi-

only gradually

were

realized.
In

the
and

earlier

bridges of

this is yet the

concrete-steel
usual

only

the

construction; but

arch
a

forced,
rein-

ring was

number

of

such

REINFORCED

200

bridges have
and

metal

built in recent

been

spandrel walls and

the

skeleton.

ring with

The

With

certain

made

of

increasing.

less familiar

have

of such

danger
Culverts

of

concrete

and
in

construction
and

extreme

be

which

their

will be

applicable to

of

of

adapted

in France

used

construction

use

the

to

for

consists of

platform is usuallycarried

of unreinforced

Hennebique

noticed

i.5-m.

flat

on

is built

these

how

ment,
reinforce-

the

This

extreme.

bridges,and

Fig.

119,

It

overhang
by

on

the part

concrete-steel

in

few

here.

of

which

only those

other

forms

them
have

few

these

From

commonly

not

skew

construction
spans

from

which

will be

and

of

piece

ft. apart.

6^

abutments

on

section

that

the

standard

the

girders is

pronounced example

more

of

bridge has

65" 40';

The

buildings (p. 156) is

section,Fig. 120,
This

one

transverse

plate beyond
a

ft.

been

typicalgirder bridge

for

in

or

observed

employed
the

is

50

and

ft. to

3^

shows

France,

of

by

has

to

up

abutments

masonry

(4.Q2-ft.)
railway tracks.

(13.94 ft.)and

other

plate stiffened

particularly. Another

of this detail is shown

two

such

purpose.

joistconstruction
The

of

girders spaced

construction.

closely followed.
be

or

concrete.

floor-plateand
to

of

Only

Hennebique

"

foot-bridgeat Yverdon,

of

the

girder bridges having

This

canal

of

approaches bridge practice

considered

same

with

Europe, and

girder bridges, arch

and

are

longitudinalribs

of

lar
particu-

examples

ribbed-plateconstruction

Construction.

Hennebique
employed

steel

BRIDGES.

employed,

so

general

to

be

in

are

in

the arrangement

examples the engineer will readily see

may

of

number

girder-bridge construction.

been

have, however,

used

of

described.

Practicallyall forms

claim

is

tures
plain by the descriptionof representativestrucof this chapter. Previously,
the end
given toward

GIRDER

some

or

largely used

practice at

however, representativeexamples

are

rust

forced
rein-

demand

the

reinforcement

by

concrete-steel

conduit

of

use

made

are

bridge floors

the

siderable
con-

European

The

which

in

strength.

are

in

reinforcement

for

weakened

on

cross-section

culvert

will

another

practice also shows

In

one

hinged

built

arch

the

or

being

arches.

application is

attack

an

of

with

concrete

plain arch

now

are

forms

become

reinforced

American

structures.

use

the

was

supporting piers

the

also of

are

arches

bridge floors is

for

girder bridges which

feature

ribbed

numbers.

concrete

at

of arch

early form

also

walls

parapet

but
soffit,

have

in which

years

smooth

engineers

recent

CONCRETE.

it has

a
a

bridge carrying
span

four

of 4.25

m.

girders,and

BRIDGE

the

trough shape

the

tracks

is afforded
stream

119.

Cross

"

the

by

the

laid.

are.

FIG.

of

(49.2ft.)and

of Girder

Bridge

France.

of 7.5

in

This

at

Yverdon,

1897

over

bridge

has

with
(24.6ft.),

m.

ballast

the

still heavier

of

good example

highway bridge built

width

for

platform provides

-section

Lausanne,

near

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

AND

construction

France.

Flon,

the
a

which

on

of

span

small

15

m.

floor-plate
7 ins. thick

k-

......

FIG.

and

120.

Part

"

girders i

roller and

cost

m.

section

of

Girder

Bridge Showing

(3.28 ft.)deep.

It

was

Cantilever

tested with

Sidewalk.

road

2o-ton

platform alone about $1,700.

The
lateral overhang of
Bridge, Germany.
"

plate referred
to

of

for the

Hirdenheim

extended

Section

to in the

form

bridges illustrated by Figs. 119

sidewalks, as

shown

three-span bridge built

by Fig.
near

121.

and

This

Hirdenheim,

120

the flooris often

is the

cross-

Germany,

for

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

2O2

traffic.

highway
each

are

7.5

m.

The

center

(45.9 ft.)and

m.

dimensions

the other

(24.5 ft.)
;

*-

-5.0

side spans

the

shown

are

4tr

4.025

"-

/.so

is 14

span

the draw-

by

4.025

=-

-*

-"

1.50-

"

,m

"-I.I"S

FIG.

ing.

This

121.

Girder

"

Bridge

furnishes

structure

Hirdenheim,

near

Germany.

of

good example

bracketed

sidewalk

construction.
Construction.

Moller
is

favorite

for

one

Hennebique,

like the

vertical ribs

122.

of

it the

fish-belly
type.
of

small

bridge, and

the

bottom,
has

intervals

at

hold

which

the

on

this type is the

bars

test

load

Embedded

consists

into

is anchored

small

piece with

one

drawing

of

Construction.

observed

downward

at

that the
the

haunches

the

concrete.

under

ends, giving

flat strap

of the

of 15

span

consistingof

used

spaced

in

from

which

mechanical
structure

of

This

structure

withstood

roller.

road

Construction.
been

the

Alexisbad, Germany,

at

(49.2ft.).

m.

22-ton

Steel-beam
has

Selke

near

plate and

representative

the

highway bridge over

of steel I beams

angles riveted transverselyto give a

surrounding

girderbridge which

is

122

girdersconsistingof

of the

that

in

The

built in 1897, with

and

Slab

be

sist,
girderbridgescon-

flat-toppedarch, and that the ribs are of the

is peculiar,that of the plate conreinforcement
sisting
of I section placed paralleland
transverselyof

of

appearance

and

will

plate and girder. It

platform plate is haunched

typicalMoller
side of the

Fig.

Girder

Moller

struction
ribbed-platecon-

Moller

plate stiffened by

5 ft. apart.

Typical

"

Moller

the

Germany

girderbridges.

about

spaced

FIG.

In

"

a
2

"

form

number
ft. to

of
5

of concrete-steel

important instances
ft. apart spanning the

BRIDGE

opening
section

and

of

embedded

bridge of

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

AND

in

Fig.

concrete.

this type which

shows

123

built in

was

203

1899

transverse

Pittsburg,Pa.

near

'3jjii^"'"^^

FIG.

This
to

123.

bridge has
a

carry

and

the

Embedded

"

Steel

of 28 ft.,with

span
road

2-ton

intermediate

Bridge

Beam

roller.

The

girders are

21

-ft. roadway, and

outside
ins.

20

Pittsburg, Pa.

near

girders are

ins.

18

the

Between

deep.

designed

was

deep

beams

.,/-j

"v,;x
.*.

Half

Steel

Double

Section.

Cross

3'0" --H

for

lO'O" Span.

for

s7'0"Span.

iy

i,

"

"

)""

"

"t

jt

"

Part
124."

and

This

Embedded

embedding

metal.
the

An

Steel

them

structure

14

are

Cattle

Beam

concrete

embedded-girder

Aurora, Elgin

spaced

Irack^^JVf^5 IO'0'long
\y,

FIG.

Elevation

Sectional

has

and
a

ins. apart.

Plan.

Pass, Aurora,
arches

construction

reinforced
used

Chicago

electric

railway is

of

ft. and

the

span
The

10

beams

are

"

Elgin

for

girders

entirelyembedded

R.R.

with

expanded
on
cattle-passes

shown
are

Chicago

by Fig.
lo-in.

124.

I beams

in concrete,

REINFORCED

204

but

CONCRETE.

figured to carry the entire load.

designing engineer for this construction is

The

are

of the abutments

than
second

form

of

that

by Fig.

with

beams

illustrated
Concrete

125.

that

is

on

Fig.

-to'Q"-"

cheaper

abutments.

the

on

same

construction

turned

are

the

sions
dimen-

cent,

per

This

123.

by

the

employed

arches

jack

20

concrete

construction
in

made

it reduces

that the structure

embedded-girder

resembles

shown

much

open-floorbridge

an

road

so

claims

is

between

the

---H

'"--''

x-

\\~TieBar.

iO

Section

Vertical
C-

D.

EN6.
NEWS.

Part-

FIG.

125.

Embedded

"

Steel

I-beam

girderswith

end

each

of

beam

abutment, and

Construction, Aurora,

Beam

wire-nettingreinforcement
rests

on

diagonal rail

construction

is said

floor I-beam

girder construction.

these

examples
highway crossingsby the
consists of steel beams

above

arches

these
spans

from

to

30

ins.

been

Chemin

of 30

cost

somewhat
used
de

between
that

of from

36 ins.

50

deep.

the

lower

for

Fer

de

cent

per

60 ft. have

over

number

P Quest

open-

been

to

of overhead
of

France.

abutments

the

the

This

similar construction
a

R.R

in

wing-wall.

flanges,with

completely embeds
ft. to

Chicago

their soffits. The

in each

placed parallelbetween

arches

construction

has

on

".

6o-lb. rail embedded

is embedded

give a saving in

to

American

thin brick

vertical

Elgin

and

It
ing
carry-

concrete

beam.
built with

By

ing
fill-

this

girders

BRIDGE

Concrete

concrete-steel

by

by

the

in

concrete

dead

extra

if not

all of the

deterioration

by

locomotive

form

Practicallyevery
adapted

within

reasonable

extent

arch-bridge construction

These

all included

are

Monier

in the

precedence

Monier

arches

bridges of

this type

practicallyall
to
or

the

of brick

located

Monier

arch

spandrel walls

and

reinforcement

employed

network

of round

embedded

in

concrete

in the

reinforcement
illustrated

by

majority of the
have

had

and

the

Austria,

usual
in

the

the

wires

meaning

examples

so

there

far

of

the

several

now

is,however,
arches

sand
The

and

mortar

number
of

the

The
Monier

it is

usually

and

not

bridges and

have
Waidhofen

followingbridges are
practice in Monier

in

of the

arrangement

built of Monier
a

fined
con-

of stone

standard

the

descriptionsfollow.

ft.,but

is

unfamiliar.

p. 331,

4^

In

of reinforced

use

not

differs in different

built, that

European

is
on

term.

been

hundred

concrete

The

first

Austria.

and

reinforced

resentative
rep-

The

employed.

are

arcn

of

number

in the

concrete.

of that

have

ior

spandrel walls being

and

whose

100

of

use

3 to

(144.2 ft.). The

of

and

been

and

ring

structures

longest span

has

described

cement

of less than

m.

the

bridge

bridges which

spans

is 44

for

arch

large

description.

construction

Monier

and

1867,

abutments

Portland

to

few

give

to

gained prominence

principallyin Germany

and

has

concrete

be

Only

so.

have

in age

it

spandrel arches
rods

it would

and

do

to

Europe

of unreinforced

or

for

succeeding examples.

bridges

ring,the

masonry

each,

space

which

built in

were

of

of all others

for

structures

subjected

impossible,however,

concrete-steel

In

"

is

protection

are

and, therefore, reallydemand

Construction.

bridges takes

bridges which

It is

of

of

systems

or

for the

it offers

of reinforcement

example

consumption

types

reinforced

as

BRIDGES.

system

or

an

the

gases.

construction.

space

useless

numerous

in

arch

to

for

specialimportance

The

of metal

members

struction
de-

steel

the

provide

to

of

danger

embed

ft.,and

of 26

is illustrated

of the Orleans

in

to

rods

or

structure.

ARCH

been

bars

by

specialapplication

notice

tracks

decided

was

which
the'suggestion

example

to

it

gases,

"

bridge being

This

concrete-steel

lies in

some

France.

reinforced

205

brief

of

deserving

The"J)ridge^has
a span

load.

of

is

highway^bridge covering the

locomotive

all essentials

of the

which

Perigueux,

at

members

in

overhead

an

CONSTRUCTION.

Steel-girderConstruction.

Reinforced

of

Railway

CULVERT

AND

is best

The

great

concrete-steel

greater

spans,

Bridge
fairly

arch-bridee

in

sentative
represtruction.
con-

206

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

Fig.

126

17.3

the

and

extrados

the

at

is of

arch

This

Bavaria.
both

is reinforced

built to

(86.7 ft.)span

m.

Nymphemburg,

at

type and

the basket-handle

of

arch

Monier

park roadway

carry

shows

_J

FIG.

of the

intrados
a

126.

total width

wood

of

FIG.

127.

"

Monier

polycentricarch

are

from

26.3
for

continuous

each

skew-back

the
to

the

upper

load

ends

intradosal

intradosal

part

of these

bottom

net.

built,however,

to

of

One
has

the
the

double

and

top

Fig.

Reinforcement

127,

and

Ibs. per

90

spandrel

4.3

Monier

which

shows

only.
This

foot.
of

are

of

reinforcement

net

and

up

the

two

double

an

nets

are

forms

of

In

reinforcement.

ments
abut-

the

ring

reinforcement

boldest

sists
con-

Monier

many

or

and

reaching

net

brought down

reinforcement

longest and

The

brickwork,

extradosal

haunch.

is

(14.1 ft.)width,

m.

square

walls

bottom,

Haunches

at

on

in

Draulitten, Germany.

extradosal

These

net.

preferred in Europe

top and

way

and

crown

or

and

paved with

is less frequently used

The

concrete.

the

at

double,

The

at

of

bridge has

is

roadway

ring

(86.3 ft.)span

m.

The

arch

Extradosal

of concrete, the

arches

ever

of

The

6-3-m. (20.7 ft.)roadway,

illustrated by

canal

half -section.

tons.

126

form

with

over

is
spandrel filling
of

been

masses

the

Arch

designed

was

by Fig.

than

highway bridge

tied

of 26

wagons

carry

shown

arches, however,

the

with
(32.8ft.),

m.

10

Bavaria.

Nymphemburg,

at

by the

restingdirectlyon the
the haunches.
over
filling

concrete

and

Bridge

blocks

reinforcement

Arch

ring as is shown

designed to

was

Monier

"

and
have

continuous

Monier

It is the

arches

Wildegg,

BRIDGE

Switzerland, Bridge
width

of 3.9

the

at

and

crown

remarkable
of

skew

m.

of arch

bridges

has

in

of 0.25

thinness

Monier

Bridge

built

1890,

and
(12.8 ft.),

m.

is most
of

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

AND

of 37.22

span

of 0.17

ring thickness

(122 ft.),

m.

(6.69ins.)

m.

(9.85 ins.)at the springing-lines.The

ring employed by the European builders
The
in this structure.
notable
Wildegg

and

45"

with

207

designed for

was

load

of

Ibs. per

112

foot.

square

Wunsch

Construction.

has

1891,

been

country of its origin. The

in

Budapest, Hungary,

notable

in the

structures

reinforcement

Wunsch

of

consists

hori-

XXXXXXJXXXXXXXXXXX

Kixxixxixxxxx;"ixxix

-2"7-"k-

of

Wunsch
designed by Robert
employed in building several

concrete

of reinforced

construction

flat-toppedarch

The

"

-7.es

-"

4Ww'*444w/M^^^
'.I I I I

'

I I M

I I

I
III

Transverse
FIG.

128.

curved

of

the

At

along
as

of

the

sections
arch

is

arch

I I

abutment

Arch

Bridge

member
the

of

with

together,and

the webs
the

at

pier transverselyof the bridge.

described, are placed parallelto each

the

and

of the

from

ins. to

18

reinforcement

generallyabout

to

and
TOO.

ft. apart.
of the
The

concrete

concrete

placed
of the
of

ends

to

These
other
ratio

The
at

the

and
its

with

two

the

bers
mem-

arch

downward

extends

it is anchored

where

masonry,

flange upward

section

and

members

two

its

same

of the arch

crown

the

the

Bosnia.

Sarajevo,

at

placed

section

riveted

are

tie connects

pieror

t I

intradosal

flangedownward.
overlap and
vertical

1T

Wunsch

"

top member

zontal
of

I I I I I

Section.

into

ing
girderextend-

frames,

structed
con-

longitudinally
of

the

crown

embedding

the

cross-

of the
curved

208

member

of the

which

frame

embeds

is much

richer
member.

horizontal

the

that

than

illustrate Wtinsch

To

have

Maryborough Bridge, Queensland,

The
Emperor Bridge, Sarajevo, Bosnia.
the

(115.8 ft.)and

with

details of the
entire

and

arrangement

to

to

load of
about

of the

865
is the

built up

The

and

is

total cost

of the

bridge was

rolled T

the

Mary

designsby

Alfred

of

Wunsch

of

continental

22

ft. 8

to

Brady,

consists

broken

of

to
a

end

vertical
two

of

dimensions

roadway,

built
after

example
outside

length

are:

ft.; total width,

at

ft.;

80

spans,

curbs, crowned

There

ft. 8 ins.
and

abutments

concrete

bridge

center, 18 ins.

at

piers,5

over

this

1896,

exists

ins.; length of

ft. 8

20

in

notable

most

abutments, 395

of arch

thickness

two

pass

the

2-in.

rails of

of

the

tie

eleven

are

piers founded

ten

on

members

Wunsch

placed

each
at

the

and

construction,except
section

weighing

It is connected

abutment,

piers.

The

but

there

to

the
is

no

segmental

parts

stone

constructed

that the members

41.25

and

downward

base

arches

in the

used

concrete

reinforcing-framesare

The

ring.

The

and

reinforcement

arch

the

ij parts sand,

cement,

bridge.

over

bridge.

Vignoles

rail is

of

arrangement

the standard

horizontal

end

replaced

bridge

bridges, which

to

between

part Portland

railway

The

of

shows

according to
are

applied

The

ft.; thickness

on

129

to

been

has

type in all particulars

Queensland,

E., is the

Inst. C.

M.

structural details of the

other

$16,500.

which

caissons.

pneumatic

the

B.

ins.; width

Fig.

about

low-level

The

Maryborough,

at

Europe.

carried

spans

by

River

ins. at center;

20

kgs.

33,392

section is

made-up

"

construction,as

rise of spans,

the

Bridge, Queensland.

all, 613 ft.; waterway

over

about

of the

example

uniform

section.

Maryborough
across

with

concrete-steel

spans

the soffit,

in its construction

used

were

and

excellent

an

abutments,

10;

tested

was

concrete

of Wunsch

unscreened

(9.8ins.)above

yds.) of

except that in smaller

by

there

to

ings.
draw-

the

by
and

the

construction

The

cement

dcm.

bridge

foot,and

square

metal.

1904,

of 3

The

8.

longest span

to

Portland

25.36 m.

facing,but

stone

clearlyshown

are

of

distance

(1,031 cu.

cu.m.

(73,325Ibs.)of
This

have

jevo,
Sara-

at

shows

128

Fig.

span.

of

span

is concrete.

structure

composed

to
i
filling,

Ibs. per

08

the

Bridge

clear

abutments

reinforcement

is

ring for

arch

6;

The

selected.

been

followingproportions: Foundations,

the
arch

8;

of

concrete

the

rise of one-tenth

remainder

The

Miljacka, with

river

construction.

the

gravel in

the

crosses

struction
con-

Sarajevo,Bosnia,

at

Emperor

"

Bosnia,

arch

the top of the

at

applied to bridges,the Emperor Bridge

as

and

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

Ibs. per

is continuous

yard.
from

segmental

member

connection

between

members

are

placed

BRIDGE

AND

CULVERT

CONSTRUCTION.

209

"O
c

bC
3
O

bC

PQ

O
i" i

"

f"

HOT

iZ.

Urn's
S"H

r*

!3ii

"fls.

r*r
00"
r~r

fc
i

-H

Sr" }"";

jjiU

^slnzi

S"5

go"
u5

REINFORCED

CONCRETE.

distinct for each

arch; they

210

base

and

up

are

splicedtogetherat

are

There
eleven reinto the masonry.
are
pier and anchor-bolted
forcing-framesspaced 2 ft. apart, and they are braced together over
each
in. angle
pier and at two places in each span by a 2jX2jXf
riveted
members.
The
the flanges of the horizontal
to
principal

each

of these

purpose

cross-braces

hold

to

was

the

place while
exposed concrete
in

frames

them.
All
being filled around
surfaces
finished by floating
them
with a i to 2 Portland
cement
were
in two
and sand mixture
ness
coats
aggregatingnot less than " in. in thickand
and
sand fluid wash.
by giving this facing a 6 to i cement
The
total cost of the bridge in round
figureswas
$75,000. A full
descriptionof the Maryborough Bridge is given in Trans. Inst. C. E.,
the

concrete

Vol.

was

CXLI,

246.

p.

Construction.

Hennebique

The

"

ribbed-arch

construction

of

been

of bridges,
employed in building a number
of them
arch
one
being the longest-spanconcrete-steel
bridge ever
built.
For short spans
the typicalconstruction
is a flat plate stiffened
arched
ribs spaced from
by longitudinal
5 ft. to 10 ft. apart. In some

has

Hennebique

ribs stiffen the

cases

transverse

This

general form

to

60

ft.

sallyby

For
arch

of

construction

longer than

spans

ribs is the usual

of construction

between
floor-plate
is

60

employed
arch

ft.,an

construction.

An

the
for

main

ribs.

arch
of from

spans

30

ring stiffened intradoexample of each form

is

given in the followingparagraphs:

Aisne
The
Bridge, Soissons, France.
three-span highway and
the
river Aisne
at
Soissons, France, in
bridge built over
tramway
and arch-rib
1903, is an excellent example of the Hennebique flat-plate
"

construction.
of 24.25

spans
two

of

Fig.

shore spans

are

24.48
and

show

130

bridge

m.,

abutments

by

span

This

and

apart

which

These
all

the

under

of the

drawings.

has

three

ft. each) carried

The
of

drawings
of the

one

The
of

0.2

arch
arch
the

wide

m.

roadway
the

joistsare

transverse

and

and

and

ribs,with

m.

deep, and

adjacent sidewalk
and

tramway

wing

0.3

shown

not

the
the

thickness

adjacent

by the
spaced

are

half this

and

sidewalk.

floor-slab is shown

The

clearlyby

exceptionof the two

outside

thicker
throughout,are made
the piers and
abutments, through which
they are carried so as
be continuous
from
end
of the bridge. This
to end
thickening
the rib is indicated
the
section
in
transverse
by
Fig. 130.

ones,

of

(about 80

m.

and

30"

two

ribs.

apart under

m.

reinforcement

to

24.25

of

As will be seen, each

supportingpierand abutment.
has seven
ribs spaced unequal distances
apart which
carry and
in one
versely
piece with a floor-slab stiffened by joistsrunning trans-

distance

near

skew

piersof reinforced concrete.

section
longitudinaland transverse

drawing, but they are

the

and

on

the

between

3.5

m.,

is built

are

same

BRIDGE

AND

CULVERT

V,

CONSTRUCTION

211

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

212

Chatellerault

bridge

Bridge, France.

built

ever

is

Chatellerault

the

Bridge
in

Chatellerault, France, constructed

at

center

span

of 50

long.

The

center

have

each

Each

span

is

13

ft.

The

of

composed

carrying vertical

slab and

girder

and

wide

the

of

reinforcement

connected

both

The

of

the crown,

at

is 0.5

static load

of about

roadway being
The

arch

foot for the

each

being

then

over

and

roadway
loaded

over

middle

the

deflection

of the

originalpositionsupon

6-ton

so

run

strewn

as

resulted
and

the

1899.

The

Arch-rib
have

these

been

Nov.

total

total

center

load

cost

beds

of

bridge
"

pass

Europe

sidewalks,

loading the

No

about

was

number
which

The

imum
max-

left-shore
resumed

moving-load
four-wheeled
this the steamroller

2-in. sticks of wood

over

were

square

half-span,and

After

carts.

centers

in

(4.92ft.)

m.

the

roller,two

6-ton

ready, concreting was

of the

in

load

the

and

tons

17/32in.,of the
13/32 in. The arches

tion
deforma-

permanent

centeringand

The

for

this

m.

moving

16

crete-steel
con-

0.44

Ibs. per

each

on

of shocks.

5, 1899.

and

1.5

165

foot

merge

of the

was

to

The

tests.

Constructions.
constructed

series

of

crete.
con-

sidewalks, the

the

on

piers

span

weighing

Under

8-ton
as

with

sidewalk

square

removal

so

backed
of each

the

to

The

designed for

length,then

span,

bridge

produce

from

on

arches

i64-ft.span

foot

each

Ibs. per

by Fig. 131,

total thickness

carts

dead

two-wheeled

the

foundation

finished

and

the

six

over

to

and

processionof first a

carts, and
was

by

ring

the

square

extradosal.

them.

to

bridge was

right-shorespan

their

of

of

the

third of the span.

J in., and
consisted

here

four-wheeled

123

span,

test

arch

The

this reinforce

the

concrete-steel

the

width.

and

above

arch

the stiffen-

shown

as

up

The

and

abutments

is anchored

Ibs. per

the

of

(19.68 ft.)

m.

constant

masonry

The

tested

ft

is 443

ft.)wide.

of intradosal

(1.64ft.)for

90

was

but

piersand

and

skew-backs

to

carried

and

m.

spans

parallelarch

four

are

(26.24

depth

the

(16.4ft.)wide

m.

bridge

m.

shells of

roadway platform
other

side

of

rings

rib consists

(1.44ft.)for the i3i-ft.spans.

load consistingof two files of

wide.

in

piers are

consist

structure

is 8

substructure

and

(131 ft.)

m.

the

arch

roadway platform which

abutments

into each

arch

into the

abutments

level of the
and

each

has

bridge
40

the

Vienne

river

ft. 3 ins. and

length

crown

by stirrups. At

is carried

and

The

similar variation

spans

each

arch

supporting a roadway platform

from

thickness

This

ring stiffened by

columns

construction.

in

ing-ribshave

ment

arch

an

15

total

roadway platform

rings increase

rods

two

the

over

1899.

side

rise of

has

span

rise of

ft.)and

(164

m.

ribs and

longest-spanconcrete-steel

The

"

forms

being placed

begun
removed

on
on

Aug.

15

Dec.

15

$35,000.

of

concrete-steel

isolated

arch

bridges,

ribs

carry

AND

CULVERT

CONSTRUCTION.

213

3
ctf

^O
13
4-"

U
"

ci

PQ

ifte

W"
"Fti-'t'j

'

^Fr4"4

^ir^^Tlj4U
^v^i

^.

".

t. v I

I '. .': .1'.

.1

BRIDGE

j i

"

p
cr1

ro
H

REINFORCED

214

the

construction.

Auch,

Mr.

France,

vertical

skeleton

and

of

rise of

cantilever

On

0.75

invented

Prof.

by

States, where

its

reinforcement

having

and

Steel
These
for

almost

is

short

development
of

which

of latticed

of the

construction

been

built

been

have

platform

and

4.5

m.

is

there

in

of

these

arch

the

United

this

struction
con-

from

spaced

the
the

for

The

the

ring. Usually

which

is reinforced,
masonry.

reinforcing members.
of

curve

longer

the

arch
A

spans.
several

number

of

mention

described

are

ribs

hinged arch,

Europe.

Brunne,

ordinary concrete

to

ribs

at

In

1893.

arch

for

is the

construction

longitudinalprofileclosely

precludes the

and

in

parallelarch

bent
arch

in

built

representativestructures,

and

platform

Melan

I beams

and

have

bridges that

of

universallyemployed

spans

(69 ft.)

m.

Polytechnic School

spandrel walls being

usually rolled

are

21

roadway

profileof the

and

depth

of

depth

only portion

abutments

other

and

vertical columns

patented

consists

arch
the

steel

in

ribs carry

principal development
was

corresponding to
is trie

ribs

(1.31ft.)wide

m.

0.4

roadway

of the

construction

the

ring

ribs of

of concrete-steel arch

form

The

had

ft. apart, and

3!

to

the

all

ribs

at

type

(2.46 ft.)wide.

"

has

the

the

of

Joseph Melan,

Austria-Hungary,

the

rests

the

four

These

side

this

platform

embedded

being

crown.

m.

Construction.

rib

each

each

roadway

bridge has

which

on

sidewalk

Melan

2i

at the

concrete

ft.)wide.

ioj,

in

of

bridge

steel-arch

to

self-supportingsteel-arch

then

This

in concrete.

reinforced

(14.76

supporting

posts

of

first erected

Bonna

(0.98ft.)deep

m.

0.3

construction

and
self-supporting,

steel members
and

being closelyanalogous

fact, in the

In

carrying

span

construction

the

roadway,

CONCRETE.

ring
recent

examples

Melan

arch

all but

of

brieflyin

the

few

ing
follow-

paragraphs:
Massachusetts.

Stockbridge Arch,

foot-bridgeconstruction
is furnished

give

Laurel

from

access

This

bridge,Mass.
and

is

The

reinforcement

of

the

7^
arch

crossing

and
i

and

the

15 Ibs. per
to

ft. w'de

30

part

except

with

the

deep

Portland
that

the

at

soffit.
at

the

cement,
the

crown

the
a

ends

28

arch

parts
the

were

ins. apart and

The

sand,
arch

18

and

this

deep

ins. thick
used

parts

mixture

was

to

and

132.

curve

angles

weighed

about
at

ft.,

10

the

bolted

raised

concrete

to

to

Stock-

by Fig.

bent

and

at

rise of

is shown

7 ins.

ring is

Glen

ft. with

parallelI beams

haunches.

of

100

States

Emperger

von

Ice

of

examples

United

the

Fr.

resting against

spaced

Mr.

construction

I beams

The

of

finest

in

picturesque

space

Its

The
were

1895 by

of four

consists

foot; they

ins.

all.

over

in

to

bridge has

abutments.

ins. above

Hill

the

concrete-steel

bridge built

the

by

Melan

in

of

One

"

the

i^

crown

consisted
broken

ins.

of

stone,

enriched

bv

BRIDGE

the

reducing
the
a

for

for

the

and

to

of

of

FIG.

happens.

The

of

the

the

in. at

was

foot

square

from

false

over

concentrated

it

an

of

one-half

over

deflection

under

with

necessary
the

center,

the

ing
follow-

layerof puddled

This

paper.

layer of

the

the

concrete

removal

The

arch.

arch

total

The

by

of

half

arch

ring

Ibs. per

75

of this load

showed
of the

cost

pletion
com-

deflected

the

load

then

the

arch

When

often

as

after

the

uniform

and

lagging wet

six weeks

ft.,and

loads.

these

from

the

haunches.

by

7X100
of

keeping

their

the

Mass.

Stockbridge,

away

tested

was

area

heavy

at

of

upon

in. at

day

this condition

removed

were

and

ring,

old

Bridge

shrinking

and

crown

placing of

The

purpose

works

arch

weeks

seven

second

of

layer

Arch

Melan

"

the

preventing it

thus

132.

served

clay

wet

with

Section.
Longitudinal

Half

mixture.

plasteredwith

lagging was

The

covered

was

the

Under

soffit finish.

smooth

had:

was

clay which

In

economy

secure

resort

of

215

done
in one
ring, 22 cu. yds.,was
constructingthe arch ring it was
to use
rough-board lagging on
a

arch

men.

24

sake

the

CONSTRUCTION.

4^ parts

to

aggregates

concrete

force

CULVERT

AND

no

ciable
appre-

bridge was

$1,450.

Topeka Bridge,
Melan

Kansas.

construction

Kansas
This

River

97^

two

7-ft.sidewalks.
foundations.
of the

of

consists
ft.

piers and
and

133

134

one

bridge has
show

riveted
rib

the

joint.

abutting
The

material

in

used

reauirements

drawings

and

construction

ribs

the

these

Tensile

nature

ribs

was

of
of

their

consists

Thacher
ft.

of

are

Figs.
the

133

and

is

steel meeting

strength, 60,000

Ibs. to

arch

ft.
two

pile

also that

ribs of lattice
several

connected
show

134

the

and

splicedat

are

splicesand

no

on

and

the

1896-7.

concrete

of twelve
rib

in

roadway

construction

Each

across

long, two

26-ft.

adjacent arches
of

built

one

"

125

abutments

construction, spaced 3 ft. apart.

points, and

is the

by Keepers

reinforcement

The

arches.

States

spans,

The

long.

The

Figs.

five

important highway bridge of

most

United

the

Topeka, Kan.,

at

bridge

long,and

in

The

"

by a
clearlythe

connections.

The

followingspecified

68,000

Ibs.; elongation

2l6

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

in 8

ins.,28

for

used

concrete

cement,

arch

the

parts sand, and

Portland

and

cement

of

composed

faces

where

mortar

was

The

cent.

per

part Portland

i-in.

J-in.to

to from

broken

parts limestone

parts sand

fracture,40

at

area

rings was

exposed

for all parts except

sizes

of

cent.; reduction

per

i-in.

facing of
employed. The

part

finish

Detail

of

Splice

Intermediate

Detail

FIG.

of

the

133.

Abutment

"

surfaces

the

rubbing

ring was earth

$125,000.
in

United

the

hinged

arches

of these

is the

with

arch

has

Fig.

135

the
each

rise

span.
half

thicker

at

points are:

of

hard

with

in

layers.

tamped

Melan

Hinged Arches,

States

rigid arch

shows

(8.56 ft.)or

m.

hinges
a

located

arch

the haunches
crown,

0.6

the

ring is

than

at

m.

at

Europe

built.

one-sixteenth

the

and

crown
a

half

the ends.

The

at

of
the

of

number

The

was

notable

most

Steyr, Austria,

the

span.

This

springing-lines.

longitudinalsection

longitudinalsection
separate piece or

arch

the

constructed

arches

built in 1898

section and

transverse

By referringto
of the

been

have

In

and

cement

bridge complete

Melan

rings.

and

'Kan.

fillingabove

of the

the

(139.1 ft.)arch

42.4-m.

three

All

"

The

cost

Topeka,

at

sand

siftingon

The

System.

have

Arches

float.

of this construction

2.617

of

consisted

surfaces

exposed

of Melan

Construction

Shoe

of

Abutment.

in

it will be

segment, and

exact

depths at

(1.97ft.);springing-lines,
0.7

m.

seen

of

that

that it is
the

three

(2.29 ft);

BRIDGE

AND

CULVERT

CONSTRUCTION.

M^k^

S^S"sS

^x"^\^Nx
"S$fc

^^^V"^CK^\X

NSVX

Wtl^T^^
\M^."S\^A^;V^

xS

217

2l8

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

haunch,

ring are

0.8

(2.62 m.).

m.

The

similar in outline and

are

half -ribs which

0.5

reinforce

(1.64ft.)deep

m.

at

the

arch

the haunches.

["-"

ly

-f

FIG.

135.

Part

^Hinged Melan

"

Longitudinal

Arch

Bridge

Hinge
FIG.

136.
"

Steel Girder

The

cross-section

arch

ring at
The

and

the

of

and

the

Hinge

reinforcement

SKewback.

for

2.2

Bridge

per

at

cent,

Steyr, Austria.

of

that of the

crown.

have
reinforcing-ribs

lattice-web

is

Steyr, Austria.

at

at

Construction

Section.

as

shown

T-section

by Fig. 136.

chords
At

three

made

up

points

of

angles,

in each

half-

BRIDGE

arch

the

ribs

by Fig. 136.
the

braced

are

There

and

crown

construction

to

explained by

the

ring
the ends

consist

and

concave

skew-back

there

is

each
the

The
2

of the arch

skew-back

the

over

details
and

shoes

of

the

are

of

provided

construction

hinged

Melan

and

of

The

and

the
both

compressible,and

the

the

plan

that

there
on

of

construction

part Portland

ribs

arch

the

spandrel
from

of soft

are

wall

and

steel,

The

of

drawings

way
road-

the

hinges.

the

cement,

hinge castings of

other

skewback

evident

are

arch

Steyr just described, but

of

example

built

span

hinged

at

the

of
with

hinged

the

span

of 33

at

Laibach,

The

other

Figs. 135

of these

ribs
with

rods

to

1.46

extend

in

arch

the

the

anchor-beam

transverse

and

which

beam,

transverse

abutments

buried

This

arch

is

and
springing-lines,

there

in

(82 ft.)

m.

outline.

same

unusual

(1.47 ft.)deep

m.

the

at

26

at

rise of

more

year.

is 0.45

ring

A
the

by

same

m.

into

Austria.

that

to

(108.3 ft.)and

m.

(4.79 ft.)deep
have
the
lattice-girderreinforcing-ribs
crown

construction

is presented

Austria,

only.

crown

and

construction

Payerbach,

at

exactly similar

built in 1900

was
(14.4 ft.),

m.

4.4

the

in

the

concrete.

stone.

iron,

distribute

arch-ring hinges

during

ring is composed

cast

bearing-

observed

the

is

crown

136.
A

at

filled with

hinge

crown

and

hinges

the

referringto

it will be

The

land
part Port-

at

to

too

By

reason.

left open

parts broken

Openings

rib

were

afterwards

were

concrete

steel.

the

spaces

parts sand, and

the

this

be

to

proven

for

between

These

but

arch

have

ing
adjoin-

concrete

board

asbestos

At

radii.

of

concrete

articulation

hinges given in Fig. 136

space

side.

of

sheets

These

different

the

crete
con-

face,
bearing sur-

surface.

Between

in

them.

concave

cast

of the

between

have

The

arrangement.

trouble

some

open

surfaces

ring-blockswere

cushions

abutment

an

the

and

bearing

convex

ribs

at

sufficiently

are

articulations

block, with

skew-back

placed

These

of the

those

bearing

and

were

caused

of the

Fig. 136.

hinge

quite similar

hinges are
The

shown

as

having

steel arches, and

in

parts aggregate.

form

pressure.
have

and

and

similar

blocks

of

convex

blocks

cement

of

of

ring-block, with

These

employed

drawings

girdersconstructed

cross

abutment.

those

219

each
reinforcing-ribs,

six

are

separate from

are

they

and

together by

each

at

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

AND

The
to

converge
is connected

turn

beneath

in

the

chords
a

by

nection
con-

tie-

abutment

masonry.

view

method
the

the

Laibach

of construction

main

bridge

of

structural

is built

on

Bridge

is shown

by Fig.

will call for attention

details will
skew

of

be

in

has

and

as

the

succeeding chapter,

brieflyoutlined

9" 14', and

137,

roadway

as

follows:
33

ft. wide

The
and

is about

of

consists

two

distributed

assumed
span

of 33

with

rise
as

middle

33-m.

to

of

end

arcs

3.8 ft. apart,

FIG.

137.

cross-frames

respect

of

View

"

and
to

construction.

the

The

abutting faces
lead 4 ins. wide

skew-back

of

removed,

the
the

span.

After

time, it was

the

the

25 J ins.

and

Bridge

the

ft.,while

the

radii

ring is

at

will

was
were

had

four

wedges

skewed

encased

hinge

several months
contact

of

the

for accurate
and

the

the

taken

steel

drawing,
ment
adjustcentering

in concrete.

not

the

joint a stripof

from

probably

concretingwould

the

hinges of

completed

steel

Austria.

show

the

seen

the

of

are
bridge,i.e.,

molded

ft.

3.3

sets

Laibach,

center

be

from

ins. within

139

ins.

20

skew-backs.

the

at

uniform

The

have

ribs

this

On

spaced

and

and

thick.

deflections of the arch

that

load.

the

123

by placing in

ribs

hinges of 109.34,

of the main-arch

Full

arch

the metal

thought

of

Figs. 138

T1gin.

of

half

the axis of the

secured

hinges of

hinges of

the permanent
that

and

clear

everywhere about
transverselyby

as
simple abutting pin-joints,

are

the

was

has

of

Arch

begun.

was

arch

hinge-blockswere

concrete

curved

but

Melan

Hinged

abutments.

construction

ribs

connected

parallelwith

are

before

hard

are

main

steel lattice ribs

14

flangesare

ribs

These

concrete.

with

whose

were

The

radius

haunches,

of

loads

is three-centered, following as

thickness

the

axle

pressure

has

The

consists

reinforcement

of

tributed
dis-

uniformly

The

to center

center

calculated

was

foot.

of 8 ft.

span

intrados

ins. at

27^

square

arch

main

the

structure

tons, and

13

Its intrados

ft.

98

curve

the

are

per

width

ft.

14.34

arch

the crown,

Its

over

possible the

nearly

Ibs.

96

(108.3 ft.)and

m.

each

weighing

of

the

which

for

loading

wagons

load

live

of the

The

ft.

50

of

width

outside

The

ft. wide.

6J

each

sidewalks

two

at

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

"22O

As

all

place before
interfere

with

BRIDGE

AND

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

.P.B5..

Concrete

Hinge

Blocks.

=n

Hinge
FIG.

139.

"

Center

of Steel

Hinges

of

Girders.
Laibach

Bridge.

221

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

222

the

three

appeared

which

6 tons

for

sum

i-in.

the

in

includes

The

cracks

fact, no

had

service.

put into

The

layer of asphalt to shed

the

ring

bridge

about

was

of

67 tons,

of

bridge

of the

and

ornamentation

bridge

points

all

at

total cost

The

for

$2,000

heavy foundations.

the

hinge-castings.

the

which

$32,000,

was

in

are

been

through

metal

of

had

with

formed

were

weight

The

depression.

covered

of

matter

as

bridge

the

ring was

drain-holes

and

water,

hinges;

after

years

arch

of the

back

the

of

action

proper

large

Prof.

designed by

was

Melan.
Construction.

Thacher
C.

steel bars

The

bridge.
that

both

ring, while
pair

have

but
of

extend

well

of
act

is

bar

and

thrusts

larger amount

same

amount

for

the

steel and

the

between

adhesion

upon

bridges

bent

with

rolled

bar

concrete

the

bars

cold

has

flat bars

respects like the

in many
This

built in 1900-1.
and

Licking rivers,and
from

spans

several

and
spans

bridge

other
are:

"

has

arch

of

crete,
con-

the

forcement
reinThe

concrete.

resistingthe

in

is

The

subjected.

of

reinforcement:

is secured

connection

any

that

system

desired.

curve

at

the

shipped straight in
A

depends
venient
con-

any

number

construction

of

described.

tant
imporMore

reinforcing-rodconsisting of

intervals.

The

most

is built at the

This

two

notable
Y

bar

is used

in

all

center.

Two

spans.

The

bridge

bridge

at

of

Thacher

Zanesville, O.,

junction of the Muskingum

all three shores

reach

triangularpier as
the

bars

through the

method

in

respects is the so-called

to

arch

the

just described.

Y-Bridge, Zanesville, Ohio.

construction

The

except

reliable

be

designed

flat spots

piers.

or

so

consequently greater strength

than

of

built

this

and

can

the

to

of

the concrete
the

more

the

been

have

Thacher

recently Mr.
round

alone;
and

form

for

intrados

steel and

which

of inertia
of steel;

the other,

provide mechanical

to

assist

to

claimed

are

gives

the

to

above

one

the

other

intervals

beam

flat

of

consists

projections,generally rivet-heads

with

moments

following advantages
It

other

each

between

flanges of

bending

the

with

short

at

placed

are

arch

apart transverselyof the

the abutments

into

provided

adhesion

the

the

as

and

connection

height, spaced

extra

bars

extrados

pair

other

and

concrete-steel

of

reinforcement

distances

proper

the

no

each

at

of each

bars

two

follows

one

each

pairs spaced

Soc.

Am.

Kan., bridge

form

M.

Thacher,

Topeka,

the

construction

this

In

in

the

construction, patented

bridges of Melan
construction.

of

Edwin

Mr.

1899

builder

designer and

the

E.,

In

"

it has

three

of these
main

arms

arms

have

dimensions

ting
radia-

three
of

the

BRIDGE

Span,

Rise,

Arch,

Span,

Rise,

No.

Ft.

Ft.

No.

Ft.

Ft.

122

and

81

14.6

122

14.6

81

10.85

120.6

11.5

81

6.06

arches

built first and

were

by Fig.

varies from

tied

shown

by Fig.

in.

5 ins.

and

thick

for

and

i22-ft.

the

to

of

the

4^

and

spans,

Each

formed

are

bar

embedded

in

pier. As

wide

the

over

width

continuous

made

are

the

concrete

shown

in

is divided

into

is earth
spandrel-filling
for the

is laid

pavement

Jacaguas
carries

the

the

over

with

Jacaguas
a

bridge is

of each

arch

by Figs.
of

the
arch

and

abutment

rings were

section

surfaces
shells

it has

of

6-ft.

ply
sim-

the

and

they

are

ft.

43

walls.

This

sidewalks.

The

parapet

two

is crowned
filling

This

which

on

brick

on

and

had

12

side
and

developed subsequently

Ponce,

of

20

spans:

ft. and

two

ft.

of

the

sections
a

center

end

spans

length

reinforcement
shown

as

was

composed

4 parts broken

stone, and

the

arch

ring

The

proportions of 1:3:6.
longitudinalsections,a
3^

considerable

in this

Rico,

total

The
The

Bridge

Porto

three

ft. each.

11.38

in three

centers

mortar-faced,

rise of

parts sand, and

concrete

two

Juan
It has

to

pairs of flat bars, arranged

concrete
2

Jacaguas River

The

San

width

seven

The

pier

rise of

ft.,and

built

ft. wide
were

ft. and

"

Diaz.

ft. and

120

cement,

and

from

Juana

at

142.

part Portland

and

Rico.

Porto

leading

River

ring consists

279

between

6 ins. of concrete,

with

Bridge,

100

404

ft. wide

cent
adja-

are

abutments
141,

and

splices
of

the ends

ft.

intrados

bars

The

the

cross-section,Fig.

42

about

141,

sand-cushion.

length of

length of

of the

River

of

These

spans.

pitch, and

piers and

the

8i-ft. spans,

the

8-in.

compacted by flooding.

militaryroad

with

span

on

other

ins. from

skew-backs

covered

and

roadway

the

walls

parapet

the

for

six rivets.

3o-ft.roadway

for

in it at

over

the

and

arches

ins.

about

by double-spliceplates with

arches

center

ins.

driven

rivets

i22-ft. spans.

by 15 pairs of steel

by the cross-section,Fig.

has

of the arch

crown

spandrel and

dowels

or

ins. for the

30

is reinforced

arch

apart transverselyof the bridge and

extrados.

ring at the

varying widths;

shown

placed, as

are

Each

of

of

spans

construction

140.

steel anchor-rods

with

thickness

The

140.

spandrel walls later,the arches

the

together

ins. for the 8i-ft.

18

dimensions

bars

6.28

99

14.6

shown

bars

122

spandrels being

The

11.5

The

are

223

Arch,

as

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

AND

facing.

ft. wide.
number

The

center

exposed

of cracks

and

REINFORCED

224

CONCRETE.

k-/3*

Block

^-Coping
'
~

---Parapet Wall

'"

"Dowel

Anchor

or

$!""

8r
Cornice Block,
c--i,"
"

with

Holes

for Anchors

...--SpandrelWall

FIG.

Section

140."

of

Spandrel

and

Parapet Wall,

Bridge, Zanesville, Ohio.

Electric Light Conduit

s4"Brick .-/"Sand

3"Crown

^"Concrete

'VQ'--;^,-^-,.,.
...

'^"^"t:":':.^prf;f^|f*^

mm
"i"a""6rcrvel
"ana'.Sand

Conduits

yg"'"^

"

...-45i?"
Secl-ton

Cross
FIG.

141.

"

at

Crown

of

Arch,

at Crown,
Cross-section'ofjArch

Enlarged.
Zanesville

Bridge.

BRIDGE

The
the

centeringof

deflection

CULVERT

AND

of

west-end

the

arch

the

CONSTRUCTION.

%"

was

lowered

was

span

225

in., which

in two

months

and

increased

gradually

to

"

"

~r

FIG.

f in., which
tested

filled with

sand

23^

to

points

of

and

tons

the

and

Green
there

were

Island.

it alone

the

Board

from

30

the

Island

the

will be

at

The

60

days

in. in

were

at

Falls

with

and

the

This

two

Green
other

of

the

and

the

follows:

as

total

of

center

and

is shown

"

Green
is the

by Fig.

span.

in., respectively.
During

just above

bridges

of from

i2o-ft.

-steel arch

concrete

connecting

bridge

the

Y.

bags

intermediate

0.015

Fa/Is,N.

arch
The

107

weight

and

center

Island

two

months.

ins. in two

in.

Bridges,Niagara
Niagara

thirty days,

the

0.012

deflected

centering

giving
the

and

The

The

Works

men

place.

month.

one

i"

at

and

first named

described.

after forty

of Public

span

mainland

Falls

took

about

to

to

spans

deflection

after

concentrated

constructed

American

the

Goat

of

lowered

was

loo-ft.

Goat

connecting

one

about

were

east

deflections

The

to

increased

by

further

Bridge.

River

Jacaguas

lowered

was

span

of

no

span

increased

bridge was
21^

center

east-end

the

deflected

of

the

in. /which

of

Cross-section

"

sixty days after which

in. in

centering of

142.

1900

bridges,
the

brink

Island

with

larger,and
143.

It has

126

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

PH

03
O

ID

bO

"

m
m?

tnrtr

I*

|y m*r

mm

i"

1 suit

BRIDGE

three
end

each

spans

bridge

and

sand,

soffits of

bridge

the

use

for

method

of

classes

arch

The

the

follow

side

connected

at
i

all

of

No.

of

concrete

the

except

crete
arch-ring con-

for

price

the

ins.

The

Portland

cement,

the

being
the

and

cement,

ring

these

the

rods

entire

parts bank

rise of 6 ft.

on

first of

two

These

The

hooked

bars

expanded

lapped

structure

and

wired

composed

was

torpedo sand,

are

them

over

drawn

was

bars

abutments,

lower

and

i-in. thick,
finishing-coat,

part granite screenings,and

at

into the

was

which

struction.
con-

Ocono-

top of the parapet

rods

round

arch

proper.

down

reach

shown

one

consists
the

of

is reinforced

ring

near

has

been

estate

ft. and

21

arch

arch

2^-in. mesh,

of

anchor-plates.

Across

for

private

reinforcement

in

The

limestone.

part Portland

ft. and

separate

concrete

built has

of concrete-steel

on

span

ring

and

gage

definite

no

structures, the

clear

The

apart.

use

extending

consequence

been

has

bridge by J-in.

the

toward

more

these

side, one

arch

with

16

edges.

f-in. broken

ribs.

of the

18

which
Of

is 15

each

on

across

part

of

controllingthe

concerns

As

constructed

It has

three

connect

spaced

metal

parts

expanded-metal reinforcement

with

directly beneath

curve

they

and

cement,

contract

attention

structures.

was

width

by

other

the

rare,

itself.

1899.

in. bars

the

where

ring. The

bridgeswith expanded-metal

Arch

"

bridge

to

bridge

total

flat f X3J
and

The

the

ment
reinforce-

arch

The

two

of

exposed faces

stone.

particularlygood example

in

Wis.,

under

each

peculiar
is

of

construction

This

the

cut

their

devoted

having

other

144

ins.

with

comparatively

are

construction

in each

All

1:3:6.

Construction.

developed, and

mowoc,

width

The

crusher) ; the

longitudinal sections.

in

of this material

by Fig.

faced

are

The

part Portland

ft.,and

$102,070.

was

reinforcement

been

of

nj

ft.

10

bars

of

(run

stone

of

length is 371 ft.

of

composed

227

rise

rise of

Thacher

proportion

Expanded-metal

its

pairs of

the arches

laid

ft. and

no

its total

ft. and

of concrete

had

was

44^

CONSTRUCTION.

with

long

parts broken

abutments
the

ft.

of twelve

rings are

of

span

103^

all is

over

consists
arch

center

spans:

CULVERT

AND

parts of

composed

was
i

of

part torpedo

sand.
Construction.

Luten

horizontal

the

Luten,

in which

is introduced
away

Mich.,

with.
in

to

1902.

small

of

the

145
This

this

arch

arches

concrete-steel

receive

Fig.

concrete-steel

In

thrust
of

number

"

have

been

built

bridge, which

abutments

highway
is shown

as

is resisted

between
tie-plate

thrust, the

illustrates

ring

arches

by

by heavy

ments.
abut-

Daniel

Mr.

the ends

of the

B.
arch

being largelydone

bridge
in

signed
ordinarily de-

built

at

Pontiac,

longitudinaland

part

228

REINFORCED

section

transverse

has

of the arch
be

near

dos

at

CONCRETE.

of

ring consists

of the arch

the intrados

ft. and

of 30

span

the haunches.

Between

and

crown

rods

Half

of 60

parallelsteel

at the

these

width

to

at three

rods

ft.
so

approach

points near

Arch

looped

are

parapets.
145.
a

in

with

These

rod

rods

the
to

plate of concrete

Expanded

webs

transverse

Between

horizontal
a

Bridge

serve

Reinforcement,

the

at

clearlyshown

are

lower

Metal

which,

ends
as

which

of each
tie.

serves

ends,

by

turn

the

/ " "*j^

the

extra

the

crown

horizontal

paved

"

40

Section.

Oconoinowoc,

upward

cross-section

arch-ring rod

These
as

to

as

LongitudinalSection.

w"

144."

forcement
rein-

curved

Half Transverse

FIG.

The

there
rods

stream-bed

are

Wis.

into

the

of

Fig.

is stretched

embedded
underneath

BRIDGE

the arch.

The

cement,
and

monolithic.

been

have

dished

are

the

at

FIG.

It has
arch
a

ring and
consisted

the axis

Arch

Luten

"

is 45

intrados

the extrados.

newest

is that

concrete

bars.

Bridge

This

ft. and

the

The

land
part Port-

tie-rods

new

of fact

matter

the

ends.
of

forms

in which

Pontiac,

at

bridge

ft. wide.

concrete

Fig. 146.
for the

used

composed of i part Portland

cement,
reinforceparts limestone broken to ij-in.size. The ment
corrugated bars J in. square placed parallelwith

ins. apart,
and

was

layer close

one

another

layer close

to

and

to

and

followingthe

followingthe

The

same

bars

transverse

doubled,
bars

bars

form

for

three-track

are

are

the

doubled

used

square-mesh

as

shown

with

reinforcement

by

the full
each

network.

railway by

the

In
the
was

drawing.

In

length of the arch

some

and

curve

curve

dosal

are

typical

corresponding bars of the two layers were

vertical plain. For the haunch
portions of the arch the

the extradosal

the

Mich.

is illustrated in
The

struction
con-

bridge built

Park, St. Louis, Mo., is

in Forest

construction.

of
16

of

One

"

ins. below

8J

of

depth

as

The

stone.

horizontal;

as

corrugated

spanded walls

parts sand, and

of the

145.

of 45

span

and

of

River

Peres

example of this

to

center

consists

the Des

of

spoken

ring,the whole
of

made

was

5 parts broken

bridges of reinforced

arch

reinforcement
over

concrete

Construction.

Corrugated-bar
for

The

229

arch

piece with the

one

parts sand, and

pavement

they

is in

pavement

being

structure

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

AND

of

in the
extra-

designs
in others

layer of
a

longitudinalbars so as to
bridge of loo-ft. span designed

patentees of the

arranged

as

corrugated-bar

follows:

forcement,
rein-

i^-in. longi-

REINFORCED

230

tudinal

bars

spaced

spaced 5J

CONCRETE.

crossed

ins. apart

ins. apart for the intradosal

24

bars

by J-in. transverse

net; for the extradosal

net,

two

layers of ij-in.longitudinalbars, one with 8-in. and the other with

5i-in.spacing,and between them a layerof transverse
J-in.bars spaced
ins. apart.

24

depth

The

of the

arch

the

ring at

36 ins.

was

crown

is
stirrupreinforcement
The
shown
bridge
by the illustrations comprised by Figs. 147 to 149.
illustrated carries Seeley Street over
Prospect Avenue, in the Borough
A

notable

of

Brooklyn,

85

ft. 4 ins. and

of

ultimate
These

bars

and

large bars,

of

located

are

the

Ibs. per

105,170
in

ins.

the

beneath

the

bars

arch

bars

the

the

the
springing-lines

the

abutment

while
as

the

anchor-bars.

since

they
to

wired

are

withstand

The

of

are

hooked

over

bars

netting the
and

transverse

intersections

holding them

illustration,
Fig. 147,
intradosal

in

are

verse
trans-

tudinal
longiat

tervals
in-

their proper

out

at

cantilever

The
the

omission

themselves

the

rear

and

action,

as

seen

downward

extradosal

continued

abutments

it will be

netting bends

plane.

these

corbeled

extradosal

only

and

transverse

together at

purpose

tie-bars

transverse

square

and

the

construction.

vertical

The

the

of

is identical

vertical

in.

bars

netting the

longitudinalbars.

points by
longitudinalbars are
at

in

are

the

ins. apart

18

longitudinalbars

lower

the

and

are

the

discontinued

tie-bars

dosal
extra-

above
vertically

The

lower

bars.

consists

longitudinaland

These

netting
only for the

By referringto

network

and

intradosal

positionsduring

extradosal

the

an

transverselyof

spaced

located

the

for

through

in. square

upper

the

in each

square

an

network

network.

of

and

ins. apart

are

intradosal

under

the

bars

hooked

above

in

bars.

small

the

connected

are

intradosal

The

intersections

In

only, and
relative

which

bars

ring.

for

intradosal

an

spaced

its component
in

of

The

square

longitudinalbars

are

corrugated steel

inch

square

form

transverse

the

being

bars.

upper

bridge.
of

inch, and

the
they connect
indicated
by Fig. 148.

by

consists

elastic limit of 66,630 Ibs. per

an

bars, but
attached

the

show

Fig. 148

square

the

at

of

of

span

elastic limit of 65,880 Ibs. per

bars

corresponding

of

drawings

inch

of

and

with

structure

square

ij

arch

in construction

The

bridge

ring by vertical tie-bars.

ring,and
longitudinallyof

as

ins.

intersectingbars

longitudinalbars

skew

Ibs. per

arranged

are

is

and

strength of 106,270

strength of
bars

6f

of the
showed

an

network

the

City, and

longitudinalsection

ultimate

an

corrugated bar

rise of 8 ft.

these

and

arch

York

reinforcement

Tests
inch

New

and

transverse

The

of

example

of
back
are

shown

the

transverse

the

of rather

novel

the

is

bars,

abutments

this corbel

by

at

enters

netting,however,
into

top, and

and

that

design,
forced
is rein-

illustration.

BRIDGE

AND

CULVERT

CONSTRUCTION.

231

-.p.OZ

-CO

I-J

;9,9I~

"s
PH

-0,8~-*

CO

-i

"39,8-

PQ

"6. yt

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

232

JFaceof

FIG.

148.
"

Detail

of Bar

and

Concrete

__?H!L!1"^'

StirrupConnections, Seeley

Street

Bridge.

St.
"dwq/JiofJ"eeley.
.

Grade of

Prospect

Ave.

-^-^jj^^^^ySM"
8'0"-

K-

ENG.
NEWS.

Bottom

FIG.

149.

"

Reinforced

of Abutment

Spandrel Wall, Seeley

Street

Bridge*

BRIDGE

The

abutment-wing
reinforced

are

the

and

5 parts

was

abutments

the

of

Fi

150

R.R.

per

in 1903.

foot,

square

of 3 ft. at

the

carried
The

crown.

steel bars

built

for

arch

This

be

to

some

by Fig. 149.

arranged

the

by

for the

of

arch

the

bridge.

2\ parts sand,

ring the

mixture

trap-rock.
of

load

of 1,000

and

has

alone,

The

150.

Ibs.

depth

consists of

reinforcement

"

Chicago, Burlington

by Fig.

shown

the

specialdetails

the

concrete

arch-ring
as

for all parts of

designed for

was

and

continuous

are

parts ij-in.broken

show

arch

233

part cement,

limestone, and

75-ft.reinforced-concrete

Quincy

was

parts sand, and

drawings

used

mixture

i^-in.broken

part cement,

The

spandrel walls

the

and

walls

corrugated bars, as shown

concrete
was
employed

with

Portland-cement
For

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

AND

gated
corru-

for

concrete

.f%"Corr.
Bars, 24"CtoC.

SB^

FIG.

150.

the

ring

but

are

is

anchored

the

the

to

introduced.

asbestos

is

burg Bridge

in

section

arches

employed.

Denmark

of

and
the

has

shown
"

and

an

canying

platform.

arch

"

of

two

forms

of

means

of

bridgeshave

concrete

in

are

-steel

struction
con-

the

Skods-

at

Skods-

Spain.
in

1897

walls

on

which

railway rails of
rest the spandrel

and

the

arches

which

reinforced

walls

ment-wing
abut-

The

by

arch

structures

Bridge

by

150.

several

foot-bridgebuilt

transverse

The

Europe

bed

road

ft.

top of the

The

asphalt.

by Fig.

In

Mieres

ring

the

of these

Two
the

"-in. bolts.

walls

the

inside

and

plane,expansionand
are
packed

same

California

across

combination

olsborg Bridge, Denmark.

borg, Denmark,

of

form

Constructions.

been

has

with

in.

ties of the

in which

spaced

spandrel walls

the

in. wide

top

on

tied together

are

Combination
built

with

the

jointsare

concrete

Where

in

are

covered

the

to

reinforced-concrete

S;

and

waterproofed
walls

been

dowels.

acting as

R.R.

reinforced

not

are

ring by J -in. corrugated bars

These

board

cover-platesbolted
ar

spandrel walls

The

arch

and

Reinforcement, C./B. " Q.

Bar

abutment-wing walls, which

joints are
with

Corrugated

mixture.

1-2-4

apart along the arch

join

with

of Arch

Details

"

"==============

with

the

they

carry

REINFORCED

234

ve

Monier

CONCRETE.

reinforcement.

ring,wall, and platform construction.

(71.5 ft.)and
is
The

rise of 2.57

per

concrete, except

FiG.

of

posed

Bridge, Spain.

Mieres, Spain,

and

of 35

half -trans

section

of

devised

by

of the
of the

was

has

the

the

of

21.85

the

at

area

crown.
com-

Denmark.

parts gravel. The

m'

forcement
of the ring rein-

platform arches, was

Bridge,

and

span

area

total sectional

Skodsborg

cement

one

Mr.

"

arches

the

three

of the

bridge

spans

girder spans

i-m.

one

the
of

for the

10.5

by

at

the

is made

and

rod

and

and

the

up
The

of

total

The

5-m.
cost

is

is

half-

reinforcement

roadway

drawings.

arch

Fig. 152

Fig. 153
wire

Rebira.

two

the span.

spans

girderspars

J. Eugenic

(34.4 ft.)and

m.

The

(3.28 ft.)sidewalks.

$30,300.

Mr.

work,

of the arch

clearlyshown

Caudal,

River

ring carrying spandrel

by round rods arranged after

rise of one-tenth

and
(22.96 ft.),

m.

of

the

across

arch

reinforced

girder spans.

Rebira
is

bridge built

engineer

section of

verse

two

by

bridgeis 7

about

of

with
(114.8ft.),

arch

and

of the

three-hingedMelan

roadway

bridge has

spans
a

has

devised

system

The

Detail

arch

arch-

the

showing

$2,000.

Mieres

columns

"

The

above
filling

part Portland

about

cost

151.

the

section

and
(8.43ft.),

m.

that

cent,

is

Fig. 151

platform

total width

way
(16.4ft.)roadof the bridge

BRIDGE

Long-span
of

arches

number

the

to

up
of

longer

FIG.

152.

FIG.

153.

Half

"

These

this

engineers,and

they deserve
Avenue

of the

D.

L.

arch

seven

of

L.

190

ft.

spans

60

ft.,with

rings.

The

second

C.

E., and

ins. flanked

arch at

one

and

rises of 29

end

and

C.

and
ft.,

design was

E.,

rise of 50

One
and

The

ft.;the

by

middle

All
Mr.
arch

the

C.

by

the

well-known

by

reason.

In

"

1897

missioners
Com-

the

competitivedesigns from
character
Park

National

called for
of these

middle

end

two

H.

to

ington,
Wash-

at

one

more

or

by

bridge with

arch

had

had

had

arches

spans

span
spans
of 175

segmental

had

Breithaupt,M.

of steel with

carry

designswas

arches

arches

Wm.

structed
con-

showing

as

it called for

the intermediate

rises of 50 ft.

two

in the

construction.
a

called for

by

D.

designs submitted
Soc.

of Melan

ft. and

Soc.

Am.

(Fig.154)

of 105 ft. and

for this

construction.

arch

out

conceived

invited

Creek

worked

Bridge, Spain.

bridge of monumental

Rock

been

Mieres, Spain.

at

Mieres

as

brief mention

of the

Two

Buck,

Span,

of Columbia

over

of concrete-steel

spans
Mr.

District

engineers for

C.

of Girder

have

interest

Span,

Bridge, Washington,

Avenue

Connecticut

of

of construction

form

of
possibilities

Connecticut

of Arch

Cross-section

been

have

concrete-steel

for

which

any

designs are

Cross-section

"

(1,04)

235

Designs

"

than

span

present time

engineers.

four different

Arches.

Concrete-steel

considerabl

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

AND

span

arch

Am.

of 544

ft.

225-ft.concrete-steel arches and by a i3O-ft.

H5~ft. arch at the oppositeend, both also of con-

236

REINFORCED

CONCRETE

"XT

ssfe

*^M"""^^

V""Ssi

BRIDGE

crete-steel construction.
first of
and

curved

tie-web

bottom

Between

spandrel height or
of

the

arch

vertical

consisted

the

the

arch

the

arches

S.

A., received

called

for concrete

awarded

was

the

the

arches
first

spandrel
the

each;
the

crete
con-

arch

ribs,

Concrete
floor.

the

The

construction,

Melan

with

the

exterior

crown

of 213

span

arch

steel ribs

ribs

by

has

outside
8 ft.

were

connection

of

Prof.

Burr's

ribs

deep

with

an

Schenley

Soc.

for erection

structures,
main

costs

structure

in

C.

were

of

E., designed

planned

to

cross

to be

noted

at

for

ribs

the

23 ft.

deep

were

30

ribs

ins.

deep

second

center-draw

arches

prize design

the

the

concrete-

the abutments.

at

note

to

that

identical

structure

of

one

in

all

The

features.
and

structure

the

rein-

$1,450,000,respectively,

and

In

$450,000.

1876

long-span

Pittsburg,Pa.
Hollow,
a

in

interest

steel of

that

arches,

intermediate

ornamental

steel

"

ribbed

arches

these

and

over

two

As

The

steel.

are

E.,

prize design
159 ft. long

83 -ft. concrete-steel

steel

St. Pierre
are

In

$1,000,000

concrete

Park

two

it is of

Bridge,Pittsburg,Pa.

Schenley

features

design

steel

C.

of these

on

the

called for

Burr

and

crown

and

of

Two

Soc.

concrete

the

ft. 9 ins.

architectural

estimated

Park

70

by

Am.

morial
me-

springing-lines.The

the

granite.

called

of reinforced

excess

Am.

last

designs

forced-concrete

of

and

Prof.

side
of

at the

this

respects, excluding the

comparative

each
rise

of

ft.,and

masonry

at

In
of

span

concrete-steel

The

design submitted

spans,

competition.

rise of 29

deep

and

of the

Engineers,

C.

D.

M.

Burr,

i92-ft.spans

granite

on

H.

center-draw

three

of

ft. flanked

In

the

7 ft. 3 ins.

form
elliptical

the

prize in

by

Wm.

of

engineers for

four

Washington,

at

number

(Fig. 155).

and

concrete-steel

for

segmental,with

are

of concrete-steel
the

Prof.

the Chief

In 1900

"

River

by

composed
side

each

on

C.

D.

Potomac

submitted

the

i92-ft.spans

The

rib

usual

the

competitivedesigns from

bridge proper

flanked

M.

of

were

Bridge, Washington,

designs,both

or

The

carried

walls

curtain

The

struts.

soffit members.

curved

height

walls, parallel

between

bracing

the

the

curtain

main-arch

one

full

the

occupied

construction.

concrete

horizontal

diagonal

latticed ribs.

these

of

horizontal

enclosed

post and

Melan

sisted
con-

top chords

girdersoccupying

ring, vertical

arch

enclosed

horizontal

ribs, which

ordinary

spandrel and

bridge across

at

of the

ii5-ft.end

Memorial

U.

the

the

ft.-arches

225

vertical

curved

were

in

walls

ring

between

I3o-ft.and
with

curtain

enclosed

struts

arches

arch,

spandrel walls, and

walls and

and

the

by

main

these

ring only, as

work

concrete

connected

237

for the

ribs,with

parallelarch

chords

system.

reinforcement

The

series of

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

AND

Melan

Mr.

Edwin

concrete-steel
smaller

The

Thacher,

bridges
of these

is shown

by Fig. 156.

arch

carries

ring

span-

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

238
drel

steel which

in

bents

bridges at Schenley Park

and

to

have

by 7o-ft.and

flanked

ring had

main-arch

and

depth of

have

to

ft. at the

designed to

was

ft.,with

of 300

span

6i-ft. spans,
a

.Exp Joints

The

concrete-steel roadway.

two

largerof the
Hollow

support

rise of 66

width

crown.

ft.

of 80

This

tion
Junc-

cross

ins.

ft.

The

bridge,590 ft.

-JTieRods,60"CtoC.

,-

Steel

Transverse.
Girder

in

Interm.Pier.

Lonq'Ltudihal Section

Section'

Transverse

FIG.

155.

estimated

long, was

Thacher

Mr.
in

Arch

Proposed

"

that

considers

for Memorial

about

cost

to

constructingarch

Span

there

of 500

spans

$7

of

Any

forms

the

described
number

of

of

be

can

of

examples

bridge flooringcomposed
beams

and

filled above

of the

beams

consists

2.34
of

Fig. 158 shows

of concrete-steel
invented

by

Mr.

of

M.

for

use

to

construction

(7.67 ft.)to 5
singlenetwork.
built in

F.

McCarthy

similar

of
the
of

floor

covered.

design.

construction

sprung

there

Fig. 157

manner.

arches

concrete

be

bridge floors,and

in this

m.

to

area

C.

FLOORS.

Monier

the construction

of

D.

insuperabledifficulty

no

ft. according to

employed

with

paving. This

of from

be

reinforced-concrete

their

foot

square

should

BRIDGE

Springing.

Near

Bridge, Washington,

per

Section

Transverse

Crown.

Near

between

viously
preare

shows

a
a

the floor-

give a flat surface for the support

is employed for spans
between
m.

one

(16.46 ft.). The

of the earliest

United

States.

Chicago, 111.,and

ment
reinforce-

bridge floors

This
was

floor

was

employed

BRIDGE

AND

CULVERT

CONSTRUCTION.

in

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

240

cantilever

foot-bridgebuilt

drawings, the floor

ft. apart, there being at the
together,with the expansion-

from

engineer. As will be seen

placed at the panel-points18

Stebbings,as
beams

are

of the span

center

beams

two

placed near

jointbetween

them.

of two

of four steel wires

groups

floor-beams
is stretched

stretched

Beginning

toward

along

the

each

the

These
i

of wires

groups

part Dyckerhoff cement,

slag,which
had

These

were

placed

wires

were

be

their proper

when

this floor it was

by

for

firststretched

removed

forms

the

the

Engineer,

Half

FIG.

the

of

overhead

with

the

Cross

159.

"

Floor

for

by Fig. 159.
plate-girderbridge
designed

to

and

sidewalks.

sidewalk

carry

beams

are

on

two

The

form

of

Bridge

lines of

4 ft. apart.

Erie

The

pression.
com-

been

C.

built

E., Chief

construction

Section

R.R.,

Newark,

lower

could

the

Newark,

B~B.

N.

illustrated is that of

beams

the

designing

take

floor

N.

tracks,
electric-railway

main-floor

ened
fast-

they

In

Soc.

Span.

particularfloor
Kearney Avenue,

of

groups

that

would

Am.

M.

over

boarding

take all the tensile strain,

concrete-steel

Cen-f-er

were

underneath

firmly set.

Buchholz,

Highway

The

this

highway-bridge crossingshave
W.

of

work
false-

The

of 60 Ibs.,and

constructed

so

top part of the beam

of

The

were

section.

points a, "",c,

on

bolts fastened

the wires would

general

Sect-ion

shown

two

C.

Mr.

R.R.,

of the

tension

was
filling

concrete

the

as

tion
direc-

wires

the

follows:

each

hook

planes

furnace
parts blast-

as

corrugation.

place under
bolts

that

in

concrete

Erie

hook

soon

was

the

making

into

assumed

number

the

as

is

composed

concrete,

boarding, and

with

positionsby

joists. These

while

place

construction

covered

joistswere

into

into

longitudinaljoistdirectlyunder

etc.

wooden

of

method

The

adjusted.

group

parts fine torpedo sand, and

rammed

was

other

in the transverse

with

filled around

are

of wires

horizontallyin

shown

bridge,as

group

vertical

The

ft. apart

series

diate
the interme-

over

the

line ACE.

the

beams

One

of the span.

end

are

groups

transverselyacross

back

A, B, C, D, E, while

line

these

is carried

each

directlyabove, along

passing through

the

of these center

each

at

L.

W.

Mr.

Park, Chicago, by

in Lincoln

are

6J

J.,
a

i34-ft.

which

was

carriageway,

ft. apart

flangesof the

J.

and

the

floor-beams

BRIDGE

wrapped

were

with

expanded-metal
arches

mental

were

of

inches

Portland
After

arches

the

had

The

other

Fig-

159-

set

floor-beams

the

The

parts

centers

construction

shown

the reinforced-concrete

shows

built
and

under

paved
by

these

on

reaching
of

removed,
the

10

soffits of seg-

cinders, well

were

are

3-in.No.

made

was

fillingwas

concrete

the

floor-beams

plasteredand

were

details of the

Fig. 1 60

and

the

of

were

concrete

and

2j parts sand,

floated.

were

The

their tops.

form

arches

portions of

241

sheets

to

Concrete

rise.

the upper

above

concrete

flangesof

ins.

them

between

sprung

14

cement,

the

CONSTRUCTION.

expanded-metal lath, and

soffits,
enclosingall
several

CULVERT

AND

part

rammed.
the

lower

sides "of the

with

the

asphalt.

drawings_of

floor construction

employed

.11

73

1"
g Long.Rods

'

Half

"|p

T
Details

for

160.

"

Floor

for

Highway

riveted-throughtruss
in

Portage County, Ohio,

spaced 12}

ft. apart, and

steel

by

square

twisted

and

rest

directlyon

reinforcement

are

the

shown

Section.

,,,-ygLongitvdinalRods

\w^^

FIG.

yjjjfTwlsted
ffofe

Transverse

3 na
.,"

of

^H

Floor.

Bridge, Portage County,^Ohio.

highway bridge of loo-ft. span built in

In this bridge the floor-beams
are
1903.

plate and joistfloor reinforced

rods.
The
joistsrun lengthwiseof the bridge
The
details of the
top flangesof the beams.
by the drawings.
they carry

REINFORCED

242

CONCRETE.

CULVERTS.
Culverts

of both

Molded

the

same

and

extreme

one

examples

Illinois Central

beam

and

has

also been

cast-iron

construction

pipes are

used

by

many
tice
pracA

extreme.

will also be sufficient to illustrate

Construction.

"

structure.

type of reinforced-concrete

close resemblance

crete.
con-

exactly

approaches bridge

this class of concrete-steel

bears

in

employed

aqueduct practice at the other

R.R.

construction,which

built of reinforced

are

will illustrate this fact and

practice in

recent

form

clay and

railways. Culvert

at

few

vitrified

as

box

and

of concrete-steel

pipe

manner

American

arch

the embedded

to

steel-

described in pp. 199, has been extensively

girderbridge construction
employed during the last few years by the Illinois Central R.R.,
is by that company
termed
arch construction.
This construction
an
has

been

adopted by other railways,followingthe example of the

Illinois Central.
It has been
used
and
is
mostly for culvert work
therefore

included

first example

by Fig.
four

82-ft.

This

to

6 ins.

the crown,

there

are

of small

made
the

beams.

drain-tiles

laid at

8 ins.

piersare
the

at

with

built.

The

of

cost

which

This

When
was

the double-track

single-tracksteel structure

the

for the bottom

low

or

On

of

center

the

side of the
this

was

and

for
is

is laid

embedded

as

bridge was

4-in.
stone

The

first built,parallel

the west

structure

flat,but

4 ft. thick

completed, traffic was

concrete

ij ins.

the

shown.

the abutments

about

crete
Con-

through which

concrete

contains

of modern

the arch

the beams.
3 ins. and

parapet,

the tiles are

of

is 18 ins.

concrete

the top of the concrete

removed,

bridge

at

6 ins. above

springingline,and

east

the old structure.

structure

The

it,the old bridge

to

is used

intervals.

thick, in

level.

and

The

radius

9-in. I beams, 17 ft.

under each track, spaced

placed that

so

being spaced 15 ft.

laid

are

of these beams

coping

3 ft. thick at the

same

arch

cross-section

side to the

ballast

The

is illustrated

15 ft. in the clear, with

below

material

slopes at each
are

which

structure

36 ft.,the tracks

each

over

and

In

is
are

seven

center

bridge

culvert work.

to

ft. for the haunches.

3 ins. of concrete

are

above

to

and

long. There

ins. center

18

spans

and

crown

is

devoted

concrete

copings

The

center.

ft. for the

thick at

the

over

section

bridge 77 ft. long, consistingof

is a double-track
structure, replacing a light
Ames
bridge over
Creek, near
Buckley, 111.

single-trackiron

center
20

shows
This

spans.

width

The

in the

given,however,

161.

arch

here

diverted

half of the concrete

725

cu.
was

design and

yds. of
less than

concrete.

that of

weight
Figs.
cula
163
adopted for verts,
cattle-passes,
private roads, drainage-ditches,
etc., ranging from
162

and

show

similar

construction

BRIDGE
xl

AND

CULVERT

CONSTRUCTION.

243

1
u

.2
o

H
NO

to

10

ft. radius

th

is

ft. apart,

with

about

Th

be

unbroken

coping, as

desired.

of concrete

in such

culverts with

walls

These

smaller
This

162.

at

Some

165

Fig.

may

amount

In

is

concrete

prevented

the

points.

bottom

of

having openings

used

i2-ft.

from

is

track

five

culvert

similar

in

zo-in. I beams,

about

contains

class

of

of

i2-in.

14

recent

standards

the

beams, spaced

development

adopted by

the

of

are

Oregon

cu.

but

as

in

invert.

springing

long, spaced

apron

190

structure,

interestingexamples

ft.

i8-in.

an

is shown
replacingshort trestles,

most

R.R.

without

are

of the

Section

side walls 3 ft. 6 ins. thick at the

are

This

great number

Longifudinal

of which, however,

arches, and

the

typicalof

Single Culvert, Illinois Central

I-beam

some

somewhat

of

162

Half

end.

construction
and

below

or

sloped

The

yds.

also made,

are

walls

intermediate

deep

invert is 8 ins. thick, with

The

height,and
has two

in

Embedded

"

each

each
A

3 ft.

to

culver's

lo-ft. culvert,with

ft. apart.

deep

Section.

Under

inc.
2

and

own.

the roadbed

8-in. invert

the

basin

with

ft

cu.

200

ins. thick
concrete

structures,

is

is about

of 26

long,

arch-work,

wing
cr

the

3 ft. diameter.

Cross

FIG.

radius

occasionallyat

culvert shown

The

has

and

Small

Xsi ft.,or

invert

that

s-eps

ft.

the

at

The

ends,

the

18

is laid,so

off in

finished

are

in the

over

of

16

parapets,

the structure.

i2-ft. culvert

at

are

culvert.

the

ballast

the

in 24.

crown

beams,

ins. above

with

forms,

over

The

and

steep fall,scouring under

walls

apron

arch

flaring,and

straight or

by

below

the

cMed

of

ft. 6 ins.

at

i2-in. I

to

10-

batter of

1.

12-

curves

corner

ft.,or

concrete

track, emb

each

ordinary stone

the

continued

be

under

has

is 19

The

quite flat.

ft.,and

12

which

of

five lines of

the

of

culvert

thickness

rule

chord

the

concrete

of

surface

in which

trough
can

ins. of

per

placed

as

abutment,

the

The

ins.,and

8 to 23

are

length of

the

walls.

parapet

arch

face of

the

to

singletrack

For

of 16 ft. for

radius

arches

The

ft. span.

15
has

arch
2

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

244

wall

yds.

of

3 ft.
crete.
con-

having greater
Fig. 163. This

before.

reinforced-concrete
illustrated in
Short

Line

vert
cul-

Figs. 164

R.R.

The

BRIDGE

first form

shown

is

The

side

and

cover-plateare

walls

and

battered

are

each

in

rest

wide

on

reinforced

case

245

second

the

and

culvert

box

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

AND

is

culvert.

arch

an

the arch

footings,and
steel rails.

by

In

the

^^v^/Vvv'.V

^."""ft.-tf:^

ft:

rii

,."

tei

K'^'A'.

b *#";

" I^^^EESIlfeflBSii^"EZ2S"^^p

FIG.

Embedded

163.
"

Culvert, Illinois

Central

R.R

:-.4V7--j-----"frgk--g'6-"K-/e-"t*.?#-""{

--g^'-y-

Double

I-beam

tfu

P?^??^.

'

tt'tVi't^iSrrG:2"'J?T??fc^4i*rv

.^I^'iiJ^tt^.
^~

If Current is sluggish
Grave/ \
use
6ravel\
sluggish

smfivit Paving

^Jf

"!2t"4-~

^'5'

x"/?"k-5

"

rfi

!
"

Half

Half

Top

Side

Elevation.

box

Half

164.

culverts

tracks, and

are

all set base

In

downward

"

the

the

ends.

Hplf

Plan.

FIG.

The

f\

spacing

of

Longitudinal

Horizonral

Embedded

rails

Rail

are

further

are

the

Section.

Box

Culvert, Oregon

apart toward
and

to

Crass

Elevation.! Half

End

Section.

the ends
well
are

to

Line

R.R.

set

that

of the wall?.
the

over

curve

noted

of

the

for the

box

rails

The

abutments

base
alternately

approximately the

rails is similar

Short

spaced close togetherunder

are

extend

culverts the rails

bent

Half

Section.

straightand

downward

the arch
and

"

at

and
arch

the
head

ring.

culverts,

246

REINFORCED

where

closest

and

under

two

parallelintradosal stripsof expanded

box

and

with

culverts

arch

gravel bed

where
and

the center

CONCRETE.

the

they

between

is

of

walls

these

the

connect

and

this

""
""o?""'"f "'.""'"
lUuJiliJ-iUu^

Half

FIG.

"

side of

each

the

the

the

roadbed

long with
The

"

over

arch
of

surface

of

bars.
about

this

of embedded

culvert

box-culvert

drawings
V-shaped

on

R.R.

The

underscoring.

and

cement

was

that

high.

No.

method

"

on

was

cut

This

culvert

Run

and

of

long

mesh.

netting in

R.R.

"

concrete

and

construction

out

and

to

the

walls.

wing

secure

ft.

concrete.

of the notable

One

employed

cariies

is 300

yds. of

cu.

3,000

galvanized-wire

of the

The

tures
fea-

smooth

through

is shown

invert

drawings

reinforced

passes

little explanation is needed.

section

Gravel

of the

Division

p. 413.

Quincy

construction

The

in 1902.

contains

iXa-in.

the

culvert is 147 ft.

ft.

Pennsylvania

as

illustrates

Fig. 166

"

steel rails in the parapet

is described

finish which

This

of

R.R.

R.R.

ft.,and

12

ring nettinghas

30

walls

wing

1-3-6 Portland

the

on

River

consists

Chicago, Burlington
show

of concrete.

Line

Short

prevent

River

deep gulley known

clear span

arch-ringand

built

Hudson

reinforcement

The

is

Hudson

"

culvert

Central

York

to

serve

paving
the

side-

the

Plan

Culvert, Oregon

culvert-work

Central

York

reinforced-concrete

New

and

paving

stone

".

Foundation

Arch

provided

are

with

of

of both

mixture.

stone

New

Rail

roadway

for

used

concrete

broken

Embedded

165.

| Half

Plan.

Top

walls

cross-walls

ends

extreme

embedded

are

bottoms

or
rilling

togetherby

"

"

The

wing
sluggish,and

is

braced

togetherthere

metal.

side

hold

To

rapid.

wing-wall footings are

Two

the

the flow

where

current

are

in

with

at

each

Fig. 167

corrugated

embankment

an

such

It will be

of

detail
noticed

end;

by

the

that

the purpose

BRIDGE

of

this

Arcadia

as

shown
of 9

load

use

Creek

made

was

by Fig.
ft.

foundation-bed

the

on

Mich.

Culvert, Kalamazoo,

known

Mich.,

unit

the

247

as

nearly

possible.

as

Arch

make

to

was

uniform

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

AND

of

height of

ft.

long,

the section

having
with

clear

varies

grade

Its

stream

city of Kalamazoo,

the

culvert

arch

is 1,080 ft.

culvert

clear

through

runs

concrete-steel

This

168.

ins.,and

10

which

small

divertinga

In

"

width

from

0.4

A Concrete

project

to

~*^\''each5idt

Class B

H/2JH.

Pavingof

"

Rock

Clan

Concrete

Section.

Longitudinal
ElevaTion

Sectional
of

on

Recedes

into

Mid

into

cut

Culvert

of

End

West

r"
Old Rails

to

tr

IS'to

tend

WaHofArch
\l5jnto5idt
'"

bait E/tvalion.
End

Elevation.
Wall.

Wing
Plan

Port

FIG.

to

166.

0.5

Arch

"

The

cent.

per

sand, gravel,and
about
upper

one

this, and

the

proportions
made
of

lower

were

richer

earth, and

foundations.

cement

with

of
a

street

where

N.

Y.

C.

"

H.

R.

R.

of

composed

concrete

proportions are generally

and gravel. The

six parts of sand

somewhat

somewhat

rigidlyadhered

under
also

The

to

made

was

arch

not

entirelyof

cement.

part of Portland

arch, however,

is

masonry

Portland

Reinforcement,

Metal

Expanded

with

Culvert

to, the

crossings where

than

richer concrete

poorer

concrete.

These

composition being
there

treacherous
particularly

is

erally
gen-

ing
light cover-

soil underlaid

the

248

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

is reinforced

sect'on

The

cross-section.

the

by

of

members

The

,8"G.toC..

this

fabric

around

extend

which

Half
A~B.

Section

Section

Half

"

C-D.

View.

End

Detail

Quarter

FIG.

Section

Bottom

"

FIG.

the culvert
used

are

Section

Culvert

Box

168.

of No.

in all cases,

thus

Reinforced

Arch

"

of
of

Upper Corner

Plan.

167.

in

shown

steel-wire fabric,as

woven

by Corrugated

Culvert

steel

making

at

Kalamazoo,

wire, and
a

total

Bars, C., B.

two

Q.

R.R.

Mich.

layers of

length of

"

C'D.

wire

the

fabric

surrounding

are

the

BRIDGE

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

AND

249

culvert of 175 ft. per lin. ft. There

of about
is an
average
lineal foot, enclosing the conduit, except where
the
per
inner reinforcements
The
in

bearingportion of

form,

shown

as

of the

work

ihe
of

portion
character

the

the

conduit

on

water

brushed

with

also finished

was

most

For

employed
The

reasons.

two

or

Such

in the

feature

its exterior

The

arches

for

hollow

the
of

hollow

out

so

this is not

This

is

usually a

less

of

consists

the

constitute

to

as

Where

bridge.

of

times
some-

for aesthetic

construction

haunches

the

over

is

construction

arch, and

main

concrete

spandrel walls.

between
filling

rise
on

reinforced

arch.

main

prominent

purposelysought
carryinga

are

bridge.

of

interior

of columns
replacedby a simple arrangement
roadway platform and enclosed
by thin curtain-walls at
the

and

way.

solid

form

of the

these

it firm

arch

the

grout.

construction

load

the

usually worked

are

same

and

common

spandrel

architectural
the arches

to

quicksand, made

cement

of this

invert,rnd

the

under

CONSTRUCTION.

span

reduce

most

more

arches

the

neat

arches, is

of considerable

arches

from

spandrel

common

for masonry

arches, as

laid

backfillingabout

Before

SPANDREL
The

are

parts

able
consider-

ground

In

acter
char-

some

For

quicksand.

upon

the

to

In

soft material.

changed

was

laid.

be

to

was

rather

it rests

excessive

well

was

rests

way

foundation.

good

surface

the

the concrete

lines of tile drains

two

by removing
a

conduit

arch

lines,Fig. 168, according

dotted

which

on

in the inverted

and

outer

this number.

is double

there

case

the concrete

the

by

of the earth

this

overlap;in

five wires

expensive construction

of

sides

the

than

drel
span-

arches.

Solid-filled
embankment
enclosed
a

Solid-filled

"

of

earth,sand, cinders,or

between

of
filling

loose

Spandrels.
solid

material,and
the

not

reinforced,nor

in these

the

the

natural

cohesion

bonded

they

are

of

the

into

concrete.

bridges in the preceding section of

the spandrel walls employed.
Fig.

arch

walls

for the

walls

into

wall

Zanesville,Ohio,

the

arch

construction

SeeleyStreet

ring by
is shown

filling

Sometimes

means

this
140,

Bridge,shows

of

they
filling

Usually they
than

the

illustratingthe
a

This

are

by
of

illustrations

the

chapter show

of dowels.

by Fig. 149.
Bridge,Brooklyn, described on

loose

ring otherwise

Many

arch
of

an

employed in place of the earth or other

the spandrel walls become
a
cases
corporate

spandrel walls retain

section.
trapezoidalretaining-wall

usual

of

is

part of the filling.Where

have

durable

and

other

cheap
or
retaining-walls
spandrel walls.

concrete

meagre

spandrelsusuallyconsist

method

of

details

spandrel

bonding

the

reinforced-spandrels

wall

p. 226.

was

used

It will be

in

the

observed

REINFORCED

SO

that the reinforcement

wall, and

is

it will appear

described

designed to strengthenthe
be

can

between
filling

spandrel walls

other

loose

suitable

that

at once

p. 307

on

CONCRETE.

material.

retaining-

ments
reinforceretaining-wall
bridge spandrel walls. The

for

be

may

as

of the

any

used

wall

sand, gravel,earth, cinders, or

This

layersand

fillingis deposited in thin

thoroughlycompacted by ramming or rollingor by flooding

it in with

water.

any

i2o-ft. space

Melan

National
i

An

and

in

rise

found

and

enclosed

in

these the

the

details of these

Spandrel
a

with

beauty
for the

of

well

strains

is obviated.

the

the

of

arch

on

construction

River
of

is that
of

much

clear

spandrel
all of

In

braced
the

length

columns

sides of

all the

essential

Mr.

weight

arch

ing
result-

tions
the founda-

ring and

effects of great

architectural

is claimed
advantage which
in doing away
with long and
the

trouble

W.

with

temperature

i4o-ft.span

were

Soc.

Am.

the Illinois Central

on

for

M.

Parkhurst,

solid-fillconstruction,with

and

advantage

weight by using spandrel arches

spandrel walls is excellentlyillustrated

H.

Bridge

the

R.R.

made
the

C.

E.,

spandrel-

followingresults:

Tons.

arch, 1396

Parapet
Pier

and

cu.

yds. at

coping, 404

cu.

complete,includingold

Total

tons

yds.

2,792
at

masonry,

808

tons

1,825

cu.

yds. at

3,650

tons

Fillingand

ballast

for

tive
Comparafor

Solid-filled
Spandrel.
Main

the

in

saving

fill and

figuresgiven by

the main

Another

walls

The

solid-earth

calculations

make

at

of these will

231.

staging of

combine

introduce

handled.

spandrel

Big Muddy

cellular

page

per
of

filling.

of great

examples

on

20

composed

curtain-walls

arches

spandrel-archonstruction
solid

by

of the load

opportunity to

heavy
instead

on

will

drawings

Spandrel

"

reduction

when

thin

gravel,

about

to

spans

called for

of

designs.

Arches.

the

the

"

Notable

is carried

by

For

described

arches

is enclosed

study

curtain-walls.

long-span

which
A

from

by

were

designshave

roadway platform

beams

bridge.

of recent

parts unwashed

the

composed

corporate part of the

Curtain-walls.

by

in the Yellowstone

was

amounting
spandrel walls were

and

with

River

concrete
filling

and

furnished

boulders
The

concrete

number

The

parts sand

is
filling

concrete

the Yellowstone

over

embedded

Spandrels

construction
be

1903.

total volume.

the

Hollow
and

in

were

broken-stone

1-2-4

built

cement,

it there

of

cent,

arch

Park

part Portland

of

example

,600

8,850

BRIDGE

CULVERT

AND

CONSTRUCTION.

Spandrel
Main

arch,

arches

Spandrel
Pier

yds. at

cu.

1,400

and

Arches.

2,800

tons

copings,600

complete, 1,555

yds. at

cu-

251

yds. at

cu.

tons

1,200

tons

3"110

Ballast

525

Surplus weight

of steel

25

Total

The
Mr.

7,660

Parkhurst
The

and

as

of

skeleton

the

braced

screwed

are

punched
and

rod

any

joined

end

will

post

the

and

are

surface
holes

the

by

to

by

complete self-supporting
eleven
lines of longitudinal

of

ft. center

webs

of

to

of the

at each

rails.

ordinary .splice-bars.This
by
posts spaced also 3

haunches

for

of

of

main

rib

punched through

the

the

it

of

by

arches.

horizontal
the

their

spans
i-in.

similar

by

next

to transverse

which

end

webs

These

vertical

the

and

diameter, spaced

in.

nuts

two

tied

center,

are

at intervals of 3 ins. for their whole

length,
rails are
be secured
The
in any
hole.
can

longitudinalrail above

rails is

Each

arches.
is also

and

nected
con-

adjustablediagonals which

The

This

the

rods,

vertical posts rest

rails set in

concrete

webs.

of

of

set

ft. apart transversely,

work.
was

upon
the
in
recesses
upper
All rails have
ij-in.

done

with

threefold

location
laying
for connections;
other
it possible to add
necting
con(2) to make
ties or struts or to make
and
in
writer's
the
changes;
opinion,
(3),
of considerable
the steel and
between
importance, to provide for bond
the concrete, the mortar
of the latter entering and
extending through
these holes and
both
so
together.
firmlybinding
steel structure
The
was
erected,adjusted,and lightlybolted together
by ordinary labor, and required no rivetingand no expert assistance.
that largeportions of it were
Careful records show
completed at slightly
less than
Ib.
ct.
The
of this reinforcing
J
self-supportingcharacter
per
material
was
advantageous in several ways:
(i) A level floor
be
laid
could
the top, furnishinga very satisfactory
on
easily
working
for
Narrow
laid
it
on
platform
making concrete;
(2)
were
runways
and
used with confidence
at trifling
by the workmen;
(3) The
expense
could
that
molds
for
the
the
most
concrete
important advantage was

(i)

purpose:
of holes

be

wired

the
amount

To

described

is

the

bolted
the

the

intervals

proper

is

by rods
having

center, each

elevation

is connected

proper
and
at

lie within

distance

fit and

end

to

at

to

to

ij-in. holes

held

bridge

consists

rails,spaced

tightlyagainst

up

with

It

structure.

fixed

this

at

18 ins. center

arches

spandrel

steel

horizontal

about

this

follows:

internallybraced

also

for

spandrel-arch construction

save

accurate

templet

work

in

the steelwork, permitting cheaper construction

the quantity of concrete
where
small
in
was

to

work
of

lumber

needed

for

molds.

out

in

part of

proportion to

REINFORCED

252

The

more

construction

common

spandrel arches.
arch
and

the

ring by
platform.
the

of

The

the

described

on

have

reinforcement
to

solid

consists

of

and

Chatellerault

they

the

meet

and

4-in. I

beams

the

consists

interveningarches
described

Bridge

in

by

is attached

so

at

one

the
the

and

the

the

concrete

and

other

construction
movement

When

vertical

of wall

is

be pasted

the

the

line and

the method
arch

bridge
a

at

vertical

point about

of

10

the

which

or

the

is constructed

mere

by ending
timber-strip

shape, in

in

lagging is

wall

between

strains

removed

by concreting against

without

the usual

surfaces
other

ing
grout wash-

given

is desired

This
any
occur.
one

partiallyelastic
and

or

rial
mate-

the concrete

cushion.

each

expansion-jointover
of the

side

indicated.

addition

the

reinforced

lateral stiffness

by

springing-

These

crown.

In

expansion-jointswere

and

the

providing for expansion adopted in

Washington, D. C. Each
spandrel

ft. each

tongue-and-groove jointsas

were

ments
abut-

jointswith

formed

are

depositedagainst this

of wall

provided with
at

between

actual

lagging to

or

where

sometimes

are

sometimes

concrete

of

action

spandrels

face of the first section

against the

section

Fig. 169 shows

building a Melan
was

they

first kind

preceding section

separation of

of the second

wall

notable

spandrels verticallyfrom

usually a

layers of felt,corrugated paper,

may

rectilinear

work.
concrete
provisionsfor bonding old and new
of
it is assumed
weakness
leaves a plane
at which
strains
will
or
rupture produced by temperature

actual

more

the

points

having hardened,

concrete

face of the

the

ring, and
the

in

more

arch

groove,

succeeding section

grooved
or

form

The

or

joints cut

against a

to

as

finished face.

of

and

These

of wall

section

replacing

p. 208

on

constructed

compressible filling.Joints of

one

curved

center.

usually

abutment

parapet-wall coping to
in
planes of weakness

forced
rein-

spandrel construction.

are

crown.

three

piers and

"

strains

the

p. 215

Expansion- joints. Expansion-joints to provide for

temperature

of the

ringsonly

concrete

spandrel-arch construction

of this type of

example

haunch

of columns

rows

is to reinforce

Bridge

ft. apart center

3.3

modification

each

over

rings;

spaced

the Laibach

In

spandrel arches

CONCRETE.

sections

against
of

means

joints

the

perature
tem-

coupled

bar-stiffeners illustrated.
In

constructingthe Big Muddy

R.R.,

unusually
by him as

Mr.

H.

W.

elaborate

Parkhurst,
system

of

River
M.

Am.

bridge
Soc.

for

C.

the

Illinois

E., introduced

expansion-jointswhich

are

tral
Cenan

described

follows:
*

The
of the

piers and
arches,

and

abutments
the

were

voussoirs

carried

numbered.

up

above
Nos.

the
i

and

springing-line
i

were

built

BRIDGE

CULVERT

AND

CONSTRUCTION.

Then
portion of the pier or abutment.
the
several
voussoirs
were
being completed)
the plan, voussoirs
on
they are numbered
as

253

built in the
numbered

Sectional

zo'o'-

located

being

^-ExpansionJoint

"^^il^^\^^

in which

order
2

ini'
___________

molds

(the centering and

Plan.

lop of Coping

to

,~5trffe

_*

Partial
FIG.

in order

Stiffener..

"

'

Spandrel-wall
Washington, D.

three

and

sections;

other

2, and

so

keep

to

as

as

on,

3 being separated from

those
numbered
4 being

shown

in

symmetrical

"

Section

of

have

would

the

of

Big Muddy

alternate

unfinished

The

center,
into

the

of

into

the

Bridge, showing

load
that

of

Arch

Ring.

the

number

Manhole.

Segments

centering,and

stage of the

certain

completed,

the

work

the

keystone being

one

blocks.

remaining blocks
were
the keystone being
block

the

on

at

blocks

and

next

nearly as

cession
suc-

Case.

possibleuniformly distributed
of voussoirs
was
planned so
arch

170.
and
as

linct Arches, ihese TWO

to be built in x/id,
aces
"ith the Exception that
arched
Openings, extending
ft 'from
Face of
back
.--I4tf0*Main
Anh, should be let-

Detail

170.

The

Fig.

"

"

in each

FIG.

Bridge,

Creek

Stiffener, Rock
C.

numbered

Those

i.

arranged

so

was

by

half-way between

and

No.

from

numbered

those

of

Expansion-joint

169.
"

fourth

Detail

by

two

first

of proper
the
size on
The
blocks
numbered

filled

then
the

last

projectionson each
completed. This was
face
4

of the
were

form
held

in, working

built.

Each

side made
done

place

to

by

recesses

the

keys
built

by securing planks

dividing the
in

toward

voussoir

mold

prevent

into voussoirs.

slippinguntil

REINFORCED

254

the blocks

CONCRETE.

any tendency
between
made
voussoirs
by
were
face-joints
of
wood
of
securing strips
triangularsection to the molds, a sharp
account
on
right-anglededge adjacent to a thin jointbeing avoided
of the possibility
of flakingor cracking off, should
be a very
there
of
The
real
outer
concrete.
heavy strain on the extreme
joints
layer
about 8 ft. apart, and intermediate
false jointsof similar stylewere
are
All the radial
made
voussoir.
the exterior
faces of each
on
joints
extend across
the molding with which
arched rib
the top of the main
is finished,and
the soffit from face
correspondingjointsextend across
toward

to

numbered

of

No

other blocks

had

The

movement.

face

built.

were

arch.

Additional

in the construction
provisionsfor expansion are made
of the transverse
of the longitudinal
spandrel arches, in the connections
rails by spliceshaving more
motion, but specially
by the sliding
arches and expansion-joints
abutment.
at each pier and
that the
fixed and
Assuming that the piers and abutments
are
arches must
is
made
each
of
at
end
each
arch, at its
expand, a joint
There
juncture with the adjacent immovable
portion of the structure.
six expansion-joints
intended
alike.
are
(Fig.171),essentially
They are

^"Composition
iw

".."''''."'.".(""''
".r~^-^

ifomposH-ion
^j"*f"

Wai

.-fc^*

Xv\:"NSX^NX"vs

W^X\V,VNN"V^\.X\\.\NX
.

feiiif
Expansion
FIG.

to

Joini:

171.

provide expansion

any

due

to

all conditions

Bridge.

for that

portionof

the structure

load

trains,and
The

of

of this

exposure
allow
for

proportioned to
changes of temperature,

derailments

is

moving

the character

that

and
are

the

of motion

freedom

Joln-h

effect. It will
brings its immediate
of
the
structure
differsmaterially
portion
that of the lower portion of the bridge. In the latter
from
thing
everyand
is massive
as
as
nearly immovable
possible;in the former,
of steel and
of elasticity
is
amount
concrete, an
by the combination
which
is
the
its
under
structure
imparted to
designed to insure
durability
on

be noted

which

Joint, Big Muddy

Expansion

"

or

Sliding

section

purposely

the
similar

of concrete

made

this point. In
jointsreferred
range

to

or

other

and

service.

the maximum

also

to

crete
con-

expansion

possibleshocks due to
brakes
on
swiftlymoving

conditions.
in the

crown

of the small

minimum,
provide
to this, however, at each
above, sufficient provisionis made
to

of contraction

of

range

for

addition
to

steel and

absorb

settingof

sudden

The

and

elongationdue

to

transverse

elastic

arches

expansion

at

of

the

expansion-

to

cover

any possible
in tempera-

changes

BRIDGE

for

ture

of

the

each

arch.

main
the

by
arches

rib

recess

joint,one

surface

the face

level of the

projectionof
into the

of the

same.

being

arch,

and

in

longitudinalplane with the

at rightangles to it.

longitudinalsurfaces both of pier and

board, thus securing a
heavy asbestos
is
with several thicknesses
filled
transverse
joint
with

that

so

relaxed

could

central

section

under

of

extension

the other

The

board,

255

from
the haunch
expansion-joint extends
and
is
concealed
and protrack,
tected
the spandrel
the pier or abutment, where
There
surfaces
to this expansiontwo
are

This
the

to

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

AND

pressure

it could

arch

work

covered

are

sliding surface. The

of corrugated asbestos

close,and

when

the

is

pressure

of foreign material
again, preventing entrance
into the joint. To
assist in protectingthis joint,the top is covered
with a lead plate,which
is folded
filled with pitch
into the joint,and
in the plans.
or
asphalticcement, as shown
These
constructed
at each abutment, and
one
are
expansion-joints
at each
two
pier; the last spandrel arch at each end of each main arch
in a longitudinal
direction at the piersor abutments.
can
move
slightly
This movement
of the sliding
is further provided for in the construction
blind arches built into each pier and abutment, which
fitted with
are
slidingbearings,and with an expansion-jointsimilarlypacked with
width
the whole
corrugated asbestos board, which jointextends across
of the bridge floor,from
section of
a
coping to coping. This makes
floor approximating 15 ft. long and
is
the width
of both tracks,which
separated by a longitudinalslidingjoint,lined with asbestos board,
between
the fixed portions of pier and abutment
copings,etc.,and the

made

ever,

time

expand

of floor.

to

in the floor

steelwork

these

across

move

is,hcw-

the

slidingjoints,and at
longitudially
by incasingthe transverse

continuous

allowed

skeleton

The

same

tie-reds

with

of the floor,thus permitting

pipe which is buried in the concrete
The
sufficient longitudinalmovement
contraction.
for expansion or
skeleton
ironwork
thus ties togetherthe ends of piers,and
holds them
at

the

distance

proper

Having
several

other

observations

only on this bridge,but on

be interestingto state that careful
this
On
but very slightmovement.
and
in two
graduated
expansion-gages,each made
parts,

structures, it may
indicate
to date
up

bridge,brass
to read
by means
copings
gages

of

read

up

months

results

average
devised, and

the

of

these

23, 1903,

and

readings show

an

for the

was

the

completed, and
extreme

that

It is evident

that

of the whole

only general
The

ing
openment
move-

end

which

temperature

incomplete data.

completion of

ft- was
observed
the north
at
0.007
south end of span.
tne
the
noted, and
temperature of each day was

simultaneously.

at the

the

January 20 to May
span, this having been

ft.,of

0.005 ft- at
The
maximum

set in the
foot,were
careful
readings of these
The
work.
longest series

of

thousandths

from

first. The
0.012

to

expansion-joint, and
to

side of the north

laid

and

each

taken

four

covers

west

of verniers

across

were

apart.

not
provided expansion-joints

record

no
mass

deductions
of gage

of

of

method

accurate

could

the structure

might

observations

be

made
does

gage

arriving

from
not

be

such

indicate

256

REINFORCED

that

of
irregularities

to

stated,of

that of

The

movement

cold

in

above

extremely sensitive

is

concrete

0.012

ring is
to

far

is

as

of weakness
In

expansion
ft. for 140

ft. span

described

here

unusual

in

of instances

it

Park

decided

to make

bridge.

appeared

from

the

to

would

by

of the

the

Waterproofing.
from

the lower
this

and

sand

the

in.

by mopping
thick

that

consists

mortar

is formed.

best,and

which
as

hot

of

to

must

be

removed

satisfactorywhich
conditions.
of recent

to

the

The

to

has

spandrel

spandrel walls,
without

mass

greatest strain

the

springing-lines

over

decided

was

embed

to

extending parallel

to

ends

them

the

near

of

crown

slightcracks have
the bridge, showing

drainage
arch

ring
are

nothing

is used

in

entirelysufficient

not

were

these

will be

care

the

of

from

come

smooth

action
under

make

built in

the

the top and

cracks

taken

and

of

top

than

addition

more

lated
accumu-

the

and

arch

in many

or

been

place of the
layer of asphalt

until

coat

but

material
than

bridgesdesigned by

cases

to

has

has

of

plaster coat

in

can

ten

been

the

be

used

to

material

^
is

life at

pavement

years

Osborn

from

limited

and
spandrel filling

repairs no

life of not

be

waterproofed. Frequently

surfaces,but

of water

will

prevent this.

to

exclude

to

the

more

waterproofingwhich

concrete-steel

objection urged against this

located

when

As

waterproofinghas
asphalt into the concrete
The

asphalt exposed

the

one

abutments

spandrel walls

specialwaterproof material
plastering. The most used
made

solid

both

and

facilitate

To

"

portionsof

act

as

notable

arch

the

resist

engineer that, very

penetratingthe

waterproofing

cement

of water,

of omitting

points.

piecewith

come

ft. below

spring-lineon

the infiltration

water

lith
mono-

to

bridge had

contraction.

precautionstaken to prevent
only possibleill effect that can

due

This

one

that the
The

sal
univer-

adopted

the i2o-ft. Melan

by

in

or

the ends

It is stated

over

at the critical

the structure

about

concrete

bridge axis

in

weakness

reinforcement

joins the approaches, it

proper

steel rods in the

the

January

prevent planes

to

been

strong

in 1903.

built up

concrete

the arch

the

limits,as

in

almost

The

made

being

prevent cracks

provision for expansion

tending to crack the concrete

to

tractions
con-

singlehomogeneous

expedient has

resortingto

National

meagre

was

the

any

where

up

temperature

rings.

ring as

practiceis furnished

Yellowstone

and

the

to

portion.

any

of such

of
filling

arch

effort

practicable,
every

strains and

temperature

the

some

readings showed

gage
weather

from

While

providing planes of

of

the arch

and
expansion-joints

example

warm

in reinforced

construct

number

the

in

cold.

May.

practiceis
so

and

heat

to

noted,

were

and

procedure

the arch

CONCRETE.

considered
under
on

nary
ordiber
num-

Engineering

BRIDGE

of

Company
cement

is

to

Cleveland,
sand

The

completed.

M.

Am.

Thacher,
walls

spandrel
lower
of

coat

with

ins.

After

grout.

Several

not

one

usual

"

is

span

is

the

the

broken

arch

with

of

the

wall

In

The

drawings

wall

was

together

which
molded
is

however,

cases,

are

of

in

placed
Fig.

the

140

cornice
in

place.

particularly

show
is

built
The

noticeable.

the

an

end

up

pipe,

and

concrete

be

the

to

face
sur-

which
bed

or

as

form

of

reinforcement

other

shape

ft.

by

it

anchoring

cast,

is

lengthwise
the

through

the

employed,
between

them.

engineers.

some

parapet-wall

blocks

times
some-

molded

This

is

of

cast

of

When

from

10

are

previously

laid.

expansion-joints

method

pier

the

blocks

downward

of

pipe

The

of

of

of

channel

novel

more

The

inch.

material,

built

frequently

as

about

would

with

sections

of

they

arches.

reinforcement

no

bridges

over

space

built

of

described

wrought-iron

reinforced.

commonly

cement

pure

earth-fill.

when

stone

cut

as

smooth

but

masonry

upper

the

verticals, reaching

molded

joints

in

is

and

most

being

These

exactly

up

\ part

bridges,

arch

coarse

sometimes

simple, consisting

very

coping

wall.

and

the

walls

Parapet

the

projects

receive

to

with

tanks

arch

concrete

exclude

to

of

in

as

of

it

coat

and

purpose.

the

toward

all

over

place

wall

the

place

generally

in
laid

are

which

netting

"

molded
which

wire

Walls.

Parapet

concrete-steel

center

is dished

is laid

stone

of

exactly

the

through

pier top

covered

this

into

heavy

waterproofing

for

build

to

leave

the

arch

cement,
to

Mr.

of

coated

Portland

for

of

the

spread
a

employed

being
used

from

soffits
of

of

given

for

accomplished

construction

of

it is

set

methods

the

sand

of

then

are

part

factory
satis-

most

inside

the

back

walls

parts

drainage

diagonally

in

has

The

reaching

is

plaster

frequently

Drainage.
than

and

of

of

the

work

the

practice

plaster
The

Portland

after

is

The

to

spandrel

the

arch

this

that

mortar.

consisting

lime,

is

E.,

sand

of

mortar

capable

been

z\

the

them.

by

C.

Soc.

to

used

of

coating

of

is

users

257

i-in.

back

the

to

the

far

height

this

are

293

p.

have

in

slacked

finish.

on

semi-liquid

thoroughly

of

opinion
so

Edwin

the

applied

waterproofing

of

consists

Ohio,

mortar

CONSTRUCTION.

CULVERT

AND

and
the

tion
construc-

the
several

parapet
parts

258

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

CHAPTER

EXAMPLES

IX."

CONDUIT

REINFORCED
forms.

in the
in

most

United

for

but
in

of the

this is

of

of these

in

two

in

place
employed

they are

which

engineersare

examples

in both

the

molded

importance

strikingindication

to have

coming
what

Several

of conduits

size and

afford

put, and

diameter.

given in the followingparagraphs,

to

notable

are

small

are

is devoted

durabilityof concrete-steel under

rather

and

cast-pipeconstruction

to which

the confidence

molded

concrete

the only construction

practically

medium

the .greater space

service

is

construction

In

conduits

place. Some

conduit

concrete
Europe reinforced
pipe molded
jointedand laid like vitrified sewer-pipe,is largely

are

of this

examples

in

employed
construction

States.

sections,which

employed

is

common

suitable centers, and

on

CONSTRUCTION.

concrete

The

REINFORCED-CONCRETE

OF

in the

strength and

ordinarilyconsidered

are

of

to

be

tryingconditions.
AQUEDUCTS.

Simplon
River

Tunnel-works,

Rhone

to the

conduit

Switzerland, a
steel flume

penstock
and

and

for

miles) long, with

FIG.

transverse

172.

and

"

roof of the conduit

square

The

of

of

its

of

its

length of

concrete-steel

1.2

section

meters

Rectangular Conduit

was

Tunnel

meter

of the reinforcement
was

(164

and

designed to

carry

Ibs. per

ft.)and

sq.

of the

rectangular

kilometers

is

Works.

concrete

internal

(1.86

.Fig. 172

shows

clearly

walls.

superimposed load
an

Brieg,

concrete-

was

kilometer.

Simplon

at

the

cylindricalsteel

flume

and

per

for

length of

part longitudinalsection of the flume, and

the arrangement

per

the remainder

grade

from

water

carry

plant of the Simplon tunnel-works

(6.23X6.23 ft.)in

m.

To

"

consistingfor part

employed.

was

1.9X1.9

power

Switzerland.

of 800

upward

The

kgs.

pressure

kgs. per

of 300

To

ft.)apart.

expansion

Irrigation

Pecos
built for

francs

100

the estimated

than

more

closed

soon

was

of

contraction

or

percolationwere
the flume

With

of

Co.'s

Mexico

in cross-section

by Fig.

This

173.

on

four

used

173.

of

composed

was

of mixed

and

sand

weighing 50
with

arches

concrete

their ends

side walls

at

as

supporting arches,

the

cost

of

the

of

cent,

per

dimensions.
or

flume

is carried

Rail

A-B.

The

and

cost

forms

and

centers

The

cubic

to one

cement

of

consists

concrete

of

of tie-rails between

the

yard

railway rails

ft. apart in the side walls and

the

bottom,

opposite

aqueduct complete, including

$45,000, and

was

ft. rise.

25

reinforcement

and
illustrated,
The

Texas.

IrrigationWorks,

barrel of Portland

one

top.

the

Pecos

ft. span

100

yard spaced 4

bent

the

of

gravel.

Ibs. per

cost

Rectangular Aqueduct,

"

from

Company
Irrigation

Section

FIG.

10

aqueduct

SOIb.

Plan.

The

same

the Pecos

ing
turn-

leaks

aqueduct

open

by

few

about

of the

An

"

tion
construc-

there is very

water.

only

or

flume

Aqueduct.
in New

irrigation
purposes

is shown

wooden

The
the

in

lineal meter,

per
cost

the lime

by

(16.4

m.

during

were

structure.

is supported

filled before

in the flume

the water
the

flume

spaced

contraction

piers; these

the

over

ft.). The

sq.

and

expansion

into the flume.

the water
little

left

jointswere

open

for

per

of concrete-steel

bents

or

masonry

provide

CONSTRUCTION.

(61.5 Ibs.

meter

square

piersof

on

CONDUIT

OF

EXAMPLES

it is

amounted

interestingto
to

$i per

that

note

cubic

yard

of

concrete.

Aqueduct, Boston,

Weston
ton

concrete-steel
the

for

aqueduct
New

section

9^

New

high

Haven
and

In

"

constructingthe largeWes-

water-supply of Boston, Mass.,

construction

York,
ft.

the

Mass.

10

in

carryingthe
"

Hartford

ft. wide

was

under

structure

R.R.

flattened

use

The
as

normal
shown

was

made

of

the

tracks

of

polycentric
by Fig.

174,

260

REINFORCED

and

throughout

I beams

flattened

this

used.

was

CONCRETE.

section

I beams

These

roof

"""

'

curved

ins. apart.

spaced 36

were

of

reinforcement

ll.206.7S Base

of Lowest

To

Main
Kail,

Track.

.^

Bottornoffie.l.otYesf
Main
Rail,

%"\j~

~~"~e~~,^~~
8 If 24 0 lonq.
3'0'C.tot.-:

Track.

L,3x3x|'-

"""/ BearingPlate,

FIG.

174.

Section

"

of

Weston

prevent leakage through the cracks

between
lead

the

hinge

days' work,

two

water-stop

in

the

will

lead

cracking

accompany

through

shown

the

at

use

sometimes
made

was

Boston

Aqueduct,

Water

occurring in the joint

this

throughout
The

by Fig. 175.
withstand

any

jointsand

still prevent

slightmovement
the

"

of

Detail

of

Water-stop

Sections

two

Grove

Grove

Reservoir

singleconduit

4,000

inlet gate chamber

pipe

at

the

the
may

of

water

south

at

was

Newark,

ft. long,extended
the

end;

176.
"

Grove

conduit

north

another

end

from

Single

ConduiT.

Single Conduit,

Reservoir, Newark,

N.

employed
N.

66

of

Conduit, Newark,

for the

reservoir

FIG.

at

of Weston

5-ft.reinforced-concrete

Cedar

of

crack.

Junction of
Aqueduct.
Cedar

that

which

passage

175.

aqueduct

expectationis

Section

FIG.

Supply.

J.,watera

About

"

in

7,000 ft.

works.

to

conduit

J.

constructing the

point near

of the reservoir

line,a double

J.

Cedar
N.

One

the
the

line,

regulating

inlet stand-

1,500

ft.

long,

extended
is

of the

double

joints.

The

5 parts

i^-in. broken

These

respect

cost

conduit

177.

and

there

$11.75

and

the

singleconduit
iron

pipe,

the

floatingwhen
weight
the
would
be

allow

noted

the time

that

not

the

conduits

reservoir

the

Torresdale

filter

by Fig. 306.

be

will

after

lapped

carefully

cast-iron

In

pipe.

For

metal

lineal

per

the

double

N.

the
as

$5.95

one-half
the

unnecessary.

the

latter

the

With

to

foot.

of

conduit

had

enough
within

was

the
leakage which
objectionable. In this connection
ft. head

50

applied only

the

on

for

concrete

it may

of water, part of

outside.

short

For

it from

any

under

as

5-ft.cast-

prevent

pipe

cents

conduit

lineal

of

crete
con-

costing5

cost

-steel

As

foot.

per

yd.

cu.

double

of

cost

J.

sq. ft. of

48

0.75

metal

expanded

concrete

that

and

concrete

single conduit

part of the time

be

The

intervals,at

inside
times-

be empty.

the

plant of

This

for

The

will be

and

may

conducts

with

Reservoir, Newark,

yds. of

anchoring

Filter-conduits.

Philadelphia
which

of

would

when

tial
circumferen-

ConduiT.

is about

considered

was

however,

parts sand, and

follows:

as

Grove

cu.

of

those
out

single conduit

anchoring

pressure,

Cedar

is added.

the inside

on

with

expanded

cost

empty

reservoir,it

concrete-steel

Double

1.5

given

cost

the

make

to

Fig. 176

cross-section

3 in. mesh

and

of

yard, and
quantitiesgave

of

cost

when

of

part cement,

cubic

per

foot, these

square

foot, and

lineal

sq. ft. of

costing $6.20
per

of

Conduit,

per

26

of

advantages

required

were

and

concrete

Double

metal

expanded

gage

comparison worked

the

"

177

consists

10

constructed

SecTion

FIG.

is

stone.
were

its cost

to

composed

is

conduits

comparing

of No.

metal

concrete

Fig.

reinforcement

The

conduit.

ring of expanded

and

singleconduit

of the

cross-section

outlet channel.

to the

the outlet gate chamber

from

261

CONSTRUCTION.

CONDUIT

OF

EXAMPLES

conduit

"

filtered water
the

cross-section
to

the

clear -water

Philadelphia,Pa.,

is 2,200

ft.

long

and

of the

water-works
is

duit
supply-conbasin

at

the

is shown

progressively7.5 ft.,,

262

REINFORCED

ft.,and
from

water

ft. in

10

pumping

the

8 ft. high and

is

All these conduits

The

sufficient section

of
to

It

either

layersof

double
of

width
and

metal,

found

with

6-in.

this

together and
with

Fig. 306

sand,

3 parts
and
on

of
the

5 parts

the

and

part and

was

water

No.

the

to

layer

discharge-conduit. It
standard

the

located

was

composed
for

stone

the

wired

by

is shown

as

of

was

No.

layers being

two

cut

one

part cement,

of the

body

grit for
part granolithic

shell

in.

aqueduct

"

around

is

practiceis
to

1893

t"

is about

so-called

the

178.

of bars

reinforcement

end

in

deep

miles

long

Fig. 178

shows

Bordenave

Cast

engineer. It consists
longitudinalparallelbars of
connected

embedded

to manufacture

in

at intersections

the

is

of

or

sewer.

the

by

in convenient

end in constructing the aqueduct

ft. in

invented

form

of rein-

Pipe.

and

Portland-cement

this conduit

about

and

construction

this

being

of

supply the cityof Bone, Algeria,

22

for

use

subsequentlylaid

and

sidero-cement

Reinforcement

of the

example

An

in sections

engineer Bordenave.

form

sets

molded

aqueduct built

employed by

in helical

set

concrete

j-in.broken

conduit

is of

French

forcement

are

The

to

layer of

one

layers of

metal

The

shell due

given

"

FIG.

The

two

the

of

metal

requirement by using

was

Conduit, Bone, Algeria.

This

water.

two

use

one.

and

works

by

diameter,

the

or

ft. head.

20

inside.

furnished

the

this

supply-conduit,the

laps.

reinforced-concrete

by

for

of

expanded

the

in

meet

used
to

of

the

to

shown

general form

pressure

consists

Preference

was

6-in.

part cement,

Water-

with

as

6-in. mesh

gage

the

put in

under

leading

by-pass conduit
discharge-conduits.

of the

concrete

the

conveys

supply-and

the

water

conduit

high.

all tensile strains

No.

in

ft.

10

possible to

size

tunnel

the

conduit

however,

mesh

and

6-in. mesh.

necessary,

gage

long

each

found

was

to

connects

carry

pressure.

basin

carry

which

discharge-conduit

of reinforced

all will

reinforcement

two

long

are

and

ft.

850

ft.

800

by Fig. 306,

The

height.

clear-water

station

CONCRETE.

bars

section,

same

wire

wound

ties. This

sand

mortar.

lengthswhich
The
couplings

EXAMPLES

between

same

adjoining

ends

collar

pipe

and

diameter

of 0.6

(27.9 ft.)to
(0.47X0.2

construction

with

the

the

(82 ft.)the

m.

and

apart

the

was

45

was

spaced 83.5

were

of from

bars

of

81.6

(3.2ins.)

(1.77 ins.) thick.

mm.

mm.

pressures
mm.

for

spaced 48.6

were

8.5 m.

12X5

(1.58 ins.) thick, and

circumferential

pipe

spaced

were

interior

an

were
reinforcing-bars

bars

mm.

40

had

used

For

between

space

for heads

thick.

the

slipped over

are

pipe

collars,of

of

means

annular

designed

The

circumferential

pipe

the

Bone

(0.05 in.)

mm.

by

which

pipe,

was

(78.7 ft.).

m.

in.)Xi.4

apart and

At

(1.96 ft.)and

m.

formed

are

by fillingthe

mortar.

263

CONSTRUCTION.

the

as

fastened

and

24

(49 ft.)head

bars

CONDUIT

adjacent lengths of pipe

exactlythe

25

OF

15

m.

of

head

(1.91 ins.)

mm.

longitudinal

The

of the
(3.29 ft.)apart circumferentially

mm.

pipe.
Water-works

Conduit, Jersey City, N. J.

of reinforced-concrete
the
N.

8^-ft.aqueduct

J.,in

the form

1903.

There

and

construction

and

spaced
of
15

the

there

used
of

stone

the

bars

section

the bottom
of

of the

part

crusher

where

and

cement

stone

in. square

few

section

feet in

ber
num-

The

crete
con-

broken

trap-rock and

broken

was

and

7 parts sand

duit
con-

about

was

cover

embankment
a

and

ft. of

826

soft earth.

was

bars

intersections

about
the

lengths of

trench

The

size.

Only

tion
sec-

for all of these

circumferential

together at

ft. of the

in

soft-earth

longitudinalbars

420

used

was

in. maximum

about

only

rock,

bars;

built

conduit, of

will be observed, there

As
and

wire.

were

of this

reinforcement

wired

with

less
States is doubt-

four miles

steel

are

laps wound

composed

was

of the

run

All

rock

placeswhere

The

ins. apart, and

12

were

and

by Fig. 179.

square

ample
ex-

water-supply for Jersey City,

for stiff earth

twisted

notable

most

in the United

new

three

shown

for soft earth

section
of

i-ft.

heavy

ft.,and

The

of

spaced

splicedby

are

for the

between

are

ft. apart.

built

for embankment.

consists

in. square

aqueduct work

lightsections

section

sections

and

heavy

are

The

"

employed.

was

SEWERS.

Drainage Canals,
works

for

New

for

concrete

roofing the

The

of

with

the

roof

of

all

or

cover

side

corrugated

larger canals

the

construction

vary

and

consists

walls, and

bars.

and

canals

same

shows

Fig.

180

the

of concrete

is

of

made

was

use

These

is

constructingthe drainage

In

"

extensive

canals.

invert, brickwork

and

reinforced
one

Orleans, La.

Orleans, La.,

general construction
base

New

reinforced

size, but

in

of

the

concrete

roof

concrete
flat-plate
a

transverse

section

general construction
steel is the

feature

of

clearly.
of

prin-

264

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

Rock.

in

Sections

v^'rHTk-'-^fhy^-^-''-'--'^--^-^-

5'8"-

Sec-1-ions

FIG.

179.

"

Sections

of

180.

"

Section

in

Water-supply

"4'
FIG.

\"

of

"

7""~

Earth.

Conduit

for

Jersey City,

Plank

Drainage

Canal

at

New

Orleans,

La.

N.

J.

cipalinterest

of

composed
ins. apart

The

for

the

set

to

Weights

withstood

covers

of

the

of

an

were

181.

6,780

exactly

the

and

invert

dimensions

thickness
the

at

the

the

vertical

of

composed

of the

Pa.

the

Fig.

"

the

for

used

of the

of

roof

This

varies
it varies

thickness

coming

are

upon

of

the
the

ft. of

has

and

the

same

of

course

from
walls

the

thickness
smaller.
the

5 ins. at

being

in

was

1902.

Pa.

of

4-ft.sewer

parabolic roof
shown

The

of
In

by
roof

the

center

the

crown

sufficient
not

tion
sec-

tangents.
are

5 ins. at

it

two

5-ft.sewer

from

transverse

Harrisburg,

7,635

curve

sewer,

is

181

section

for the

has

at

and

circular

concrete

roof

Sewer

This

section.

dimensions

in the

twenty-eightdays:

Harrisburg, Pa.,

at

5-ft.sewer

4-ft. sewer

main

loads

Intercepting

and

invert

The

sides,and
base.

of

ft. of this
form

same

illustrations.

invert, but

-Section

"

after

tests

constructed
intercepting-sewer

FIG.

at

plate

5-ft.spans.

1,200)]pounds placed along

Intercepting-sewer, Harrisburg,

the

the

supports spaced 6 ft. apart.

6X6-in.

on

following
feet X

in

[10,000+(span

longitudinal axis

an

of

thickness

the

shows

for

ins. apart

10

from

spaced

and

bottom

the

crete
con-

reinforced

spans:

These

There

or

platesof

flat

are

5 parts gravel,and

in. from

i3-ft.spans

following statement

various

and

cement

part

by J-in.corrugated bars
4

roofs

present place. These

in the

265

CONSTRUCTION.

CONDUIT

OF

EXAMPLES

deemed

to

the

and

invert

to

6 ins.

to

9 ins.

support
essential

266

REINFORCED

locate

to

the reinforcement

reinforcement
shown

used

Sewer
show

The

lines

of

and

was

metal

concrete

4^ parts gravel or broken

and

cross-sections

of

the

The

"

greatest tension.

arranged
of

composed

was

System, Lancaster, Pa.

the

for the

along the

expanded

was

by the drawing.

2j parts sand,

CONCRETE.

drawings

of

reinforced-concrete

city of Lancaster, Pa., by

Mr.

Samuel

M.

clearly

part cement,

ij-in. size.

of

stone

is

as

The

Figs. i"2-a-b-c,
designed

sewers

Gray,

M.

Am.

Soc.

..""Exp.M"tal,
No. 10,3

,Exp.Meta/,No.l0,
3 "Mesh

14.41
I'm ft.

per

NoJO.3

92cu.ft\

Brkkwork-3
Concrete

ExaMetaf.
,.",-

"J

"

B.

182.

FIG.

C. E.

Sections

"

with

also

was

compared
in

found

with

diameter

than

the smaller

brick

brick

friction

enabled

them

of

sewers

the

and

for

feet,and

feet of concrete

showed

the

be

capacity.
shows

form

as

ins. smaller

The

drawings

horseshoe

and

cheaper.

surface

concrete

designed

crete-steel
con-

of

sewer

capacity had

tional
sec-

called for 27.6 cubic feet of brickwork

per

lineal foot.

following comparison

smaller

between

shoe
horse-

brick

and

Fig.

shows

182-6

birck

sewer

70.84

square

of

the

sewer

same

feet,with

feet of concrete
steel

square

cubic

22.08

section
concrete

65.24

Pa.

and

sewers

the

on

same

largelyself-explanatory.Fig.
of the same
large size; a brick sewer

and

to

182-0

of

Lancaster,

at

for brick

made

are

area

Sewers

the result that the latter proved to be the

that

the

of

Forms

Comparative designs were

sewers,

It

of Various

per

form
33.12

diameter

semicircular

and
cubic

lineal foot.

7 ft. 4 ins. inside

capacityhad

of

section

capacity had

feet of brickwork

Fig. 182-6

diameter;
of

concrete-steel

shows

brick

7 ft. 6 ins.,a

sewer

sectional
and

sewer;

of

area

13.08 cubic

circular
of the

sectional

area

concretesame

of

form
31.17

EXAMPLES

feet,with

square
concrete

Pare
of
to

foot

of

distribute
the

perhaps

the

to

ever

made.

divided

into

two

items:

circular

sewer

and

and

circular

concrete-steel

construction,and, second,

i.

diameter

section

of

sewer

3 -meter
circular

8-meter

smaller

is

will be

this conduit

elliptical
pipe galleryand

first,an

This

Paris.

at

miles

20

constructed

were

sewers

the present purpose

of
distributing-pipes

numerous

about

1892-3

singleapplicationof

For

of Monier

In

"

Agricole d'Acheres

Pare

extensive

most

construction

sewer

sewer.

pipe subway

sewage

feet of

14.08 cubic

and

feet of brickwork

Agricole d'Acheres, Paris,France.

concrete-steel

267

CONSTRUCTION.

CONDUIT

cubic

15.23

lineal

per

OF

of Bonna

construction.

Pipe Gallery. Fig. 183

is

"

FIG.

which

"

is 2,351

of which

is the

from

seen

the

reinforcement

The

Pipe Gallery,

(7,713 ft.)long

i.8-m.

(5.9-^.)sewer

drawing, the
consists

of

the
a

of

sides and

Monier

carries

two

of Bonna

bottom

pipe gallery,

Agricole d'Acheres,

Pare

and

the

the

top

network

Paris.

lines of sewers,

construction.

galleryis
are

will be

As
thick

one

layer of

of concrete-steel.

of round

bars

with

The
a

mesh

m.

bottoms
them

transverse

of the reinforcement
members
curved
(4.33 ins.). The
the feet of which
each a singlebar without
channels.
rest on
splices,
longitudinalbars are placed inside the curved bars from their

o.i

are

m.

of

concrete, and

unreinforced

of

Section

183.

to

for

the

m.

(3.28 ft.)above

remainder

of

the

the
arc.

and
springing-lines,
The

aggregate

outside

of

of

the

section

268

curved

bars
of

the

at

the

the arch

mortar

X3-3I

of

cement

sides.

on

ft.)and

and

crown

372

of

francs

in
of

meter

the

sand;

(o.4-in.)

i-cm.

Portland-cement

of the

dimensions

it cost

cubic

is lined with

and

the

interior

The

to

sand

and

cement

crete
con-

5.16

galleryare
meter,

per

about

or

lineal foot.

$22 per

FIG.

184.

of unreinforced

Circular

4.2

6.8

it is braced

like

piersand

are

sprung

arches

of 3.4
them

between

clearlyindicated
that

francs per

Cast-pipe

to

are

(11.15 ft-)span
the

carry

footing.

the

drawing, and

of

the

pipe gallerydescribed

This

gallery and

the

9.84-^. sewer

is

meter,
Sewer.

"

or

The

about

$13

pipe

the

per

m.

When
the

the

ground

reinforcement

the
of

brackets

(3.28 ft.)wide

is of the

in
are

to

m.

The

concrete

sewer

561

down

and

of reinforced

similar

and

carried

by

fact the

construction.

m.

Paris.

brackets

by

footing

upon

(22.3 ft.)apart.

m.

depressionsthe brackets

crosses

rests

sewer

(13.78 ft.)apart

m.

spaced

concrete

diameter
3-m.-(9.84-ft.)

Agricole d'Acheres,

Pare

against which

spaced

of unreinforced

Sewer,

the

This

'on.

construct

concrete

concrete

In

"

of

construction

of Monier

circular sewer

as

the

shows

Fig. 184

sewer

mortar

(15.98X10.85

m.

Portland

(3.15ins.)thick

cm.

Vassy-cement
on

of

The

total section.

of the

cent,

per

composed
kilogrammes

450

the

is

plateis 8

of

coat

is

crown

arch

proportion of

214

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

same

position
com-

preceding

the

is

graph.
para-

general

same

(1,840 ft.)long

and

cost

lineal foot.

gallery and

3-m.

sewer

previousl

EXAMPLES

described
inside

were

the
of

head

in

for

the

galleryand

the

that

only

constructed

Bonna

type

built

of

plants in lengths of
end

end

to

steel

pipe
m.

than

this.

The

of

bars

and

4.5

section

Reinforcing-bars
Cast-pipe Sewer.

FIG.

185.

the

dimensions

"

of

introduced

rings
above.

all

was

22

m.

in

made

for

(o.i in.) thick

of

from

rings
9.5

riveted

to

to

up

pressures

greater

longitudinals

and

(3.75

cm.

20.4

Fig. 185

interior pressure.

the

pressures

with

for pressures

(0.2 in.)thick

spaced

to

lined

length was

consisted

(72 ft.)
special

by settingthe lengths

laid

was

for Bonna

186.

FIG.

bars

"

Detail

to

shows

and

Fig.

as

186

is

alone.

was

The
which
about

of

Coupling
Cast-pipe Sewer.

for

the

the

three

the

main

used;

supplementary reinforcement
longitudinalsin the pipe having the

(4,793 ft-)?"f
conduit

pipe

each

mm.

cruciform

the

smallest

detail

of

the

lengths of
total
281
300

length
m.

of

this

(922 ft.)were

francs

per

wider

coupling between

unlined

meter,

spacing
lengths

consisted

pipe

of the

i.8-m.

conduit

lined.

The

or

say

of

between

coupling between

collar

less than

eeo'

Section

were

The

mm.

reinforcement

cruciform

of

tion
construc-

sewer
(s.Q-ft.)

i.8-m.

by specialcollar-joints.For

3.5

ins.) apart, according

8.16

the

sheets

(5" ft-)head,

15.35

of

of

made

sewer
(s.Q-ft.)

i.8-m.

the

pressure

(44.6 ft.)head

13.6 m.

Of

(8.2ft.)and

m.

joining them

and

greater than

2.5

-steel.

concrete

the

distributing-sewerscast-pipe

portion subjected to

was

for

place;

adopted.

was

269

CONSTRUCTION.

CONDUIT

OF

$18

cost

per

is

of

Bonna

stated

pipe;

outside

1,461

m.

of the

lined

lineal

foot,

REINFORCED

270

and

the

or

say

$12 per

unlined

lineal

foot.

diameter

(n.8 ins.)in
withstand

to

above

FIG.

Sectio'n

"

Concrete

is

Fig. 187

187.

of

by Fig. 188
for

of

shows

the

from

to

embedded

an

tubing, and

for

Coupling

"

Fig.

Pipe

Cast

of

188

Small

theo.3-m.(n.82-in.),

for all diameters, except

reinforcement
from

75 to 90 francs

francs

14

cost

of these

for the

meter

per

for the

meter

per

The

used.

was

shown

reinforcement

double

The

couplings.

only the inside

varied
distributing-sewers
to

88.

Pressure.

which

diameter

FIG.

lengths of pipe

contained

of the

i.8-m.

the

Section.

employed

was

length

construction

for

of the

one

Each

m.

0.3

designed

were

Like

of separate

composed

were

from

and

diameter

meter,

per

varied

(131.2 ft.)head.

m.

40

francs

200

construction

(3.6ft.)in

end.

to

Lining

Pipe under

detail

of

about

was

Bonna

m.

they

coupled together end

steel tube.

i.i

pressure

described

sewer

conduit

of
distributing-sewers

The

to

the

of

cost

CONCRETE.

0.3-111.

i.i-m.

diameter.

FLUES.

Reinforced
in

constructingflues

works.

In

Germany

construction.

They

29.4

ft.)square

been

has

concrete

for

conveying

there

are

and

in section

Silver Works,
500

of

is

of

the

cross-section

These

having

their

from

are

ends

placed

showing
simply
in

carry

m.

(19.7

braced

on

the

intervals.

at

have

and

smoke

190

and

dust
the

of Monier

12

to

m.

Anhalt

The

to

side
out-

Lead

flue of this construction

show

gases

Valley Smelting Company

Arkansas

set

to

instances

metallurgical

structures

their side walls

(1,640 ft.)long. Figs. 189

to collect the valuable

a

have

in

gases

of these

Alexisbad, Germany,

dust-flue built in 1899

furnaces
and

m.

at

number

of

number

and

smoke

rectangularand

are

by triangularbuttresses
and

in

employed

construction

the
from

the

roasting

to

the

chimney

depositedduring their journey. Fig. 189

main

arch

channel-bars
concrete

of the

members

bent

base-wall.

to

the

Between

metal

proper
these

curve

ton.
skeleand

walls is

EXAMPLES

floor

concrete

connected

are

OF

CONSTRUCTION.

CONDUIT

the

resting directlyon

The

ground.

ribs

channel-iron

members

flat iron

longitudinallyby

271

attached

the

to

Spliced
efther^
'or'D."

Concrete"
tM".TMeW*.

FIG.

ribs

"

by clinched

shows

the

of Dust

Section

189.

for Arkansas

Flue

staples. Fig.
of

arrangement

the

17"

...

which

also

and

connection

metal

was

fastened

-H

.jfi!

J
.

this

expanded

KLevel Seat for Cover"

shows

190

Works.

Valley Smelting

'
.-

LongitudinalSection

Exp.MetalBentanwmfL

at Crown.

Exp.MetalLath,
Wired on
fromlnside

Clinched
/Staple,

O.IZSIbs.

IS"

H"

"

15"

"

Side

Part

Elevation.

Exp.MetolLath
Inside of Flue,Washed
yy{h"^*"y;jjjV|^"^v^vVw^^^

with

1 Cement,/Sand
^Mortar,

Neat Cement

vV-fe:^l^S^'Afe^/)Cement,3 Sand ^:^^^^^^

IA6lbs-

""""""""

i'

'"f

r^jjj.-^

y."-^j_i_-_"_"*"."*""*"""""-

*"'""'""

.....

""-ifaBlr

"

'"
"""

.:''"":'"""'.

"'""

-'
'"

Longitudinal Section
FIG.

190.

to

the inside

in

and
the

Details

of the

slag concrete

concrete

wall

of Dust

main

composed

mortar

in

"

was

Flue

for

of

for

2^

part
the
ins.

cement
crown

of Side Wall.

Arkansas

skeleton.

The

1*0 "FlatImt

Valley Smelting

reinforcement
and

portion.

was

parts sand
The

Works.

embedded
for the sides

total thickness

of

SUBWAY

for

given

on

and

pipes

FTG.

observed

walls

bottom

of

of

strength.
concrete

thick

sand.

The
and

subway

The

roof

use

of

of

length
concrete

separately
the
of

work

subway
of

the

cast

of

roof

the

made

of

construction

built
was

was

3.25

side

to

the

two

was

about

opposite
the

and

walls

ance
allow-

No

glazed clay

duit,
con-

of considerable

These
3

of

Monier

plates
parts

the

use

were

torpedo
of

ters
cen-

backfilling materially.
5,000

ft.

of

sheet

the

arch-plates

avoided

side

the

thin

tie

duit
con-

carried

are

mixture.

and

and

cu.

the

the

cement

roof-plates

clay

of

to

hardened.

part

pipes

and

1-3-5

concrete

when
of

composed

the

for

was

laid

will

It

111.

ordinary

strengthen

between

bond

and

to

of
the

conduit

the

separately
were

the

by

conduit

clay

of

111.

reinforcement

only

composed

that

for

concrete

adhesion

of

and

of

subway

Bloomington,

walls, while

netting

The

was

the

found

hastened

total

wire
tiers

two

Subway,

The

together.

was

cast

of

has

2"=S_*|

Wire

side

small

Bloomington,

at

1901

farms

sewage

shows

191

provided

are

proper.

the

for

and

Pipe

concrete

sheet

wall

the

it

the

made

but

volume

wire's

subway

the

was

The

the

between
of

ins.

of

in

consists

sides

Section

that

the

concrete

in

Paris

5'4"

"

embedded

through

built

the

Fig.

191.

for

page.

wires

WIRES.

AND

subway

pipe

electric

PIPES

FOR

preceding

k-

be

of

description

been

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

272

ft., and

the

total

EXAMPLES

OF

TANK

is said

shrubs.

and

trees

the

employed
and

the

material

tank

of the

vated,

introduces

shape,

whether

size of the

the

be

carried.

to

side

tanks

and

When

sphericalbottoms

The

of
first,

of

side-wall
the

ties to

formed

usuallybent

around

thus

the

side

reduce
walls

for tanks

the

latter

the

and

of Monier

tank

of

it

to

the

rods,

with

description

the

bottom

be

carried

is

is greater.
the

reinforced.

unreinforced

struction
con-

carried

placed with

are

of

cases.

varying

of water

depth

the

separately.

ground

load

and

detailed

as

convex

Flat-plate
The

concrete.

the

the top,

bottom

and, second,

the tank
and
spaced uniformly around
horizontal rings. In rectangulartanks

to

of

vertical rods.

and

horizontal

of

the

horizontal

adjoining

sides

make

reinforcement

the

cracks

bottom

construction

being employed

apart toward

distance

the

chances

the

the

in all

rings placed close togetherat

consists

by
so

the

e'e-

or

also

does

same

considered

be

tion
posi-

are

reinforcement

corners

turing
manufac-

for

bars

more

in the

buried

when

of

and

surface

always sphericaland convex

practically
of cylindricaltanks
reinforcement
consists,

tanks

side-wall

wire

best

can

built

often

series of vertical rods

by

These

general system

compose

practicallyalways

are

graduallyincreasing in
a

purpose

employed they

series of horizontal

the

of round

which

plate where

are

and

of elevated

upward.

flat

however,

are,

bottoms

and

downward

bottoms

roof

sphericalshell

small

surface

of

network

the

wholly

partly or
of

purposes.

as

the
substantially

members

For

wall, and

consists

Austria

vats

construction,

in

is

employed

of the

and

crete-steel
con-

and

include

rectangular,but

rectangularmesh

mesh

bottom,
For

is

which
of

It consists

differences

some

cylindricalor

reinforcement

loads

whether

tank,

Monier

years

and

tanks,

water-

largecapacity,

Germany

and

score

had

inventor

of

variety of

holding

The
cylindricaland rectangularform.
the surface
partly or wholly beneath

of both

purposes

the

by

reservoirs, elevated

subsurface

the

numbered

now

are

for

construction

reservoir

the

few

in

being extensivelyadopted

and

structures

in

great that

so

was

for

tubs

constructing water-tanks

in

of these

success

of

however,

1868,

as

by Joseph

concrete

construction

the

in

early

As

new

was

for

been

have

to

reinforced

applicationof

first structural

Monier

AND

CONSTRUCTION.

RESERVOIR

THE

273

TANK

REINFORCED

OF

EXAMPLES

X."

CHAPTER

CONSTRUCTION.

RESERVOIR

AND

when

developing.

is formed
are

in

similar

At
are

and

continuous

junction of
manner.

the

the

Roofs

platesor sphericalarches,
load
is carried by
cons'derable

either flat
any

The

rods

nected
con-

"

FIG.

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

274

193

a.

"

Cement

"

Storage

c1" i o

Bins

of Monier

Chicago,

Concrete
111.

Steel,Illinois Steel

pany,
Com-

OF

EXAMPLES

TANK

CONSTRUCTION.

RESERVOIR

AND

275

Housing for
Conveyor and
Elevator

Vertical

FIG.

193

b.

"

Cement

Storage

Section.

Bins

of

Monier

Chicago,

Concrete^Steel, Illinois
111.

Steel

pany,
Com-

276
roof.

the

embedded

wire

walls

The

apart

reinforcement, such

mesh

double

the

object,or

same

both

they include

and
for

adopted
at

plant of

the

The

group

and

with

space
shaft

between
ins.

30

foundation
with

is embedded

Those

is

ins.

the concrete,
and
15

All

long.

the central

near

the

rails

the

ins. below

the

largerpiers have

steel

girders15

deep

steel rods

truss-rods,with

rods.

connected

The

in

piers are

and

4 ft.

wide,

near

sheets

the

of wire

and

ft.

this

3 ft. 5 ins.

6 ft. 8 ins. to

7 ft.
in

with

similar

piersrest

about

plates.

concrete-

openings at

vals
inter-

four

zontal
hori-

girder run
other

each

them,

to

floor

concrete

the

four
on

crete
con-

ins. thick.

10

mainly

vertical

each

netting

this

steel rods,

Upon
i

are

the

top, and

ft.

of

the base

ins. round

capped

with

The

steel rails embedded

eight rails. Upon

or

cylindrical

by spacing-barsriveted

discharge-spouts.Through

lines of

of

ins.

six

four

piers have

bin.

3 ft. thick,66X66

from

portion are

platesembedded

surface.

The

form

being

i-in. steel

restingon

for the

smaller

high

square
or

to center, the

by

wire.

18

of the tanks

circumference

outer

others

ft. 6 ins.

piers 12

being

by |

No.

by

1902.

monolithic.

5-in.above

formed

barrels of cement.

closed

of concrete

About

intersections

of

series

the

near

long, but
10

their

together at
bed

bed

or

cement

fifth tank

ft. center

29

structure

of

corners

is 25,000

inside,and

nettingof 9-in.mesh

the

at

"

in
Chicago, 111.,

forming

five bins

the entire
floor

continuous

the

them

of 18 ft. 6 ins. radius.

corners

tied

and

diameter,

built to store

South

set

111.

concrete-steel

of Monier

pair of adjacent walls being

each

is

tanks

practice;
for holding

Chicago,

Company,

at

from

used

bins

and

the

secures

be

may

cylindricaltanks
Company

With

fabrics,

explain current

construction

25 ft. diameter

are

will

latter

the

of the wire

any

singlelayer above

Steel

between

capacityof

or

tanks
cylindrical

circular

irregularspace

tanks

The

of four

reinforcements.

increases.

reinforcement

Illinois

the Illinois Steel

total storage

The

sand

is followed

bars,

bottom

the

metal
a

strength of

of elevated

consists
the

and

bar

horizontal

above

expanded

illustrate the

group

and

vertical

distance

Tanks,

with

construction

rectangularand

194

Portland

followingexamples

dry materials.
Cement-storage
Figs. 193

is

is

reinforcement

four.

as

same

The

bottom.

to

top

which

and

fastened

proportion of one to three or

reinforcement
adopted by Monier

the bottom

layer near

members

the

and

by

the

as

radial

roofs

tank

cement

of tank

reinforced

are

wider

spaced

forms

all other

nearly

in

the

of

general scheme

of

in

construction

mixed, usually in

The

mixture

The

ties.

spherical arches

rings and

concentric

all Monier

in

mortar

of

consists

together by

of

reinforcement

The

bottoms

in

CONCRETE

REINFORCED

side

lines

bent

of each

to

pair

OF

EXAMPLES

cylindricaltanks,

The

girders, the base

walls

The

floor.

being

part, the

upper
circular

walls

is embedded

welded
electrically

wires

the

~nr-

the
the

with

unite

the

Within

netting

of

No.

9-

forming rectangular

and

their intersections

concrete

Bottom

Tank

Conical

of

Detail

at

of

of

5 ins. in

tanks.

the

sheet

continuous

they

where

between

spaces

level of the

part and

lower

in the

277

this system

upon

the

being increased

close

which

high, rest

ins. above

ft. 9

7 ins. thick

are

thickness

walls

concrete

ft. 6 ins.

53

13

CONSTRUCTION.

RESERVOIR

AND

TANK

"

PMe
j'Steel

'-i'xttW
*

Steel Plate

Steel PI.

FIG.

meshes
of

wire.

Details

"

ins.

horizontal

and

The

roof

opening

an

hopper

vary
the

is

at

and

bottom

this

rings of

rods

These

bar.

of Concrete-steel

Around

the top, while

near

194.

1X4

it)are

from

in.

ins.

the top for the

central

eight discharge-openingsin

15X48
carry

bottom

ins.

and

the cement
is 4 ins.

the
each
to

the

side

with

thick, with
spout.

It

to

and
the

netting by

base

formed

at

as

is therefore

f-in.

5 -in.

the

edge

that

thought
such

to

by

manhole

was

outside

with

would

cement

conical

made

the

the
two

packing

thick,reinforced

Company.

the

ring

the bottom

of

serves

Steel

near

discharge,material

by bridging,and
and

diameter

top is finished

conical, 2

for Illinois

ins. apart, tied

with

cone

Bins

rods

trouble

the

Bottom.

Tank

(and alternatelyinside

give
of

Central

of

Detail

Piers.

of

Detail

annular

tank.

spouts

and
with

space

These

leading

openings
to

and

are

conveyors

shippingdepartment.
rods

the

between

netting,and

The

base
about
which

conical

its diameter

278

REINFORCED

the

at

base

ft.

22

of

composed

That

wet

of

constructed
horizontal

the

which

forms,

prevent
The

is

again delivers

into

it to

it is carried

elevator

in

runs

in

conveyor

the

to

The

shaft

angles,sheathed

with

Monier

made

mortar

of

cement

the

boot

of

ft.

deep, covered

Institute
this

wire

and

dome

bent

at

over

and
in

top

roof

reinforcingthe

For
and

ft.

used

of

consisted

granite containing
In

Portland
the

constructing

floor

was

were

then

high for
through

built

convenience
the

walls.

the

inside

rise of

the

so

as

to

were

making
cement,

wall
bond
cut

in. thick,

ft.,f
of the

Fig.

conveyor

and

the

and

Tome

being

ft.,its

The

thickness

and'

trianglesof 2\

triangles.
and

sand,

roof

The

was

reinforcingsheets
floor

the

being

reinforcement

the

being
for

concrete

bottom.

of

floor

thickness

the

the

show

195

for

the

into

sharp

of steel

built

into

two

distributing

diameter

The

edge.
The

The

in. of thickness

for

concrete

tanks, by

ft. in

of

ins.

veyor
con-

were

roof.

ft. base

concrete

fine

broken

screenings.

the

small

first without

built,the

as

ins.,supported

side walls

The

and

sheets

sheet

so

framing

of

was

sheets.

the

altitude, each

16

outer

the

bottom

night

tanks.

the

floor

simultaneously with

5X8-ft.

and

The

the

ins. at

of

drawings

1900.

the

ft. 4

12

reservoir

of 16 ft. and

span

crown

metal

expanded

laid

plastered onto

with
the

ins. at

thick,

every

the

plates 2X5

netting.

in

of

built

are

roof, which

concrete

mortar

cement

i-i

ins.

are

high,

screw

above

ft. 3 ins. X

housing

Deposit, Md.,

tamped

elevator,which

ft.,and

12X14

10

domed

Portland-cement

sidewalls
is

Port

at

reservoir

1-3-6
a

with

and

bucket

other

or

one

reinforced-concrete

clamped

and

horizontal

conveyor

"

of

by

vertical

housing is of similar plates i in. thick.

The
Reservoir, Port Deposit, Md.
construction

were

of three

ins.

by day

on

concrete-steel

and

forms

means

sections,28

45"

screw

and

ately
moder-

in

poured

was

mill

of

housing

or

steel bent.

by

the

spout

mixed

layersof concrete.

rectangular shaft

chamber

the

Portland

vertical-angleirons

carried

was

horizontal

by

part

These

long,kept togetherby

from

brought

was

forms.

concrete

work

It

and

sand,

coarse

of

used.

wooden

raised, in

were

The

delivered

and

The

parts

piersis

floor and

composed

being

in

settingbetween

any

cement

which

is

stone

3 ft.

wall.

twenty-four hours.
to

tanks

angle-irons supported
the

and

cement,

the

3-in. planks

together above
inside

of

foundation

in the

concrete

3} parts sand, no
and
lightlyrammed

to

cement

The

part Portland

stone.

parts

is

CONCRETE.

forms
in
For

reservoir
the

tank

at

finishingcoat

being

made

tamping

the

concrete

building

the

dome

Deposit, Md., the

Port
of

in sections

and
a

The

mortar.

center

ft.

long

and

sides
2

ft.

placing the pipes

formed

of

earth

EXAMPLES

covered

OF

with

The

earth

side

walls.

sand

and

center

This

the main

framing

papered
carried

with
on

supported

extending
posts

on

the

to

bottom

rightangles

at

of the

perimeter
of the

tank.

tank

and

This
carried

Elevation.

Front

Section

Cross

279

cross-stringers

two

stringersrunning

the

on

of

consisted

of shorter

and

center

CONSTRUCTION.

employed.
heavy roofing-paperwas
patform level with the top of the

platform framing

stringersand

was

RESERVOIR

AND

was

3 ft. apart at the

to

TANK

Plan.

FIG.

a
so

195.

flooring of
as

to

-in.

plank.
it

of

neat

wash

by

Fort

examples

of

deep-tank

furnished

by

the

in

wall

piers

brick.

consists
of

beyond

this floor is
to

the

walls
an

for

molded

to

cement

the
a

center

kept damp

was

After

template.

wooden

applied

was

of

to

Mass.

Revere,

inside

the

to

erected

of

of

the

form

piers is
a

reinforced

reinforced

water-table

observatorywith

with

timber

top of the finial the height

is

United

the

is shown

with
concrete

deep

roof.

From

about

93

ft.

is

States

Harbor,

Boston

by Fig. 196.

concrete

interesting

most

Revere,

filled between

concrete

the

Fort

at

of this tower
base

of the

One

"

existing in

construction

section

reinforced

Surmounting
the

was

water-tower

vertical

construction

earth

The

Deposit, Mich.

Port

of brooms.

means

Water-tower,

1903.

Reservoir,

Concrete

pack well, and

completion,a
reservoir

Reinforced

"

The

carrying eight
of

curtain-walls
floor

projecting

fascia.
the
The

Above

ground

face
sur-

base-wall

280

REINFORCED

FIG.

196. Vertical
"

Section

CONCRETE.

of

Concrete-steel

Massachusetts.

Water-tower,

Fort

Revere,

EXAMPLES

and

OF

TANK

pier construction

sections,Figs.

FIG.

197.

197

clearlyshown

are

and

281

CONSTRUCTION.

the

by

horizontal

and

vertical

198.

Horizontal

"

RESERVOIR

AND

Section

of

of

Base

Fort

Water-tower

Revere

Brick

Stirrups

on

Bars

Vertical

Stirrups
2'0"C.foC.
-

l5"C.toC.

N \

-v

\N

N^

kXXN\\\XX\\\Vx"

^NX-Xx"\\Vx^^'
x^
/"Cement

FIG.

The

198.

tank

leaving

an

ft.

at

the

or

Vertical

Sections

stand-pipe

annular

space

of

Base

inside

between

the

of

the

top.

The

bottom

of the

tank

Fort

tank
the
the

is 4

Revere

has

tower

spiralstairway leading to
high with a shell 7} ins. thick at

occupied by
50

"

and

Water-tower.

diameter
inside

wall

observatory.
bottom

ins. thick.

of

and
The

The

4j

20

which
tank

ft.,
is
is

ins. thick
method

of

282

REINFORCED

reinforcingthe
the
sets

of

two

sets

bars
of

shell

vertical

set

hoops,

of verticals

every

with
ins.

spaces

23

spaces

of

are

the

increases

hoops

3!

remaining

to

ins.
and

are

22

leakage.

This

"

set

One

with

designed

was

two

are

hoops

the

height

of

the

and

height.

f-in.rods.

The

the shell increases.

of

Revere

if ins.; 41
spaces

Water-tower.

of

spaces
of

ins.;

3^ ins.,and

the

hoops

same

plane.

staggeredand

are

of the

horizontal

notable

features

the

For

spacing

of the

struction
con-

of the bottom
togetherby the reinforcement
This
is clearlyshown
by Figs. 199 and 200.

Hennebique system
Rectangular Tanks.
of

Fort

Bottom,

of 3 ins.; 13

sets of

ins.

the

of

horiontal

Long*

being in

throughout

tank

shell

f-in.hoops there are nine 3 -in. spaces,

3|-in.spaces, the inner and outer hoops at

six

bonding

is lined

The

the

that

so

of

heightof

the

of

the

For

7^

as

spaces

23

this elevation

ins. to

and

spaces

the shell of the tank.

tank

Bar, 3 4

Side

16 ft. the two

is the

of

there

2^ ins.;

level up

The

first two-thirds

J-in.rods

of Tank

Section

the

and

set

the others

each

from

other

and

3i-in.spaces,

varies

of the

all

J-in.hoops

34

16

top one-third

"

of

six

the

and

ins. apart, butfthe bars

spaced

the

spacingof

the

those

wall

the

circumferentially.The

For

are

of two

of verticals.

set

lap-jointsthroughout
hoops

199.

transverselyof

sidering
Con-

200.

consist

to

seen

encirclingeach

one

and

by Figs. 199
will be

ins. apart

jointsthroughout

welded

FIG.

is shown

reinforcement

staggered

are

wire-wound

vertical

set

system

welded

have

The

rods

vertical

bottom

the
first,

of horizontal

in each

one

has

shell and

CONCRETE.

of
The

and

in. of

i-to-i

built

by

mortar

to

prevent

the American

agents

construction.

drawings

rectangular

tanks

of

Fig.

201

constructed

show
at

the
the

struction
con-

factory

of Zinsser "
hold

TANK

OF

EXAMPLES

Company

solution

AND

of New

York
of lime

of chloride

These

City.
and

283

CONSTRUCTION.

RESERVOIR

tanks

were

reinforced- with

were

designed to
electrically

Bottom.

5ec1-ion

Bars

Vertical

8"C.+oC.

Plan
FIG.

200.

welded

wire

wire.

The

maximum

"

fabric

adaptabilityof

Bottom,

The

Fort

mesh

and

1-2-4

mixture

of

construction

is very

having a 3X8-in.

concrete

size.

of Tank

Reinforcement

Bottom.

a+

was

reinforced

concrete

to

Revere

made

Water-tower.

of 0.3 -in.-diameter

trap-rock broken

simple and
small-tank

shows

to

J-in.

clearlythe

construction.

284

REINFORCED
Grain-elevator

Europe

for

size
In

European

and

has

concrete

in

twenty years, and

material

of considerable

are

standards.
judged by American
the
bins have been
European elevators,

supported

are

employed

when

even

majority of these

rectangular and

been

for about

grain-elevatorsof this

importance

the great

made

Reinforced

"

constructinggrain-elevatorbins

of the

some

Bins.

CONCRETE.

columns

on

of

rising

concrete

1
C

fj-D
"

IB

!|f

t|,S
;"l".

re

Gutter--''
Sectional

Plan

A-B.

-B

Longitudinal
FIG

only

Rectangular

"

have

bins

have

been
any

of the ideas of American

in

actual

elevator
in diameter

the

the

rest

Port

at

and

except

designers so

grain-elevators

American
include

concrete

far

as

they have

bins

were

the

consists

high,arranged
made

tanks

to

extend

form

below

Above

adjacent

tanks

"

of nine

in three

examples

been

of

developed

rows

The

Canadian

circular

bins
bins

of three

second
the

ground
touch,

set

surface
the

shells

and

here

are

the

30

The

ground
9

ft.

each,

bins.

of four
of the

cific
Pa-

between

quadrilateralspaces

The

in contact.

spread footings.
where

Arthur, Ont.

Arthur, Ont.,
ft.

90

of the main
on

of reinforced

Pacific Elevator, Port

adjacent sides

circular

shells

few

Reinforcement.

practice.

Canadian

with

The

bins.

Fabric

Wire

with

the
cases
rectangularbin construction,and in some
column
the ground without
built resting directlyon
The
sort.
tive
followingexamples are fairlyrepresenta-

and
cylindrical

of

C-D.

Tanks

the

designed

been

both

supports

of

bottoms

the

to

which

201.

Section

ins.

acute

and

thick

angles

EXAMPLES

between

OF

the

maximum

hoops

spaced

used

of

cross-section

In

addition

around

in.;
the

and

sheet
of

foot

all

are

the

ft.

10

vertical

27

are

tanks

in

walls

in. in

is also

netting at
not

are

every

ft.

bars

bars

they

have

sq.

in.;

for

cross-

sq. in.

of

ft.

20

spaced equidistant
Where
cent
adjadescribed

as

above,

thickening by

ends

reinforced,and

of

size

diameter.

the

in

bars

the

hook

height.

portion
The

ij

two

the

over

in this thickened
foot

of

pairsof

cross-section

thickened

height,whose

There

shells.

of wire

the

for

15

of 0.88

clamped together across

are

two

for

but

ft. and

consists

These

tank,

cross-section

there

have

straps every

of the

ft.

bars

the

upward;

sq. in., and

hoops

touch

shells

X%-in.

of
vertically

for 35

surface.

each

near

of

width

shell reinforcement

The

bottom

the shell; these

two

bars

the

of 0.75

to

tanks
the

pairs,a hoop

from

sq.

ft.

2\

ins. apart

12

decreases

section

in

of

filled in for

are

285

CONSTRUCTION.

RESERVOIR

AND

surfaces

convex

thickness

circular
are

TANK

hoop
zontal
hori-

hopper

they rest directlyon

toms
botpared
pre-

earth-fill.
The

forms

of

walls

concrete

(Fig. 202)

feet

Sectional

the bins
The

high.

Plan

of

in movable

made

were

curved

surfaces

cylindrical

of the

forms

Forms.

Details

Fig. 202.
made

"

of

horizontal
with

Forms

for Circular

-in. vertical

make

Construction, Grain

planks spiked

The

chords.

four thicknesses

joints and

Bin

chords

of 2X8-in.

complete

were

were

to

made

Elevator, Port

inside

and

Arthur,

outside

the

tanks

centers

together

to

and

Ont.

circular

like ordinary arch

scarf-planksbolted

circles inside

of Yoke.

circular

break
seg-

286

of

merits

faced
in

270"

less

or

eight U-shaped

of

an

inside

and

the

engaging
connected

inner

These

molds

by

supported

inside

but

the

outer

for

the

connections

Grain
the

bin

built

made

was

the

between

different

and

Montreal

through

their

full

house.

bottoms

steel

The

the

by

drawings

at

of

these

of

sides
the

steel.

for

this

bins
of

Roofs.

construction

purpose

practice serve

to

are

allow

of

points

"

the

tari-

further

U.

ft.

long

the

structure

In

many

has

been

limited

of

the

available.

The

"

the

are

bin

steel

clearlyshown

so

of the

and

divided

be

only

seen,

to

the

roof

erected
were

five

the

of

partments
com-

bottom
of

crete,
con-

structural

fabric.

of reinforced

use

This

There
into

of

use

by Fig. 204.

or

concrete

covering.

in
For

employed for arch and

followingexamples from current

systems

particularapplicationof

Water-works, Louisville, Ky.

and

dividing partitions are

the

frame

of the

Department.

will

As

cases

extend

reinforced-concrete

being a framework
welded
wire
electrically

was

which

largecoal-storagebins

the

the

gular
rectan-

desired,to replace

example

is shown

Navy

and

if

are

An

"

S.

proper

are

walls

bin

struction
con-

description.

Depot.

of

bins

walls

bin

show

203

for elevator

portion

with

bottoms

Fig.

columns

as

walls

bin

725

illustrate this

seen,

however,
possible,

one

of

the

interior

construction

practicallyany

floor construction

gressed.
pro-

to

sections

the

at

outside

the

partitions.

reinforcement

Reservoir
reservoir

the

but

no

each

transverse

be

the

Coal

of

section

remainder

The

need

largebin

structures,

by
and

four

drawings

above

interior

Bay

Narrangansett Bay

two

the

they

in

half-transverse

will

concrete-steel

that

concrete

were

complete cylinder,

J. A. Jamieson

shown

It is
of

Bins, Narragansett
reinforced

lower

walls

the

as

walls

-filled steel

concrete,

construction

construction.

Mr.

continue

design

trough-plateconstruction.
the

was

The

"

As

and

height

reinforced

are

Q.

concrete

on

the

In

P.

Harbor.

carried

are

The

the

tanks.

designed by

construction

of

chords

outer

tanks

the

concrete

rigidly

were

adjustabletension-

an

two, three, or

in

posts

jack-screwswhich

on

mold

flanges

The

and

and

seated

the

and

web

single structure.

inside

of

and

means

consisted

yoke

molds

inner

in

up

Elevator, Montreal,

at

of the

them

surface

surface

the

the

to

yoke-posts were

falsework

on

braces

heavy

bolted

were

vertical

The

of

of

means

by

chords.

circular

tops of the

the

virtuallyunited

of the

gency

faces of the

outer

them

radial

were

maintained

were

Each

planes.

molds

The

between

distance

vertical post with

ft. above

yokes

and

ends

and

there

fixed

tanks.

galvanized steel,and

28

steel yokes in radial

outside

projected about

of the

outsides

No.

positionswith

concentric

rod.

the

on

the inside with

on

of

is

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

Fig.

205

shows

the

concrete

steel.

concrete-steel

EXAMPLES

OF

TANK

0
I

FIG.

203.

"

,,l

Grain

RESERVOIR

AND

3
i

4
i

5
I

Elevator

CONSTRUCTION.

6
i

Bins

for Montreal

Harbor,

Canada-

287

288

FIG.

REINFORCED

204.

"

Coal

Pocket

of

Reinforced

CONCRETE.

Concrete

Carried

by Steel

Framework.

EXAMPLES

OF

TANK

groined-archroof
lon

covered

clear- water

reservoir

and

four

by

nearly equal compartments

the

division-walls,and

constructed

are

FIG.

205

of

Groine

"

unreinforced

Roof

1-arch

of

The

is

reservoir

is divided
The

division-walls.

three

into

exterior

supporting the groined roof

columns
The
are
spaced

concrete.

Reinforced

25,ooo,ooo-gal-

ft.,and

394X460

columns

the

building

Louisville,Ky.

at

nearly rectangularin shape, 392

walls,

in

employed

construction

289

CONSTRUCTION.

RESERVOIR

AND

for Clear

Concrete

Reservoir,

Water

Louisville,Ky.
ft. apart

22

ft.

2 1. 1 1

The
19

arches

3.8

in radial

lines, and

arches

in. in

i^X/i6

each

pier, four

each

the

pier,

and

built

ins. apart

passing through

on.

The

two

pairs

groined

"-in. rivet

and

of

diameter

arch

at

and

in

the

of
are

piece

section

fastened
of

in these arches

36

the
respectively,

ins. at

the

These
and

of the

concrete.

1-2-4

them

arch

ribs

concrete-steel

meet

where

intersectingeach
together in

ribs

to

similar
as

terminate)
by

one

J-in.

stay the plates

other

"-in. wrought-iron pipe

are

(two plates in

middle

J-in.iron pipe

midway
and

upon

th"

the

four

and

%" in. thick

stayed in
of

spring-line

eight half-pairs,resting upon

division-walls

steel ribs

extrados

within

groins

ins. square

short

approximately

of Portland-cement

and
vertically,
a

of

ft. radius

and

crown

groins.

side

and

embedded

and

the

the

rivet

of each

ft. in

3.4

arches

32.256

section, placed

plates 16
in

the

at

constructed

are

apices

steel

intrados

ft. and

13.775

being placed

to

placed 28^

have

ribs

riveted

about

are

concrete-steel

The

ins. thick

being

between

ft. rise.

circles of

concrete

These

and

center,

groined

are

and

of

arcs

to

high.

ft. span

are

center

at

the

manner
a

stay.

apex

by
This

results in connecting the

arrangement

of every

those

with

top of the

also

as

of about
the

means

of

securing

constructing

vertical

wooden

of

the

The

by Fig.

205.

blocked

work

and

the

covered

Rockford,

and

III.

Fig.

"

roof

reservoir

This

is

portion

upper

roof

This

concrete.

The
to

downward.

ribs

haunch.;
The

is reinforced

is

on

centers

which

the

ribbed

arch

ring

by

metal

the

arrangement

other

structural

shown

by

an

is of

proper

by expanded

as

which

7 ft. apart

arch

arranged

Only

the

the

of

of

the

springwithout

on

reservoir

Rockford, 111.,in

ft.X 156.56 ft. in

roof

for

the

rib

details.

The

dotted

lines

brick

of

was

increase

near

The

advanced.

covered

at

uniform

the

wheeled

was

thoroughly set.

intradosal

placed

riveted

pet-cocks kept

was

spans
and

group

completed.

with
it

is

reinforcing-ribs

concreting

section

66.26

for

from

was

throughout except
sides.

is reinforced

the

centering

carried

until

rectangular and

of

post resting

the

concrete

provided

center

of

connections

the

up

vertical

the

constructed

was

the

at

the

was

as

transverse

met

end

arches

the

made

was

erected

The

of water

each

gives details showing

and

is

spaced

are

of

and

spray

of concrete

constructed

was

and

by

formed
triangles

place working

removed
work

apices

to

was

in

set

or

of the

were

Concreting

the

206

centers

four

carried

caps

arch

of

erection

connected

The

6X6-in.

step

tamped

were

with

their

spacers.

group

along

concrete-steel

for the

crown

concrete

thoroughly set

groined

placed

crowns.

spacers
laid

concrete

and

each

Water-pipes

1894.

other,

reservoir

the

was

construction

the

were

wooden

by

the

until

blocking

the

clear-water

pillarand

bases

on

This

the

tops.

The

then

next

they

in barrows

intermission

with

The

up

each

and
pillars,

Generally

arches, and

were

the

between

first work

their

plan.

reservoir.

arches.

nine

ing-linestoward

and

the

of

for each

center

supported

were

the

these

and

through

the

on

crete,
con-

intervals

rivet

burr

pillarshad

to

at

cap

triangularin

of

floor

six to

for

and

arch

the

concrete,

At

f-m.

and

connection

close

set

were

centers.

parts each

shown

to

posts

rectangleconnecting

on

side

one

in the

concrete

rectangularframe

horizontal

of four

i?

in the

solidlyin the

attached.

were

groined-arch roof

the

the

After

centers.

of the

on

immovable

an

rib

rib there

Louisville,Ky., filter plant, the

for the

ends

head

laying the

arch

steel ribs.

the

the

rib, with

each

and

of each

ribs

the

length of

the

in

the

In

which

groined

platesbuilt

square

ribs

portion

every

platesto

of

and

of

the
ins.

12

embed

to

i6-in.

steel

the

of every

steel ribs

the

through

placing

In

middle
a

the

other

piers.

taken

was

care

as

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

290

from

laid face

thickness,
its soffit.

ins.,

Fig.

206

forcement,
arch-ring rein-

roof
in

versely.
trans-

depth

channel

and

facing

reinforced

reservoir
in

plan

erected

was

Fig.

206.

The

EXAMPLES

OF

used

concrete

sand, and

RESERVOIR

AND

of

composed

was

with

Portland

CONSTRUCTION-

Portland

part

parts fine gravel. The

plastered

were

TANK

soffits of

2%

cement

cement,

the

ribs

sand

at"our/2'/t
""/mn/ftxls,

of

cost

the

206.

reservoir

Fane

Roof

for

and

$18,506,

was

Reservoir

at

the

of

arch

ring
total

rep/vwif

Htork for foof.

111.

Rockford,

cost

parts

The

'5horr~DottedLines

Arch

"

and

mortar.

?,g
pkicea 'about 5 'from
Center

FIG.

291

the

roof

alone

was

$2,000.
Newton,

Mass.

shown

by Fig. 207

FIG.

of

rubble

masonry

ins. the

Ibs. per

foot

of the
As

shown

carry

other
are

ii

by
concrete

"

and

carried

by

ft. 8 in. span,

the

the
and

drawing they
plate

Roof

ft.

reinforced

by

ins.

These

Columbian

tion
construcare

Mass.

deep

around

way

and

beams

bars

Brickwork

one

long enough

haunched

voir
reser-

of this reservoir

ins. apart

12

is

of the

ins. of concrete.

pillars.

were

Newton,

at

loj

beams

each

walls

The

floor is of

rows

covered

127X165X50-^.

roof of concrete-steel

Reservoir

Steel

way.

employed.

the
in

1902,

was

207.

arranged

pillarswere
8

constructing

Mass., in

Newton,

at

In

"

run

to

cover

by

and

ft.

weighing 31^
in the
two
concrete

tion
direcspans.
and

spliced at adjoin-

REINFORCED

2Q2

ends.

ing
stone

per

The

used

concrete

The

concrete.

was

Portland-cement,

1:2:5

price for the covering was

contractor's

broken29

cents

the

new

yd.

sq.

Liverpool, England.
and

Hoylake

West

In

"

Kirby
the

engineers adopted

Fig.

CONCRETE.

the

constructing

water-works

roof

construction

This^reservoiris trapezoidalin plan,

208.

for

Liverpool, England,

near

reinforced-concrete

reservoir

about

shown
155

ft.

the

by
long,

^ConcreteRib.

"Ex

p. Metal

Plaster

FIG.

27

ft.

208.

embedded

concrete

girderscarried
of
are

these

the

Their

girders.
which

of the

reinforced
of

lower

they were

forms.

These

embedding

flangeswere

haunched

plasteringof
ribs.

The

with

around
concrete

construction

ft. apart

15

I beams.

and

the

main

and

ins. thick

and

transverselyto

About

18

ins.

secondary joistscarry
metal.

the

and

with

main
with

concrete

then
of the

one-quarter

remaining three-quarters

expanded
wrapped

was

12

These
bays of i6j ft. span.
into yj-ft.panels by secondary

i8-in.

I beams

floor

Steel columns

longitudinalI beams

carry

by the

ends.

two

concrete

subdivided

are

i2-in.

method

of the

transverse

ribs of concrete.
roof-slab

concrete

into

the ends

girders are

arched

shows

at

on

columns

roof

bays

set

Roof, Liverpool, England.

longitudinallyand

These

transverse

Reservoir

midway

were

ft. apart

deep, dividing the

long

ft. wide

116

roof.

the

carry

and

in

spaced i6J

of/ Concrete-steel

Details

"

deep,

and

Casing.

The

drawing

secondary I-beam

expanded metal, after

of suitable
by means

applied to
concrete

the

whole

face
sur-

secondary girders

EXAMPLES

is the

OF

familiar

had

their

to

ends
for

concrete

of aggregates.
mnforced
and

ribs

bottom

3 -in. mesh.

The

The

stone.

much

too

and

covered

load

of

Ibs. per

336

Inst. C. E.,

twice

foot

square

gives

the

work

It
with

followingformula

the

for

4,

with

wet,

not

sheeting:
uniform

carry

In

four.

a.

J. Jenkins, Assoc..

Alfred

engineer,Mr.

and

J-in. brokem

safetyof

of

factor

gage

10

bitumen

designed to

was
a

thick,

cement

and

twice

waterproofed with

was

parts

5 ins.

of No.

part

and

dry

to

cement

sand

The

girders.

metal

of

and

foot

per

uniformly

shore

were

18 ins. of earth.

describingthis

paper
M.

with

mixed

roof

The

water.

and

composed

was

aggregates
was

part of

expanded

of

sheets

concrete

concrete

of

in.

nels
chan-

The

I-beam

i8-in.

is continuous

with

The

parts aggregates.

the

to

of

rise

composed

was

roof-slab

The
the

at

having

carefullyfitted

these

293

ribbed-plateconstruction.

of

curve

CONSTRUCTION

RESERVOIR

AND

Golding type

bent

were

TANK

load:

working

t2
W

In this formula
uniform

load

metal
the

with

required
strands

is

should

they shall

impervious

in

in

The

4.

following rule:

the

one-two-hundredth

equal

of the

One

"

leak.

not

of

section

expanded

sectional

The

sectional

the

requisitesof

Leakage

and

cement

furnished

by

described

in

for

been

with

be

may

the

sand

the

tanks

and

of

coats

results

good
does

for

tanks.
until

solution of the
of

neat

suffice.

not

mop

of

of

the

for

vats

bottom.

an

example

cisterns

is to

this

usual

problem

impermeable

of

in. thick

this

chapter.
the

resort

also
to

has

and

old

An

been

and

seems

to

the

two

give

or

very

greater heads

is

The

by

mixtures

it

for waterproofing

asphalt hot

secured.

setting aside

formula

with

frequentlyused

apply

is

construction

inside

for

ft.,but

securing water-tight tanks

concrete,

oped
devel-

not

Revere, Mass.,

procedure

10

practice is

of

Fort

wash

this

exceeding

not

about

at

of

coating of asphaltis

The
coat

An

grout;

concrete

usual

The

mixtures.

discussed,

waterproofing. For water- tanks.

of an
inside layer or plastercoat of

section

cement

heads
A

use

liquids

prevented either by using;

mixture, practice has

constructed

water-tower

waterproofing concrete

more

of

mortar.

preceding

wet

impermeable
sort

some

practice favors

European
rich

area

area

or

employing

experience
has

adopted

concrete

and

cement

much

use

safety of

W=sa.ie

ins.,and

by waterproofing the walls and

for securing an
are
possibilities
impermeable concrete
Chapter XII.
Except in the general respect of using a

rich

of

given by

Waterproofing.
is that

The

factor

of slab in

thickness

slab.

concrete

an

in feet,/

span

6-r.
s*

with

neatest

all odds

the

involving

REINFORCED

294

the

of

use

rich

surfacing of

procedure
sides

and

be

may
as

soon

the
at

wash

first coat

of

intervals

has

been

of

plasterabout
hour

one

until

build

of

described

manner

the

followingmode
and

removed
with

then

grout is still wet

the

the

in

and

water

of

bottom

the

coating to
are

the

up

the

surfaces

of

thickness

desired

the

apply
mortar

No

of

such

been

has

which

specialstructures

of useful

the

shape

are

likelyto

come

made

have

been

of

large amount

important engineering works

more

present

built

The

for solution

of

in

this would

giving adequate
chosen

examples

and

list of

exhaustive

an

do

as

tanks

concrete-steel,
as

without

space

information.
up

to

this

grouped togetherin

work

foundations, buildings,bridges,conduits, and

to

attempt

consume

the

ETC.

CHIMNEYS,

DAMS,

of reinforced-concrete

examples

belong

REINFORCED-CONCRETE

OF

EXAMPLES

XI."

-chapterinclude
bins.

addition

of

thick; apply the succeeding coats

in.

RETAINING-WALLS,

not

means

secured.

CHAPTER

THE

the

grout; while

cement

about

done

the forms

Carefully clean
of neat

be

the mortar

possibleafter

as

the

all respects to

in

this cannot

by

employed universallyin
in use
in large
vats
are

togetherafter

adopted: Apply

following manner:
apply

best

the concrete

but where

Chapter XVII,

is

and

tanks
be

to

that

one

concrete

appear

surfacingand

mortar

in

reinforced

nearly secured

contruction, with

is the

mortar,

It would

-numbers.

This

in cement.

cement

where

Europe

this is most

specialchemicals,

mixture

"wet

CONCRETE.

in

return

all such

are

as

general engineeringpractice.

CHIMNEYS.

The

by
design
an

reinforced

number

of

structures

and

outer

employed.
Pacific

July and

an

has

shell

followed

closelythat

separated by

followingexamples show
Electric
Ry., Los Angeles,
August,

Electric

1902,

for the

Railway Company

chimney above

the
the

15 ft. 2 ins.,the inner

is 180

level of the

being

"

The

ft.

high
The

it first assumes
n

in detail.

ft.

chimney

built

ing
dur-

Angeles .power-houseof

ground.

shoulder, where
diameter

Cal.

chimneys,

air-space being

this construction

Los

new

of brick

annular

an

The

States.

United

in the

structures

trated
is illus-

construction

chimney

The

is 15 ft. 6 ins. below

the

in

concrete

important

of these

inner

Pacific

of

use

The

above

its

exterior
a

shoulder

the

base, which
diameter

circular

form,

of
is

is 51 ft. above

the base, and

from

stack.

other
6

from

base

top, and

to

295

the

enter

chimney

toward

the

construction

walls, independent of each

separatedby

width

clearlythe

show

concentric

ins.,6 ins.,and

in sections

4^ ins.,and

of two

It consists

shoulder, is

cap,

flues which

the two

plans (Fig. 209)

ins.,increasingin

the

ETC.

DAMS,

sides.

accompanying

of the

is immediately above

opposite

The

RETAINING-WALLS,

OF

EXAMPLES

air-spaceof

an

The

top.

from

shell,above

outer

thick, respectively,
up

5 ins.

to

the

to

equal height,while the inner shell is 5 ins.,

from bottom
to top, in correspondthick,respectively,
ing

of about

4 ins.

sections.

The
heat

inner

the

that

seen

of

2j

At

oscillation

and

the

the

The
steel

brick

shell
sway

in the

bars

in.

of

above

the

built with

was

ins. in the

used, spaced
The

of the

The

feet above

decorative

ground
blocks

and
are

ins.
cap,

hoisted
hollow

and

the

ft.

concrete.

hoisted

Each
and

the

In

to
are

high,

block

by

consists

position.
formed

by

of the cap

third

of

sheet
28

shell of

Vertical

of
4

the

stack

ft. apart in

of

blocks

by
2

were

of the work.
consists

cap

shown

As

reinforced

set in three

cold- twisted

shell J-in. bars

inner

ornamental

thick, reinforced

all
stiffening
cross-partitions,

in the

checked,

outer.

section,and

apart in the circumference

3 ft.

but

concrete

the middle

shell.

outer

ins. in the

24

ft. apart in the lower

ft. apart in

about

upper

manner

bringing pressure

of square,

reinforcement

shell and

inner

placed

were

top section

in. without

is

in.

zontal
horizontallyin each shell. The horirings of J-in.bars, placed at intervals

of

consists

flues,2

other

to

to

this

In

the

chimney,

reduced

reduced

wall.

it

shell.

reinforcement
18

in

wind

again

the

sections

the

ins.,and

independently of

and
bars, placed vertically

averaging

of

elongateby

the

to

around

height this is

concrete

either

inner

chimney

is free to

reference

By

length

5 ft. in

shell may

outer

upon

of

of

for

every

the introduction

the

and

cap

intervals of 30 ins.,measured

at

ins.

the

shell.

outer

is contracted

air-space

width

the

ft. below

independently of the

will be

by

shell ends

the

of

expanded
molded

shell of
metal.
on

the

drawings, these

ins. of concrete, with

by |-in. steel rods,

weighs 1,250 Ibs.,and

embedded
the entire

days.
chimney contemplated a straightshaft,
from
the base
in
diameter
tions
ft.
throughout
Subsequent altera15
up.
in the plans of the boiler-house
changing the relative positions
of boilers and
chimney, necessitated the provisionof two flue-openings
The
on
extra
opposite sides, instead of one.
opening thus provided
would
of the chimney at
have
materiallyreduced the section area
this point, and
the diameter
it was
deemed
to increase
to
necessary
the base.
18 ft. for a height of 45 ft. above
cap

was

The

originaldesign of the

296

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED
Expanded

Metah

Sectional

FIG. 209.

"

Reinforced

Concrete
Los

"

Elevation.

Chimney for Electric Railway Power-house,

Angeles, Cal.

OF

EXAMPLES

The
2

6 parts crushed

parts sand, and

of

sandstone.

The
and

concrete,
The

part Portland

barrels

850

steel embedded

bars,

and

foot.

square

The

Central

chimney

be

ft.

The

and

has

high

shell

having

and

being

like the Los

done

that

reinforcement

of concrete
in

were

used
the

From

these

cubic

foot

in the

the

of

the

chimney

by

the

Ransome

Concrete

Borax

Hook,

N.

lining used
piece with

by

La

solid

ring

Clede

the
at

J., in 1898

the

of

hottest

362

for

rods

total

the

stack

chimney

of New

York

City.

Hook,

N.

Pacific

The

"

Borax

and
the

two

shells

are

amount

ft.

cu.

proper.
per

total

cost

made

were

Company

the fact that

crete
con-

chimney
of

chieflyinteresting because
zone

the

Ibs.

144

The

the

J.

for

1,460

at

tons.

differs

in the

which

chimney,

sisted
con-

steel.

and

210

The

in

buttresses

square

stress

were

shell

inner

shells

the

twisted

ft.,of

inner

varying in

or

of twisted

using

be

to

will

stepping-off

ribs

by Fig.

the

plans

shell,while

outer

of

for the
is

ft.

cu.

weight
The

shell

of the

outside

cu.

pany,
Com-

the

foundation,

maximum

4,974

Constable
built

for the

The

chimney

specialdetails

reinforcement

in

pany
Com-

Railway

the outer

clearlyshown

was

Lard

of this

oppositevertical

Company

Co.,

the

The

is found

$3,500.

concrete-steel

Ransome

one

total

concrete-steel

ins. at the top, the

per

flue is 8 ft. in diameter.

vertical bars

3,514

concrete,

was

The

tons

Central

inch, compression.

and

figuresthe

Pacific

is

chimney

foundation

for

to

The

square

approximately

top of the foundation

the

of 4 ins. and

of steel rails.

Ibs. per

350

was

above

Angeles chimney

instead

is

1901

of the

5 ft. above

rings and

Los

ins. apart, in

river-gravelstratum.

of the

few

high

shell have

construction
the

works

12

is less than

In

"

ft. 4 ins.

1 1

Angeles chimney.

for

J.

the inside.

on

of the outer

foundation

from

ft.

thickness

of circumferential
The

N.

and

point

chimney

heavy

twisted

Ibs. of

of the Pacific Electric

7 ins. at the bottom

the inside

in

ft. of

cu.

its construction.

10,000

its base

shell

inner

20,000

in

cement,

parts broken

general construction

that

of

from

uniform

from

in thickness

The

is 108

diameter

shell is double

thickness

of the

the

at

for the

placed

were

on

dimensions

chimney

The

load

built

was

main

uniform

of

Co., Jersey City,

only its

given.

consists

is laid

Jersey City, N. J.
the same
as
substantially
and

used

weight

in

was

were

rails,which

foundation

Lard

108

concrete

distributed

the

that

approximately

cement

The

the base.

tons, and

1,430

the

in

Ibs. of old

4,000

layersin

two

of

297

part Portland

parts sand, and

contains

chimney

of

granite,and

cement,

ETC.

DAMS,

shell consisted

for the outer

concrete

consisted

RETAINING-WALLS,

of

of

stable
Con-

brick
fire-

the

the coping is in

rigidlyconnected

top of the chimney.

Fire-brick

designed by

Mr.

Co.,
Carl

St.

Louis,

Weber

Mo.

"

The

of St. Louis,

form

Mo.,

of

forcement
rein-

consists

of

298
T

REINFORCED

bars

connected

clamps,

and

at

CONCRETE.

intersections

of its most

one

by

of

means

special sheet-metal

important applicationshas

been

in

the

Bars/Oong.
Section

A-B.

o5*^

J^

Vertical
Section

Sect'ion
G-H.

C~0.

Showing
Steel.

WyiJWtt
FIG.

210.

"

Reinforced

construction

of

Company
has

an

inside

of

Concrete

diameter

of

for Central
Chimney
City, N. J.

concrete-steel
St.

Plan

Louis,

chimney

Mo.

of 5 ft.

The

This

Footing.
Lard

Company,

built for the La

chimney

materials

used

is 130

Clede
ft.

Jersey

brick
Fire-

high

and

in its construction

are

sand

river

XiJXi
of

Portland

and

in.

Up

to

shell 4 ins. thick, with

of the

mass

from

running
10

steel

bars

by

steel

ft. below

on

solid

by

four

ins.

of the

together by

iron

molds

in

hooks.
the

In

inside of the

procedure

The

reached,

two

staging

was

ladders

and

weight

inclined

stack

rests,.
is built

and

singleshell^

the

inner

pipes

into

into

made

were

such

connected
the

shell will
shaft

the

top of the

connecting

opened,

pulled up

the

and

the

several

top of the

day being easilycompleted. A

provided on the inside of the chimney
rings

supporting
of the

whole

pulley-beam, used
chimney

coated

was

with

was
a

to hoist

about

wash,

cement

of

last

to

the

form,,
was

lightframe

attaching the

material

tons

120

filled in

chimney

very
for

bars,

previously

were

top of the

on

pletely
com-

vertical

sections

singleparts, which

on,

for
3 -in.

was

likewise

first,and

till the

used

form

one

around

the

held

were

space.

again placed
so

which

rings were

After

wood, forming

properly curved

while

follows

as

of

six sections

intervening air

on

adhering, and

surface

Its outside

stack

grade, is

point of

chimney,

was

hooks

then

ropes,

remained

the

placed

was

were

with

only

them

to

the

the

atmosphere, allowing

properly tamped

concrete,

form

forms

the

operation two

of

lower

is

of

intervals to 5 ins.,4 ins.,and,,

terminal

divided

method

concrete.

ft. square,

outside

building this

forming

second

connected

16

for

used

ring

which

ft. there

while

chimney,

on

and

deep

the

upper

height and

and

with

The

the

at

filled with

which

with

for

secured

base,

horizontal

crete
con-

ft. apart,

manner

same

inside

the

In

bars,

top of the

bars, being

height of 65

provided

The

the

5 ft.

steel T

sists
con-

proper.

ft. in

outside

the

air-space,directlyabove

used

rings of 2\
the

vertical

through speciallyprovided

forms

The

and

ft.

z\

Every

concrete-steel

openings

chimney

6 ins. thick

the

in

are

tapers off in proper

The

square

itself

orce

the

the

of which

stack

the

to

in.

shell.

Above

enter, which

air to

in.Xj

ground-level,is

the thickness

finally,
3

of foundation

The

the

3 ins.

ij

bars

base

the

vertical

20

are

299

steel T

with

interveningair-space of

encircles

rock.

shell

shell

inner

clamps.

20

being

ft.Xi

material

outside
an

foot

strengtheningthe
same

ft. from

outer

the

reinforced

cement

ETC.

DAMS,

height of 65

shells,the

two

RETAINING-WALIvS,

OF

EXAMPLES

by

without
secure

hand.

footing.
a

uniform

color.

RAILWAY
The
sections

purposes.
the

use

of

of reinforced

railway track
As

concrete

where

TIES.
cross-ties

they have

has

been

yet the experiencegained has

consideration

of concrete-steel

ties

limited

to

short

placed for experimental

been

as

been

an

too

limited

established

to

rant
war-

improve-

but

ment,
to

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

300

hold

the

with

success

much

out

promise

develop into
ties illustrated

them

are

has,

the

on

satisfactorysubstitute

which

those

among

that

railway engineers

to

have

sufficient

hand, been

other

mately
ulti-

may

The

steel.

and

for wood

given

they

satisfactory

the most

results.
Kimball

Cross-tie.

tie illustrated

The

"

is

by Fig. 211

designed

one

C!
O

"u
W

3
"u

C/3

A.

section.

of

blocks

the

end

channels

by
to
are

3 ins. thick

M.

Marquette Ry.
each 3 ft. long and
steel

two

end

and

C.

9 ins. wide

to

and

E., and

7X9

ft. 8 in. space

back

and

18

ins.

tested

on

rectangular
cross-section,rigidly
of

ins. in
extend

being

now

consists

It

which

channels

bridge the

placed back
by

Soc.

Am.

Pere

of concrete,

connected
from

Kimball,

H.

"by Mr.

two

through
between

in. apart.

both

them.

Hard-wood

long,designed to

cushion

blocks
These
blocks

shocks,

OF

EXAMPLES

distribute

iron

and

concrete

These

sockets

bores

Elm
receive

the

painted
gravel

ends

The

purpose.

with

of the

The

the

in

as

in the

carriel

The

end

of the

into

the

concrete.

Adriatic
reinforced
Ancona

The

"

lower

which

is

platehave
other

cross-tie
1900.

concrete

is made

either with

i^

in. maximum

of

the

size;

are

tions
propor-

and

details
The

which

clear

section

been
is

of

this

These

Wood

drawing
has

In

members.

contain

are

on

blocks
The

ends

crete-steel
con-

Belt

Hecla

the

1903.

rails.

pins

illustrate

212

used

May,

the
and

follows:

as

Fig.

twisted.

four

which

The

tie is

since

blocks

Railway, Italy.
since

same

The

underneath

"

concrete

for the

bored

blocks

metallic

two

these

The

concrete

between

Burbank

Mr.

concrete
over

the

in

channels

drawings

around
of

be watertight.

to

as

the

of each

weight

City, Mich./

uppermost

embedded

near

Bay

molded

of

so

up

down

screwed

are

are

blocks.

extend

which

embedded

are

place

in

the wood

sealed

Cast-

follows:

and

cost

and

the blocks

of

stone, both
are

nuts

grain

grout.

designed by

Railway

plate are

cement

broken

tie

bars,

receive

which

spikes,and

molded

the

to

the rail.

to

are

down,

301

secured

holding down

for

of

end

on

Cross-tie.

is

and

channels,

top of the block

of the

neat

estimated

concrete

set

mixture

Burbank

Line

blocks

regard

bolts, head

exposed portions

with

or

suitable

in the

plugs

the

space

anchors

as

serve

in the

into concrete

to

serve

receive

holes

through

to

also

with

centered

and

ETC.

DAMS,

spiking-blocks,are

as

serve

blocks

concrete

sockets, that

in the

and

pressure,

top of the

RETAINING-WALLS,

tie the
are

are

flat

partly

of the top

punched spike-holes.
to lock the plate
serve

from

Fig.

tested

in

the

drawings.

213

illustrates

section

triangularexcept

at

the

of track
the

rail

302

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

bearings,where
cost

from

rods

is about

FIG.

it is

$2.16

212.

$2.40 apiece.

to

3 sq. ins.

Steel

Concrete

"

The

ties

These

rectangular.

details

Railway Tie,

Hecla

are

shown

Belt

Line

286

the

by

Ibs. and

reinforcing-

of the

total section

The

other

about

weigh

drawings.

Railway, Michigan.

-VM

I.S07

1*
FIG.

213.

Reinforced

"

Cross-tie, Adriatic

Concrete

the

than

has

of unreinforced

use

been

to the

confined

is the

succeeding paragraph
liningreinforced

tunnel
here
the
than
been

In

America

in

the side walls

and

also

instances

reinforcement

the

Tunnel

Aspen

only example

in both

most

employed

quent
less fre-

much

described
of

in

concrete

the roof-arch, and

due
to
primary idea of reinforcingall sides of the liningwas
in other respects
the heavy steel ribs afforded
advantages which
and
skeleton
simple. In Europe there has
as
a reinforcing
pure
of concrete-steel for liningtunnels of large section,
no
use
practically

the

it has

although
work.

This

is

which
or

In

gained

for

fact any

lining must

have

be erected

highly developed
the

to

the

in

example,
form

of

is

for

intricacyof

greatest vogue

stirrup skeleton

and

as,

been

possiblydue

have

rod

conditions

can

been
The

roof-arch.

been

lininghas

concrete.

lininghas

tunnel

concrete-steel

where

for tunnel

of concrete-steel

use

Railway, Italy.

LININGS.

TUNNEL

The

..__*%!

2.0

hardly to

confronted
reinforcement

the

in

be

Europe;

builders
to

be

of reinforcement

the forms

thought

conduit

and

subway

wire

of under

of the

Aspen

applicable for

work
net-

such
nel.
Tun-

tunnel

of rigidsection which
comparatively few members
All things considered, the opportunities
large units.

OF

EXAMPLES

for

securing

any

RETAINING-WALLS,

advantages

Open-cut Street Tunnels.

and

FIG.

FIG.

215.

the New

214.

"

Section

Section

"

of

York

of

with

constructed

Subway
flat

roof
in

River

reinforcements
open

cut.

crossingunder

roof, illustrates

the

Fig.

Summer
method

with

Subway

Tunnel,

were

214,

of both

crete-steel
con-

the Boston
tunnel

concrete

City, with

sec-

in Roof.

Reinforcement

York

New

by using a

Bar

ment
Reinforce-

Roof.

employed.
showing

Street
of

Railway

Rod

303

in number.

constructing parts
Transit

Rapid

Boston

Harlem

In

"

in

tions

concrete

probably comparatively few

liningare
Subway

unreinforced

over

ETC.

DAMS,

at

roof

These
section

shallow

sections
of

the

were

Boston

depth requiringa
reinforcement
employed. It
a

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

3"4

Spacing

of

Spacing

Upper Rods.

Lower

Rods.

Plan.

Roof"

Sectional

of

WHokffar^'fMb

m
hi*

$
".
"

"3

..--*'".

*5"-

*r
M
rv"

Base

NX

'-

"""";"

iiS
R

13

of Rail

g.;~~:~:~:~:.7r:
_____

iii""i"e^

A-D.

Section

ENG.NEWS.

Sectional
FIG.

216.

"

Section

of

Battery

Park

Plan

Loop

of

C-D.
New

York

Rapid

Transit

Railway.

i-*

OF

EXAMPLES

consists
intervals
in the
that

of

from

New

ins.

York

used

horizontal

of

simply

From

and

bent

parallel to

each

tunnel

concrete

of

the

of the land

it will

the

to

shown

Park

Battery

somewhat

and

is

that
and

the

New

of

loop

adopted
than

the

Harlem

the

reinforcement

spaced

This

216.

at

illustrated
sufficiently

portions of

by Fig.

roof

different

typicalexample

more

the

across

was

arch

305

reinforcement

observed

be

of the

curve

other.

lining is

The

Boston

at

section

this section

of rods

consists

work

carried
roof

Railway

ETC.

DAMS,

rods

or

ins.

12

Transit

similar

by Fig. 215, showing

bars

to

Rapid

in the

Tunnel.

RETAINING-WALLS,

River

18 ins. apart
of

reinforced

illustrates

York

Rapid

tion
sec-

Transit

Railway.
Aspen
Bear

River

long

was

Ridge

excavated

was

designed

timber.

For

however,

the

rock

developed it was
713

ft. with

For

this

lining

of

shown

by Fig.

the

217

24

The

beams

made

are

ins.

12

foot.

per
three

iron

shoes.

dimensions

consists

of

from

12

which

the

rib

is

is

The

concrete

to

6 f ins. inside

of

the

backward

to

the

ins.

weigh

to

are

35 Ibs.
of

composed
by

riveted
cast-

on

embedded

are

in

parallel

ribs

footed

ribs

which

The

the pressure.

to

and

fish-plates,and

reached

from
ribs

ins.

and

tends
exCross

excavation,
ft.

to

extends
transverse

composed

distance

ft.

The
the

across

wall

Sec-Hon.

the

from

Aspen

mass

and

Section

"

Tunnel,

of

Lining Jor

Union

Pacific

foundation

concrete

tunnel

of

217.

varying

in

reinforcement
of

ft.

construction.

connected

segments

5,900

some

adopted.

deep

Each

line

to

and
was

of

tunnel

concrete-steel

according

Roy-

unstable,

great pressure

spaced

in 1901

Le

tunnel,

the

form

steel reinforcement

ins. apart

the

very

stronger

ribs

with

was

construction

T-beam

lined

necessary

R.R.

constructing the

This
rock

of

portion

In

"

Aspen

through
be

to

withstand

to

the

through

Aspen, Wyoming.

near

was

and

"

Pacific

the Union

on

carried

tunnel
and

cut-off

R.

R.

Pacific

Union

Tunnel,

part Portland

of

thick
old

cement,

railway
3 parts

has

rails.

sand,

embedded
All
and

concrete

in

it
was

6 parts broken

306
The

stone.

of

amount

lineal foot

of

Tunnel
a

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

in

Europe

in the

revetment

in

work;

be

to

the

economical, but
which

this

easilybe

old

the

drained

the

have

is attached

been

ticed
prac-

separated from

it is

the

directlyto

old

the

is considered

be

to

tortion
dis-

By using the separate

cracking is avoided, and any

originalmasonry.

The

and

is collected

masonry

away.

construction

in

the waterproofing

disadvantage of sufferingany

of distortion

danger

through

seepage

per

employed

liningsand

first construction

it has

the

in

occurs

of

revetment

The

air-space.

an

of tunnel

in the other

protected,and

by

construction

the

one

structure
most

yds.

cu.

concrete-steel has been

forms

Two

aqueducts.

this

masonry

In

"

of instances
of

8.75

tunn'el.

Revetment.

number

about

averaged

concrete

of

cost

in the

construction

air-spaceand
is,however,

can

what
some-

greater.
Belt

Railway

Steudeltunnel

liningof

Monier

brick masonry
in
the

the Vienna

on

and

damaged

had

which

Belt

-steel.

concrete

and
then

built

(3.15ins.)thick

at the

crown

ing-lines.The

reinforcement

and

0.3

The

reinforcement

in.)rods,

rammed

close

tracked, only
to

the

The

es

part of its
of

the
caused
of

was

sewer

of

cement

this

This

stone

expansion
and

and

leakage, and

first rendered

smooth

cruciform

tube

of

secured
bars
was

"

masonry

the

sheet

lead

ip place by
the

then

standard

embedded

(1.18ins.)thick; the idea

springing-line
open

for traffic.

cost

12,600 frs.

and
its

to

in

cement

one
structed
con-

exposed position

of

revetment

the
a

masonry

plastercoat

laid down

cylinderof
Bonna

is itself

leakage

then

at

in temperature

profileby

was

double-

of Paris

interior

of true

mortar

being

changes

to

to

and

hooks.

sewer

Owing

due

remedy
applied. The

was

liningby

the

arches

spring(0.4 in.

always

Acheres

cm.

mm.

sq. in. and

section.

construction

from

track

of 309

valleyon

concrete-steel

reinforcement
cm.

circular

the

at

tunnel

built

The

"

brick

The

was

area
superficial

and

mm.

old

masonry.
arch

the

'made

was

with

network

i-to-3 Portland-cement

time, thus leavingone

with

plasteringand

shell 3

of

length crosses

mortar.

of

old

10

the

to

in

Sewer, Paris, France.

fissures

Bonna

fastened

arch

remove

voids

Monier

(5.9ins.)thick

of

wise
other-

to

was

of

was

was

all other

by

This

consisted

against the

and

interior

an

the tunnel

first work

reinforced

1.5 dcm.

embedded

one-half

The

masonry.

and

was

was

had

revetment

Acker

and

at one

crown

arch

old

revetted with

was

fill these

to

concrete

the

so-called

the

1901

in placesand
disintegrated

and

inside

was

In

"

originalliningof

The

leaky condition.

grout.

Railway

become

disintergatedbrickwork

mortar

Austria.

Vienna,

Tunnel,

against

work
rectangularnet-

pipe

reinforcement.

mortar,

of this construction

was

forming a
that

the

OF

EXAMPLES

reinforced
of

lead

shell would

mortar

former

The

latter.

and

expand

to

old

the

between

provide
without

contract

has,

construction

the

it is

stated, proven

Fig.

218

Mr.

Hennebique

the

layer

allow

would

revetment

causing

307

that

tightlining and

and

masonry

ETC.

DAMS,

RETAINING-WALLS,

in the

movement

any

the

perfectlysuccessful

for its purpose.

tunnel

roadway

of

lining was
of

intervals

1.5

the

had

and

masonry

shows

built

were

-steel

against the

revetment

method

the

given

in

This

IL

reveting

The

tunnel

and

At

dcm.

3.4

lining,and

masonry

of

by leaking.

wide

attached.

was

1898.

trouble

bricks

(4. 92 ft.)arch-ribs, two

m.

concrete

"

adopted by

stone

(13.3 ins.)deep,
ribs

France.

Tunnel,

Borsang

these

to

revetment

was

-"

FTTH*

5v

^T

FIG.

218.

made

of

up

and

length

laid

were

the

plates reinforced

as

that

by

construction
water

the

by

means

with

each

filled with

of

described

rib

centers

gave

leaking through

the

The

of bars

reinforcing-barswere

edges

with

open
After

cement

mortar.

1.5

m.

joints and

sc

plates were

the

that
laid

plates were

The

(4.92 ft.) apart.

lining,from
lining was

plates,which

of the

the

other.

cellular

Concrete.

rectangular network

the

spaced

trussed

Reinforced

with

erection.

illustration

lapped by

joints were

open

laid up

for

Tunnel

they projected from

shown

projecting bars

these

the

thin

Masonry-lined

separately ready

cast

of such

of

-Revetment

"

cells of

collected

by

The
which

drains.

3o8

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

l"j.""

"

""

^r--^:.-^'^:
^^\'^

"

""

"T^^^v^i
"'i^^1?
:.H

"

i.

^.^$?;^:?;^:^;^""|fv^;
^
'.

**

"

QStVVTI^r

aa^ ^"iTTL^
*T-j?""f I"T/c/f""""?/

EXAMPLES

OF

RETAINING-WALLS,

bascule

new

planned

make

extensive

construction.

that

was

abutment

was

carried

and

the fact that

for its movement

The

These

diameter

K-/Sr""K-24'

are

Fig.

-*-"

220

the

curve

each
each

on

beams

ft. apart.

to

on

I beam

outermost

K9'H

\Hex.Nut

pair

outermost

parallelI

spaced

bent

that

are

is

tail-pit

of

bottom

the

rectangular

posts

set

tical
ver-

of

sheet

bottom

paralleland

set

which

the

5 ins. from

connected

by tie-rods

shows

details

the

facts

adopted.

and

pier

by-pass

suitable

side, between
side

of

the

These

vertical

reinforce

To

deep

pier

consists
three

and

pier.

ins.

10

except the

is 3 ft.

face-wall.

I beams

the

and

of structure

the

bridges

that

requiresa

to

and

construction

waterway.

peculiarform

chords

two

of

additional

was

pier

these

observed

singlestructure,

reinforcement

pier

of

of

abutment

and

is confined

proper

tail-pit.The

tail-pit
13

space

for the

account

important

most

the

in

concrete

of the bascule

arm

Chicago, 111.,it

at

It will be

were

River

pier

provided

to

short

lengthwise

ft. apart

side

consisting

and
the

219.

reinforcement
of the

the

by Fig.

each
the

of

the

each

on

under

framework

use

of reinforced

Place, and

is shown

and

The

Chicago

One

Clybourn

at

this structure

sheet

the

series of

constructing the

In

"

bridges across

to

abutment

Bridge, Chicago, 111.

Place

309

PIERS.

BRIDGE

Clybourn

ETC.

DAMS,

of

the

2 /fer.AVft

a7"A?

the

in. in
rein-

2?f'" -si

44""ffiVT-?
*

4"
K

"*

/^-H

"

L"*""NS

.,)

"s.

FG

tf./K

.J

f7*"

Top

/3

f!?Ji#

Chord.

to 3"
'tg"BolK,l7"upsef

mf

K*1

'l'*^x

^n^***

H'

T'b'lomj.
/4'"A;f]
2 Hex. Nuts

Small

FIG.

forcement
The

concrete

sand,

and

Perth
steel bent

220.

and

"

Details

of the
used

was

5 parts of

Amboy,

N.

construction

of

for

Reinforcement

various

of

i^-in. brokeen
"

Fig.

adopted

part Portland

for

Place

Bridge.

and

cement,

pier.

3 parts

stone.

shows

221

Clybourn

built into the abutment

anchors

composed

J.

Machirwry Anchor

for Foundation.

Beam

PierAnchor.

the

details of

railway trestle

the

built

concreteat

Perth

N.

Amboy,
and

J.,in

of

one

the

different

ore

will be

As

separate and

stringers.Cast-iron

boxes

these boxes.

ordinary way,

The

1"

bents

are

to

the

up

side

under

Reinforced

"

is 1,277

ft.

long

above

centers, and

on

stringersis arranged

corresponding to
each

are
i

double

in. apart

ends

of the

both

ends
to

bracing
The

timber

cast-iron

bents.

bents

normal

themselves

9^

foot-walk.

Section.

weight
was

The

to

of the

cast-iron

boxes

i-in. bolts

the
The

this

The

object

of

from

set

the

bents,

concrete

stringers

spaced

in the

the
crete
con-

protecting
anchored

embedded
no

rail,

in which

stringersare

fact,to

ft.

12

of 9 ft. ins. to top of

yellow-pine sticks

by

have

structure

grade

cent,

ins. to top of bents.

The

J.

being placed

3 per

height

the weather.

owing

bents

N.

Amboy,

drawing.

8Xi6-in.

two

boxes

and
trestle,

bents

on

anchored

are

These

and
stability

between

end

separators.

stringersfrom
of the

the

of

stringersrest

the

ends

and

by

of the
of

to

height of 6 ft.

Trestle, Perth

bents,

extreme

rises at each

embankment

low-approach

notched

are
stringers

the

in the

given

are

the

for

Piers

Concrete

between

the

of

1-^4^.-

of the trestle

details

The

apart

221.

sion.
abra-

by

cross-walls

simple

Longitudinal
FIG.

keeping

top of the wall by anchor-

to the

trackwork

-r_vJ"

piles,
of the

in

damage

and
cross-ties,
guard-stringers,

with

-J-

"L-UJ-

carried

afforded
to

the ends of the wooden

bolts set in the concrete, and

fit into

resistance

fastened

are

they

concrete

foundation-pilesand

resting on

in the

their

the

readilyseen,

stock

ore

selection of solid bents

which
facility

the

was

and

coal

over

runs

influencingthe

reasons

lots of

trestle

The

1902.

shown

construction

to

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

3io

the
at

rods,

longitudinal

necessary.
are

concrete

walls

12

ins. thick

at

the

top

EXAMPLES

and

spreads out to
13 -in. pilesdriven

four

over

ground
and

the

embedded

forcing-rodswere
and
rods

arranged

are

of the thickness

staggered in

of the
the

tension

against

in

in two

are

the

made

ground-level,
Steel

rein-

in both

tical
ver-

cold-twisted

Ransome

from

rests

and

them.

of the bents

seen

drawing, the

object

due

concrete

18 ins. apart in each

et

are

The

rows.

the

below

around

rods

ground

tical
ver-

vertical planes 8 ins. apart in the direction

wall, and

two

the

thick, which

ins.

foot

one

concrete

will be

As

At

it.

on

3* I

sloped both

is

through marshy

and

over

in the

steel.

f -in. square

rods

off

cut

directions; these

horizontal

of

25 ft.

about

footing formed

concrete

rest

footing24

oil; the pileswere

firm

to

top of the wall

The

form

bent

level each

ETC.

DAMS,

the boxes

water, except where

shed

to

ways

ground level.

the

6 ins. at

RETAINING-WALLS,

OF

of

the

rods

is

provide

to

of braked

longitudinaltraction

to

being

row,

trains.
The

bents

built in forms

were

by brace-piecesand
forms

well

were

about
of

slag from
been

placed.
boxes

cast-iron

and
fuel-oil,
insure

to

use,

but

in

ends

of

the

put into

was

The

well

were

this with

the

arrest

coated

used

allowed

the

to

stringerswhere

with

"

protectionafforded
decay.

superstructure
in

the

tarry residue

of

rest

boxes

the

by

was

before

month

they

sludge," a

tion
posi-

parts broken

the

in
bents

the

set one

time

mean

the

of

in

of the

faces

remain

to

parts sand, and

was

inside

allowed

concrete

cement,
It

The

ends.

were

The

part Portland

the

forms

The

soaped.

lead blast-furnace.

trestle

had

at

across

forty-eighthours.

composed
the

bolted

lumber, stiffened

f-in.dressed

of

made

is

thought

RETAINING-WALLS.

Arch-bridge Wing- walls,Black

Melan

arch

confined

the

heavy

in the

has

been

ft. in

28

where

it

was

of the
i

yd.

cu.

height. Fig.
24

ft. 8 ins.

proportions

of crushed

The

of

coat

composed

ft. to

20
222

shows

high.

of

ij

The

barrels

freestone

shown

platesand

each

embedded

60
a

of

the

wing-walls which

built of concrete

This

222.

constructinga small

In

in 1902,

A. Bone

limestone, with

plasteron

steel bents
of

Frank

Mr.

"

approaches were
by Fig.

from

vary

large-sizedsound
have

shown

patented by
to

Lick, O.,

embankment

manner

walls referred
to

Black

bridge near

Lick, 0.

form

of reinforcement
O.

The

length and

from

Lebanon,

ft. in

section

transverse

of the wall

masonry
of cement,
one-third

in

the

in the

back

whole

concrete.

wingft.

10

the wall

of

of

was

yd. of

cu.

of the

forced
rein-

crete
con-

sand,

and

volume
The

of

walls

side.

embedded

angles; were

placed

part of the wall

4 ft. apart

were

throughout the

REINFORCED

wall,
The

and

connected

were

bents

were

strengthin
of the
Small

togetherat

the

bottom

to

sustain

figuredstrong enough
the

wall

being

concrete

CONCRETE.

at

the

allowed

points; all

to

increase

to

go

bents

the

to

the

the

entire

tensile

sile
ten-

strength
safety.

of

margin
short

at

angle.

2X2-in.

safelythe

different

riveted

angle-bracketswere

with

intervals

to

2x4"

Studding

for

Mold

FIG.

222.

Reinforced-concrete

"

tendency

prevent

any

will

noticed

be

descends

plate in

that

the wall,

Back

Wall.

of

Section

of

the

the bents
size

of

to

the

corresponding to

this member

for Arch

Wing-walls

also

acts

to

Bridge

at

slide

prevent

of

bulging

Black

the

through
upright member

the increase

in

Steps
of Wall.

Lick,

Ohio.

increases
the

or

It

concrete.

it

as

strains.

The

shearing of

the

wall.

The

iX4-in. plate extending diagonallydownward

of the wall
of the metal

is

an

at

anchor
that

to

point

prevent any

upward

resultingfrom

the

or

toward

backward

strains

to which

the

toe

movement

the

bent

OF

EXAMPLES

is

lower

the

end, bringing

one-fourth
The

one-quarter

313

round

way

observer.

the

to

is twisted

heel

the

along

down

edge

ETC.

DAMS,

twisted

anchor-plateis

This

subjected.

RETAINING-WALLS,

plate
round

way

its

at

ing
extend-

in

like

manner.

novel

form

shown

wall, as

in

steps shown.

solid

on

The
the

of

wall

the

where

and

part of any

good

is from

be

the

the

that

with

the

material

resting on

part of the wall.

Therefore

toe

gives the

the

the

similar

entire

steel

of the

and

where

at

built

at

street

the

near

Paris
the

back

Exposition

Gardens

of

bique system

of concrete-steel

for the

street

is made

25

cent., meeting

per

along
in

this

length,

trench
and

agree

each

in

of

the

to

level of about

these

panels

To

fulcrum

the

prove

retained

the

truth

experiments

well with

small

with

material,
the

brackets

theory.

unusual

for

the
are

98

of

sides

was

sunken

this wall

the

employed.

The

an

gradient of

For
was

the

magnitude

ft.

average
The

panels averaging
is made

on

the bents

used

are

support

slopes,with

into

the

heel.

Trocadero.

two

vertically

overturning of

the

foundations

1900

and

vertical

plates slightlycorrugated

construction

divided

are

of

of

pressure

of the

on

of

to

part of the

the

of

up

heel.

dation
foun-

part together

from

the

to

retaining-wallof

"

back

earth

as

dispensing with

the

Quai Debilly, Paris.

of the

firm

the

by

the

sand

use

timber

restingon

numbers

dry

wall

this

thus

them

to

of

bent,

bent,

connected

with

shape

in proportion,
of masonry

projectsback

said

made

inventor

in

resistance

restingon

lighter

ordinary-shaped

an

its distance

results of the experiments

designs

recent

sides

earth

theory
of

of the

moment

the

by

walls
found

the

that

weight

much

amount

in

compres-

overturning,bulging,settling,

upward

projectingheel multipliedby

above

More

the

than

The

the

wider

be overturned

heel

the

whole

of the wall

to

rise

much

as

metal

that
come.

bear

to

that

is

is used

be made

made

less

cent,

wall

must

heel

the

on

may

The

off.

the

exerted

and

behind

wall
be

the toe

With

construction

is sufficient

safe against

amply

base.

from

model

wall

of the

upright position,and

may

per

40

earth

the

tween
be-

friction

foundation

this

resting

wall

breaking

the

of

creating

the

form

to

greatest tensile strains

the

the base

to

30

it is evident

wall

of

for

of steel the

use

of

danger

slidingon

the

sheeting

The

claimed

masonry

the

to
retaining-wall,

at

retained.

where

part and

without

above

the

part of the

back

for the

purpose

normally

in its

only

With

vertical

required

the

material

retained

the

sive strains.

or

for

are

the material

and

keep

is used

in the

steps

used

was

by overlapping

222,

principal advantages

to

front

casing

or

rock.

weight

force

Fig.

These

the wall
is

of mold

up

of

Hennetrench

retaining-walls
6

m.

(19.7 ft.)

facing from

the

REINFORCED

314

of

back

which

project three

connected

are

from

by

the face

below

this

the

This

level.

and

does

is

the
of

by the weight

not,

as

in

projects

certain

clearlyshown

beams

buttresses

buttress

is located

horizontal

earth

facing and

Another

construction

of

arrangement

beams,

beams.

and
retaining-wall

assisted in sustaining the

horizontal

The

buttresses.

horizontal

two

of

the street

By

CONCRETE.

distance

by Fig.

223.

retaining-wallis

this earth

the

upon

ordinary retainingwalls, depend

-!-.

"

r~r

t-d-4 ^~
"*""

-JL.^

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.

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w.
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StreetLevel

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-'fc^r^iU--- JStgi^
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'-

Vertical
Section
.

Horizontal Section

FIG.

Reinforced-concrete

"

weight alone.

its

upon
at

223.

The

different levels,instead

employment

of

largelydecreasing the thrust

by

this

wall.

The

on

each

so

small
In

there

arrangement
two

that

the

one

of

of the

is also

the

earth

are

QS-ft.level,as beyond

second

the
calculating

beam

elements

can

of

the

be

of this

Debilly,

two

the

upon
to

used

that

the

separate beams

vertical
in

move

only

Paris.

width, results

total

same

less earth

beams, however,

rear

side of the

Retaining-wall, Quai

A-B.

in the

face;

and

building the
nine

height of

panels

the wall

omitted.

wall, an

angle of

in

35 per

cent,

was

is

OF

EXAMPLES

for

assumed
cu.

ft.

was

it

was

wall

the

the

for

assumed

counteracted

slope of

safe

taken

moment

of the

buttresses

front

beam

fixed

was

of the
The

the

of

vertical
for

bars

bars

bent

are

of the

bars,

tied

beams

of the

sq. ft. upon

figuredwith

was

an

of stability

vertical face

consists

of 300

and

the

and
The

kilos, of

edges
used

concrete

of inclined

horizontal

The

bars.

directions,spaced five

in both

their

at

illustrations

The

composed

are

These

give support

to

top

facing.

supported by

of bars

up

meter;

the

as

two-

bars,

top of the wall.

the

towards

of

of horizontal

series

one

buttresses,which

made

are

square

proportion

and

horizontal

front

moment

the

construction

strengthened by flanges.
the

beams

right angles at

at

over

togetherby straps,

the

compression

to

of the

that

the other

while

resistance

be

and

calculatingthe

with

increase

same

the construction

to

combined

which

show

bars

of

metal-work

between

horizontal

the

wall.

coping

of

meter

of 2,048 Ibs. per

back

2, in

safetyexceding

vertical

spaces

Ibs. per

112

beam,

rear

tension;

width

load

of the

width

the

The

safe

in

by

met

the

upon

work

beams.

and

the

embedded

series

be

by assuming

factor of

average

would

would

soil of this nature;

earth

of the

weight

part of this

lineal

each

For

of

weight

3IS

part of the overturningtendency would

buttresses

corresponding

itself.

ETC.

DAMS,

earth, and

the

earth

the

that

the

by

RETAINING-WALLS,

these beams

by hand, in
of gravel
m.

made

was

cement
slow-setting

to

cu.

further

are

sand.

0.

Ingalls Building, Cincinnati,

Ingallsoffice

building

Cincinnati, O.,

at

lines of the
side

is 14

ft. deep, but

deep.

These

braced

at

running

the

wall

The

streets.

that

the

on

the

on

back

the

to

the

by

under

space

south

basement

wall

side

remainder
built

retaining-wallswere
bottom

the

shown

The

the

side

by Fig.

224

other

curb,

part of the
west

at

6-story

sidewalks

the

under

and

of the

floor and

columns.

by the drawings.
Expansion- joints. Provision

as

the

constructing

retaining-wallsbeing built

utilized,concrete-steel

was

In

"

the

is

west

ft.

21

and

are

tops by girders

details

clearly

are

shown

against shrinkage

"

cracks

is necessary

walls

reinforced

the

the reinforcement
The

wall

may

temperature

in

retaining-wallsof any

necessity is

will in

fact

be

in

expansion-jointsto
that
In

may

their

Engineering

result

from

in

allow

unreinforced

walls, since

expansion

Maintenance

and

concrete

of

Way

the internal

up

stresses.

and

against shrinkage

practice, however,

for movement

In

length.

least take

usual

more

temperature

considerable

speciallyreinforced

specificationsfor
and

at

measure

The

stresses.

less than

and

and

to

localize

is to
any

vide
pro-

ing
crack-

contraction.
work

the

Association

American

Railway

stipulatethat

in

316

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

all

of

work

exposed

jointsat intervals
intervals may
method

of

Central

be

of from

hall

be

ft.; in reinforced

50

at the

materiallyincreased

joints is

option of

that

this

in
specifications

whose

theres

concrete

ft. to

30

constructing these

R.R.,

Where

unreinforced

concrete

these

engineer.

The

the

adopted by

particularare
than

structures
are
more
masonry
for expansion-joints shall be

the

Illinois

follows:

as

ft. in

100

expansion-

length, such
specifiedby

made
be
as
provision
may
his assistants.
the engineer of bridges or
tion
Generally in the construcof large arches, or of smaller, long concrete
the
work
shall
arches,
be subdivided
of approximately 25 ft. in length,each
into sections
sec
the adjacent one
tion being separated from
vertical
ing
by a
joint extendthe
arch
but
the
foundabench-walls,
entirelythrough
rings,etc.;

Bars
Honzorrfar/_

to

lap

SI"of

All

Upright

and

Anal

y,
"

"""

-Tr

__D

[.|-i-|4-4--l4--i-.^^----^-^?
H"M/H^Myyiityf

"

^--W^ffi%^itn^v-Xycb/
i

wF

"""

^r/siT

-~3E

fli"""^""

fcrzjlalti^

Section.

pari.
2l~fh

FiG.

224.

"

Braced

shall be

tion-work

Elevation.

Retaining

Wall.

Retaining-wall, Ingalls Building, Cincinnati,

Ohio.

in one
previously explained, and made
vertical
mass.
partitions shall
Temporary
shall be thoroughly
be put into the molds, against which
the concrete
arch
where
culverts
subdivided
into
short
rammed,
are
lengths as
above
these partitions being removed
each
section
is comspecified,
as
pleted
and
the next
adjacent section being rammed
crete
against the conconstructed
and
thus
made
shall
The
set.
not
already
joints

be

flushed

fresh
wood

stepped

as

monolithic

continuous

with

concrete

shall be

mortar,
adhere

the

the

shall

any

older

work, but

be

attempt
a

made

small

to

beveled

make

the

strip of

angle next to the temporary

partitionso as
to make
a "V"
defining the joint and leaving a depth of, say,
groove,
J in. on the finished face of the work, it being the intention that any
shall open
contraction
that settlement
shall effect a sliding action
or
such
vertical
than
the concrete
rather
break
at
in the
to
joints,
up
separate

set

sections.

in

to

nor

EXAMPLES

RETAINING-

OF

WALLS,

has

manholes
the

but

of

use

reinforced

been

side

tension

of

for

concrete

quite extended.

always

construction

of

consists
The

Hatf

i^~

for

covers

These

slab.

concrete

"

reinforcement

manhole

construction

York

New

subway

of

inserted

Fig.

225

forms,
in the
the

show

Plan.

Top

a'tn"

Reinforced-concrete

and

of various

5w
'""5*1

"3 IV

225.

3J7

sewer

are

covers

drawings

Vertical

FIG.

ETC.

COVERS.

MANHOLE

The

DAMS,

Section.

Manhole

Cover,

employed by

Union

Union

the

New

Subway,

Subway

City.

York

Company

of

City.
LIGHTHOUSE.

A
the
canal

bold

of reinforced-concrete

example

lighthouse constructed
connecting

lighthouseis 40.3
by Fig. 226.
decreases

in

the
m.

The

diameter

by

city

the

of

Russian

Nikolaief

(132.2 ft.)high
shaft
from

is hollow
the

bottom

Government
with

and

is furnished

construction

Black

the

is shown

At

mark
Sea.

the
This

sectional

tion
eleva-

cross-section

and

in

in
cylindrical

upward.

to

by

its bottom

the

REINFORCED

shaft is attached
and

to

CONCRETE.

the reinforced-concrete

foundation

a
singlepiece
structurally
cylindricalchamber

with

forms

it.

shown

At

surmounted

cylindricallantern-house
domed

the

monolithicallyto
house

from

is

capped by

lantern-

to

singlepiece of reinforced

there is

the shaft

in

constructed

also

stairway

the

that

shaft, so

foundations

Inside

with

by

These]are'also connected

roof.

structure

by Fig. 227

its top it carries

crete.
con-

spiral

piece

one

the shaft-walls.
The

rangement
by Fig. 227, which gives the arof the reinforcing-barsand

shown

of

shaft

the

stirrups. The

walls

reinforced

longitudinaland

with

rods, respectively23

in.) and

arrangement

of

wall

is shown

Fig.

by

the structure

of

the

brick tower

of

estimated

the

conditions

be

total

The

the

was

Under

tons.
cost

structure

of

than

the

found

was

less

cent,

clusive
ex-

fittings.

dimensions

same

the

of

one

steel.

or

masonry

in

348 tons,

and

existing

per

40

is

lantern

reinforced-concrete
to

(0.91

mm.

228.

weigh 1,365

to

ferential
circum-

rods

these

of

weight

are

(0.75 in.)in diameter.

mm.

19

The

the

is

the foundation

of

construction

DAMS.
FIG.

226."

Vertical

Concrete-steel

Section

of

Lighthouse

xhe

Nikolaief, Russia.

or

of

Theresa, N. Y.,is
reinforced with
1 1

ft.

high

and

series of solid
center

to

shown

Thacher

center, and

of the buttresses.

dams

limited if

except the

on

for

At

solid rock.

buttresses
of

we

has

small

12

reinforced

the crest

the

The

ins. thick

for

concrete

been

exceedingly

of steel

use

_v

plates

A dam

impervious.
plant
water-power

dam
This
by Fig. 229.
rods and expanded metal;

is founded
concrete

11

constructing

constructed

concrete

reinforced

simply to render the dam

reinforced revetment

of reinforced

of

use

at

at

is built of concrete
it is

structure

and

platesupported on

ft. long and

120

consists

spaced

of

6 ft. apart

the inclined tops

plate is stiffened by

reinforced

OF

EXAMPLES

RETAINING-WALLS,

DAMS,

ETC.

cm

yg-^frU-J

,25

T-"y-"/2^Jf

^tt^Atf"VZ-

w""\

k-

FIG.

FIG.

a?

227.

228.

"

"

Details

Details

of

of

-"\

Lighthouse

Lighthouse

Foundation.

Tower

Walls.

319

REINFORCED

beam
i

ins. in section.

6X8

part Portland

the

toe

and

229.

shows

the

parts sand, and

made

were

the

rods

Dam

of

rock

of the

made

platewas

Concrete-steel

to

spacing

"

buttresses

anchor-bolted

were

The

cement,

FIG.

CONCRETE.

3 -ft.

and

'"'"

at

their

N.

Theresa,

buttresses

The

bolts.

The

drawing

The

dimensions.

"*\"
J3f

limestone

Y.

mixture.

ij-in.

of

composed

parts broken

1-3-6

by

of concrete

dam

is

so

EI.Z66I6

\
-l""5tetl
Rods

'

K"'"

i!
Piers,
Concrete
!2'0"C.toC.

Ffubbte

Spaced

g|'f/..g50.0T_

FIG.

constructed

that

the

and

it is therefore

125

cu.

yds.

construction

town, N.
The

"

resultant

gravity

of

concrete

has

been

for

Design

Concrete-steel

falls

pressure
dam

under

all

required

were

patented by

to

Dam.

always
heads

the

of water.
the

construct

Ambursen

within

"

About

dam.

Sayles

base,

of

This
Water-

Y.

drawings

steel dams
shown

230.

Elevation.

Downstream

Section

Cross

of

Figs.

designed by

by Fig.

230

Mr.

230
H.

and

231

W.

Foster

being planned

for

show

of

two

forms

of

Standish, Me.,

water-power

concrete-

the

design

development

at

EXAMPLES

but

Standish,
the

slope

slab

the

that

for

and

load
to

with

reinforced

resistance

ins.

each

in

for

that

center,

and

the

sufficient

ffods,

designed
and

be

to

2.5

were

beam

strength
of

at

the

more

economical

in

place

in

cement

than

in

the

are

of

the

the

single slab,

probably
increased

and

in

steel.

of

not
cost

cent,

of

in

form

with

former

economical,

more

of

of

uniform

the

the

forms

12

size,

ins.

nish
fur-

to

ins.

piers,

which

ft. center

to

that

dam

to

ter
cen-

were

due

would

cost

for

that

to

of

solid

is shown

cross-section
thin

design.
in

this

nearly

crete
-con-

additional
the

passage

this

by Fig.
but

231,

unequal

form

instance,
balance

dam

somewhat

floor

concrete-steel
This

of

form

gravity

construction

steel

center,

reinforced

provide

shock

of

to

probable

and

cement

connection
as

in

was

Dam.

the

The

per

beams

introduced

to

spaced

The

seen

the

resist

to

safety.

use

be

of

dam.

80

of

concrete-steel

is

first,as

less
factor

same

which

the

over

bottom

were

spaced

will

crest

order

in

whole)

Piers,
12'0'C.toC,

were

It
the

at

steel

possible proportional

as

Concrete-steel

concrete,

thickness.

point,

material

is somewhat

spacing

ft. in

this

with

in

boulder

is introduced

floating

dam

of

for

Design

"

The

Concrete

Spaced

231.

dam

"

Hubble

FIG.

this

concrete-

as

the

ins.

12

of

steel, varying

carrying-rods

distributing-rods

321

sections.

and

at

nearly

as

floor

(considered

thickness

in

The

Distributing

slab

section

section.

calculated

was

The

load.

the

horizontal

nearly equal

section

from

tapered

top,

each

ETC.

DAMS,

designing

In

four

into

for

designed

uniformly

the

divided

load

RETAINING-WALLS,

constructed.

not

was

maximum

at

OF

of
than

the

struction
con-

the

saving

PART

METHODS

OF

III.

CONSTRUCTION.

XII."

CHAPTER

MATERIAL
OF

THE

Portland

and

should

familiar

become
that

certain

has

should

concrete

employed

separately

of

have

be

adapted

materials

long

it is

the

study

necessary
and

emphasized
to

steel

or

these

combination

should

forms

iron

through

have

in

use

concrete

special

CATION
FABRI-

are

which

qualities

For

engineers.

to

reinforced
The

properties

metal

the
it

when

possess

of

concrete.

cement

THE

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

materials

component

IN

EMPLOYED

that
that

special duty

perform.

to

CONCRETE.

Those

properties

in

have

have

in

briefly

from

the

that

of

the

practice
for

use

in

cast

pipe

of

by

be

as

in

place

of

discussed
from

than

substitute

The

steel

metal

may
serious

or

construction

to

an

suffer

local

change

Here

produce

to

when
local

and

gravel

and

which

degree.
walls,

as

due

beam
to

is

When
and

piers,

local

have

or

of

integrity

weaknesses

tures
mix-

materials

concrete

massive

it is used

of

special

proportioning

disintegration
the

the

manufacturing
of

exceptional
in

masonry

and

qualities

their

to

Portland

examples
stone

best

and
to

as

strong
stone

only

the

with

with

for

These

the

only
work,

is different

timber.

floor
cement

here

is

only exceptions
slag

skeleton.

these

used

crushed

natural

controlled

for

case

and

alone

cement

The

gravel.

or

elsewhere;

and

without

whole.

so

concrete

weaknesses

concrete

be

rather

user

tial
essen-

concrete
a

now

aggregates

fire-resisting

concrete-steel

homogeneous,

foundations

will

Portland

cases

cinders

of

For

in

must

and

The

quick-setting

discussed.

as

which

qualities

builder

stone

of

use

considered

allowable

sound,

the

chiefly

is

reinforced

in

specified

concrete.

forms

certain

are

admixture

there

exceptional

broken

the

reinforced

are

used

and

are

Europe

practice

are

in

reinforced

sand

are

cement

of

The

I.

those

to

standpoint

Save

"

for

employed

this

constructions

Chapter

addition

which

designer.

Quality.

cement

in

of

knowledge

designing

discussed

should

concrete

and

calculating
been

of

the

structure
or

column

unsoundness
325

326
of

want

or

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

homogeneity
the

To

but

the

will

hands

for

that it

be

can

quite

durable

important

as

concrete-steel

element

an

structure

safely allowable

design

poor

materials

and

workmanship.

poor

materials

and

workmanship

that

mean

for

more

of

standards

excellence

text-books

referred

it

for

books

those

to

considered

this

good practice in
for

qualitymixture

to

the

carry

bridge abutment

the

is

practice
in

example,
on

pp.

European
building the

and
concrete

1-3-5

steel construction
of

the

at

Composition.

Melan

was

In

heavy
mixture
true

of

to 4

and

cement

United

Some

work.
cement

concrete

States

of

mixtures

sand

cement,

are
are

As

an

Laibach, Austria, described

were

gradually

increased

of

1-2-3;
1-2-4

of sand

begun

with

in

richness

of

mortar

1-14
to

and

the

for arch

employed

almost

I~Ii~4"

andi-3~5,

I~2~4"

but

of

platesfor
land
part Port-

bridges and

construction

greater number

broken

composed

for thin

composed

European

in concrete-

mortar

is used

is used

the

used

concrete

construction

only, but

sand,
is

the

3 parts sand

others

and

concrete

adopted
common

4^ parts

or

in

out

-steel work.

concrete

at

Monier

floors,conduits, tanks, etc., and

cement

of

engineering.

worked

well

been

for

ring, is usually

is poor

abutments

composition

varies:

part Portland

and

floor-filling

plate, or

arch

the

taken

top.

The

"

in

has

arch

heavy

mixture

reinforced

the structure

engineers

the

220,

the

that

as

for

high-

be

should

demand

in the

of

need

care

To

principle which

of

and

work

from

obtained

be

the

insistingupon

that

of
stability

"

219

concrete

the

also

is

of what

idea

An

information.

is

reader

fhe

and

all the

in

given

work,

ordinary

the

Only

are

respect may

rich

as

are

necessary

are

fact.

These

extremes.

quality to

structural

to

mixture

for

unnecessary
This

in

equal

concrete

actual

reinforced-concrete

demand

manufacture

masonry

detailed

representative specifications.In
not

of

the

and

cements

on

receivingthis caution against

should
be misinterpretedto
not

demanded.

are

than

In

is far from

This

fact

In

structure

and

serviceable

design.

in

such

for

impracticable refinements

results.

good

leading

is

is excellence

as

poor

producing

in

ture
manufac-

and

of materials

Excellence

case.

and

beams

for reinforced

used

safelywhen

the

concrete

fairlywell
mishandling and still serve
work
is likelyto give the impression

ordinary masonry
is not

emphasis,

no

fact that

the

ture.
struc-

its manufacture

places

concrete

engineers,and

not

of

mishandled

This

of

use

are

large amount

its purpose

is

who

of many

endure

arches.

widespread

need

facts

the

in

positivedanger

these

experienced engineer

nowadays

in the

of

elements

are

and
there

or

1-3-5.
is

no

use

employ

gravel.
exclusively. The

stone

lar
simi-

The

In

the
portions
promost

uniformity of

EMPLOYED

MATERIAL

practiceand
general use
of

various

of

the

has

concrete

been

which

it is

homogeneous
of

skeleton.

moderate

of wet

engineers

in

1896, for the

i2-in.

blocks

the

the

cubes

; in

the

Office

only
mortar

the water

and

Am.

mixtures.
than

far in

so

thy
trustwor-

and
C.

Mr.

Rafter

three

that
The

of

sets

E.,

the

damp

ramming.

wet

Soc.

In

excess

been

has

water

of

loss

dry

earth;

in

used

by

ordinary consistency

was

the

it must

serious

York.

moist

moderate

strengths of

objections

M.

New

wet

of the

was

liver, under

like

of

little more

by experienced

such

complete

Rafter,

dry, plastic,and

blocks

wet

W.

held

strengths of dry

relative

Geo.

Wet

the

crete
con-

resulting

blocks

144

mixture

European

as

were

tested
builders

all from

were

18

in reinforced

but

"

to

2,180

24

concrete

they acknowledge

deposition and

sq. in.

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

2,294

148

dry mixture,
the

Ibs. per

2,470

"

mixture

blocks

The

156 blocks,

mixture

Plastic

case

the

practical

These

of

excess

most

reinforcing

Dry

the

an

The

Engineers

was

compressive

average

follows

of

use

Mr.

by

of

mortar

quaked

of

made

State

plasticblocks

masons

the

the metal

of

the

flow

to

connection

anticipatedthat

once

determine

to

those

are

made

from

result

experiments
mixtures

fear

this

ding
embed-

enough

interstices

In

mixture.

dry

thorough

to overbalance

and

dense
a

are

of

amount

more

wet

concrete

sufficient

largelyunwarranted.

be

all the

into

the

with

be

concrete

choice

This

the

insure

to

almost

now

are

than

wet

exist.
theoretically

the

that

strength would
to

composition

With

secure,

for reinforced

mixtures

generallyto be

remembered

shown

the

the

construction.

in order

ramming

actuallyor

as

with

that

descriptions

quality is particularlydesirable when

small size and
are
closelyspaced.

of

are

advantages

be

is obtained

reinforcement,

This

elements

section

for

mixture

the

mixtures

wet

concrete-steel

practicallynecessary,
the

them

States

best

case.

ordinarilypracticableto

concrete

readily under

to

United

327

In

largely by practicalconsiderations.

is dictated

It is also

in each

for

universally employed

the

to

as

preceding

stated

the

In

"

the

in

given

structures

opinion

of construction.

specialclasses

for

or

Consistency.

care

settled

apparently no

FABRICATION.

THE

IN

compacting

are

months
are,
its

old.
as

rule, advocates

only
permissibility

performed

with

in

exceeding

care.

Permeability.
"

in all concrete

work

Resistance
and

is

an

to

the

percolationof

important

water

is desirable

essential in tanks, reservoirs

328
conduits, subways,
to

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

their

prevent

experiments have

making

and

other

been

that

aggregates
of

would

render

The

R.

water

the

or

covery
dis-

materials

the concrete

Boulogne Laboratory of

of the

Feret

five years, led him

Chaussees, extending over

et

with

of cement

mixture

the

experiments

product impermeable.

of Mr.

tests

of
practicability

percolationof

admixture

by

the hardened

elaborate

the Fonts

which

of

of

number

these

determination

liquidsor

carry

the

In

water.

resist the

would

substance

to

to

space.

determine

to

the

either

enclosed

an

conducted

object sought has been

and

into

impermeable

concrete

designed

structures

infiltration

ing
the follow-

to

conclusions:
That

in

Mr.

Feret'

all mortars

of

granulometric composition the most

meable
perthe least quantity of cement.
contain
those which
are
Of all mortars
of the same
richness, but of varying granulometric
more
composition,those which contain very few fine grains are much
with
the
where,
are
more
so
permeable. They
equal proportions of
in relation to the
the fine grains,the coarse
grains predominate more
size.
grains of medium
The
minimum
where the proportion
permeabilityis found in mortars
of medium-size
about
and fine grains are
grainsis small, and the coarse
other.
equal to each
experiments also showed

submitted
diminished
rather
A

quantity of

mixing

with

made

than

those

quality of

sand,

permeability decreases

increases;

that

permeable

third

under
to

set

sand
of

high-water

those

Mclntyre
in
mortars.

already
and

1902,
The

A.

the

as

too-large

J. Smith

W.

showed

with

that

fine sand

that

with

with

less

are

the

same

of

cement
proportion
permeable than

is less

cement

mortar.
tests

the

determine

to

results

permeability of

pressure

show

stated.

These

L.

at

the

Thayer School

1-2,

and

Portland

using

and

Hyde

sand;

neat

water

sea

using

concrete

coarse

with

made

mortar

and

cement

any

W.

made

mortars

or

tars
mor-

water.

by Mr.
experiments made
of
sand
permeability mortar

proportionsof cement,

same

also recommends

He

A.

the

on

time.

too-small

series of

fresh water

filtration of

continuous

rapidly with

than

in 1889
the

to

permeabilityof

the

that

True
i-i,

conclusions

tests

drawn

1-3

in

whichtare
were

from

these

that

several

made

general similar
by

of

concrete

Mr.

Civil

B.

J.

ing
Engineerand

cement

experiments

sand

were

as

follows:
From

the tables it will be

impermeable
practically
disposal,nearly from 20

to water
to

80

seen

at

the

Ibs. per

pressures
square

of

the mixtures

which
inch.

we

had

were

at

our

EMPLOYED

MATERIAL

All

35, 40, and

45 per
of the specimens
Some

and

45
and

1:2:4

All

be
to
as

In

through
acted

degree
in them,

absorbed

make

as

the

of

taken

been

slacked

this

in the

to

was

found

secure

meable.
imper-

that

form

of

added

lime

Mr.

practice in

Engineers

R.

deposited on

efflorescence

an

the

These

the

as

American

speaker's theory and conclusions, based upon

Feret's
remarkable
discovered, and especiallyupon
to indicate

seem

of

that

the

best

for

to

serve

C.

E.,

Society of

The

would

basis

Soc.

Am.

that

ences
experi-

would

mixture

before

discussion

percolating

was

Lesley, Assoc.

W.

an

water

engineers

the concrete

to

followingwords

the

in

of

number

well

as

which

in its passage

concrete

by

impermeable.

advocated

been

mixture

pressures,

perfectseal against further percolation.

very

that

it

well

the lower

object

been

it has

lime

of the

surface

with

the

as

concrete

have

theory

However,

of instances

as

of

high

number

the exterior

Civil

shown

Ibs.

80

proportions

in the

and
in a general way
may
pressure,
of imperviousness in direct proportion

the

at

proportion of mortar

with

were

mass

composed of 1:2 mortar

also impermeable, as

were

leaked

have

to

the

whole

the

proportion of
impermeable.

the

in

mortar

1:1

329

1:24:4.

others

said

cent,

per

of

cent,

30,

40

of

specimens composed

the

FABRICATION.

THE

IN

addition

to cement

all

that

has

experiments,
for the

mortars

them

making
impermeable, according to the theory of an
coating by lime carried through the mass
during nitration,
would
be to add
the
to
concrete, at the time of mixing, a reasonable
proportion of hydrate of lime, or, in other words, the ordinary slaked
lime
of commerce.
shown
This slaked lime, as has been
ments
by experiof the late Professor
De
of
the
Smedt, formerly
Laboratory of
the District
of Columbia,
does not injure cements
does
or
mortars;
and
not
their
does
decrease
not
cause
expansion;
strength,though
be perfectly
retarding their settingslightly. Such an addition would
purpose
exterior

safe, as
which

of

matter

would

be carried

stalactites

or

practice,and

and

by nitration
stalagmiteson

of
judgment, though he knows
aid
in
largely
making mortars

line would

Other
to

of soda
Prof.

be

or

W.
gave

the

which

hardened

water-glassand
K.

Hatt

the

and

form

in the

close

the pores,

the

substance

mass

form

cence
efflores-

in the

surface,and,
speaker's
experiments on the subject,would

no

impermeable.

Experiments

in

this

valuable.

most

substances

render

would

to

have

been

mixed

with

product impermeable
soap

determine

followingresults:

and

alum.

the
to

concrete

water

Experiments

the effect of these

are

rials
mate-

silicate

conducted

substances

on

by
crete
con-

and

sand
the

mortars

ash

than

more

about

mortars

strengthof both ash

diminish
the absorption

is to diminish

effect of silicate of soda

The

of

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

330

50 per

cent., and

to

effect

The

cent.

50 per

the

and

alum

of

soap

strengthen and
diminish
its absorpabout
to
harden
the ash mortar
tion
50 per cent, and
will
diminish
the
solution
alone
A
absorption
by 50 per cent.
soap
the soap), but will not
on
(by the action of the alkali in the cement
is not greatly
the strength. The
increase
strengthof the sand mortar
about
and
affected by the soap
alum, but its absorption is decreased
measured
the absorptionwas
effect on
The
by comparison
50 per cent.
immersed
of the weight of water
taken up by briquetteswhich were
made
after having been
dried
Check
out.
tests were
by measuring
from
which
outside
the water
the
through the walls of
percolated
hollow
cylinders. The speaker believes that this is the first use of a
solution
for waterproofing,in place of the usual gaging
alum
and
soap
The
method
used
water.
by the speaker is as follows: A 5 per cent,
tion
solution
and water
of grodnu alum
is prepared, and
a
7 per cent, solumixed

in with

of soap

the

and

The

and

soap

insoluble

it is

time

with

is mixed

solution

alum

is to

gaged

the mortar

to

The
tion
soluordinary gaging water.
soap
to the desired plas:
amount
to bring the mortar
of
the
alum, acting together,cause
precipitation

one-half

applied in

ticity. The

the

at

mortar

water.

of

amount

is then

an

the

the

of the

the pores

in

compound

mortar.

METAL.

be selected for the reinforcement

of

chapter
character
metal

of the

is

from

51,200

Ibs. per

length

of

per
of

is

metal

work.

The

chosed

36 kilograms

to

and

kilograms

per

square

elongation of
for

soft

The

principalforms

of

to

24

varies

which

are

12

from

metal

unusual

in

reinforcement

Ibs.

length

United

is also

strength

in

the

in

pean
Euro-

71,100

States

quality of

soft structural

steel to

employed

European practice,

rounds, tees, channels, straps,

of metal

cent,

tensile

but

The

succeeding paragraphs

(45,500 to

in many

the

In

this

tensile

per

cent,

per

reinforcingconcretes,

different builders

use

8 to

the

wrought

has

(59,700 to

generallyused.

strong high-carbon steel.

the

used

employed

milimeter
20

of

millimeter

from

to

in which

is made

steel,having

from

only

forms

metal

square

Steel is,however,

varietyof specialforms
favors

per

elongationof

an

(7.87 ins.),is

by

qualityof

to

in the opening

made

in

in.)and

an

shapes.
the

In

universallyused

steel wire

which

50

centimeters

20

to

will be

reference

of concrete-steel.

in.)and

sq.

steel

in

sq.

discussed

are

practice,and to the
Europe quite general use

used

centimeters.

20

systems
42

32

of concrete

Here

reinforcingconcrete.

strength of

from

book.

metal

employed.

iron for

of

this

the metal

governing the qualityof

theoretical considerations

The

and
and

describe

employed

in

other

mercial
com-

illustrate

concrete-steel

MATERIAL

Monier
rods

and

steel

are

EMPLOYED

IN

Monier

reinforcement

Netting.
"

The

employed.

smaller

the

carrying-rods. The

load

Relativelythe
as

the

are

hand

by

shown

Expanded
steel

expanding

232.

turing it

invented

per

inch,

of strands

in

rupture, showed

the gage
of

tension

with
of

steel.

an

thus

the

Am.

had

the

metal

is

the amount
No.

15 per

ultimate

average

10,

tests

made

Metal.

used

showed

of about

embedded

strength

of

following

Unannealed

cent.

cent,

is
mercial
com-

on

the

E."

grain

elastic limit

been

metal

per

the

of manufac-

The

C.

then

assumes

Expanded

"

Soc.

0.008

parallelwith

which

233.

tural
struc-

of slits and

method

up

pleted
com-

from

the metal

From

content

an

when

appears

Golding.

F.

elongationof

metal,

Expanded
meshes;

J.

Ibs. and

an

of the steel and

the

the

Carbon

65,000

until
and

George Hill, M.

available:

about

inch.

material

Bessemer

Mr.

by

strengthof

square

gashes

apart

is built

netting

parallelrows

FIG.

by

low-carbon

sprecimen tested

square

with

ins.

togetherat

is manufactured

Netting.

were

figures are

The

233.

of

and

wires,

wired

are

the

10

far

as

over

with

ins. to

strain;

evenly

twice

rods

re*

carrying-rods

is varied

about

form

metal

the

stretchingopen
by Fig.

stock

to

and

"

or

high-grade

made

bars

by Fig. 232.
Metal.
Expanded

Monier

"

This

intersection.

commercial

of

sets

known

are

load

the

figuresfrom

spaced

two

platesby piercing them

shown

FIG.

fourth

or

most

and

iron

of the tensile

apart of the rods

in round

runs

netting of

wrought

distribute

to

are
distributing-bars

from
as

form

it

carrying-bars. The

third

every

distance

carried, and

Both

to take

upon

serve
distributing-rods

be

to

of

consists

parallelrods
distributing-rods.The

depended

are

the

331

of

sets

two

carrying-rodsand

spectivelyas
the largerand
are

FABRICATION.

rectangular meshes.

with

wires,

THE

tensile

30,000

Ibs.

in

ins.

in

floor tested

54,240

Tests

Ibs. per

commercially designated by giving

of

displacement

3-in.mesh,

between

designates

an

the

junction
expanded

from

made

metal
amounts

to

When

No.

has

this

width

sectional

of 0.014

from

No.

from

No.

area

8 ft.

long and
ElectricallyWelded
of

other

Wire-cloth

is furnished

the

increase

spaced

of

centers

on

longitudinaland
in

heavy

as

furnish

No.

inclusive.

5 ins.
are

size

Transverse

in.

to

on

No.

inclusive

12

furnish

various

8J

in

centers

on

of

4^

of

plus whatever
strands

and
longitudinals,

must

ins.

or

overhang
project at

the

of

the

they may

be

as

appears

much

in.

wire

with

No.
in

21

if

beyond

wire

required

meshes

the

to

fabric

12

of

longitudinals

in the transverse
in.

When

strands),can

transverse

maximum

is

be

may

size, No.

heavy

it is

wider,

or

strands

same

if

narrower,

least

of

sheets

ins.

spaced longitudinalsbeing 8J ft.; but

centers

to each

by the Clinton

ft.

Transverse

combination

widths,

sists
con-

manufacturers:

of

are

formly
uni-

following information

The

specify; but

to

is made

of reinforcement

inclusive,in steps

strands

inch

per

size is made

continuous

to

only (either longitudinalor

wider

or

ins.

20

it is advisable

Can

spaced

desired

as

to

spaced

steps of

transverse

member

one

in

running

be

may

sq. in. and

form

up

the

by

foot

ft to 6 ft.

in

Mass.

ins.

expanded plates are

in width

Clinton,

Longitudinal strands

and

galvanizedsteel wires welded

varying

regarding the material

bridge

square

the smallest

This

"

the

expanded metal

is manufactured

It

of

and

from

transverse

length and

of

The

Fabric.

Wire

Company

of 0.168

meshes,

in width

vary

intersections.

desired

any

in.

Ib. per

weighs 0.56

f-in.meshes.

longitudinaland

at

diamond

the

largestsize

5X12

displacement of
being 2f ins.

the

foot width

The

sq. in.

which

mesh

per

plate with

27

of

and

size

plate with

steel,in

10

ins., the axis

expanded

and

is

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

332

two

longer as required.

of

the

strands.
outside

MATERIAL

Lock

EMPLOYED

Woven-wire

THE

IN

Fabric.

This

form

netting

of

"

each

of

and

300

ft. long, of

any

size

of mesh

is made

234.

Lock

"

is
Co.

form
Mr.

Steel Rods.

shown

by Fig.

L.

E.

Ransome

of

decrease

the

and

used

bars

nent
compo-

strength of
The

terial
ma-

may

be

approximate

them

the

to

patented by

systems of Ransome

the

on

con-

is to

commercial

site of the

if desired.

of twists

is twofold:

the strength and

purchase

the

on

rods

surrounding concrete

increase

to

purchased

number

cold-twisted

reinforcement

practice

twist

"

Wight

City.

twisting the

hold

usual

size and

proper

in

purpose

N.

Bar.

Ransome

"

W.

by

per

foot

work,

The

but

following

usually given

bars:

The

effect

comparative

of

tests

lot of steel.

same

Columbia
four

The

inch.

section

various

mechanical

ductility.The

the

235.

of

wood, and, second,

in

already twisted

figuresshow
the

York

form

in the

The

metal

screw

of the

squares
the

the

and

wire

ultimate

furnished

of New

is the

235

crete-steel construction.

like that

ins. wide

56

gage,

square

Steel bars of square

"

FIG.

to give
first,

any

234.

Woven-wire

Fabric.

Twisted

character

by Fig.

rolls

in

an

Ibs. per

116,000
FiG.

The

required.

have

wires

lock-wire

tie is shown

The

of

longitudinal

with

intersection.

fabric

consists

and

transverse

lock

this

333

of reinforcement

steel wires

galvanized
tie at

FABRICATION.

or

cold
of

mild-steel

These

University,and
more

tests.

the

twistingon

The

tests

each

bars
were

of

results in

strength is
and

made
the

cold
at

indicated

twisted

bars

recent

from

the

the testing laboratoryof

results given is the

pounds

by

per square

inch

are

average
as

of

follows

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

Bars.

Corrugated
all four

Steel bars

"

shown

sides,as

of square

by Fig. 236, are

section

with

E.N".

son,

M.

Am.

Soc.

steel

breaking

The

bar

is

By
has

and

and

Ibs. per

67,000

the

determined

the concrete

the

John-

NEWS.

from

sq. in. and

having

in.

sq.

high-carbon
an

They

are

elastic
made

the

design

and

construction

of

the

inventor:

that

it is very
of the

surface

well

as

by laboratory tests, it

between
the adhesion
easy to break
embedded
and
it
is
therefore
metal,

this
plain bars, or any form of bar depending upon
should
The
bar
be
with
some
efficiency.
provided
form
of ribbing device, the sides of which
ribs should
be nearly at
rightangles to the axis of the bar, varying therefrom
by an angle not
the materials
used.
Our
rugated
corexceeding the angle of friction between
bar is designed on
this principle,
and
the practicalresults and
been made
tests that have
by others, as well as by ourselves, have
of the theory. Theory
and
proved the correctness
practice do not
do
rolled hot, like
in
bar
but
This
is
this
always agree,
case.
they
other shape, from
specialmaterial, and has double the amount
any
of jwork put on
steel.
results
it that is given ordinary structural
This

not

safe

and

rolled

are

Ibs. per

practicalexamples, as

numerous

been

L.

weights:

following explanation of
given by

bars

These

105,000

65,000

followingsizes

"

E.

about

at

limit of between
in the

C.

A.

-CorrugatedBar.

236.

FIG.

corrugationson

of Mr.

the invention

adhesion

to

use

for

its

EMPLOYED

MATERIAL

in

high

very

load

Mr.

These

Steel

Edwin
bars

Bars.

rolled

are

which

they

The

inventor

bar

is

sectional

being

struction,
con-

ultimate

the

and

its

should
The

sectional

given

in

in the

for

weight,

area,

and

ment:
following state-

and

bar

the

gives

use:

for the work

liable

are

bars

distance

the concrete

237.

sizes

it has

slipin

or

to

do,

and

disrupt the

ous
numer-

concrete.

uniform
throughout, and all changes
practically
made
are
by gradual curves, as all sharp corners,
sudden
or
changes of section in concrete
any other

The

of the bar.

by Fig.

nominal

the

Bar.

following claims

that it will not

material

the

is shown

is

area

desirable.

the

size, are

concerning

shown

shape of section
fins,knife-edges,or
not

steel-concrete

reinforcing-bar
patented

E.,

Rolled

Thacher

each

presents the

in

non-fibrous

"

speciallydesigned

have

tests

The

strengthof

followingadvice
This

237.

C.

steel,and

medium

from

made, together with

are

ultimate

mean

Soc.

Am.

M.

Thacher,

of

specialform

The

"

FIG.

the

335

tM

^Jl

Thacher

by

in

steel

in the

the load producing this stress

in all cases.
Jthe combination

of

FABRICATION.

is desirable

limit,which

elastic

THE

IN

not

bars

laid

are

from

the

be less than
should

to

be

cracks,

cause

flat,the
center
one

held

and

widest

of the

bars

one-half

in their proper

and

therefore

are

dimension
to

times

the

versely,
trans-

outside

of

the diameter

position until they

336

in the

firmlyembedded

are

diameter

bars

to

up

bars

use

to

CONCRETE,

REINFORCED

diameter,
ij ins. or ij

ins.

be

can

it will

but

ins.

largerthan

Bars

concrete.

diameter,

be

often

not

and

in.
to

necessary

the

rule,when

as

from

furnished

subjected to tension only, as in slabs or girders,it is better

small bars spaced from
3 in. to 8 in. apart, depending upon
bar and depth of member, than to use
largebars spaced a greater

are

use

size of

distance

apart.

feet apart, should

used

be

small

of

rods

slabs, transverse

In

to

deep girders,requiringlargeareas
in two

or

more

steel,it

than

if necessary,

rows

cracks

prevent
of

spaced two or three

due
to shrinkage. For

diameter,

is better

For
able
desir-

stresses, it is not

and

bars

the metal.

concentrate

to

small

to use

bending
compression
close
or
use
spacing, and heavy concentrations of
made
metal give the best results. Tests
Society of
by the Austrian
trations
the Melan
arch, using heavy concenon
Engineers and Architects
of metal
higher results than
spaced 39 ins. apart, gave much
inches apart.
few
with
Monier
arch
rods
the
tests on
spaced only a
subjectboth

arches

much

In

rods

heavy bridge work

of his

different form
with

to

small

to

rivets

reinforcing-bar.This

of

through

sketch
of

ft.

122

shows

seldom

Columbian

employed
type

up

The

"

concrete-steel

and

to

including

in cross-section

by Fig.

from

steel and

structural

from

deeper
smaller

beams
-i-i

in.
bar

to

sizes

by

ins. in

with

bars
of

means

floors

of the
of

for

are

in

For
is

rolled

are

sizes

running

longer spans

the

the

to

The

employed.

connected

stirrupsof

Columbian

bars

made

ribs

Fig.

r"

floor construction
Kahn

The

239-0.

Steel

Julius Kahn,

is described

Bars.

Assoc.

"

M.

"

of

manner

span

made

floor-

form

shown

.LI

by
FIG.

"

arch

an

ft. is shown

15

These

depth.

are

The

concrete.

reinforcing-bar

of

are

the

on

designed

bars

form

239.

Bar.

3 ins. wide.

spans

additional

of

the

arches

steel

generallystaggered,whose

hold

bars

these

less than

Bars.

for

of

one

wholly

of structural

flat bar

Riveted

Thacher

mechanical

smaller

For

but

narrower,

238."

furnish

Fig. 238

close intervals and

it at

FIG.

projecting hands

is

used

has

Thacher

Mr.

using
on

page

these

bars

in

230.

bian

"

ColumBar.

145.

The

form

of

reinforcing-barinvented

Am.

Soc.

C.

E.,

and

illustrated in

by

Mr.

Fig. 240,

is

MATERIAL

designed with
in

vertical

the

that:

be

should

line of

the

distributed

in

bar

shear

of the

the

several

bar

shown

cross-section

Kahn

"

plane; (2)

The

ment
reinforce-

varying upward
(3) The

strains

existingat

rigidlyconnected

and

by shearing
bending

sheared

These

by the Trussed

sizes

be

by Fig. 240

positionsshown.

the

to

constructed

is

reinforced

Bar.

should

members

The

members.

stripsto
in

The

place; (4)

horizontal

be

principal tensile stress;

proportion

240.

337

should

Concrete

be inclined to the vertical,preferablywith

FIG.

any

(i)

FABRICATION.

in the horizontal

as

approximating

curvature

THE

IN

assumption

plane as well

should

metal

EMPLOYED

bars

Concrete-steel

the

to

rolled

the sheared

up

manufactured

are

of

Company

Detroit.

Mich.

Cummings
Robert

A.

Bars.

of

Cummings

of

round

is shown

Pittsburg,Pa.,

FIG.

constructed

of reinforcement

specialform

The

"

241.

steel bars

and

bent

by Fig.

It is

241.

Bars.

Cummings

"

designed by

arranged

shown

as

by the

drawing.
Commercial
has

had

shapes

employed

bars

in detail

bars is

used; other

most

number

given

are

are

of

in the

the various

United

reinforcement
of

the

the

almost

United

are

ron

or

States.

In

exclusively. Bars

of each

bars,
of

they

soft steel in

Europe

of circular

bars, channels,

these forms

of combination.

methods

will

The

Europe

of

reinforcingexplain

to

serve

material

and

soft

and

in these
medium

or

States.

described
bar

in

preceding section,and

Efficiency of Mechanical
bond

of specialform
reinforcing-bars

forms

examples

usuallywrought

steel in the

of

use

development

are

straps.

The

"

its greatest

commercial
section

Shapes.

beyond

have
the

Bond.
been
normal

"

number

of the

especiallydesigned
adhesion

of

forms
to

concrete

of

increase
to

bar
the

metal.

33 8

REINFORCED

This

object is sought

mechanical

anchors

sort

one

bonding

are

permit only the

broke

in all

result

usually obtained

rod

with

smaller

harder

splitthe

concrete

by

Ransome
S. W.

linear inch
information

of

initial

slipof

This

different

for each

A.

George

and

which

Peabody. In
four J-in.bars

the

of tests

composition;and

all

In

compositions.

several

grip which
generally
secured

Applied

Science

latter tests

bars

interesting

results

bars

were

of Mixture.

Neat

cement,

3 sand

cement,

4 broken

stone

587

cement, 3 sand, 6 broken

stone

478

cement,

gravel

547

cement, 3 sand, 6 gravel

516

instances

it

of

in

Concrete.
a

in

the

theory accounting
has

concrete

follows

been

number

for the

an

of

important
experts.

protectionfrom

recently stated

by

certain

that under

steel shall be

Prof.

rust

stances
circum-

the

durability
permanently protected
As

it has

and

one

The

ments
the ele-

noted, however,

be

corrode.

many

concrete
to

exposure

It should

will

from

removed
of

assumed

corrode, and

not

long period

concrete

required that
a

being

is cited to show

instance

from

steel

first embedded.

corrosion,this question is

consideration

does

generallybeen

It has

"

concrete

embedded

embedded

of concrete-steel

in

bright after

when

was

occasional

an

of Iron

cited

metal

from

sand,

clear and

as

411

sand,

steel embedded

or
are

as

that

Contact.

iron

quite

in

278

cement

Preservation
that

per
Inch
of

Square
Surface

were

follows:

as

Pounds

Composition

and

mortars

to

the

Iks. Per

1,259

was

twenty-four

the average

The

were

furnished

plain square

bar
The

follows:

results

same

the

used.

fast

another

of

of i-in.

the

sometimes

School

series

same

Spofford of

as

pulled through

at the Case

of

were

were

break

tests

of

splitor

rods

rods

Substantiallythe

and

C. W.

made

been

series

Thacher

first to

the

the adhesion

on

tested,four

than

this mechanical

have

concrete

finallytook

rods in tests made

to

the

Ransome

force, and

embedded.

concretes

the

pull, then

block.

Emerson

and

In

Prof.

by

Technology

with

pull

resistance

average

rods

Johnson

certain

required
with

where

cases

slipped at

inches

of

Institute

which

conclusions.

Ransome

projectionsof

or

of
efficiency

the

results of those

the

general

and

Johnson, Thacher,
Massachusetts

and

most

ribs, notches,

to determine

Tests

rare,

of

shape

with

bar

the

accomplished by providing

the

in

another.

or

be

to

CONCRETE.

commonly
of

iron

Spencer

B.

received

accepted

embedded

Newbury

in
as

EMPLOYED

MATERIAL

rusting of

The
of
in

It
hydrated oxide.
air
moist
in
or
dry

action
carbonate

of

is first

liberated

the

started the

does

take

not

place
acid

carbonic

and

formed;

this is at

to

corrosion
the

oxide

acts

Ferrous
is necessary.
and
to ferric oxide

metal.

the

and

fresh

holding

Water

metal.

Once

of

galvanic

rapidlyattacks

acid and
in solution soon, if free from oxygen,
acts
as an
remains
In lime-water
soda
the
metal
solution
or
of cement

action

in

about
into

63

lime.

cent.

per

of

mass
crystalline
hydrate. In hardening

becomes
thus

the

on

acting as

molecule
due

is,therefore,not
be

concrete

it will

it

By

hydrated
rapidly absorbs
film of

porous,
still filter out and

threatens

to the

exclusion

the

carbonic

verted
con-

cium
caland

acid

captures and

imprisons

to attack

of the

acid

water

silicate and

mortar

with

in contact

not

neutral'ze

cement

it is

carbonate, cement

and

that

and

of

action
calcium

with

surface

the

The

bright.

Portland

apparent.

now

efficient protector of iron

an

carbonic-acid

every
action
the

coated

is

preventingrust

acid

carbonic

iron.

contains

bined
com-

oxidized

once

on

The

oxide.

portion of
proceeds rapidly,perhaps on account
dioxide

tion
condi-

the

ordinary temperatures

at

carbonic

from

air free

339

of the metal

in oxidation

moisture

carbon

between

action

consists

iron

FABRICATION.

THE

IN

air,and

even

at all

the metal

and

The

metal.

the

prevent

though
points,

its corrosive

effect.
The

use

of cement

protectingiron
over

and

washes
steel from

long period of

time.

of France

companies

to

After

and
careful
investigation
adopted Portland-cement

beams

of that

universallypainted
corrosion.
the
to

In

sulphur
himself
The

in
as

the

corrosion.

the

specificpurpose
and

quite common

of

extended

has

sand
tests

the

leather brushes.

of the

engineers

way
Sub-

Boston

paint for the protectionof the steel

for European
distilleriesare
spirit-tanks

the inside
United

applied with

are

with

States

Portland-cement
it is

paint

to

vent
pre-

frequent practiceto coat

salt-pans,
plaster
sulphatedigesters,
etc.,with cement

inside of steel

prevent

on

is

and

Iron

structure.

rust

the

way
paint is largelyused by the railprotect their metal bridges from corrosion.

coats

liquidcement

plastersfor

Cement

Two

of

and

cinders

Regarding
of

cinder

the

damage

concrete

from

Prof.

corrosion

Newberry

by

the

expresses

follows:

fear has

would
expressed that cinder concrete
ders.
of the sulphur contained
in the cininjuriousto iron on account
prove
The
of this sulphur is,however, extremely small.
Not
amount
the sulphur confindingany definite figuresin this point, I determined
tained
in an
The
of
coal.
cinders
from
Pittsburg
sample
average
coal in its run
rather high percentage of sulphur,about
state contains
a
The
cinders proved to contain
1.5 per cent.
only 0.61 per cent, sulphur.
This
is quite insignificant,
amount
and even
if all oxidized to sulphuric
acid it would
be taken
at once
neutralized in concrete
by the
up and
cement
and
would
attack
iron.
the
present,
by no possibility
sometimes

been

REINFORCED

340

was

with

connection

In

in

1903

of

built

in

1898

the metal

in cinder

of

protectingembedded
The

few.

the

formed

which

through

the

the

steel and
of

rust

the

that

water

of the

two

contact

certain

cement

with

increased
the

on

which

had

conducted

by

iron

when

allowed

the

of

between

all

the

cases

the

removed

and

rust

before

corrode

to

passed

weight

in

the

that

adhesion

(5)

time;

That

sition
compo-

water

the

that

prevented

been

the

materials; (3)

the normal

steel and

the

to

(i)

dissolved

(4)

time;

and

in character

experimenter were:

are

Norton

L.

Charles

disappeared

cement

concrete

metal

from

for

adhere

the

iron; (2)
the

to

concrete

the

tively
compara-

published

been

extended

were

by

the

at

steel

the

salts which

action

the

have
of Prof.

those

tests

them

corrosion, are

which

and

France

from

drawn

attacked

cement

of

after

of
efficiency

the

determine

from

ones

Breuillie's

Mr.

conclusions

iron

of

Breuillie

of Mr.

adhesion

tically
prac-

having developed

as

to

metal

important

most

of Boston, Mass.
the

considered

reliable character, made

in

concrete

be

could

showed

steel removed

the

concrete,

except the

of its framework

all
practically

had

City, which

York

New

building in

lition
in the demo-

that

noted

be

it may

embedded.

was

Tests

those

and

which

rust

no

this statement

tall steel-frame

embedded

columns

CONCRETE.

being

embedded.
The

tests

of

Institute

were
i

of

made

neat

and

physically and

with

very

small

of

amounts

J-in.rod, a piece of
of expanded
metal.
air,and

carbon

had

and

open
lain

carbon

steam,

testing-room.
cut

blocks
chests

At

and

one-quarter

the

end

of

three

in

the

table

weeks

and

the steel examined

unprotected

on

the

compared

corresponding

down

analysis revealed

there

embedded

was
a

as

6Xi-in.

strip

follows:

one-

atmosphere

of

steam,

chest

with

an

phere
atmos-

chest

with

an

phere
atmos-

in

the

similar
in

of
and

washed

when

exposed

dioxide ; one-quarter

blocks

chemically

tested

was

containing an
in

somewhat

cement

part

in.,and

6X1X3^
were

dioxide; one-quarter

of air and
and

These

sealed

in

steel

soft sheet

and

block

each

In

parts sand;

alkaline, and

tested

sulphur.

of

cinders

The

good.
dried

and

and

cement

used,

of

were

chusetts
Massa-

the

Briquettesor

stone, and
was

of

Norton

L.

Breuillie.

part

cement

found

hose-stream

quarter of them

of

5 parts broken

Portland

7 parts cinders.

of Mr.

those

cement;

and

cement

part

Charles

Technology, Boston, Mass.,

from

different character

Prof.

blocks
with

chests

air

open

the

carefully

were

specimens
and

of

in

the

which

open

air.

The

results of the

specimens

consisted

examinations
of

rather

more

were

rust

as

follows:

than

steel.

The
The

unprotected
specimens

EMPLOYED

MATERIAL

embedded

in neat

specimens

hardly

of the rust-spot
or

steel

cement

rusted

clearly denned.
rust-spots

very

wet, in which

of

the

Neat

ventative

without

iron

(4)
(5)
bedded

effective
is of

It

the

engineer
iron

of

or

the

in

ground
the

to

as

concrete.

actually the

voids

the

show
as

This

of

where

the

show
of
fact

that
the

wet

has

it with

of
the

so

cement

disputed

by

practicing

from

shown

of

rust

ever,
how-

there

place

are

signs

no

concrete
so

with

at

any

cracks

the points where

evidence

presented

covering filters

completely as
the

closelyin
there

more

is

is
ton's
Norwith

contact
no

to

concrete

Fourthly, Prof.

evidence.

mixtures

concrete

at

the

tests.

of the other

concrete

quoted

contained

always

is

wall.

presented disputes this

contact

concrete

steel and

is not

in

Norton's

any

first

elements

corrosive

Prof.

the

which

None

it is not

disputed by

close contact

mixtures.

results

the

when
should

analysiswill show,

evidence

theory that

the

where

even

the

completely cover

to

tests

Thirdly,

that

fact is not

Norton's

the

which

in concrete

located.

were

innocuous

steel

of

wet,

clean
lime

been

has

which

In

case.

rust,

in many

renders

be

built into

when

brief

steel embedded

the

to

when

probable damage

shown

steel

when

due

rammed

steel

upon

instances

and

the

clean

concrete

tests

the

metal

from

disputed by

This

decision

where

and

well

that

removed

protect the

the

the

little solid

disputesthis fact.
out

quite

dense

wet

protectingsteel.

in

Secondly, steel
cracks

be

mainly
sulphur.

the

to

and

None

has

effective pre-

an

is

concrete

conflictingtestimony

this is not

upon

voids

Prof.

following are

mixed

be

removal.

rust

fact.

cinder

importance

to have

but

base

instances

many

whole

nearly the

layers,is

should

concrete

utmost

the

sight

can

that

mixed

been

had

coated
The

each

concrete

preventing rusting, must

It

in

stone

steel embedded

or

cinder

concrete

the

areas,

Scraping, pickling,a sand-blast, and

have

to

appears

in thin

even

cracks.

as

be used, if necessary,
first

had

rusted

porous

crete
con-

mixtures

his tests:

found

in concrete.

At

cement

rust, in the cinders and not

concrete, if free from voids

or

as

the

effective in

be
and

corrosion

Cinder

is about

where

in the

rod

metal.

the

The

oxide,

the

and

protected it.

cement,

to

voids

applied to
(3)

from

badly

location

The

porous

more

remaining

rusting.

(2) Concrete,
and

paint, and

Portland

of

solid

the watery

case

conclusions

(1)

the

either

bright and

found, except

were

steel,like

Norton's

both

In

many

with

the

In

alternate

with

spotted

was

cinder.

the

corrosion.

serious

escaped

invariablycoincident

was

badly

had

341

Of

perfectlyprotected.

were

one

FABRICATION.

THE

IN

corrosion.

Fifthly,Prof.
certainlyinsure

all

points than

of

the

other

do

dry

evidence.

REINFORCED

342

Sixthly,Prof.

Norton's

before

cleaned

Breuille, which

rust

from

of

element
the

cinder

and

steel

stone

concrete

embedded

close contact

if

cracks

no

XIII."

of

mode

in reinforced
and

develop

METHODS

the

varies

character

quite as complex

driving

elaborate
best

area.

than

differences

in

reinforcement
reinforcement

grillage;and
The
The
and

clusion
con-

to

stone

or

and

concrete

the concrete

steel
the

expose

rod

the character
of

the

column

or
grillages,

in

procedure

of

procedure followed
being merely conducted
Attention

introduced

employed.
the form

The

most

employed

stirrupfootingsare

mostly

footingcourse

using
of

beams

concrete

constructinga boxing

can

followed

methods
of

forms

form

United

confined

tions
founda-

to

or

by

in

same

structing
con-

larger scale in

be confined
in

to

the

the form

of

spread-foundation
is the

bar

steel-beam

reinforcement.

foreignpractice.

grillagesis illustrated

is first laid

of the exact

of

States

is the mesh

in

on

the differences

by

in the

in favor

of

in

case

building footings

is the

therefore

common

next

manner

it may

Spread foundation, in concrete-steel are

footingsor extended
footingscovering the whole

mode

is

It

"

in the other.

that

is the

construction,as

piles or

ture
struc-

reinforcement.

building beam

in

case

work

of the foundation

and

The

IN

constructingfoundation

in

arrangement

floor and

both, the work

and

useful

The

the

The
stirrupreinforcement.
explained by considering the different

be

building

Bar

cient
equally effi-

CONSTRUCTION

reinforced-concrete

either isolated column

case

being

WORK.

with

and

as

separately.
Spread Foundations.

one

serious

either cinder

in

in

OF

followed

is the

simple,as

casting and
can

procedure

concrete

be very

with

sented
pre-

conditions

steel.

between

FOUNDATION

be

evidence

is not

of
the

remove

about

are

tests

attack.

to

CHAPTER

may

the

that, other

reinforcement

iron

or

secures

points,and

THE

will

of the cinders
and

concrete

by

concrete

Seventhly, all

content

the

the

if he

concrete

metal

sulphur

concrete

embed

at

steel.

in

perfectly

be

practicingengineer can draw from all this is that,

danger from subsequent rusting is concerned, he can confidently

as

all

the

steel should

is controverted

bedding

preventing the rusting of

which

far

that

in cinder

danger

same,

in

so

show

that

the

in concrete

previouslycorroded

indicates

that

contention

it is bedded

Mr.

CONCRETE.

on

levelingoff the

size of the

footing.

This

p.

132.

ground
boxing

METHODS

is

OF

CONSTRUCTION

and

accuratelycentered
and

level.

layers,and
the
over

top

the

with

work

work.

easy

flanges.

encased

that

used

and

face.

for the

the

footingin

tier of

to

thin

it

give

When

reinforcement

the general method

grillages,
The

is

concrete

levels

proper

the

reached

soft concrete

and

The
than

those

In

the

of

the

the

boxing

required for

simple
plaster.
of

joiningof old
to

the

type, such
calls for
and

as

the

is done

so

is

concrete

in

to

is

like

form

form

bed

exactly as
column

metal

or

the

exposed

used

the

face,
sur-

next

in which

work,

form

The
a

as

has

to

for

the

the

reinforcement
on

tively
compara-

followed

larger scale
necessary

the

must

in

and
the
form
con-

ribbed-plate

p. 137, the construction

on

foundation-bed

described

that

construction
of

on

forcement.
rein-

building area

makes

footingis

illustrated

mold

on

This

task the

If the

deposited and

building floors

is

the

as

surfacing of

final

as

same.

elaborate

cases

whole

same

the

bedded

more

beam

level for

in most

are

work

the

and

somewhat

are

of

instead

is laid

substantiallythe

Hennebique
as

cessive
ex-

necessary

layers,and

in

footing is given

requirements.

the

and

beams

the

footing is

footingscovering the

specialmethods.

trenched

mold
as

usual

new

the

stone

the

to

prosecuted continuously.

and

of

embedded

and

forms,

or

but
grillages,

The

structures.

be

sides

the

without

plastered to

reinforcement

forms

or

beam

procedure

seldom

web

give

building up

constructingisolated footings,but
can

angle between

employed

continued
filling

constructingextended

work

ends.

crowd

plasteringof
is

deposited in boxing,

are

together
the

to

settingof the
the

this

finish.

bar

or

from
filling

and

to

is laid

and

for

designed, a boxing

then

are

is the

of mortar,

smooth

mesh

ends

the

spacers

close

get good results

to

dimensions

which

beams,

final task

bed

the

into

of

ins. is desirable

particularcare

footing being employed

the first. The

was

the

to

tops of the beams

second

with

spread

filled between

very

prevent

spacers

8-in.

top of

the

usually left

are

sit
tran-

or

course

are

is

beams

is necessary

concrete

The

the

in 6-

insertingthe

of at least

filled between, the

When

for

the

top flangesand

concrete

with

beams

space

carefullydone,

the

wet

labor.
are

be

under

up

When

to, since

should
filling

concrete

between

by

is then

first

beams

all set, the

space

sand

the

forming

designingthe grillage. A
of

and

343

level

exact

tamped

after another,

one

When

Enough

grouting is resorted
The

set

to

off level with

cement

beams

the

are

proceeds.

in

admit

to

for

beams

concrete.

purpose

bed

as

of

of mortar

WORK.

filled in and

is then

concrete

coating

grillage. These
as

edges brought

its top

top layer is accurately struck

the

boxing.
the

The

FOUNDATION

IN

ribs

p. 359.

and

be

smoothed

plate.

In

off
this

placed exactly

REINFORCED

344

Piles with

Reinforced-concrete
for

concrete

caps

distance

below

concrete

is then

timber

the

place;
of

pile-heads

is

when

that

and

molding

the

pressure,

but

the

for

they

of

about

The

spread-

the

the

is

with

The

but

beams.

As

that
be

piles can

they

having

of

the

have

they

be

horizontal
of

the

conditions.

employed

be used

for
and

over

rapidly assembled

from

removed

compact

direction

forms
to

can

to

easier

the

having

the line of

In

runners.

much

to

and

advantages

the

hardened
sufficiently

not

are

of

under

they

pilesresembles

advantage

parallelto

similar

constructed

so

long

performed

of

beams

or

rightangles to

at

disadvantage

layers are

columns

horizontallythe molding

is the

tamped

and
vertically

mold,

two

to

forms
be

in

one

for

driven

secured

hand

in

concrete

of

set

then

without

Piles
After

water,

continual

away
which
removed

in

and

for

being

molded

then

was

them

vertical

time

built

were

they

to

be

in

this

in the

that

lifted

kept

transportation or

way

pilewas
time

the

the

could

layers.

and

sides

third

side

placed

roughened

with

Another

8-in.

8-in.
with
trowel

layer was
from

lengths varying

to

left

to

set for about

for about

pileshad
of

of

the

week

After

this

week

longer

forms

ciently
suffiand

so,

they

day,

hardened

or

the
was

Each

done

period

was

of

be

as

form

constantlywet.
storage.

three

placed.

was

out
vertically

position for another

were

was

the rods.

kept

the

hard

on

the

in 8-in.

structing
con-

forms

or

were
reinforcing-rods

as

surface

top

sprinkling. By

allow

to

down

placed
spacing-ties

ft.

26

the

The

molds

mixers

height,but

concrete

any

rammed

was

then

placed.

6 to

placed.

was

machine
Of

water.

the full

to

up

positionbefore

rammers,
a

set

the concrete

as

of

The
in them

placed

in

adopted

was

p. 142.

carefullyin

amount

were

on

concrete

very

minimum

the

mixed

was

sides

layer of

detail which

in

up

concrete

built up

the method

triangularpile,illustrated

with

with

for

and

reinforced-concrete

possesses

there

the

made

be

following is

set

were

and

The

thirtydays.

The

and

is

space

and

is set

method

molding piles are

apart.

days,

two

proper

forms,

or

described

cashingof
molding of

the

molding

narrow

molding

should

taken

Each

pile,and

constructing columns

or

boxing

upright the molding

the concrete

planes

forms

and

the

level surface.

exactlyas

the mold

vertical

in

concrete

when

In

the

on

pressure

is set

beams.

the layersin which

over

to

suitable

The

"

in all respects to

of

disadvantages.

The

brought

covered

Piles.

the mold

columns,

resembles

the

is first excavated

earth

and

placed and

Concrete-steel

pilesis analogous
that

piles the

constructingreinforced

In

"

work.

Casting
in

Caps.

deposited in layers in

the reinforcement
foundation

CONCRETE.

set

during

could

be

METHODS

OF

CONSTRUCTION

Driving Concrete-steel
driven
in

by hammer,

which

timber

fall of the

cap

designed to distribute
is

Piles.

hammer

the

impact

The

ft.,was
driven

which

with

is

square

are

be

the

as

authority*

Bridge

other

the

on

by

illustrated

and

with

of 8

ft.,
F.
ins.

piles 12

Hennebique
with

139

page

Charles

Mr.

3o-cwt. hammer

on

drop

maximum

decreased.

that

statement

frequentlydriven

hammer,

top of the

driving the triangularpiles

weighing 5,000 Ibs.,with a drop of
i6-in. square
struction
piles of Hennibique con-

penetration

for the

the

driving-

In

8,8oo-lb. hammer

an

the

of

form

some

evenly over

of

weight

for the Brumath

decreased

was

Marsh

The

employed.
employed

were

hammer

142

p.

and

stress

hand, is usallyconsiderablyincreased.
on

345

pilesmay

Reinforced-concrete

"

usuallydecreased

is

usually employed.

described

WORK.

in any other manner

or
or
by water-jet,
pile-drivers,
In driving by hammer,
however,
piles are driven.

the

pile

FOUNDATION

IN

of 4 ft.

drop

In

driving sheet piling 0.3X0.4 in. (11.8X14.8 ins.)in cross-section

at Chantenay sur
Loire
in 1898, a hammer
weighing 3,520 Ibs. and
having a drop of 6.25 ft. was
employed. In constructingthe wharf
at

Novorossisk, Russia,

into

hard

bottom

fallingfrom
to

handle

for

of

made

worked
used

out

Mr.

by

heads

opening
hollow

or,

each

size

at

above

space

sand

fits

This

edge

is filled

the

cast-steel cap

is shown

cap

through

employed
shown
which
the

in

rather

driving sheet

by Fig.
were

Here

242.

designed

reinforcement

for

top of the pile to be

shown.

the neck
upper

metal

A
of the

socket

more

separate

with
a

the

Trans.

The

cap-

lar
annu-

the

and

tow

with

cap

is

cap

in

piles were
to

off
the

cast

addition

the

to

reinforced

with

enough after driving to

work

This

above.

clamped looselyto the guides

pile with

received

and

clay

required for
Hennebique sheet piling

broken

bonding

cap

It is

pileloosely.

with

and

which
was
complicated arrangement
piling at Chantenay sur Loire, France, is

the

be

to

is

fully
care-

devised

hole in the top of the

sawdust.

most

by Fig. 45.

of the

is calked

The

shock.

of

required

pilesduring driving use

is the

the neck

over

preferably,with

cap.

is

ordinary pile-drivingrig

pile. In driving a large lot of

used
Southampton, England, a false pile was

metal

as

of this kind

its lower

at

-steel

concrete

pile to distribute

Hennebique.

shaped castingwhich

pile,the

ft.

3,375-lb.hammer

stronger tackle

that

Except

of

driven

was

142

p.

is essential.
of

device

on

blows

14

concrete-steel

false

or

cap

to

10

ft.

pilesis all that

protect the

pile illustrated

from
14

the heavier

timber
To

with
ft. to

12

the

an

upper

of
filling

end

of

Inst.

C.

and

sawdust

lower
over

hard-wood

E., Vol.

CXLIX.

of the

socket
the

false

tops,
expose

allowed

the

pile-driver
was

piletop,

set

and

pile clamped

on

its
to

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

346

The
relative positions of the pile,
pile-driverguides as shown.
tion.
are
clearlyshown by the illustraits cap, and the false pileand hammer
used
on
In driving the triangularpilesshown
p. 142 a cap was
of alternate
made
layers of iron plate, wood, and lead.
which
was
This
clamped to the pile head and also served to guide the
cap was

the

pile in

242.

False

"

that shown

by Fig. 45

disk of hard

method
into

are

of

VI.

Chapter
the

concrete

same

-steel

by
France,

piers

employed.

for

this

Both

in

hollow

several

by
of

Loire.

sur

top, in which

on

of the

example
which

the
of

of

the

bridge, 168

sheet

the

sheet

of

the

author

In

p.

center

is set

hammer.

have

or

the

driving and

210.

on

like

this

jet-pipescast

preceding

the

and

illustrations

apparatus

employed

timber-pilework.

construction

described

blow

Chantenay

at

the socket

direct

with

cast

used

pilesof

the

Employed

so

method

notable

most

the

shown

as

are

having

take

cap

permits,a water-jetis always a safe

driving concrete -steel piles. Piles designed for

The

as

but

metal

Elevation.

Driving Cap

of the

driving are

the concrete,

The

two

to

of

method

sure

of

wood

the nature

When

and

Pile

of

consists

Section.

Vertical
FIG.

used

device

Another

leads.

the

pilesand

River

of

use

has

water-jet in driving

definite
Aisne

constructing

pilesand
the

134

knowledge

Bridge
the

at

nished
is fur-

Soissons,

abutments

and

bearing pileswere

bearing pileswere

of Henne-

METHODS

OF

CONSTRUCTION

bique construction;
and

square,

pileswere

were

92

the

pileswith

hammer

cap

shown

first

pile driven

25

(11.81 ins.)square,

and

some

drivers,using

by Fig.

completely shattered

for about

its head

the

shattered

at

all of the

The

few

sheet
rial
mate-

pebbles.

(9.84-^1.)
square

of

drivingpile and

arrangement

The

0.6

head

(1.97 ft.);the second

m.

first blow, and

the

by

reached_a

mm

4- Wires

was

pile had

it had

time

mm

mm

?? Bars

An

of the 25-001.

6oo-kg. (i,32o-lb.)hammer.
depth of 2.5 m. (8.2 ft.),but its

with

243,

reached

the

with

347

(9.84 ins.)

c.m.

cross-section.

mixed

sand

pileswas

at first to drive

made

was

WORK.

bearing pileswere

(5.9X13.78 ins.)in

cm.

penetrated by

the

c.m.

30

15X35

attempt

of

40

FOUNDATION

IN

v,-

15 Bars

mm^$M*zm$'^z
m

FIG.

243.

"

Driving

and
Cap for
dations
Bridge FounSoissons, France.

False

Pile

Piles

in

at

depth

of

engineers substituted
the

of

mode

new

It is

piles.

this

to

244.

metal

important

Ribaud,

Ingenieur

des

Fonts

hammer

driving to

the

insufficient age

to

the fact that

of

material
until
to

the

hand-pump,
The
efficiently.

which

around

the

material

few

give the pile a

loosened

soil.
of from

drive

on

18

This
2.5

pilesfor

mode

to

the

m.

instead

sides

pressure

was

(8.2

of

the

hammer

repeated until
to

9.8 ft.).

right abutment.

Six

failure of

the

piles and

of

low

too

procedure was
point of the pilewas

the

vertically.

abutments

the

of

lightblows

process

gave

of

(ij months)

their

results of the

of the work, Mr.

charge

sinking the remaining 38 piles under

For

made

molded

they were

remainder

driving the

attributes

Chaussees,

et

to

was

use

loosen

the

operate the pump

to

loosened,

then

and

settle it into

to

the

m.

driving, the

giving the

the engineer in

procedure, that

of 0.7

length

hammer

for

note, before

to

for

with

water-jetapparatus

of Piles

Section

Bridge Foundations.

bare

was
success

poor

and

Elevation

"

in Soissons

(3.28 ft.)the

m.

(2.29 ft.). Owing

of

FIG.

pileshad

days

were

the

tration
pene-

required to

348

placing the pilesfor

In

form

point
shown
and

point.

to

The

piers,power
pilesand

5.1

air and

the

guide

To

sinking

of

the

shown

as

this

piles in
5.45

to

from

coffer-dam

is

(17.8 ft.)long

m.

bearing pileweighed

kgs. (1,936Ibs.)in

880

constructed

interior framework

the

piles,arranged
(65.6ft.)long

m.

bearing pileswere
m.
(16.7 ft.)long;

The

kgs. (2,530Ibs.)in

water.

of

20

employed.

were

pumps

84 sheet

and

ends

arrangement

by Fig. 244.
the sheet pileswere

1,150

the two

pier comprised 46 bearing

coffer-dam
pointed at both

Eeach

of

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

piles use

made

was

by Fig.

(9.84 ft.)

m.

245.

of

an

panel

of

Water

km
FIG.

245.

eight or

so

on.

the soil

(1.38ins.)in
was

by

manipulated by

forced

down

of five

drive

by
six

or

instance 45

the

an

of

Fig.

armored
and

lever

over

130.

be

driven

so

as

section

sunk
a

at

With
m.

This

the
a

the

same

tube

to

nozzle

or

the

time

an

drive

is shown

mm.

jet underneath

Eight days

4^ days

pier foundation

tube 35

force of six

(3.28 ft.)in

another
delivered

was

iron

an

deliver

day's work.

rightpier,and
of the

to

Bridge.

driven, then

terminatingin

its head.

in

and

guides

(22.96ft.)long.

m.

workman

pilescould

hose

Driving, Soissons

suppliedthe jetwhich

steam-pump

pilesfor the

left pier.

in the

During

pilebeing driven, and

pileswere

the

Piles

Guide

to

erected

diameter

the point of the

to

Frame

pileswas

ten

panel,and
against

Timber

"

i"-

"

pilewas

men

hour;

one

required

were

the

by

panej
in

pilesfor

ings
the draw-

METHODS

OF

Constructing
of

CONSTRUCTION

in

Piles

reinforced-concrete

~k

Place.

to

be

described.

To

perform

Head

in both

for

pile

for

and

Shell

in

Fig. 246

shows

occupied

be

of

walls

the

the

slippedover

the

driven

oak

When
;:"':.'."":
\.Y:
"

by

inside

metal

the

the

then

the

on

until it is

point

pile completed.
earth
a

depth

the

Metal:-

case

bottom,
outside

Concretes

of
in

distance

FIG. 246."

Driving

for

implex"
shell forms
and

Shell

and

Constructing
"ile in

Place,

the mold
is left

to

prevent
It

cylinder,which

in

portion
in
in

stream

is

of the

lake

or

clamped
in the

access

withdrawn,

than

the

just long

is

with

pile above

is

as

shown

the free

is driven

is

shell is

fact

place,by simply unclamping

permanently
used
Simplex pile was

earth,

the

trates
pene-

there

when

penetrate the bottom

to the hole.

for that

pile

shell is shorter

and
driving-cylinder,

".V--V;:.;;V

the

when

cylinderor

This

second

single driving-

as
driving-cylinder

illustration.

to

and

the

drivingpilesin

second

Another

entirelyfree.

overlying

water

filling

the

as

throughout, but

the

enough

the

Only

cylinder is employed

its lower

point. Concrete
driving-cylinder,

attached

is then

of

slipped

is

cylinder until

into

hammer.

cylinder

the

driven

gradually withdrawn

is

concrete

of the

blow

concrete

shoveled

progresses,

"-.m

ordinary

an

reinforcement

driving

bears

which

Expanded:

of

means

its

the

receive

expanded

is

cylinder, with

This

completely

end

and

diameter

the

depth required,there being

driving cap or head applied to the

cylinder to

"^\N-5.^V.3.

pile is required to be is
of a previouslycast
neck

point.

to
pile-driver
an

for

adopted

Simplex pile construction.

length which

point, is

is placed.

the concrete

the arrangement

so-called

concrete

The

cylinder or

hole to

wrought-iron cylinder of

Water

stream,

are

is made

use

retaining

place until

this hole

the

Cap

place

in

this task

the

forming

forms

two

pointed metal

349

"

Collar--^

Steel

of

cases

the

by
Inlet

constructed

pilesdesigned

casing
Air

preceding section

the

In

"

WORK.

FOUNDATION

IN

the

sufficient
of water

driving-

leaving

it in

the collar. This

the bed

of the

place.
constructingthe

extensive

founda-

REINFORCED

35"

tions

for the

Columbia,

and

engineers

From

careful

The

Sewell

from

where

material

the

writer

the

river

concrete

wall

penetrated

of blue

The

thickness

doubt

Potomac.

The

character

determined

was

shore

silt

by

formed

The
between

and

or

of

due

yellow clay would

settlement.
of blue

This

silt

pilescould
For
an

for

throughout
interior

pipe

end

held

the

drawing.

the

is

fitted

and

blows

The

the

with

the

over

ft.

shell.

When

driving.

the

between

the

into

shell.

the

Enough
layer about

6 ft

or

clay was

places

no

the

due

the

layer

dry, wooden

and

wet
alternately

upper
serious

soft

the

by

face
sur-

to freshets

that

caused

varies

in the

change

sq. ft. without

per

was

The

the

ash,

the

of the

concrete

ins.

rough top
point

was

and

thick.

gradually withdrawn,

in

Each
so

that

the

point, and

point

The

to

as

drive

upper

the

both
with

driven

were

in the

embedded

raised

generally brought

broken

off

by

point favorable

the

which

shells at

was

one

layer

was

rammed

there

was

always

the

for

few

last

the

then

it

of

end

lower

The

pipe.

used

were

rivets, etc.

to

penetration at

the concrete

placed

shells

same

f-in.-

pilebeing

been
the

on

frame
of

made

were

arranged

shell,form, and
ft.,and

shells

concrete
so

wrought-iron shell,

and
pile-driver,

repairs

cast-iron

had

of

The

long.

of

tenon

point, which

concrete

12

the

determined

was

point,

driving-form was

left

This

different

5 ft.,and

consisted

zo-in.

falling10
the

of

tenon

4 and

occasional

averaged J in.,the point

sand.

silt or

half-centuryago

and

wrought-iron

driving-headof black

compacted.

inland.

water,

power

ground

were

work

2,2oo-lb. hammer

was

As

driving-form was

this

the

bearing

and

used.

boiler-steel and

form

500

the

this is

placesis

some

blue

The

Ibs. pressure

pile the apparatus

driving form, a concrete

tackle

thick

stand

in

piles at

it

tests

concrete

interior

and

be

not

low

of

pits and proved

work
began was

well dried out

and

ft.

100

five feet below

to

river, since
the

mean

From

small

clay.

or

four

tides is between

to

not

when

ground

ft. further

tops of

the

ft.

12

the

gravel.
the

150

14 ft. above

of the river

reaches

and

about

reference

and

is variable

sand

wet

line extended

by borings

clay moderately

or

deposit from

by

Smith.

following

is about

the

along

of this stratum

It is underlaid

the

driven

be

stratum

Smith

Lieut.

by

S.

Clarke

Lieut.

the

by

pileswere

The
surface of
quite variable.
with
From
loam.
yellow clay mixed
to

and

made

was

taken:

are

ground

of its action

study

charge, Capt.
descriptionfurnished the

District of

Washington Barracks,

at

in

of interest

back

rather

army

data

School

Engineer

new

CONCRETE.

shock

up

of

good bond
then dropped
a

time

and
about

make

to

the
6

shell

ins.

of

METHODS

OF

the wet

during

the shell and

rainy weather

almost

found

was

well

side

sometimes

well

as

boulder, the pile would

a

position oblique

remedied

at first in

apparatus

determine

To

constructed
allowed

to

The

the

shell

at
set

two

pile when

as

was

dug

up

entering

progressed during

The

out.

of

this

to

side

one

axes

to

one

small

occasional

an

withdrawn.

their

variation

defect

from

that

so

and

take

Difficultywas

the

ground,

but

perienced
ex-

after the

value

of

from

the

the

these

of

piles,one

buildings;
then

pile was

the

tested

them

was

concrete

and

was

dug

up.

and

the

follows:

showed

cross-section

uniform

to the upper
intact, but not very well bonded
point was
part of
thus
pile. However, the pile set squarely on the point and was
with a good bearing. The
length of the pileover all was
13
of
the
the length
point being 3 ft.

At

layer 5
Below

the

site of

ft. thick
this is

building the ground

of mud

pumped

stratum

of soft

gradually becomes
increases.

another

harder

up

usually be

could

littletrouble.

was

and

from

water

constructed

account

shell

constructed

pileswere

the

351

weather.

glance off

the

bearing

weeks
test

On

WORK.

Work

in.

staked

being

was

distance

some

be

vertical,but

drawing

the

result of the

The

ins.

perfectedthere

was

good

sometimes

to

the

when

caving

positions
or

prevented

in

as

the

Since

pilescould

the
the

upon

from

earth

that

centered
was

the

kept

shell.

this process

season,

FOUNDATION

IN

of the

in the bottom

concrete

It

CONSTRUCTION

in from

clay

the

yellow clay

river

loam

and
as

the

of

consisted

during

about
distance

the

an

nished
furft. ;

upper

last year.

ft. thick

below

the

which

the

face
sur-

There
about

FIG.

up

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

352

35

247.

in

short
account

"

also

were

ft.

piles constructed

sand.

The

pile,but
the

Core

for

Expanded

on

silt and

soft blue

Constructing "Raymond"

principlewas
entirelysimilar
shell of f -in.-thick
boiler-steel

great friction

diameter

in

ins.

17

long. They penetrated very dry

Driving

of

some

the

outside

of

to
was

these

that

and

landed

Pile in Place.

used

for the

employed.
shells,they

On
were

METHODS

very
or

CONSTRUCTION

difficult to draw

heavy

FIG.

OF

248.

"

The
cement,

crusher)

oil

just prior

Raymond
concrete
2

all

until the

parts

by

to

Core

points

were

concrete

volume.

plan

of

driving wras

Driving

painting

made
and

concrete

the

WORK.

353

with

outside

grease

adopted.

and

Collapsed

sand,
The

FOUNDATION

IN

of
5

Being

Withdrawn

from

part vulcanite

parts broken

for the

pile was

stone
one

Shell.

Portland

(run

of

part Old

Dominion

Portland

The

of

elaborate

rather

shell of thin

steel

249.

shell

Showing

View

"

in

5 parts

driven

brief,a

In

the

into

Heads

of

Raymond

jacketedwith

core

ground

Piles

Concrete

drawn,
with-

is then

and

the

248 show

and

place. Figs. 247

in

concrete-steel

constructingRaymond

character.

plate is

leaving the

FlG.

and

sand,

concrete

parts

employed

apparatus

pilesis

cement,

volume.

gravel by

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

354

for

Ready

con-

Wall

Footing.
struction

of

the

steel between
the

halves

apart

core

horizontal

the

by
has

as

shown

of

horizontal

core,
a

and

the

and

247

which

wings fittinginto

key,
the

lugs spread

three

The

is driven

parts

sets

the

over

are

steel casing is

by

any

the

guides of

of cast

wedge-shaped lugs.

with

head.

the whole

longitudinalhalves

two

driving these

for

by Fig.

driving-cap

in

cast-steel

is assembled

key through

assembled
means

is fitted

which

When

It is made

core.

secured

two

by

slipped over

ordinarypile-driver

head
the

the

of the

core

and

pile-driver.When

METHODS

the

OF

CONSTRUCTION

driving is completed
key-piece of the core

the horizontal

from
in

close

to

core

the

position

shell,the

of which

end

by Fig.

that

it

are
reinforcing-bars

position and

the

constructed

inserted

remaining
this

in

inside

recesses

it allows

easilywithdrawn
ground

the

filled with

space

is then

but

without

manner,

shell in their

the

and

ins. in

13

diameter

with
pile-driver

penetration

used

was

made

Portland

heads

of

shown

by Fig.

the

CHAPTER

No.

ranged

sheet

20

piles

in

OF

directingbuildingwork
to

wholly

sections

trough

this

of steel do

and
specification

to

is

The

quite

in

an

manipulation
I

ft.

shell

part

material
ft.

The

walls

as

molding

BUILD-

must

inspection.

The

been
is

matters

long

training
arches

reinforced

with

have

has

or

crete
con-

be fabricated
To

meet

rigidly-drawn
requirements

construction

discussed

the

and
in

ceding
pre-

frequentlypunished

building work.

successful
as

brick

workmanship.

himself

arm

these

much

expert carpentry in constructingand

carefu1

and

in concrete-steel

"

whose

fillerover

of

standards

has

disaster in concrete-steel

engineer

masons

structure

careful supervision and

Forms.

the

and
as

radicallydifferent

and

concrete

14

IN

readilyperceive that

not

chapter. Negligence
of

25

was

foundation

top

WORK.

workmanship
imperative necessity of enforcing them

Cost

to

The

The

CONSTRUCTION

of concrete

use

the engineer
difficulty

for materials

20

of

ordinary

an

ins.

depth

concrete

Foremen

entirelydifferent

to

by

stone.
a

in concrete-steel

overcome.

in the

floor-slab is

according

at the

concrete

parts broken

enclosed

were

METHODS

XIV."

been

the

at

constructing

of from

in. to

been

249.

list of traditions
has

and

ground overlying rock

ING

IN

"

Piles

have

diameter

drop

from

iron

In

driven

were

having

parts sand, and

filled

penetratedwas

blow

each

at

of

cement,

at

bottom

2,4oo-lb. hammer

The

the

proper

concrete.

reinforcement,

of structures.
in a number
employed successfully
librarybuildingat Aurora, 111.,142 piles20 ins. in

of

tral
cen-

Fig. 248.
The

by

the

projectingabove

is shown

the

248, and

be

can

355

and

out

slipinto

lugs

is shown

togetheror collapseso

WORK-

is taken

key

is lifted until the

in the side pieces. This

the

FOUNDATION

IN

and

the concrete

construction
matter

of

of

buildingsin

forced
rein-

planning
intelligent

and

erectingthe forms as it is a matter

ment
workmanship in setting the reinforcearound
it. A building of the factory

356

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

reinforced

of

type

columns, walls, girders,beams

inside

and

the

stairs,will

cost

of

placed,and

concrete

be

are,

of course,

the

forms

the

cost

round

can

of

limits

wide

reused,

be

from

this cost

for

forms

and

$20

than

the

cubic

per

cent,

25 per

to

35

per

removal.

that

the

yard
cent,

These
of forms

cost

design,the times
For
variables.
example,

depending
other

and

roofs
floor-plates,

it is evident

since
figures,

between

vary

of

less

seldom

contractor

and

including materials, erection, and

for forms,

will

must

throughout, including footing, outside

concrete

the

upon

obvious

6-story Ingallsbuilding at Cincinnati, O.,

includingfoundations, columns, walls,floors,stairs,and all other parts,

in place,whereas
in constructing
was
$5.85 per cubic yard of concrete
in the same
a 4-story shoe-factory
city,includingonly footings,beams,
forms

the
floor-plates,

and

the

cost

in place.
yard of concrete
to
The
as
followingstatements

about

contractors

same

$6.25

per

cubic

have

been

from

secured

designers of

and

this

of

work.

in

forms
of

number

class

of

cost

struction
building con-

tors
experienced contrac-

The

given

costs

include

removal:

and

materials, erection,

the

with
(1) For plane floor-slab construction, such as h common
expanded metal, International metallic sheeting,and Clinton fabric,
the cost of forms
$2.20 per cubic yard on a i6-ft.
as
may
go as low
with
4Oo-lb. load, and as high as $3.25 per cubic yard on a
a
span
ico-lb. load.
with
For
and
beam
i6-ft. span
a
plate construction,
and
such
is used
others, the cost of forms will run
as
by Ransome
from
$5.50 per cubic yard on a i6-ft. span with a 5oo-lb.load, to

$10.50

the

on

(2)

The

with
loo-lb. load.
span
for concrete-steel floors will cost

same

forms

foot,includingeverything. The

per square
4 ins. thick

will cost

forms

column

for

from
cost

being 3.7 cu. yds. per

(3) For floor work
to

20

cts.

5
Where

cts.

per

cubic

runs

be
below

the

furnish

the

yard,and

that

circumstances

Floors
the types

the

square

foot of wall.

several
above

will range
from
the cost should not

of

area

times

designed

to

With

be

Beams.

carried

rare

they are

concrete

10

cts.

exceed

only.
singlebuilding the

minina.

very bad management

exceed
$6 per cubic

between

The

side of the wall

one

in

over

wall

concrete

quantity of

about

cost

forms

work

the

upon

only by

Supported

simple process.
or
plainarches, and

the

wall

cts. to 6 cts.

for

that
30 buildingsshows
and
for
much
it
remove
centering

on

the

can

of

cost

foot based

(4) Experience
to

100

used

cts. per

4^

forms

cts. per lineal foot, the

lin. ft. of column.

22

foot, for

square

per square
forms
can

often

cost

8 cts. to

from

by

"

on

such

centers

under

or

rarelypossible
$4

per

unfavorable

yard.

construction

steel I beams

exceptions
built

The

it is

less than

floors

is
are

of floors o{

comparatively
plain flat plates

consistingof plainlagging

METHODS

boards

carried

on

designed

center

beams.

CONSTRUCTION

OF

for

similar

For

floors

by Fig. 251

beams

by

hook-bolts

or

center

for

plain

floors

of

built

to

prevent

is

not

and

The
the

suitable

other

is shown

of

the

FIG.

251.

FIG.

concealed

soaped

be

sledge or

embeds

it

It should
in the

be

with

adhesion

of

slab

slab.

and

Floor

the

to

the

lagging
the
tear

with

of Beams.

plasterfinish.
be

laggingcan

cloth.

or

the

to

portions of

greased

Ample
should

concrete

is certain

centers

away

ject
sub-

to

the underside

jarringthe lagging loose by

reinforcement

the

such

that

embedded

in
of

and

the

and

the

of the

reinforcement

designerintended

strength

Beams.

Beams.

sheet of paper

always be

the

of

Flanges

Between

the character

piece

Tops

blows

of

wholly reprehensible.

placing the

the

plate is usually

I T'

"'KW^l^Ji

Lower

depends largelyupon
which

"

on

on

strikingof

practice of
is

of

continuous
to

The

crowbar

thoroughly
a

the

of adhesion

injurious shocks

method

The

is

the

dressed, chiefly

the

else is covered

covered

provided, otherwise
the floor to

Arch

the chance

be

prevent

of the

for

suspended ceilingor

it may

or

to

means

centers

perfect smoothness

of

Carried

Carried

Floor

Center

"

stillfurther

reduce

To
or

by

252.

T^yCT.'J'

Floor

Slab

for Slab

Center

"

for

Center

"

these

of

1
'///'//. ^ '/,'///I//,
''//'//'"/
'/,
"/'/, /'//,'!"'//

'/ '/sty'/

"W^Jdill^fea-""///K"yKxT^?"wtx?\T//'//*N-?''g"J,v^,

250.

the

ordinary carpenter

smooth

underside

the

%^"j*"^,**i~6"f^^^^^tff*

FIG.

All

center

form

common

it,but

to

concrete

essential otherwise, since

/, ////
//////////~////

252.

be

of

from

usually hung

is

devices.

should

used

lagging

form

flanges the

bottom

by Fig.

357

top flangesof the

the

the abilityof any

within

are

adhesion

the

on

shows

250

on

this center

employed;

arch

wood,

construct.

to

is

Fig.

carried

resting

shown

are

ribs.

joistsor arched
flat plate floors

WORK.

BUILDING

IN

construction.

stabilityof the

The
These

and

the

that

concrete
are

which

reinforcingelement.

occupies

it to occupy

concrete.

concrete

slab

essential

construction, and

position

the metal

if

should

ments
requirethey

are

358
not

REINFORCED

perfectlythe

met

the

perform

to

With
is

thin

metal

bed

laid

first

remainder

the

lower

and

the concrete

The

concreting

particular
then

the

bar

the

bed

of

before

the proper

of

concrete

points.
is

with

thorough
practicallya task

like the

in

as

that

Melan

and

which

is

forms

of

is the

arched
as

cases

the
arch

centering
metal

has

is

to

plate stiffened

be

sometimes

layer and

the

arch

ordinary form
ribs

by

the

ribs.

above
filling

which

ribs
In

are

either

beams
case

this

mixtures

is

exactly the
course,

for the full arch

noted

most

at once.

that
is

they
the

the

the

center

In

such
and

concrete

floor is
of

purposes

of uniform

when

themselves

deposited.
in

of

example

stiff
sufficiently

of monolithic

serve

get the

to

types, except, of

fine mesh
concrete

them

mound

small

dry

procedure

of these

such

which

Generally
are

of

mode

on

reinforcingmembers,

thoroughly embedded
plasteredon the underside.

underneath

they

rib

place

stirrup

placed

The

all

With

netting, are

of

The

and

are

one.

never

"

bar

positiona

of each

in

stirrups under

the

reinforcement, the
and

upon

Floors.

floor-beams.

one

woven-wire

I beams

Monolithic

and

depositedin

network

with

them.

the

is

certain forms

hung

are

bars

The

fingers. With

Wunsch,

Roebling

between

serve

the

center

concrete

disarrange the stirrupsand

constructing bridge arches

the concrete

Certain

of

foot

with

contact

bars

these stirrupsin

to

more

the

on

With

settingof

The

centers

the

not

care

in

concrete

keep

placed

once.

the

Columbian,

around

packed

proceeds

same

To

somewhat

layer of bars, which is laid

layer of bars is used the filling

at
floor-plate

the

on

is

depth required.

designed locations;

particularcare.

spread

concrete

is

this is

second

concreting.

for

upper

netting;

the

to

concrete

only one

case

like the

calls

of

level of the
in

above

in their

the top of the

beams

at

them

the

or
first,

to

reinforcement

laid

second

reinforcement

bed

the

placed as alreadydescribed

level of the

the

bar

always

then

top of the netting. When

on

covered

with

and

the

as

is

mortar

this

on

concrete

hooks

with

of

is laid

the latter is

and

are

reinforcement

from

the

bars
to

the

up

placed
to

bed

netting a

employed,

of floors

filled above

is carried

is

Usually

the

exactlylike

Monier

concrete

task.

this

on

netting by liftingit

the

that

certain

with

deposit a

is to

practice

make

deposited

is

procedure

of

it

used,

is

net

concrete

mode

better

least,to

at

filled above

laid

on

but

the

normal

centering; the netting

nettingsare

then

is the

the

With

of the mortar

and

and

of

portions

placed.

on

This

first,
or,

perform
singlebottom

centeringand

reinforcement,

all

is

concrete

the

top.

of concrete

gets under

it to

reinforcement, when

singlelayer on

expanded

is

designer intended

usually laid directlyon

in

of

its

unable

degree imperfect and

that

is to

structure

duty

network

CONCRETE.

flat

girders

depth, but
has

to

be

so

METHODS

OF

that

shaped

it will mold

construction
be

CONSTRUCTION

both

IN

ribs

and

BUILDING

plate.

required to accomplish this,and

of a staging
supported from below
by means
task

concrete

requires

beams.

few

of

more

placing the
than

care

from

examples

the

furthermore

of

sort.

case

some

and

of

elaborate

it must

reinforcement

in

359

somewhat

is

also the

WORK.

depositingthe

floors

practice will illustrate

erally
Gen-

between

both

steel-

features

of

work.
Forms.

The

"

FIG.

employed
the

drawings

253.

constructing ribbed

in

of

construction

simultaneous
first built

the

The

processes.

the -level of

to

up

metal

D,

and

clamps

form

of the

Slab

the

and

of the

Girder

concreting

molds

for

the

C,

and

and

illustrated

main

of

the

board

by Fig.

to

To

254.

when

measure

ribs

are

beams

secondary

clamped

are

in

are

girdersor

the bottom
B

Floor.

Hennebique type,

the

bottoms

commonly

centers

and

the

side boards

the

and

show

253

floors

centers

erecting the pieces A, B,

the post

Fig.

Hennebique

for

Forms

"

of

by

is carried
it

by

give

by
of

means

the beveled

(HI

FIG.

254.

Forms,

Clamp
Hennebique
"

for

Girder

FIG.

255.

Girder

Floor

"

Form

Employed

Ingalls Building, Cincinnati,

Construc-

at

Ohio.

tion.

edges
In

the

to

the

mold

girders,triangularstripsE
thus

nearly to
of

the

molds

carry

the

intermediate

ends

the

bottom

the tops of the

for

Battens
to

formed

the
or

side

cleats

of the bottom

points by posts

H.

portion
pieces A

ribs

secondary
are

are

the

or

nailed

boards
The

G,

to

to

of the

main

and

B.

The

floor-beams
the

which

upper

the side boards.

nailed

side
are

boards

girderis

construction
is then

pieces
also

creted
con-

menced.
com-

and

B,

supported at

/ of the main

gir-

36"

REINFORCED

der forms"are then

clamped

are

lagging

in that
A

the

form

of the

form

slides

the diameter

it becomes
the

G.

forms

of the beam
The

placing of

of

concreting

board

washer

and

timbers

between

on

of

washer,

with

the

the

remainder

and

mold.

the column
of

Fig. 256

of

consists

hole

washer

the

by posts

illustrate

form

at

of

on

the hcok

side

boards

loosens
carried

were

the

rod

little larger

hammer

forms

These

and

Beam

with

iron

toward

tightlyclamps
blow

bent

eccentric

an

clamp.

molds

Floor

process.

By drivingthis

the rod

the

continuous

clamp

consequently the

drawings

The

of the rod.

"bound"

bottom

The

just described is illustrated in Fig. 255.

molding the floors for the Ingallsoffce

for

employed

was

tail of which

than

boards

The

center.

building at Cincinnati, O.
the

bottom

the concreting is

case

modification

This

of the

/ and

girder,the floor-beams, and the plate then proceeds. It is,

possibleto erect the forms complete instead of in sections,

of course,
and

edges

completes

of the main

the side boards

placed and

the

to

CONCRETE.

to

the
on

of span.

center

centeringemployed

Molds.

lAJ
Main

FIG.

256.
"

for Slab

Forms

Girder

and

Girder

Molds.

Foundry
N. J.

Floor, Eastwood

Company,

Pater-

son,

in
on

floors of the Eastwood

buildingthe
p. 164.

The

construction

previouslydescribed, and
the

expansion

the

main

floor-slabs

jointsin the

girders call
are

formed

for

Company's foundry and

resembles

only

the

floor-slabs

that

of the

ing
Hennebique centerfor
employed
producing

devices
and

description. The

against the temporary

described

the

planes of

weakness

expansion rebates
stripsA

nailed

over

in

in
the
the

METHODS

beam

mold.

These

before

and

the

mold.

One

held

has

concrete

Fig.

FIG.

shows

257

the

off

and

wedges

and

employed

Borax

of boxes

consist

between

they

connect.

their

ends

each

for Pacific

the

plane

cleats

on

AB.

equal

of

these

D,

and

removal

These

slotted
so

platesE, which
partlycollapsethe

when

two

The

by

allows

bottom

the

removed.

In

construct

days

Fig.

259

of the Central
pp.

182

and

edges

entire

the

to

shows
Felt

was

the

the
of

"
In

two

they were
placed.
slab

the bottom

side

with

and

with
of

the

closed

by

for the

floor-

halves

into

of the
In

"

molds

the

piece

slide and
a

similar
brass

Jones

collapsibility
braces

cross

molds

for

the

top lagging which

the

were

usually left
mold

show

Kelley

these

to

parts

in

are

are

made

place

building the

Paper Company's factorywhich

this mold

are

the

which

thickness

Fig. 258

building enough

girder and

by

it is cut

close together when

this

cavityof

clamped togetherby

are

drawings

floor,and

concrete

183.

mold

bottom,

no

molds

the

to

longitudinal hinged joint in

constructing

one

after

side

column

the

allow

employed in constructing the floors

described
on
are
factorywhich
p. 167.

pany,
Com-

girderswith

set

are

the

halves

loosened

mold.

top but

intervening spaces
they thus form molds
of

165.

p.

Borax

Coast

to the

the

in width

mold

is secured

and

molds

these

on

J.

dimensions

floor-beams

two

facilitate the

To

along

each
bottoms

resting

beams.

and

stringerscarried by

between
The

shape

of

number

floor-beam.
C

the

for the

floors

described

solid sides and

having

of

pair

resting on

interval

boards

this

and

removed

are

are

Factory Floor
Hook, N.

Girder

exactlycorresponding in

an

same

When

building the

in

which

Company,

and

for Slab

molds

panel

the

in

partitionboard

is concreted.

Constable

These

the

by

weakness

parts in the

in two

half

other

board

mold

the

Pacific

Form

"

them

hardened

has

is concreted.

of the

257.

and

of

lines

The

is first shut

the

hardened

half

second

works

mold

of the

place by wedges

in

is built.

361

WORK.

after the concrete

produced by building

half

BUILDING

IN

removed

stripsare

joining slab

girders are

main

CONSTRUCTION

OF

seven

floors

described

is separate and

to

on

easily

362

REINFORCED

CONCRETE.

the vertical side

from

pieces. Both bottom board and side

planks carried
pieces are independently supported on transverse
cap
ft.
ft.
6
to
8
the
line of the girder.
center
apart along
by posts spaced
detached

pieces

bottom

The

of

made

single3 -in. planks

were

boards

4Xj-in.

nailed to 2X4

third 2X4-in. horizontal

the

piece

joistswhich

transverse

Part

Long.

the side

carried

the

lagging for

FIG.

259.

258.

Forms

Form

for

"

"

for

Slab

Company,
tical

pieces

bottom

under

piece

and

the
to

were

spaced by
were

Island

of the

the

to

occasional

for the floor-slabs

of

joistsbut

Floor

City,

The

the

floor-slab.

bottom

nailed
were

N.

Greensburg,

at

for

lower

laid

to

from

Felt

Central

of

Ver-

and
which

concrete.

their

and

After

loads

of the

their
the

the

side

Paper

to

the

pieces
edges

upper

reinforcingfirst

The

the side pieces and

loose.

Pa.

Y.

edges

plank

pieces
placing the

were

the others

the loose ends

joiststransmitted

cross

suspended prior to

boards
the

Factory

the post-caps.

temporarily screwed

Section.

Factory Building

Long

ends

were

rods

for

Girder

and

timbers.

Jjjf

Section.

Floors

were

gx5j? Sheeting

Transverse

FiG.

pieces

bottom

in. top and

the top received

near

8'4"0ut
to Out

and

lagging

to the ends

floor-slab

had

METHODS

about

set
on

the side pieces and

and

false works

three

weeks

from

the

another

The

week.

the

while

the

remaining supported

floor

and
the

at

and

to

brace

that

ft. apart

floor-slab

supported

and

to

Generally speaking

between

beams,

but

least

at

be

carrying plank
its removal

timber
to

be

can

to

stress

weather

on

and

the

economize

floor

concrete

falsework
any

once

week

and

is

in

considerable

material

falsewyork

which

to preserve

than

in

and

successive
The

deflect

materially

should

not

be

need

designed that
shock

without

of

amount

possib'e
cold

fortnightin

his

contractor

can

stagings so

possiblefor

as

and

by uprights

so

the

and

be

to

necessary

The

of

span

it is seldom

once

not

intermediate

easilyand

of it

be

the

secured

shculd

strong

frequency

Where

be

on

sufficient

lagging is

designing

much

as

the

lagging will

weather,

thought

beam

the

Unless

considerable, since

warm

of

it supports.

part oftener

reusing

profitablyspend

entire

wedges

not

preferable.

accomplished rapidly and

required for

count

The

caps.

double

uprights

2-in.

struction;
con-

false works.

molds.

5 ft.,the

will

thicker

the

beam

and

girder

do

girdermolds

and

floor

simple

the false work

have

support is required for the slab-laggingit may

and

is of

stable

uprights with

use

of

action

finished

connect

to

are

considerablyover

considerably

one

taken

beam

under

is

into

together
be

to

the

supports.

over

the

on

bottoms

boards

Diagonal

them

its load

carry

sure

between

carried

the

ment
arrange-

the

to

supported in position for

are

work

bearing against
tops.

principal precautions
make

false

or

fillers

it is well hardened.

until

This
false work
being constructed.
consists usually of uprights restingon

molds

enough

floor forms

The

"

about

position for

of mold

quickly freed

be

place

this

in

for this form

to

place by

in

by removing

one

finished

uprights

remained

claimed

concrete

concreting by staging

girder

the

centering

for Forms.

it

to

The

unscrewed

left in

in.

level about

pieceswere

were

about

dropped

to

supported

boards

bottom

their flats

lay on

to

down

board

bottom

advantage

it allows

atmosphere

beneath

the

then

post-caps.

Staging

the

were

them

363

WORK.

90"

later the side

days

The

posts.

and

is that

the

few

leaving only

removed

the

revolved

lagging followed

the

ceiling. A

the

BUILDING

IN

days, the joistswere

seven

4 ins. below

the

CONSTRUCTION

OF

to

as

future

use.

Concreting.
and
is in
and

they

are

made
for

the

"

the
other
the

Careful
concrete

is essential

workmanship

in floor construction.

respects simple. Usually the

concrete

placingthe

The

placing of

floors

the

bed

generallyaccepted practice:

In

placing the

following mode
of concrete

in

concrete

of

is first

forcement
rein-

of

process

proceed simultaneously,but

separate operations.

Hennebique

in

the

some

and

creting
con-

forcement
reincases

forcement
rein-

procedure

placed in

is
the

364

REINFORCED

bottoms

of the

with

bars

beam

the

The

remaining

until

the

stirrups of
of

bed

of

this

exactly as
and

tension-bars

the
the

The

ramming.

engineers

With

is much

used,

is

Instead

of

the

above,

In

this work

the

molds

concrete

burg, Pa.,

the

by cutting

it with

5-ft.gas-pipe

concrete

mode

procedure

When

the
from

process
exercised

in

day's work

the

to

start

begin

day's

one

If the floors

and

places are

not

by Figs.
each

new

available

75

section
set

the

it is the

and

Y.

pletely,
com-

up

suspended

in

shown

by

little ramming

that

beam

are

continuous

and

girder molds

blade

floor-slab

yoo-lb.

work

attached

be

divided
the

and

in

When

practice

be

must

care

joining the
panels by

next

sion
expan-

Eastwood

practice is

to

each

work

these
to

continuous

floor for the

usual

This

results.

case,

into

2^X2^-ft.

roller.

iron

made

in

to

compacted

was

excellent

and

the

Greens-

Jones factory at

usually the

256,

best

City, N.

roller,then

example,

of sections.

plete
com-

of this procedure

Island

so

in the

of

is

described

as

connected

6Xi8Xj-m-

finish,which

shrinkage

finish

"

cannot

illustrated

and

Kelley

floor

off

crete
con-

metal.

of

the break.

concreting of

the

given

stopping

wet

top edges, as

wet,

very

have

to

pact
com-

girders in the factory

Fig. 260,

reported to
the

if

example

were

finallya 2^X2^-^.

concreting

and

of construction

case

Long

3X3-^:. 25o-lb. wooden

is

the

their

on

concrete

joints,like,for

and

foundry

The

this,with

erecting the skeleton

at

of

compacted

spade having

roller,and

iron

of

first

for the

was

handle.

using
by rolling,
5oo-lb.

of

drawings

around

floors

the

concreting

European

and

the process

skeletons

made

it well

required to settle
In

beam

was

of

Company,

cross-pieces resting

The

of

careful ramming

and

excellent

An

construction

the

by

with

position by

in

piece by piece

adopted

Paper

be

to

practice.

placed.

girder and

from

259.

the

has

on

contact

and

particularlythe

reinforcement

is

and

is indicated

as

Fig.

Felt

Central

is

sometimes

presented by

the

this

laid

homogeneous

alone

American

the

concrete

any

of

the

placing

practiceis

before
is

is the usual

as

and

reinforcement

simple;

more

in

shifted

or

thorough

skeleton

layers

-in.

Care

kept

Hennebique,

calls for very

bar

in

moderately dry concrete,

perfectlyembedded

secure

concrete.

was

use

bottoms.

their

floor-laggingor

stirrups are

Mr.

position and

and
reinforcing-rods

The

is distorted

of

practice

stirrup reinforcement,

the

the

neither

generally,is to

in

constructing girders.

that

that

held

rammed

the

on

up

laid the tension-

are

around

and

is reached.

in

certain

and

packed

placed

blocked

it

on

them

concrete

is then

then

are

make

to

of

floor-slab

the

concrete

exercised

to

mounds
concrete

level

and

girdermolds,

stirrups slipped under

small

upright by

and

CONCRETE.

day's

natural

stop each

make
to

stoppingday's work

METHODS

with

inclined

an

the

should
been

OF

CONSTRUCTION

face

concreting

completed

the

over

be

beam

entire

and

before

stopped

the

over

BUILDING

IN

of

area

molds.

girder
full

the

In

of

depth

section

the

365

WORK.

no

the

chosen

case

floor

for

has

day's

work.

Beam.

Roof

FIG.

260.

Girder

"

and

Felt

In

sunlight, it
with
cracks.
When
to

is advisable

cloth

kept

course

cinder

and

laid

be

of

possible

while
the

with

water

slab.

the

the

concrete

then

wood

flooring

slate
with
is

grout

should
wash

or

the

employed
In
be
used

for

only

fill between

and

is still soft.

surface

formation

calls

concrete

special finish

the

prevent

the

join

practice

flooring

this

the

always

is

of

When
be

procedure
and

is

cement

plaster bed.

roughened
to

surface

mention.

with

slab

it should
case

usual

direct

covered

of

brief

them

marble
usual

the

sprinkled, or

floors

Mosaic

concrete

and

slab

well

Y.

receives

floor

Central

Erection,

N.

City,

the

surface

to

wet,

with

the

mixture.

other

the

concrete

covered

directlyon

granolithic or

keep

to

place nailing-stripsin

of

the

to

are

Long

for

Island

particularlywhen

constantly

finish

The

they

and

Assembled

Company,

Paper

weather,

warm

Reinforcement

Beam

and

well

finishing

laid

if

possible
is im-

washed
coat

to

366

REINFORCED

CONCRETE.

COLUMNS.

Columns
built

molded

are

from

upward

in

in

the bottom

of the

column

and

construction
and

it is

are

built

FIG.

261.

the

their

to

Form

"

for

of Pacific

Coast

be

height at

for

FIG.

262.

N.

full height

complete the
With

the

When

reason.

ramming

FIG.

Form,

Hennebique

concretingprogresses.

the top.

the

start

Standard

"

Column

first

of the

Column

263.
"

the

forms

concrete

Form

ployed
Em-

Ingalls Building,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
at

struction.
Con-

J.

accomplished only by
and

cannon-rammers,

such

In

and

the mold

Forms.

for the

the

corner

vertical

only with
to

the

long-handled rammers'much

danger

more

of

gravity and
the form

Pacific

uprights
boarding

are

with

disturbingthe
practice to

common

its

thorough embedding

shows

factoryof

four

lengths of

and

of

means

it is the
trust

Fig.261

"

then

cases

liquid concrete
of
filling

the

usually

Constable

Company,

can

full

Factory

that

engineersfor

the

as

are

layersis quitepracticable,

in

of the concrete

many

Borax

is erected

is filled in from

concrete

ramming

preferredby

Column

Hook,

the

sections

short

the form

Sometimes, however,

which

in vertical forms

place

used

Coast

ment.
reinforce-

use

the

very

complete

of the metal.
umns
i6-ft. col-

constructingthe

Borax

erected
the

in

fluidityfor

like

Company.

and

jointsunder

are

covered
the

In

this

with

horizontal

struction
con-

short

cleats.

METHODS

These

cleats

which
the

OF

screw

column

notched

are

and

up

column

CONSTRUCTION

column

all four

concretingon
boarding.
The

part elevation

usually employed
side boards

secured
from

up

This

progresses.

The

column

sides

of

the
hold

pieces B

these
fastened

was

full

boards

fast

as

vertical

The

and

the column
side F

as

easilyremoved,

by horizontal

secured
with

is built

the

concreting

but

it

the

of

in

form

them.

and

place

after

permits

are

the

four

spacing-

two

erection.

To

X-bracing

transverse

details

other

The

cleats form
A

yokes

two

place longitudinal and

between

the form

show

fourth

is

form

of vertical

section

heightof

from

ing
building the 1 6-story IngallsBuildby
]constructed substantiallyas shown

were

sides
in

This

Fig. 262

The

reach

in

employed

Clamps

forms

form

side.

boards

the

nuts

top of the

columns.

D.

clamps

quickly and

one

form.

the

to

horizontal

is

forms

Vertical

Fig. 263.

hold

metal

Cincinnati, Ohio,

at

top of each

section of

erected

with

only

the

at

transverse

are

form

concretingfrom

sides

the

with

floor-molds.

",

bottom

the

carry

tie-rods

stringerswhich

carry

molding Hennebique

cleats and

by

the

in

B, and

are

and

together.
to

to

serve

At

367

WORK.

provide for

to

form

notched

and

for

open

ends

the

clamp

uprights are

to

the

at

BUILDING

IN

indicated

by

the

drawings.
Central

Felt

and

sides

and

sectional

one

built

being
the

Paper Company,

from

this sketch

all

temporarily

bars

the

near

This

begun.

assembled

located

It has

three

tinuous
con-

as

noted

ties

were

vertical

the

on

before

top

boards

the horizontal

enabled

and

down

that

City.

the

factoryof

ter
lat-

side,the

It will be

concretingprogressed.

Island

Long

of horizontal

up

for the

columns

for interior

the forms

shows

Fig. 264

concreting was
ties to be

the
without

slipped
to

the

Jones

tory
fac-

delay

concreting.
constructingthe Kelley

In

Greensburg,

at

the

column

and

266.

molds

.,^
built

the

four

SiX J-in.planed
edge

and

vertical

and

one

are

ins. apart; the

two

form

columns.

having
to

the

sides

struction
con-

one

On

beveled
two

edges
are

of

pieces

made

Form
Em
264." Column
of
Central
at
ployed
Factory

FIG.

This

side

edge.

nailed

other

the

square

of

by Figs. 265

separate

boards

made

was

shows

interior

with

use

shown

Fig. 265
for

is

Pa.,

"

"el(and
Long

opposite sides
of

horizontal
of

Paper Company,
City, N. Y.

Island

horizontal

the
cleats

boards

spaced

boards

are
20

nailed

REINFORCED

to

pair
the

clamp

of outside

vertical

sides of the mold

the

CONCRETE.

cleats.
and

5"*

K
iV/V

receive

to

The

together.

cleats

yond
project be-

the tie-rods

which

cleats

topmost

project

-H

Irt"t"j

"1
If"

horizontal

slotted

are

four sides of the mold

The

LIC._f""ta--.

"

^-B
t"
Sectional
Plan.
"

"Recess

"

Sec.

C-D
c-

P,5id"I.
Elevation.
FIG.

for

Form

265.
"

Interior

Column,

Kelley

"

Section

A-B.

Jones Factory, Greensburg,

Pa.

"x5j"Shee1-irrg\

"Sbf

(a.)

FIG.

about

the main
to

the

266.

ft.

Form

beyond

and

floor

below

molds

Core

the

girderforms,

details of the
column

"

sides
as

of the

is shown

support

construction
were

for Wall-column,
Greensburg, Pa.

similar

mold

ends

are

shown

and

by Fig. 265.

the

in

Kelley

of

these

by

generalway

the

are

"

Jones.Factory,

made

Vertical

long

heavy

drawings.

to those

carry

reaching

struts

cleats.

to

other

The
The

outside

for the interior

col-

METHODS

OF

hollow

were

hollow

and

these
bolt

Fig. 266 (a) shows

the
axis

an

sides to close

the

inside

the

of

of

one

construction

cross-piecerestingin

until it

slippedfree

of

the columns

as

form
the

piers or

corner

of the
slots

was

the

slots

and

lapse
col-

To

core.

the

the

shape

-to

revolved

on

allowed

the

together.
and

Figs. 267

buildingthe

show

268

architectural

Minneola,

columns

drawing

369

WORK.

and
vertically,

set

used

was

is

Fig. 266

cores

as

mandrel

or

interior.

columns,
the

core

BUILDING

IN

except that all the boarding was

umns,

at

CONSTRUCTION

N.

Y.

the

in

togetherand

the

columns

Fig. 267
with

of the

for the Nassau

is the

mold

for

is made

It

court-room.

hooped

construction

molds

employed

County

Court-house

wooden

of

twelve-sided

of the

one

adjustableiron straps.

doweled

staves

Fig. 268

"Plaster

in

mold

is the

of Pan's

'Mold for Flutes

Fi3.

for Twelve

Form

267.
"

Nassau

Column,

County

Minneola,

for the

fluted

-sided

N.

the

loosened

place as

are

and

is to set up
of four

horizontal
In

form

or

column

bind

vertical

form

is

sections

molding

as

the

of the mold

the molds

to

rods

column

This,

rods

is concreted

finallyclosed

by adjustable

to the inside

the

screws

as

after

the

form

is

already stated,generally
the

lengthwiseof

column

and

of

positionat intervals vertically.

entirelyfrom the top of the full-height

these

has

sists
con-

column.

vertical

more

lar
circu-

strippedoff,leaving the plasterstripsin

staves

the

around

removing

Y.

mold

The

umn,
Col-

house,
Court-

nominally

have

hooped
secured

In

screws.

the reinforcement.

this reinforcement

of the

by

first step in

ties which

the

case

the

The

"

consists

plasterof Paris

protectionto

Concreting.
erected

of

columns

These

together and

the staves

anglesof

were

doweled

the flutes

bands;
at

24

County
Minneola, N.

really24-sided polygons.

are

for Fluted

Form

Nassau

porticocolumns.

staves

268."

Y.

perimeters,but they
of

FIG.

house,
Court-

be

in.

in

erected
When

before

the

last side

is built

up

in short

complete
the

concretingprogresses,

form
the

horizontal

ties can,

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

370

of

rods have
but the main
placed just ahead of the filling,
be erected
to
complete before concreting begins. When
course
form
the top of a full-height
is accomplished from
ramming
filling

if desired,be

rather

difficult process

insure

the

deposited at

time

one

the forms

fillthe mold

to

be

about

the

burg, Pa., a
like

handle

5 ft.

with

elongatedplumb-bob

an

in diameter,

18 ins.

and

which

and

Forms.
and

erection

form

is to fix posts

wall

and

place by
Forms

forms

The

amount.

sheath

outside

them

is

the

as

usually fit

in. in

to

Greens-

at

notable

with

used

was

attached

head

diameter,

shaped

top 3 ins.

and

only

construction

their

obvious

intervals

at

with

vertical

between

cost

to

The

posts

for

large

the

for

sible
poswall-

sides of the intended

both

boards.

design

lowest

construction

on

consume

is the
the

by connecting ties through

manner

forms

concretingprogresses.

in wall

most

inside

in this

constructed

which

as

so

standards

struts

ramming

For

Jones factory

place

to reduce

simplestand
or

"

was

in

principalproblem

of the

to

molded

in sections

upward

The

"

if desired.

PARTITIONS.

AND

partitionsare

built

are

then

was

simplified;thin layers can

point i

this

was

long.

WALLS
Walls

and

concrete

layerwas deposited.
the depositionand
filling

the

Kelley

long

to

constructing the

In

followingconstruction

was

another

used

concrete

for the

of the

rammer

The

success:

columns

in the

concrete

fairlydry

is

wet

very

ins.,and

12

before

just ahead of
layersis much

in

concrete

and

employed

built up

are

of the

ramming

made

IngallsBuilding at Cincinnati,Ohio, enough

compacted by long-handled rammers

When

metal.

the

of

be

must

concrete

thorough embedding

of the

columns

the

and

the

of

the

wall-space.
of

amount

after

in

fixed

are

timber,

it is

removed,
uses
roughest
and
where
lumber
is
they are very frequentlyemployed,
cheap they
in
with
of the various
sectional
cost
forms
favorably
compare
any

but

designed to
them
A

be

ahead

sectional

drawings

of

boards

nailed

side

the

of the

the

in
The

to

battens.

post and

are

The

posts.

lowermost

the

familiar

posts

These
held

in

battens

use

in

England

erected

are

shutters
that

and

are

ing
erect-

set

the

flush

the

and
from

top and
spacers.
the

both

On
made

with

are

In

hardened

the
tance
dis-

proper

spacers.
shutters

by

of

up

inner

the

position by strips nailed

bolts

removed

is shown

held

and

are

project at

wall-space by

shutters

sections

rear

hardens.

concrete

wall-form

together through
wall

the

as

the

by tie-bolts passing through conical

wall-space between the posts are set

sides of the

of

upward by taking away

Fig. 269.

apart

sides

built

to

there

the
tied

building a
concrete

OF

METHODS

and

set

the

driven

taper spacers

ultimately filled
about

narrow,

with

on

the

who

whole

of wall-mold

form

the

sketch

FIG.

269.

Fig.

intervals

The

by

fitted with

bolts

the

standards,

faces.

space

placed

reached

top.

the

By

and

the

each

on

one

connected

set

are

filled to

are

and

slackened

lower

to

liberates
the

mold.

slot

they

extend
of the

end

repetitionof

of the

some

the

taken

Sup'

wall-space
the

slots in
inside

top of the uppermost

bolts.

pushed

are

The

ment
advanceand

these

bolts

have

boards,

the

bottom

out

and

inserted

operationsthe concretingof

their

pairs

wall-space.

the

standards

bottom

by

Wall.

against their

the

the

When
are

of

up

about

in

Wall-form

through

pass

again clamped by tighteningthe

top

in Thomas

placed

through

bolts

These

molds

side

and

on

is

Those

is shown

Sectional

"

bolts

standards

be

exist, but

ported by Completed

pair are

then

should

tightas

as

described

standards

270.

molding-boards

are

shutters
be

are

spacers

in America

the

of the
are

and

hand-nuts.

operationthe

In

board,
up

wall

of each

standards

two

FIG.

Supported
Staging.

the

slotted

of

Wall-form

along

the

by

the

Building" (London, 1894).

It consists

by Independent

at

in

and

simpler forms.

molds

of these

number

the

remove

wall-molds

the

over

successfully
employed

270.

Sectional

"

sectional

of

advantages

Its Use

"Concrete:

Potter's
A

will find

interested

are

few

they offer

wall

joint should

the

forms

patented

practicable. Many

To

371

unscrewed,

for the

boarding

and

wide,

7 ins.

or

The

mortar.

tie-bolts

the

left in the

holes

The

out.

of wall.

"lift"

removed,

are
holding-strips

WORK.

BUILDING

IN

top for concretinganother

on

shutters

CONSTRUCTION

the

at

the

wall

is

continuous.
When
form

One

of

corner

objection that
at

which

the

point where
has

been

turned

are

corners

mold

specialmold

is shown

concrete

these

are

employed

is necessary.

construction

by Fig. 269.

This

has

the

serious

perforated by the bolt- and spacer-holes

form
particularlyobjectionable. A corner

is

with

entire

success

in America

in

number

REINFORCED

372
is shown

instances

by Fig.

CONCRETE.

The

271.

tie-bar

is left

permanently

in the wall.

FIG.

271.

"

Details

of

Corner

for

Form

Constable

N.

Hook,

constructingthe
Each

97.

vertical
the

For

ground
After
molds
lower
the
FIG.

wall

272."

Wall-form

Factory of
and
Paper
Long Island

Central

for
Felt

Company,
City, N. Y.

panel
side

the concrete

edges

were

In

ported by

bolts

upper

had

concrete.

resting on

by

tne

edges

props

by Fig.

16 ft.

seated
on

below

two

long.
the

on

both

sides.

days,

lifted

inches

until
the

the
the

top of

this

positionthey were
suppassing through sleeves

top of the
were

and

for three

set

and

loosened

were

high

they were

course

braced

and

ft.

and

consists of

mold

the

of

Felt

Central

is illustrated

which

in

employed

form

of the

pieces 3

first

wall

the

Paper Company,

4'

Company,

Borax

Coast

J.

shows

Fig. 272

Ties

Pacific

Walls,

held

concrete,

by

transverse

and

their
boards

METHODS

nailed

4 ft.

and

trim

that
than

iron

the

flush

with

the

was

secured

wall

to

the
are

with

with

the

face
these

overcome

are

withdraw

they

to

to

finish

each

the

old

and

to

section

new

and

point

taken

be

broom

Figs. 273 and

274.
shown

walls

to

hose

crete
con-

and

hole

has

Two

and

rust

by Fig.

is

273

such

of

examples

they

discolor
in

to

limit

objectionableplaces.
sometimes

if

made

been

entirelythrough

usually made

difficult and

and
entirely,

ends

use

is

in the least

always

tie between

use

seriouslyobjectionable,

not

are

endeavor

an

ties

exposed

difficulties

thin

located

it is
the

wall-ties.

device

them

thick

of detachable

The

with

easier
must

care

completely,leaving a

and
possible,

to have

the

much

between

surface

in

holes, while

if

and

impossible to

It is usual

"

is removed

the walls

the

pasteboard tubes, it

and

dimensions

373

cement.

These

their number

mold

this

WORK.

of

efficient and

Bond

by washing

avoided

consisted

using

line and

exact

Ties.

concrete.

Where

pipe.

neat

which

better

In

top of the mold.

Wall-mold
standards

used

just as

were

BUILDING

IN

sleeves

these

start

flushingit

CONSTRUCTION

The

apart.

found

being

OF

devices

combination

of

To

masonry.

of instances

number

off flush

cut

are

the

practically

shown

are

by

rods, castings,

i,Wj"bng
_

^threaded 6"outer

End, 2"on

inner

Vertical

Detail
FIG.

and
are

wire.

The

and

it will

half the

be

"

Detachable

f-in.rods,

placed through
clearance

273.

for
seen

depth, and

the

form

tightening.
that

the

Tie

ft. 9 ins.
and

for

long

Wires.

Wall-forms.

threaded

and

bracing-timbersso
On

threads

the remainder

of

Arrangement

Showing

the

inner

inside

is cored

end

of
to

the
inch

as

on

both

ends,

to

allow

cient
suffi-

is fitted

casting,

casting extend
diameter.

but

It may

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

374
allow
for

mortar

easy.

surface

of the

The

screwed

are

and

remain

annealed

fence-

opposite castings and

ends

of the

concrete.

until

After

the

the

grouted, thus

short rods, and

wire

The

inches

of each

has

hardened
and

clean

wire

of

for

also

with

kept

final

ings
cast-

positions

is No.

shown,

as

the

nut

rod

will

10

to

two

outside

the

on

depressions left by
metal

exposed

eliminates

the

to

them
cause

necessityfor

enables

stock of

thus

anticipatethe demand,

to

The

project into the

the
forms
sufficiently

no

lengthsof ties,and

be

to

face,

the

sharp

no

used

wire

securely tied,

withdrawn,

use

previous calculations

to their

their

the rounded

leave

to

as

provided

makes

tightened.

are

rods

concrete.

concrete

rods

The

of the

ends

strands

about

making

discoloration.

they

so

tightened by turning

rods

removed,

are

when

the

four

wire;

is

that

placing,which

filed smooth

wires

in

permanently

before

or

the inside

onto

but

rods,

but
simply rough castings,

is cast

the

into

cut

the

of

rods

castingsare

wings (A)

projectionsto

ends

greasing the

by oilingor

removal

the

surround

to

any

castings,
avoiding

delays.
The

advantages

claimed

for

the

device

shown

by Fig.

there

that

together
iron

and

are

is put

down

2-ft.

forms

piece
it is

freed

of

the

the

the

wire

removed,

leaving

the

tie in

down

the

and

hole

Concreting.

"

rammed

in

left
In

layers.

by

tie
the

the bolt

The

layersquite thin, seldom

over

twisted

wire

when

cam,

concrete.

The

is filled with
the

of

the

In

the
be

can

desired

form

I bolt

is at

immediately
is then

taken

cement.

concrete

French

inches.

putting

of malleable

tightened,by placing
leverage. To release the

clamp

practiceof

in

use

clamp

the

walls

to

is made

for
the

and

wrench

is then

cam

reverse

building

handle

the

from

once

The

to

necessary

and

Wall-forms.

or

The

form,

hook.

for

nuts

or

forms.

gas-pipe on

only

Tie

bolts
the

through

strengthis placed on
a

Detachable

"

threaded

no

taking

or

274.

are

NEWS.

ENQ.

FIG.

274

is

engineersis
America

deposited
to

6-inch

make

and

these

layersare

METHODS

OF

CONSTRUCTION

and

employed,

The

practice in concretingis

usual

around

the

The

building,making
is mixed

concrete

wet

is increased

thickness

the

often

commonly

to

WORK.

BUILDING

IN

carry

each

day's work

and

is not

8 inches.

to

walls

the

up

375

continuous

all

uniformly

operation.
rather

but

heavily tamped,

joggled into place.

ROOFS.
Roof

construction

in

reinforced

platesthe

cast

and

does

task

closing the joints with

varies

with

the

form

to

the

on

both

rafters

These

and

case

forms

are

the

roofs

of
roof

for

page

the

the

column

County
used

circular

shown

rings were

set

the

and

drum,

its outer

in

hold

to

surface

supported
of

courses

3X

on

horizontal

intrados.

of the

sectional

by

After

concrete

in

ceilingdome
similar

paneling

inches

curve

against

outside

reinforced

were

strips18

pieces cut
planed

the

were

of horizontal

formed

was

for

tric
concen-

planes

continuous

from

of

surface

horizontal

shell

dome

plastermolds

it is made

As
on

had

molds

and

structure

light-well.
view,

surface

the

built

were

outside

continuous

place.

scarf-board

the

vertical

supported

in horizontal

it

inner

of the

the

in

on

ing
panel-

with
with

wide,

wire

lug

corner.

the

built

were

and

spaced

made

were

of the

the

struction
con-

dome

height of

on

in

received

extrados

and

braced

4-in. circular

3 X

and

separator-lugs.The
each

on

set

plastermolds

netting,and
cast

which

were

carry

the

at

for

surfaces

plane

For

described

horizontal

and

plicated
com-

very

is shown

studs,

paneling

an

for floor

York,

built

scarf-boards

to

construction.

used

concrete

Three

vertical

their

panels.

New

was

iron

over

the
illustrating

In

the

blocked

was

Radial

The

those

floor

vertical

4-in. studs

radius

as

plasteringit

plane-roofs,or

Court-house,

for both

paneling, on

and

half-sections.

this

and

ribs

light vertical

on

the

from

with

molding

corrugated

place

for

of

same

procedure

The

then

in

case

character.

working

the

cylindricalwall.

to

for

tops, supported

molds

the

roofs

corresponding

form

will be seen,

domed

the

the
substantially

Nassau

the

190,

of

built

require forms

in

framing

by attachingthe plates

clips and

Roofs

of

mode

plate.

cast

of

means

roofs

quite simple

in the

the

mortar.

monolithic

be

may

cement

of

previously

the roof

to

exact

is constructed

purlins by

sides with

framework

design

by Fig. 101

and

The

cement.

and

plate roofingshown

As

simply in attachingthese

consists

tion
construc-

is of

construction

the

When

concrete.

floor

materially from

differ

not

the

at

the

set, the

supported
center

intrados

of

on

the

drum

upper
at

the

vertical
roof

straightpaneling,which

and

circumference
studs

dome

set

is not

gives the

dome

roof

in

the

on

the

tral
cen-

exposed

horizontal

to

sec-

376

REINFORCED

tion

polygonal

section

curved.

nailed

directlyto

the

are

lugs

and

to

These

The

they

horizontal

for

by

are

removed

as

joints of

the

nailed

are

locate

section,to

the

inside

to

the

radial

but

circular

inner

the

integral

no

outside.

them.

to

up

spacers,

the

on

The

2-in. iron

by

straps.

shown

paneling, as

for

roof-dome

wooden

wires

covered

are

mold

the

have

is built

concrete

the

of

paneling by

horizontal

mold-blocks

for

extrados

ceilingdome,

the

paneling-boards,

suffice

the

from

secured

the

for

vertical

the

makes

of horizontal

scarf-boards, to

plastermolds
those

outline, but

singleset

are

Spacing-blocks

circular

radial

separated

are

blocks

detail

the

similar to

which

of

enables

This

intrados.

shell

instead

CONCRETE.

in

the

rods.

CHIMNEYS.
In

constructingchimneys

is to

build

between

them

spring

from

line of

the

build

the

which
tower

concentric

two

which
the

annular

of timber

is erected

molds

are

the

construction

was

employed

for
of

in

of

the

its

manipulation

Pacific

timber

with

vertical sections

the

the

the

concreting,and

about

tower
a

the

annular

for

hoops

the

shell-molds.

i8o-ft.

chimney

6J

ft. square

built

was

of the

work.

The

beyond

engaged
working-platform was
top, and

concrete

shows

apparatus

power-house

the

outer

sides of the
molds

equally spaced
screw-wheels
bracketed

platform was

vertical

bearing

on

long
and

there

out

from

the

hung

from

this mold

beams.

outside
and

were

supported

having

the

and

canti-

which

suspended
rods

built

horizontals

by

ft.

16

was

mold
a

and

line

center

tower

horizontals

each

were

the

on

This

molds.

which

Fig. 278
This

up

tower

tops

and

elevation

in

Railway Company at Los Angeles, Cal.,

explained by a descriptionof that work.

about

four

the

tower

accompanying

for the

levered

by

the

and

space,

sides

cross-beams

well

being kept

shell-molds; Fig. 277 gives the details

together on all four

the
intersectingdiagonals. Across
topmost
beams
about
placed two pairs of transverse
and

mold

staging or

this

apparatus

legs braced

inner

the

littlein advance

5 ft.

from
In

by

assembled

constructingthe
is best

formed

its top

chimney,

is to

procedure

the

forming

Electric

chimney
four

shows

of

that

median

the

along

mode

space

buttresses

or

nearly meet

performed

annular

an

ribs

radiallyby

to be

concreting progresses.

inside

shows

275

of the core-molds

of the

the

as

level of

plans; Fig. 276

concrete

universal
in

task

with

hung by adjustablesuspender-rods.

drawings Fig.
in

buttresses

highest

of

The

space.

shells and

steel,the

shells and

opposite

upward

the

shells

is intersected

is moved

above

of concrete

from

the
the

threaded
A

light

near

the

little below

METHODS

OF

CONSTRUCTION

IN

BUILDING

WORK.

Plan.
FIG.

275.

"

Details

of

Wall-molds
Los

for

Stack

Angeles, Cal.

of

Electric

Power-house,

377

378
it to catch
a

in

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

material

dropping

staging was

supported

placing and

tamping

shell-molds

The
staves

12

in contact

ft.

long

on

the

the

shown

tower

to

an

the

next

the

which

on

chimney

workman

stood

concrete.

by Fig. 276

beveled
face

the

from

the

Inside

fallen workman.

or

angle of

Horizontal

10"

both

on

and

concrete

with

made

were

have

vertical wooden

edges so as to be
V-shaped opening

Section.

^L
Vertical
FIG.

on

"

built up

of

forgings and
in

the

attach

top and

were

The

ends

used

the molds

for

mold
to

length of

for Los

Angeles Chimney.

hooped together with

were

of these
shown

sleeve-nuts

outside

staves

f-in.stripsof Oregon

of 4 ins.

hoops

of Wall-molds

The

opposite face.

the

width

Details

276.

Section.

fir to
bands

thickness

in

each

Fig. 278. Six

mold, they being located

and

inside

the
12

the

staves

for

suspenders a ijxj-in.
ft.

was

bolted

to

each

5 ins.

of

connected

were

of

the
bar

by

these

bands
the

inside

mold.

in

an
a

and

the

outside

with

hoop

bands

eye
vertical

jawor

staves

To
at

the

posi-

METHODS

tion

the

at

The

CONSTRUCTION

OF

four

the

between

space

Enlarged

Detail

_^srj*~'r''

and

inner

shells

outer

7/8"xlWx-4-" Stop
to Lowest
Nailed

Blocks

of

at

Core

379

directlybeneath

circumference

the

points on

WORK.

BUILDING

IN

Box.

the

formed

was

pender-bars.
sus-

by

Cleat.

A.

'i^sssz

^-^"

Side
FIG.

means

of

of

of two
cores

"

Details

core-boxes

construction

the

277.

the

these

of Core-molds

inserted

wedges

core-boxes

were

for Los

between

parts separated by
drawn

Stop Blocks

Secl-\on.

Elevation.

the

Angeles Chimney.
faces

of

the

molds.

is shown
a

by Fig. 277.
wedge-shaped timber.
inward,

and

to

The

Each
To

spread

sisted
con-

collapse

them

they

380

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

forced

were

outward.

The

place nearly touched,

opposite shells
of each

by

tower

of

of

means

done

was

the

built

main

the

of the cantilever
of the main
The

the

raised

wheels.

ten

the

before.

of

assembled
were

of

Hoops

When

Wall-molds.

was

desired

it

advanced

was

for

clamped

and

were

transferred

then

erected.

to it.

the

of

the

outside

mold

were

sion
exten-

ft.

24

to

build

and

the

loosened

ft.

the

and

cores

wedges
and
then

ft. of

set

then

were

then

and
in

chimney
the

collapsed and
shells.

positionfor

raised

and

finished the

the

the whole

They

next

form

night (about
pulled
were

length of
was

out

hand-

14

in

of

pieces,

work.

The
and

the

hours)

cleaned

up

the
form

then

leveled

high,

In

by screwing up the suspender-rodswith the

then tightened,clamping the bottom
hoops were
2

the

bearings

follows:

as

long

up

panels,5

Two

about

daily operations was

falsework

placing of

make

To

pleted
com-

feet

upper

The

first the

end.

were

hoops

The

to

"

beams

tower

Details

278.

upper

sequence

morning

molds

edge

was

and

tamping

possible,a telescopicsection

tower

this section

tower

the

staging.

the inside

from

falsework

at

sections,and one section

5-ft.
raised
material
through the
was

electric hoist,and

an

FIG.

mold

the

the

to

in

done

All

day.

concrete

was

tacked

J-in.-squarestripwas

in

wedges of adjacent cores

perfect separation between

the

insure

to

the ribs

at

concretingwas
every

was

but

of

wedge.

The

the

edges

and

inside
secured

METHODS

firmly. Concreting
properlywetted
holes

attached

the

the

the

the

to

and

begun
in

of

bottom

XV."

5-ft.section

with

METHODS

the

keep

concrete

mold

outside

device

ous
numer-

and

the

kept

pleted
com-

was

pipe pierced with

the

This

3Sl

WORK.

To

circular

thoroughly sprayed

CHAPTER

the

afternoon.

city water-mains.

molds

BRIDGE

IN

during construction

was

with
below

then

was

five o'clock

about

at

CONSTRUCTION

OF

nected
con-

concrete

water.

IN

CONSTRUCTION

OF

BRIDGE-WORK.
THE

of

sequence
is

concrete

arch

the
substantially

construction.

Girder

they will

involves

construction

the

that

as

adopted

concrete-steel

of

bridges

floors of that material, and

bridge

same

following items

in

masonry

Arch-

further.

(i) Arch

work:

of

like

built

are

considered

be

not

forced
rein-

bridge of

arch

operation in constructingan

and

(2) arch-ring construction; (3) spandrel construction;

centers;

(4) parapet-wall construction.

Arch

Centers.
for

employed
as

building concrete-steel

for masonry

centers

practice serve
between
the
as

for

both.

serve

support for the forms

walls.

This

and

for
for

In

certain

the

molding

forms

adopted
and

center

This

its load

practice

would

to

seem

For

most

Hennebique,
Mr.

Edwin

of concrete

by suspension from

has
be

of

forms

it is of

The

shall

be

made

of

present
other

of

the

the

weight

times
some-

of

the

reinforcing-ribs.

United

States, and

tions.
all ordinary condi-

Thacher,

the Monier,

impracticable.
M.

Am.

Soc.

C.

generaldesign of arch
be

under

expediency

drel
span-

in which

arches

practice is

of

the

arch-reinforcement, like

course

lagging shall

plasteringor

doubtful

Thacher,

requirements for the

laid it shall

gained recognition in

not

the

and

and

general design

in

the

carrying a portion

ring

modifications

obvious

change

arches:

arch

arch-ringface

used

rules and

same

masonry

concrete-steel

of

same

difference,however,
for

of

Europe

the

soffit of the

radical

no

are
exceptionallystrong reinforcing-ribs

in

loads

certain

centers

the
substantially

and

the

shaping

necessitates

arrangement.

equal

arches

calls "for

difference

construction, but

for

are

is this essential

There

molds

as

arches

concrete-steel

for

centers

former

arches, and

the

construction

and

general design

In

"

dressed

smooth

efficient

for settlement

to

surface,
means.

of

centers:

uniform

In

or

following

the
E., specifies

that

thickness,so

it shall

be

framing the
centerings,deflection

made

when

smooth

centers

of arch

by

allowance
after

the

3^2

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

removal

of

be

framed

by

an

for

for permanent
rise of arch greater than

equal

amount

to

the

shall

centers

rise marked

the

eight-hundredthof

one

The

camber.

and
centerings,

drawings

on

span.

soffit-mold is secured
constructingplain arches the necessary
by using smoothly dressed lagging or by giving the lagging a smooth
surface by a suitable
covering. The smooth dressing and perfectfit
In

of the

lagging accomplishes all

usuallyat
sought

for

is

or

of mortar

to

give

with

covered

specialcovering,and
the only means
usually

this is

lagging-timbera plasteringof

thick paper

satisfactorycovering.
lagging to employ a paper

is

It

cloth,have

with

or

render

conditions

When

soffit-mold.

of undressed

use

of

purposes

greater, and

no

smooth

securing a

the

necessary

which

cost

the

clay,

wet

found

been

with

practice even

common

covering for the purpose

of preventing adhesion
the lagging which
between
the concrete
and
might disturb the ready strikingof the centers.
Smearing the lagging
dressed

with

with

or

soap

oil is

purpose,

the

as

The

attack

construction

indicate
A

is

of

ease

concrete-steel

sand-boxes
to

work, allow

they

of

sometimes

sand,

due

cushions

in wood

of

serious

used

to

from

connection

recent

with

the

floors

for ribbed

forms

required.
only to its strengthand

bility
sta-

for

provisionsfor strikingcenters

quite equal
when

and

to

those

uniform

as

stone-arch

for

for this purpose

they work

and

matter,

trouble

wedges

are

of

the

or

supposed

they are

arch, but

loweringof the

their

packing

of the

frequent inspection,are

the

is not

tirely
en-

is

incident

of
compressibility

the

sand-

centers.

The

"

will

the discussion

illustrations of the

from

arose

the

Practice.
work

negativeof

ing
findwater, or to dirt or cement
silt-bearing
The
careful sealingof the boxes
against

box.

carry

more

intricacyof

the

upon

operate perfectlybecause

foreign

Examples from

The

be

gradual

very

this

oils produces

is

arches

Sand
precautionsagainsttrouble from this source.
incompressible,and in a succeeding paragraph an

cited where

taken

the

usuallyprovided

fail to

of

second

Sand-boxes,

into the

entrance

obvious

of the work

and

wetting with

to

its way
the

both.

or

mended
recom-

for

used

animal

ribbed

previouslygiven of

should

devices

for

construction

center

removal,

oil be

vegetable and

difficulty
depends

arch

an

arches

The

centers.

the

general character

requisiteof

It is

purpose.

mineral

soffit-mold

illustrations

The

the

its

the

same

concrete.

the

of

and
paneled soffit,

paneling.

the

it involves

particulartask;
the

that

disintegrationof

which

acids

the

practicedfor

authorities

by European

cloth

or

followingexamples

serve
on

pp.

Jacaquas

to
124

illustrate
to

River

of

current

arch

centers

practice in

127:

bridge given by Figs

279

METHODS

OF

CONSTRUCTION

and

show

280

the

channel

in the

side

the

carried

was

proper

bents

a-

The
center

of

the

ins.

used

in

diameter

all

at

that

to

ij

ins.

much

high, were

than

more

of them

sand-boxes, some

served
obthe
was

search

considerable

greater part of this settlement

the

Sand-boxes,

It was
points of support.
the centeringsettled under

weight of the concrete

and
after
anticipated,
the

with

covered

edge.
12

ft.

spaced 6J

were

and

deep

ground.

the

were

on

6 ft.

to

of

and

4X6-in. lagging set

10

from

centers

center

to

footings

concrete

on

in

ribs

the sillsof the timber

and

pits excavated
according to the nature
built

with

refusal

to

in

bents

the channel-

pilesfor

carried

were

timber

on

driven

were

pile-bents

transverse

and

The

2,24o-lb.hammer,

Cf

of

by

span

spans.

bents

span

centeringused for
The
structure.
centering

the form

of that

arches

383

BRIDGE-WORK

IN

was

traced

going down

The

as
plungers were
work.
An
as would
experiment
close-fitting
made
was
by carefully
packing a sand-box

ins.

or

more.

Cross

Section

Showing
False

FIG.

280.

"

Cross-section
River

WorH

of

Center

Bridge.

for

Jacaquas

REINFORCED

CONCRETE.

METHODS

and

then

plug

planning

described

on

consisted

of
into

being

carried

the

bolted

for

the

ribs

the

the

on

and

braced

were

provided
Park

strikingthe

for

centering for

the

282.

four-pilebents
the

arch

wedges
which

X-bracing
the

The

posts carried

timber

each

details
is

the

of

oak

dressed

with
4

construction

and
and

ins.,6 ins.,and
An

unusual

and

pile-caps

the

in

National

Transverse

by Fig. 281.

ribs

center

for

for

strikingthe

8Xi4-in.

by

through
timber

one

of

of the

shown
arch

Norway

by
built

In this center

the

footings. Wedges
The

center.

other

drawings. Fig. 283

of the

ins.

center,

transverse

are

Melan

double

transverse

arch

apart

pine

for

centers

trestlingcarries each

pine spaced 36

lagging

the

ft. below

with

with

8o-ft.

concrete

on

apart by

covered

an

clearlyshown

bridge.

ribs

by Fig. 282.

rested

means

the

construction

center

C.

laid

were

braced

were

is shown

elevation

matched

carried

caps

the

D.

off about

caps

togetherand

which

are

sectional

Zanesville, O.,

6Xi4-in.

built

sawed

and

transverse

of

in 1902

post provided

transverse

ribs

and

studs,

on

Arch, Washington,

hardpan

The

281.

shoes

Melan

These

details

Fig.

stream

over

the

bridge

is shown

1901

bents

bent.

other

same

over

to

quite close

each

of

deep

flitches

of two

ij-in. planking

Creek

8o-ft.

pile-head.

over

drawings
the

these

placed

were

lagging.

driven

On

each

on

for

Center

"

were

soffit.

ft.

Eleva-t-'ion.

Side

FIG.

ends

i^-in.pine planking.

of

between

piles

on

centers.

Rock

C., in

D.

Washington,

at

of

and

outer

was

formed

is

timber

the

rib

drel-wall
span-

which

carried

span,

was

lagging was

formed

were

and

pine

caps

Each

piers.

ends,

on

each

of

center

The

of

made

were

the

the

and

centers

supported

at the

shown.

arch

Bridge, Queensland,

against piling. Wedges

means

The

the

at

deep

molds

spandrel

centers

staging of

ft.

the

of

ins. thick

river-bed

together as

The

the

This

plunger employed.

ins.

Maryborough

208,

385

BRIDGE-WORK.

IN

the size of the

construction

six

center

about

the

page

driven

plug

down

sledged
forms

at

CONSTRUCTION

sledgingdown

was

In

OF

and

rib

of

covered

ins. thick

and

8 ins. wide.
form

of

center,

which

furnished

particular advan-

386

REINFORCED

tages in the

erection

Four-pile bents
the

driven

were

Mechanicsville, N.

near

the

through

mud

in

employed

was

the

of

Y.,

structing
con-

in

1903.

river-bottom

to

10
pilesbeing spaced 6 ft. between
centers, and the bents
The
pileswere
capped with ioXi2-in.
pieces drift-bolted

apart.

place, and

four

lines of

bringingthe

caps,

spandrel-wallforms,

loo-ft.-spanarches

two

rock;

of

CONCRETE.

ioXi2-in.

4 ft. above

about

structure

drift-bolted

stringerswere

of the

the elevation

to

ft.
to

the

spring-

-44'0al

ar

HI

HI

al

ai

ai

ai

'
"

HI

aj

FIG.

"

LI

line of the arches.

on

the

posts conformed
in section

ring for

to

and

the

convenience

and

sprung

put

in

on

for the

down

for

the

arch

of

spaced
Each
upper

the
about

frame
members

arch.

and

forms
to

inch

of

the

conform

Hard-wood

the

the

course,

wedges

were

8X10

were

faces

the

of the

of the

curve

line of the
The

caps.

the

used

The
arch.

used

surface
a

arch

structure,

were

upper

making

ins.

lagging was

boards

Rough
on

top of the

spandrel walls.

center

the

erected

were

on

caps
caps

to

boards.

top

the

for the

good stock, planed

laid, for

ft. apart

beyond

place over

to

Zanesville, Ohio.

at

These

ft.

parallelto

on

nailed

concrete.

strikingthe
Fig. 284

beveled

put

carefullyjointed and
for

bracing the

were

and

first course,

spaced

lengths that

of the

thicknesses

two

such

curve

in

then

laggingwas

ins.

8X10

long,projecting3

top faces of the caps

The

ofjCenter for Bridge

at

cut

ft.

23

HJ_aj
"

1=1

LJ

Posts

stringersand

oj
"

l-l

Tlx/0"

Cross-section

283.

tu

-I

7TFB

jENS.NtWS.

HI

i_Li

smooth

under

the

and
face
sur-

posts

centers.

shows

the

Laibach
7

form

of

center

Bridge

in

Austria.

ft. apart

rested

on

of the

and

seven

ribs

were

employed
The

in

center

constructingthe
had

braced

eight ribs

together by diagonal
each
piles,
carrying a sand-box.
cut

in the

middle

of each

battens.
The

panel, and

METHOUS

TABLE

CONSTRUCTION

OF

XXXV.

DEFLECTION

SHOWING

"

BIG

CENTERS

ARCH

OF

FOR

BRIDGE.

RIVER

MUDDY

387

BRIDGE-WORK.

IN

*
The
variation

deflection
of the
north
arch
includes
all changes
the
due
to
greater
apparent
of 50" to 70" in temperature,
from
to
July 25, 1902,
Jan. 19, 1903.
follows:
North
t The
centers
loosened
dates
were
as
arch, Aug.
wedges
on
8-15, 1902,
deflection
of the arch;
when
there
further
were
loosened;
Jan. 19, 1903,
was
removed,
no
rib of arch
finished
Oct.
South
arch
finished
was
wedges
July 25, 1902.
was
5, 1902,
finished
out
Center
arch
Dec.
were
Jan. 15, 1903.
out
Jan. 15,
were
wedges
5, 1902,
Note.
The
bridge is on
grade of 0.004
a
1903.
cent., rising to the south.
per
of the
middle
this arch
centers
arch
To
make
set
ist.
J The
high purposely:
were
for a slight movement
higher at the crown
than
its position
allow
the grade;
2d. To
on
of the north
of the north
had
the thrust
yielded under
pier, which
apparently
arch, which
finished
before
in place in the center
was
first, centers
being loosened
was
centering
any
in place to assist this pier in resisting the thrust.
arch, or anything
"

here

by

rested

means

on

of

cross-timbers

hangers.as

A,

shown

by Fig. 285.

V
FIG.

284.

Arch

"

of

the

weight during

by

the

centering.

The
the

center

Illinois

illustrated

Central

for

Center

erection

was

by Fig.

Railroad

the

from

hung

By

"""'

steel

this

Laibach

Bridge,

carried

by

286

bridge

was

means

the

half

Austria.

steel

employed

crossing the

about

*"

30. 'I

"

reinforcing-ribs

in

ribs

and

half

constructing

Big Muddy

River

388
in

REINFORCED

This

Illinois.

southern

CONCRETE.

has

bridge

each.

The

for

their

for

the

end

two

complete

two

three

the

with

side-span

elevation
careful

A
the

obtained
Melan

load

Laibach

Ribs,
ge'

18 to

tons

20

two

FIG.

and

Erection
varies

but

"

Center

are

placing of

the Melan

which

processes

286.

"

for

concrete

River

metal

which

embeds

of Reinforcement. The

may

its form

be

little support

taken
from

and
as

the

an

method

arrangement.

example,

arch

center;

are

re-

for the
culated
cal-

the

work.

deflection
the

from

3,000

moved
re-

and

of

results

XXXV.

center

The
the

tons,

or

com-

from

centers.

of the

arch

volves
in-

ring

proceed simultaneously.

Bridge,

of the

"

with

not

were

concrete

arch, and

about

center

than

the

of

construction
may

provided

centers

by Table

was

were

centers

The

carrying the

or

Big Muddy

the erection
the

ring

The

may

the

each

on

the falseworks

Construction.

processes
the

pilein

per

Arch-ring

These

coming

and
first,

higher

kept

of

built

ribs

finished

shown

are

pleted arch

was

and

centers

in.

for

record

ft. span

alternate

side-span

set

140

provide

lagging.

new

were

were

To

span

from

of

centering

construction.
middle

erected

arches
of

sets

arches

Illinois

skeleton
the

Central

or

reinforcement

skeleton.

erectingthe

of

R.R.

Certain

ment
reinforce-

forms, of which

or
require
self-supporting

other

forms, of which

the

METHODS

Monier

will

be

the

erection

erected

the units

by

one

rules

small

one

of

curve

is in

either

are

the

arch-ring.

attach

required to
For

received

the

two

or

the

described

is still

in

all of
The

necessary.
ends.
the

They

the

ribs

before

center

underneath

several

the

Melan.

forms,
For

leaving only
rib

done,

the

distances
in

is done

concrete

lateral

As

thus

ments.
abut-

usually

are

set

been

separate parts
rately
accu-

are

placed.

wide

In

distance

blocked

ribs

displacement,and

they

are

not

the
from

up

the

the

at

ness
thick-

desired

the

up,

in

as

have

arch

and

be

to

longitudinalsections
is placed is
concrete

height to get

proper

the

are

as

top

erected

bottom
from

suitable
and

the

Thacher

and

chords.

at

bottom
the

being

not

are

usually

blocked

extrados

of

arch

sections,planks
serve

from

the top bar

the

both

as

set

Wunsch

manner

as

flat-bar

eliminated,

the webs

before
the

end

two

bars

of

concreting is
the

center

requisite

being similarlysupported

ring.
on

any

the

reinforcement

Generally the
and

up

like the

same

ribs with

time

same

soffit and

the Melan,

the
essentially

Melan

intervals
as

to

of
consisting

the arch

in transverse

in

purposes

bar

the

analogous

erected

are

erection

positionnear
at

is

elevation

to

the

points in their length by diagonal struts from the

after another
lagging. These braces are removed
one

be considered

each

the

them.

of reinforcement

Bonna

may

of

the

of each

concrete

in

rib

concreting approaches them.

Forms
and

assembling

done

each

course,

bridges which
ribs

the

employed,

are

longitudinallyand

the

to

of

Melan

any

in

have,

ribs

the

first fixed

lined

ribs

hinged

the

to

field is that

the

in

cross-anglesin

these

of

of

any

the

the

top flangesto the

as

When

concreting is

extremely rigid against

at

and

the

are

ribs

I-beam

done

the

ribs to

Generally all

then

concrete

braced

ironwork

form.

parallelarch-

of

ribs,the
lattice-girder

with

field.

ribs

are

lagging of
of

of the

positionbefore

which

placing of

only

segments

extensive.

more

in

spans

the

with

spans

general

girders bent

lattice

or

European examples of
Chapter VIII, the work

in

set

short

ends

more

joined together in
of

For

longer spans,

in

beams

each

for

consists

reinforcement

rolled

singlepiece,and

some

the

embedded

ment,
of reinforce-

of all forms

is different

others

certain

while

may

in

placed and

Thus

in detail

procedure

while

done,

be

to

erection

the

to

construction

ribs, which

have

and

numerous

common

of

Melan

any

large size,and

of

concreting is

concretingprogresses.

practice are
mode

and

certain

Again, in

center.

in number

few

are

before

and

the

as

the
In

units

complete
are

of

the

selves
them-

by
rigidity

no
practically

have

example,

an

as

require complete support by

and
forms

serve

389

BRIDGE-WORK.

IN

CONSTRUCTION

OF

When

edge
molds

across

for

supports for the reinforcing-bars.

the
the
the

concreting
arch

ter
cen-

sections

of

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

39"

Monier

arches

extradosal

up

of

of

the

network.

is to

lay

rods

laid

The

down

and

each

wires

other

and

intradosal

an

varies, of

crossing these

course,

the

with

the

to

rods

ring transversely. The

arch

rods

by

and

having been erected, the

intradosal
reinforcing-net.This

the

of

reinforced

made

right angles

at

and

is

longitudinalaxis

distance
span

an

first operation

center

parallelto

bridge, and

traversing the
wires

usually

are

load,

these

of

apart

the

with

or

and

-i

;r__"Jr

Half

Sect-ion

FIG.

strength of
ties.

spliceis
of

at

wire.

tied
far

20

arch

is least.

to

then

to

times

the

the
is

rods

at

Secfion

their

When

the

alternate

by lapping
diameter

made

splicesat

erectingthis
cross-rods

are

and

also to
those

C-D.

Bridge, Topeka,

cross-wires

the

placed

have

by

avoided,

rods

or

wrapping

the

of

means

but

wires

been

when
distance

lap

with

fine

stagger the splicesof adjacent

points where

network

Kan.

intersections

practicablesplicesare

always

locate all
In

required.

it is made

effort is

and

for Topeka

Centers

as

necessary

bars

first and

"

are

So

least
An

287.

Half

reinforcement

placed they
wire

A-B.

the
and

the

tension

longitudinalrods
tied.

To

insure

in the
are

the

laid
accu-

OF

METHODS

the rods

and

bars, their

covering

the

lagging of

spacing of

rate

the

on

paper

has

been

is

begun

it is blocked

completed
and

extradosal

continued
is

netting
in

concrete

the

the

WORK.

the

the

onto

this

for

ready

beforehand

built

been

laid

the

of

plane

then

is

concreting

and

center

netting

39

frequentlymarked
the netting
When

layers until

This

reached.

is

center.

from

up

piece,it having

one

alinement

concentric

in

BRIDGE-

IN

CONSTRUCTION

operation.
In
which

are

center

with

In

furnished

some

if

ties.

from

the

for

is

the

the

bottoms

are

of

first.

This

arch

alternate

is in
the
in

bar
set

laid

notched

transverse

to

around

proceeds

until

is built

the

the

and

concrete

ribs, the

to

level of

the

like

the

of

the

placed exactly

are

they

vertical unless

metal

ribs, and

transverse

Usually

The

an

the

intradosal

task

is to

corrugatedbars,

and

Thacher,

Ransome,

arrangement
and

extradosal

an

place and

the

of

bar

these

support

bars
in

bars

constructed

For

thickness

the

upper

A-frame

of boards
receive

segments

in different

proper
For

small

consists

packed

concrete

blocking is employed.

of the

or

this

under

framework

main

in

concreting. Usually temporary

them.

on

endwise,

support
and

the

blocking is
cleats

the

ways.

plane.

the

is

stirrupshooked

them

these

concrete

and

molds

overhead

the

of

of

in order.

completed

consistingof

vertical

positionfor

simple

until

different

pairs,each

same

This

placing

continues

in

an

when

reached,

reinforcement, like

is erected

hold

to

concreting then
is

the
of

the

like

of operations

sequence

depth

proper

Mounds

length,when

bars

arch, the

longitudinalrib

stirrupsserve

The

ring are

Bar

brought

been

concreting progresses.

the

as

laid with

are

intervals.

the

them.

reinforcement
the

of bars

The

the

of

and

ribbed

follows:

bottoms

group

of

units

Hennebique

proper

layer of

net,

except

manner

same

reinforcement,

of

stirrupforms

in smaller

considerable

support
next

the

or

the

at

extradosal

The

after it has

the concrete

upon

substantiallyas
in

completely the lagging.

cover

practicallythe

in

and

bar

example,

first bar

them

of

is done

placed

the

over

level.

erection

Taking,

simply spread

are

concretingbegins.

is erected

laid out

are

proper

Hennibique,

to

as

so

the

centeringand

sheets

The

first

The

sheets

reinforcing network

of

forms

of
overlappingedges are fastened togetherby means
network
being completed as described, it is blocked

employed,

the

to

up

the
is

one

that

the

other

sheets, the

in

overlapping edges

cases

fine wire
up

and

erectingexpanded-metal

this

bar

horses
set

the
is

on

bars.
an

are

ways.
laid

boards
are

the

lagging and

the

on

set

on

employed.
the

the

edge, short strips

Another

concreting

especiallyconvenient

form

the

edge transverselyacross
When

rods

bottom

of

lagging

is done

in

arrangement,

392

REINFORCED

since the
the

ends

of the

blocking,since
and

long

while

the bars

bar

have

ends

and

ring

the

be

Concrete.

forms.

the

its intended

arch
of

the

arch

two

or

ring

ring

in

layers.
but

his

For

permanently

in the work.

in

the

with

perfect contact
also

object must

be

piece.
which

either

Practice

in
it

each

case

have

to

in

concrete-steel

to

bridges
foot-

construct

divide

to

is built

it into

transverse

be

such

of

In

operation.

Edwin

bridges Mr.

segments,

to

continuous

one

centric
con-

well-defined

no

segment

verse
trans-

thin

in

up

upon

ring or

in

of

case

longitudinalrings or

settled

requiring each
finished

the

attempted

section

as

construction

the

practice is

either

designed

deposited

so

make

so

without

unity.

longitudinalrings and
be

can

be

seems

between

and

Except

usual

their

be

arch-

part of the

accomplished
from

it is seldom

The

may

is

placing
every

must

homogeneity

process.

In

that

concrete

continuous

for
specifications

of the

its

the

length

by simply lapping the

place of temporary blocking

left

and

procedure

it is unanimous

the

Thacher

fies
speci-

followingrequirements:
arches the concrete
square
full width
of the arch between

line of the
or

work.
the

oftentimes

much

of

spans

In

proper

one

choosing

dimensions

For

important thing

monolithic

sections

more

in

The

width, however,

narrow

segments.

rule

bent

usually done

Finally,the

Theoreticallythe
of

is

employed

This

of forming

purpose

rigidityis required of the

and from
shiftinglaterally,

distortingthe reinforcingmembers

positionsand
insure

This

"

secondary

develop surprisingcontortions

position.

secure

reinforcement.

displacingor

held

to be

laps together.

can

is to

concrete

metal

the

spacers

Placing

into

spliced.

wiring

sheet-metal

have

the

serve

Considerable

of steel will

be

to

will

segments.

being fastened

bars

to

boards

transverse

CONCRETE.

arch,
pair of

Work
end

the

length

sections,which

shall be

or

started

at

shall be

be

timber

of sections

intermediate

shall be

shall

laid

last.

normal

such

sections
center

in transverse

forms

being

end
the

laid

that

shall

skew

the

to

the

center

center

constitute

section and
For

sections

arches

day's

carried

toward
the

crete
con-

and
simultaneouslyfrom both ends of the
be built in longitudinalsections
and
wide
at least 5^ ft. wide
enough
shall be deposited in thin
to constitute
The
concrete
a
day's work.
in place before
the previously
layers,each layer being well rammed
depositedlayer has had time to partiallyset. The work shall proceed
to complete each
continuouslyday and night if necessary
longitudinal
These
sections
while
built
held
in place by
section.
shall
be
being
substantial vertical timber
forms, parallelto the face of the arch and
to
set

each

started

tion
sec-

other, and

these

to admit
sufficiently
and
roughening the

arch

forms
it.

The

surfaces

shall

be

sections
and

when

removed

shall be

mopping

the

section

connected

them

with

by
a

has

ing
clean-

cement

METHODS

sand

Too

concrete-steel

in the

fall of 1903

In

them
or

adjoining sections
method

some

should

bars.

be

This

like the

between

Melan

and

Wunsch

concreting

having

arches

been

dividingplane between
consecutive
reinforcing-ribs

procedure is

and

from

up

the

in

Europe

intradosal

The
center

filling.When

the

carefullytamping

ment
of reinforce-

followed

around
described, the concretingis begun by filling
wires

advisable.

always

the

reinforcement.

blocked

and

woven

view

In

by clamps,

sections

be

J.,
plane

employed.

of

Monier

with

concreting.

rib-like forms

when

are

the followingmode
Substantially
in

seem

essential
particularly

is

the

N.

the

length along

to

employed,

are

located

always

of

The

sections.

Paterson,

at

interlockingthe

of

joints would

rabbeted

full

necting
con-

necessityof securing

flood

by

393

5 ft. apart

adjoining

by shearing their

longitudinalsections

case

about

the

to

partlywrecked

arches

junction between

dovetailing,or

given

possible between

failed

experience

be

cannot

bond

perfect

Melan

of this

BRIDGE-WORK.

IN

also

great emphasis

most

of

CONSTRUCTION

by steel clamps spaced

adjacent reinforcing-ribs.
and

mortar,
the

the

OF

previously

as

and

beneath

metal

the

ting
net-

the

has

been

is placed in concentric
thoroughly buried, the remaining concrete
layers from 4 to 6 ins. thick, and each layer is thoroughly rammed.
This

is
filling

continued

reinforcement

the

until

is reached.

This

of

plane

the

is

network

upper

then

the

coveringlayer is depositedand

tamped

the

metal.

troweled
ring is finally

The

surface, and

generally plastered with

considerable
at

and

haunch,

span

the

four

points, the

from

depositingof

each

also

that

the

before
entire

rich

placed
to

smooth

arches

In

mortar.

and

progress

of each

midway
the

is toward

of

taneously
simul-

layer is usuallybegun

each

and

embed

completely to

as

springinglines

two

point the

layer is fully completed

desirable

of the

top surface

so

extradosal

or

upper

Each

crown.

layer is begun. It is deemed

concretingof the arch-ring should proceed
the

next

continuously.
Melan

In
ends
the
or

of the
ribs to

their

to

full

it is

depth

increase

from

ring each

frequent practiceto

for the

disance

is

concrete

the

layeris

is built in transverse

begun

ends

the

embed

the

they projectover

the

at

piers
The

haunches.
of the

ends

of

ribs

stability
against lateral displacement. The
done
in concentric
layers,each layer being

their

the ends

When
the

the

the
carrying the concrete
up
is to fix rigidlythe
preliminaryfilling

arch-ring concreting is
constructed

of

placing

before

of this

thus

the

and

span,

abutments

purpose
and

arches

toward

the

concreting
carried

sections

crown

is done

entirelyover
each

and
in
the

from

both

taneously.
simul-

ends

longitudinalsections
span,

layeris carried

but

only

when
from

the
the

of

ring
lower

REINFORCED

394

the

to

ends

higher

either

the

case

of

first

the

with

and

has

for

been

around

this

found

layers are

is attained.

care

is essential

fill

In
in

the

have

webs

members

web

considered
blows
the

the

concrete

into

concreting of
the

transverse

In

tamping

of

the

concreting in

bar

of

it with

compacting
involves

arches

43

the

small

in

concrete

it is

normal

and

but

care

The

"

and

in

the

this

to

end

of

the

to

concrete

arch

at

built

in three
acted

Wis.,

transverse
as

and

covered

illustrated

segments

key.

This

at

with

on

key segment

of

and
The

struction
arch-ringcon-

described

fresh

on

arch,

end

of

form

to

of

concrete

of dovetail

sort

joint.

in. of mortar

the

p. 228, the

jointsso
was

the

spiked

was

the
a

of the

shape

to

about

radial

the

this class of work.

building

In

of

time.

full width

which

with

of

concrete

bridge

used

form

plicated
com-

difficulty.

3X8-in. plank

deposited.

was

Ooconomowoc,

enter

was

of

concrete-steel

into

always

much

members

extending the
a

The

size of many

amounts

practicein

current

segment

would

small

material

no

is

construction

few

operations

reinforcement.

and

tially
substan-

the

followingexamples

form

the

center

Monier

radiallywas

set

follows

reinforcements

tools around

form

transverse

the

segment

the

construction, while

Melan

depositing small

built in lo-ft. segments

lagging of

which

the

left
ribs

the

concrete

above

arches

number

Zanesville, O.,

succeeding segment

The

web

being

case

layer of

from

Hennebique

illustrate

to

the

segment,

groove

of

Practice.

serve

of

were

each

In

matter

from

will

ft.

In

to

as

so

the

voids

stirrupreinforcement

the

to

considerable

Examples

222

each

with

as

and

tedious, owing

concreting is

The

ribs

fill closelyaround

to

Thacher

and

same

reinforcingmembers.

work

of
liability

compacting

Wunsch

much

are

and
the

particular

most

the

arch

the

advancing edge by tangential

the

of

mode

performed
task

of

depth

continuityof

procedure pursued
expanded-metal and other network

with

ing
Succeed-

angles between

is necessary

are

railway tamping-bar

around

the

filling

compact

layers the

is great

tamp

is laid.and

tamping-bars

full

the

the

cover

ring.

The

these

the usual

to

until

the

to

to

particularpurpose.

all of

up

iron

is carefullydone.
filling

openings.

in addition
arch

this

There

insure

to

advantage

an

for

specialeffort

and

the

through

the

Special
ordinary

and

web

small

In

progressing.

and

complete

the

compacting

angles unless

latticed

web

p.

placing

is

deep enough

tamped

top-chord flanges.

these

work

and
reinforcing-ribs,

the

chord.

and

work,

tightlyagainst the

and
at

the

deposited and

ring

which

insure

to

suitable tool

in

flangesof

particularcare

underneath
advisable

sections

layer is usually made

tops of the bottom-chord

tamped

CONCRETE.

built

on

concrete-steel
arch
that

ring was
the

first,the

crown

ends

OF

METHODS

formed

being

vertical.
and
i

and
in
on

each

on

side

and

the

the

from

care

and
all

taken

was

the

at

the

fresh

face
of

the

sections

the

the

centers

of

all the way

from

American

In
than

30

this

time.

end

with

drenched

lagging will
itself.
the

fact

engineers
periods
to

be

of

to

as

arch

the

cost

the

On

the

concrete-steel
The

harden

mode
arch

lowering

be

can

them.

The

the

this

of
is
of

of

radial
mortar

placed

was

joint betwreen

have

several

arches

reduced

of the

much

of

to

longer

the

it is to

followed

practically the
structure

same

is

in
as

as

port
sup-

kept well
the

concrete

center

strike

will

of instances, and
is

urged by

in

center

contrary, the

procedure

be

ring

the

double

for

it must

less

in

practicaluse

by using

stronger

stand

to

resulted
the

is finished.

removed

number

striking

performed

is

concreting

soffit and

place in

for

set

operation

any

drying

ordinarilynot

the

arch,

the

with

time

scarcely ever

striking of

when

is

to

taken

consequences

there

distortion.

arches.

the

arches,

remove

from

Except

conveniently left
of

the

has

creting
Con-

the

morning
concrete

after the

are

upon

warranting
and

in

and

being

center

side

each

placed against

thorough

varies

else

or

free

fresh

long periods, however,

serious

time.

built

all of the

water,

no

arch

of

coated

frequently allowed

are

the

occurrence

that

main

steelwork.

width

next

picks and

months

two

centers

these

shrink

This

to

they

of

joints.

days.

arches;

the

insure

To

the

reinforcing-arches

the

full

the

secured

Practice

"

weeks

practice

the

at

on

and

have

begun,

was

the

partitionwas

work

hinge-

during concreting great

the

radial

with

successive

concrete-steel

days,

up

to

steel

and

parts sand, before

Centers.

two

The

beginning

thought

placed

Striking

illustrated

in
cushion-strips

concreting of

along

uniformly

roughed

to

is

the

built

concrete

erection

closelyaround

concrete

day's work

was

it; this

lead

wash,

cement

on

cement

the

the

center

was

Austria,
The

before

skewback.

Before

formed

part

against

months

the

segments

Laibach,

at

project

to

as

so

the

intervals,

at

connect

three

following manner:

placed

the

pack

of each

end

to

with

30"

bored

in them

of the

arch

of about

were

dowels

as

Each

place with

with

concrete.

thus
i

served

each

at

over

to

holes

395

points,being begun simultaneously on

carried

was

and

in

four

center

coated

were

rods

hinge-blocks were

proceeded
of

were

several

angle

an

inserted

long

in the

first set

were

at

planks

Melan

hinged

molded

set

joints.

concreted

were

After

the

at

The

was

they

ft.

These

segments

p. 220,

blocks

rods

side.

day.

one

end

these

Through

BRIDGE-WORK.

IN

forms

againstplank

f-in. round

ft.

CONSTRUCTION

the
the
be

the

much
same

some

shorter

haste

gained by
concrete

be

can

and

deflection

striking
in the

for

centers

same

resist

are

span

case

the

center

of stone

performed gradually

so

as

396

REINFORCED

allow

to

the

the

ring and

strains

which

solid

either

have

Construction.

retaining-wallsfilled
else

arches

vaults

or

retaining-wall
type
commonly

surmounted

paneled

by

of uniform

made

are

Forms.

The

"

and
this task
other

and

due

are

architectural

Considering first
the

of

described

on

timbers

wall

construction

excellent

The

the

rear-

for
and

without

for

support

they

outside

be

may

difficulties which

front

outside

bracing;

always

carried

diagonal

tied

connected

be

is

with

the

ordinary

of the most

considerable

provided.

The

bracing of

and

not

to

bend

and

is to

be

the

in
secure

The

between

an

more

ment
arrangethat

can

falsework

of the

the rear-wall

forms

opposite

of

of the studs.

only,and

be

can

fied
modi-

chief
The
according to the conditions.
unyielding support for the lagging,and

lagging for

spaced

tied in

detail

of

centering

ones
satisfactory

extension

form.

ment
arrange-

an

arch-rib

drawing explainsitself.

one

for

the

middle

braced

face

sill timber

the

by diagonals to

and

not

satisfactory
un-

bridge by

the

across

bottoms

should

the

transverse

on

the

for

props

the

for
particularly

to

for the

simply accomplished by a cross-sill between

and by diagonalsfrom
this sillto the top
The
drawings shown
give typicalarrangements
desideratum

in

face-laggingsturdilyin place.

studs

general

struction
con-

arise

and

face

is

in

employed

ings
lagging,the drawIn Fig. 288
typicalarrangements.
the Mechanicsville, N. Y., bridge

be

spandrel-wallforms

cannot

ward
straightfor-

is the

forms, as indicated by Fig. 289. Fig.289 shows

by Fig. 290
employed, but it calls

which

are

reinforced.

are

longitudinallagging is

shown

be

are

they

supported by posts restingon pile-bents.

of center
the form
from
the standpointof spandrelis that the prolongation of the transverse
give
caps

of

tie,or

wall

curtain-walls

The

the

on

tops of the facing-studsmay

horizontal

that

and

3 ft. apart and

spaced

advantage

their faces

except that

is

in the

show

that used

The

the

necessityof providing panels,molding,

bracing

290

of

Walls

construction

supporting framework

386.

p.

the

for

centeringis

The

an

the

forms.

embellishment

Figs.288, 289, and

form

the

chieflyto

and

or

of

constructingspandrel walls

in

of

conditions

of

thickness

first task

erection

When

earth,

construction

is laid.

ornamented

cornice, their

retaining-wallconstruction.
they

cellular

and

common,

built

bridgesare

concrete,

meagre

roadway

otherwise

moulded

slowly to

preceding section,are

enclosing a

more

or

in

with

tops the

the

are

stated

as

between

whose

on

concrete-steel

Most

"

curtain-walls

are

adjust themselves

to

withstand.

to

spandrel walls,which,

cinders, or

are

its reinforcement

they

Spandrel-wall
with

CONCRETE.

the front

than

position,and

face.

5 ft. apart

To
and

the

lagging should

studs; lagging 2

to 3 ins. thick

do

should
be
is

the

this
be

studs

strongly

heavy enough

none

too

heavy.

OF

METHODS

IN

CONSTRUCTION

u
FIG.

//.".4//s/,/,yA

BRIDGE-WORK.

288.

'/////'/////,

W^W^l^ys"/^^^.

FIGS.

288-290.

"

FIG.

289.

FIG.

290.

Designs

for

Spandrel-wa'l

Forms.

397

398

REINFORCED

The
that

lagging for

for

the

latter has

face

also

be

The

the

task

is

desired.
of
forms

For

called

are

from

of Paris

clay models

wall

concrete

the

Placing
for

concrete

arch

insure

to

layers from
for

XVII

Chapter

in

as

against a
bonded

form

cast

into

is to

construction

under
of

pressure

must

but

it

next

ins.

fectness
very

set

smooth

form

plaster
the

on

the

into

the

the

wall

means

finish.

backed

used,

are

to

The

described

in

Where

stone

being

stone

built

concrete

the

concreting proceeds
in

set

are

it.

the

in

the

with

As

of

the

concrete

the

dispensed with,
and

placing

top surface

place

to

surface

is

in

of the

thick, using

if any

OF

place

and

be

IN

is

are

when

especiallytrue

subjectedwhen
A

amount.

is

concrete

conduit

task

the
to

empty

carrying

an

water

which

conduits
external
under

only strong enough to resist the bursting force,

The
nearly as possibleimpervious to water.
per-

not

as

which

largely upon

of reinforced

This
or

CONSTRUCTION

WORK.

of conduits

pressure

be

with

is

step

METHODS

considerable

must

complex

ornaments

the

rough lagging-boards.

requires particularcare.

pressure

structed
con-

lagging at

separatelyand

prepare

construction

XVI."

water

be

may

particular task

CONDUIT

carry

tation
ornamen-

similar

or

be

wall.

CHAPTER

THE

it may

negativesin

these

perfectbonding

the

ornaments,

the

lagging a

of

forms

make

cast

molded

first

walls

face

of

the

mental
orna-

progresses.

to

wall

any

rear

the

the

character

negativesin the

is to
are

securing

facing is employed
up

set

the

on

plans, and

and

preferable

the

the

by

other

or

but
The

tightlyjointed.
molding

ornament

these

rough boards,

construct

to

The

"

being prepared,

horizontal

laid

work

spandrel

as

of

which

Concrete.

the

ring so

surface

the

as

for

to

amount

method

blocks

and

rosettes, medallions,

and

Another

of concrete

faces

where

for it is often

places.

proper

kinds

most

but

wood,

simply

the

simple or complex according to

of

panels and

called

ornamentation

made

dressed

attached
here

be

can

smoothly

the

carry

wall

rear

must

to

forms.

negative of

the

CONCRETE

these
the

requirements

two

with

care

which

the

satisfied

are

work

of

depends

construction

is

performed.
Forms
for

conduits

and

Centers.
are:

"

The

(i) They

of
principalrequisites
must

be

strong enough

forms
not

and
to

centers

crush

or

METHODS

become

deformed
be

must

be

must

they
and

The
in

of

drawings

FIG.

of the

291.

culvert

arch

invert

brought

was

by Fig. 291.

invert

forms

side

two

FIG.

positionby

this

interior

face
sur-

that

constructed

so

The

used

thus

and

down

over

in which

manner

demonstrated

best

height the

292.

the

To

form

hinged

concrete

Forms

in detail

to

292

the

braced

were

Mich.

At

by Fig. 293.

inclined
slightly

invert

portions of

by Fig.

shown

brought

was

of the

Culvert, Kalamazoo,

cross-struts

por-

Mich.

means

curved-side

shown

as

for

the

by

lower

The

Kalamazoo,

at

form

true

constructed

Side-wall

"

to

templates employed

p. 247.

on

Culvert

for

and

forms

the

described

Template

Invert

"

show

Fig. 291

template shown

in

subjected; (3) they

practice is

in

attained

the

under

twist

smooth

be

conduit.

(2) they

carry;

and

are

should

taken

of

to

399

examples.

constructingthe

tion

have

and

even

an

and

succeeding lengths
been

they

(4) they

assembled

requisites have

actual

by

which

give

to

as

they

easilywarp

not

to

conduit;

readily

for

over

these

finished

be

can

will

drying

constructed

so

the

to

and

soaking

which

load

rigid that they

so

alternate

the

under

WORK

CONDUIT

IN

CONSTRUCTION

OF

surface

so

as

\
Hinge
FIG.

to

293.

"

Cross-brace

properly receive

make
This

close

center

for

the

bond

rested

thrust

with
on

Side-wall

the

it.

Forms

of the
The

invert

for

arch,

arch
forms

Culvert

and

center
at

the

was

at

roughened

is shown
sides

Mich.

Kalamazoo,

and

so

as

by Fig.
was

to

294.

supported

at

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

400

the

haunches

the

the

vertical post.

planks

to

where

by

center

placed back

were

thickness, but

proper

of

the

for

the

alone

stand

would

concrete

placing the

In

centers

confine

to

portion of

upper

these

forming

concrete

planks

the

crete
con-

the

arch

omitted.

were

the

To

Brace

I e

End

FIG.

294.

Arch

"

The

used.

was

long, and
and

invert

six

for

and

the

number

sections

Culvert

at

forms

of

arch.

for

Arch-ring

shown

lay twelve

to

templates and

The

by Fig. 295

all built in sections

were

provided

were

Mich.

Kalamazoo,

arch-ring,the template

the

centers

sufficient

Center

guide the concretingof

ElevoTio

Side

12.5

sections

centers

are

ft.
of
all

CNO
News.

FIG.

295.

so

they

concrete.

The

arranged
the
be

separated
in

back

brought

Fig.

293.

George

In

pieces and
where

through
of the

work

the

S.

of

those

the

this

M.

taken

down

at

without

hinged

are

has

the

had

still

loosened

jarring of

any

quarters and
that

those

time

to

can

farthest

set,

standing under

cross-brace, as

experience in
C.

Mich.

can

the

be
fresh

by unbolting a piece which

of the

Soc.

at

together so

concrete

that

Kalamazoo,

E.,

this

makes

work,
the

is shown

by

the

engineer,
ment:
followingstate-

it is very
important to have the centering
is being tamped
it will not spring when
concrete

kind

that

Am.

Culvert

folded

center

result of his

Pierson,

absolutelyrigidso

the

of

are

centeringis

hinged joint in
As

forms

upper

two

forward
All

spans

in

readily be

can

conduit,

the

concrete.

Mr.

Template

"

METHODS

against it
important
be

and

The
after

centers

6o-in.

brick

on

of

the

shown

the

of

sections
the

concrete.

about

three

used

built

were

under

each

for

of the

four

ribs.

completely except for a

Through these holes the
working

inside

construction

feet of the

arch-rib

slippedfree
be

from

easilydrawn

centers

novel

at

the

but

4- ft.

on

by

inner

They

297.

vertical

means

edge

after the

line

of
of

were

through

centeringwas
this

serve

case

10

the

ft.

forms

long

and

their center, and

Proper

of

had
for

and

an

in

made
were

to

ribs

be

may

These
laid.

was

size is shown

crown

of

brick,

all-concrete

for the

used

the

and

constructinga 2^-ft.

in

sewer

clamps gripping
width

concrete

the

collapsed.

flexible.

moderate

used

equally well

of the

malleable-iron
each.

conduits

men

center

feet of the

the

thirty-sixhours
for

are

allowing the

that

to

in

unbolted

are

somewhat

jointsare

construction

they

each.

of

noted

be

J.

lagged

passed

to

made

In

centering should

order

In

This

Mass.

cross-bar

and

up
crown

was

which

by

N.

Newark,

set

and

inverts

together,thus

concrete.

in about

then

principalfeature
bottom

drawn

298.

Medford,
The

by Fig.

the

piers,a pair

Form.

middle

the

means

crete
con-

Center

Reservoir,

were

the

for

is the

togetherthe

and

at

The

centeringsuitable

by Figs. 297
sewer

the

struck

were

of

are

forms

concrete

forms

end

one

The

of

'Long.

Hill

Forest

manhole

form.

of these

bolts at

The

the

Conduit,

J.

Lagging,

2x4

6o-in.

N.

supported

were

the brick

of

'Center

Newark,

and

every

"

days

constructing

footing course

One

296.

four

or

in

at

long

The

drawing.

top of this

on

ft.

16

Id

FIG.

centering can

fresh

Reservoir

Metal.

Expanded

It is also

concrete.

all the

centers

Hill

Forest

by

laid first,and

in

401

place.

built in

were

WORK.

the

that

jarringthe

cross-section

conduits

was

of

such

arrangement

in

was

piers,as

cohesion

generally removed

is the

centers

the

straining

were

CONDUIT

IN

or

the concrete

These

weaken
the

without

Fig. 296
the

thus
have

to

removed

CONSTRUCTION

OF

invert

halves

struction.
con-

is shown

separating

securelyheld together
the

stiffness

stringersalong
were

obtained

the

by

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

4O2

insertingan

iron

these

they

forms
the

to

the

dog
were

in the

deposited

around

lo-ft. section.

prevent the

to

then

were

of each

ribs

first smeared

lagging; they

concrete

end

set

in

up

trench

forms

in

using
ing
stick-

from

cement

the

These

them.

In

and

line

removed

were

c3

C/3
J-

from
in

the

each

concrete

end

and

releasingthe
upper

of

separating them
arch
2

-in.

ij

plank
the

forms

from

the

Fig. 298,

stout

and

was

milled

spaced

ft. apart

each

approached
in
in

the

so

as

might
between

to

be

most

lo-ft.

stringerson

other

centers.

that

the

thereby
slightly,

careful

side.
beveled

one

planed

so

The

way.

lengths,of f-in.lagging,

each

have

After

hooks.

turned

were

dogs

iron

the

out

turnbuckle

turnbuckles

made

were

surface

thereof

concrete

and

exterior

by knocking

place

the

clamps
the

another

in

ribs

ins. wide

that
were

centers,

putting

iron

portions

after

one

very
On

All

lagging was

edge, in

smooth.
the

forward

order

The
end

ribs
of

each

there

center

provide only

to

necessary

centering.

putting these

In

raising the

skewbacks,

the

movable
arch

in

with

WORK.

side

iron

an

It

for each

place

403
wooden

stout

center.

next

support

centers

center

each

to

of the

end

rear

one

CONDUIT

IN

securelyfastened

was

supported the

which

wedge,

CONSTRUCTION

OF

METHODS

then

was

ft. of arch

10

stood

man

upon

which

hook

passed

CO
"-

c
1)

through
it into
end

each

placed

under

center

arch
two

bent

rope.

was

first fastened

the

truck

axles

was

the

removal

by

pulled a

means

foot

front

four

invert.
of the
of
or

a
more

end.

by

After
the

cast-iron
At

arch

the

aid

of

wheels

each

end

under

the

to

arch
a

so

forward
or

had

the

jack
been

specialtruck,
adjusted that

of this truck

centering,an

thumb-screw

pushed

screw-brace

patent

end
The

preceding center.

removed

and

the forward

at

man

of the

the

were

smoothly along the

In

supported by

ft. from

centers

they
long

ran

wedges

was

rib

turned, the
had

in its top, while

the

place upon

of

which

hole

small

was

adjustableroller
outer

center, the

rib, then

screw-jack

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

404

forward

released,allowing the

was

inch

the

upon

until

conduit

end

of the

running-board

adjustable roller

the

of the

which

truck,

off the

ran

the

automaticallylocking itself there, whereupon

outside

by a man
supportingwedges
the

to

set

up

the

of the

work.

In
with

removed

this

end

arch

the

manner

great rapidityand

pulled
off its

center

the truck

upon

to be

arch

the

the truck,

of

tail-ropewas

the

an

wheeled

centers

without

were

injury to

concrete.

299.

"

Metal-wrapped

5-ft.egg-shaped

has

been

size.
and
to

the

shown
arch

an

the

ribs

spaced

arch

center

is set

between,

and

for

Sewer

for

16

ft.

long

ft. apart.

on

top of the
the

two

Washington,

at

D.

C.

are

To

of two

and

made

prepare

invert

locked

form

parts,
up
the
with

constructing

D.

similar
down

constructingsewers

centering consists

center, each

plank

Center

in

employed

was

299

Washington,

at

sewer

successfullyused

As

and

by Fig.

centering shown

FIG.

drawing

sewer,

allowingit to drop

and

place and

in

The

end

outer

finished

the

pulled into

was

rear

about

drop

to

center

of

to

an

C.

centering
ins. in

invert

form

lagging nailed

centering for
the

wedge

togetherby

latches

use

timbers
on

the

METHODS

outside

of

OF

the

lengthwise of

end
the

projectsat
mounted

end

one

so

that

each

of the

around
The

end

and

This

steel

is filled around

into notches.
close

the

This

place

to

After

has

the

loose

end.

To

it is smeared

with

Concreting.
and

brings
and

new

can

be

is

In

the

Cedar

built

'was

often

much

which

the

to

of

doing

either

in

of

greater.

fresh
the

the

the

the

as

the

drop

centering

spiralstrip
while

section

removed

the

ribs

parts of the

been

of

of

the

conduit.

by pulling on
the

to

concrete

the

work

surface

portion

conduits

of

the
to

the

work.

conduit

day

is

end

to

the

be

crete
con-

length

the

in

work

old.

the

twin

built

day's

which

this

of

joined should
with

or

usually that

ft. of the

32

tions
sec-

This

joining old

to

conditions

completion of
be

due
is

in

section.

joined to it,and

smaller

new

each

any

about

is to

usally done

for

chosen

and

practiced,but
the

is

weakness

is

work

work

of the

conduits

concrete

the

Upon

roughen

to

rally
spi-

and

soon

in until

adhering

without

length of

bonding

have

simply

trench
As

another

section

conduit

succeeding day's
this

wound

settingconcrete

from

rotated

positionby Fig. 299.

leaving

operation

work

Reservoir

day;

the

lower

strip is

planes

day's

before

size

all

length of

Grove

in

insure

as

set

the

and

steel

continuous

The

completed
with

driven

steel

concreting of

conduit

concrete.

varies

are

be

applied
be

be

can

in the

set

ber
tim-

oil.

the

becoming

in

passed

This

centeringcan

thickness.

shaping

the

prevent

made

across

shown

of the

weight

then

centeringto

withdrawn,

set, the

The

"

upper

for

is

crank-arm

thick

in.
-g-V

405

ribs.

the
A

the

proper

are

the

carry
rewound

concrete

the

they

centering is being
the

and

wedge-timbers

together when

of steel in

enables

the

in the

that

stripin place is

it to

allows

trestles.

wrapping-stripis

the

is completed
filling

hole
so

two

steel 6 ins. wide

it.

the

is rounded
on

WORK

gudgeon-timber

square

gudgeon- timber

centeringwith

concrete

to

CONDUIT

IN

centeringthrough

stripof

ribs.

bearings carried

on

to

CONSTRUCTION

finished

so

Various

ways

frequent practiceis

most

finish

it with

or

groove

mortise.
In

placing

dense

and

carry

water

mixture

concrete

under

This

pressure.

joggled

the

and

churned

should

tamping

practice stronglyfavors
Examples
conduits
of

the

from

This

Practice.

given in

magnitude

effort

every

should

be

product, particularlywhere

compact

well

employed,

the

of

is the

into

be
a

necessitates

the

work

conduit

and
for

the

examples

are

of

the

of

dry

for conduit

the

the

secure

care

of

very

wet

is
vailing
Pre-

work.

reinforced

which

to

mixture

particularinterest
with

has

conduit

use

if

to

thoroughly performed.

concrete

Among
Chapter IX two
"

the

place, or

very

wet

made

it

crete
con-

because
was

formed.
per-

Jersey City water-supply and

406
the
A

CONCRETE

REINFORCED

conduits
brief

and

for the

sewers

the

descriptionof

Torresdale

methods

of

Filters

Philadelphia,Pa.

at

lows
fol-

conduits

constructingthese

Jersey City Aqueduct. Typical

sections

"

for

aqueduct

for

centers

of

the

Jersey City

this

aqueduct

eleven

segments,

required that
wherever

the

It

and

surfaces, the

the lower

be

full of

that

The

stone.

the
while

5 ft.

and

and

did

to

centers

fine

and

of this procedure;

by

ing
trowel-

segments

of the

for

width

place about
vaseline

greased with

occasionallythey were

poured

sand,

left in

were

invert

concrete

employed

were

invert

the

the

finished

bottom

secure

the finished

permit

not

two

forms

The

turbed
undis-

of cement,

the

outside

No

the

for

the

by screeding,being

top of the arch.

on

hours,
forty-eight

cut

kerosene.

with

The

of

mode

segments

about

had

being

in

the

opening
The

invert

men

inside

form

was

closed

roof

proceeded with from

2
12.5 ft. long and

of

the

These

shell.

back

and

the

side

segment

of the

forms

of

Special care

the
was

Here

crown.

shell
taken

was

to

and

it

appeared

the

upward
employed
carried

were

until

they

they
were

built

without

keep

the

forms

After

placed

to

and

shape.
Back

the

level about
and

sole

the
the

and

exterior

the

as

shape

clean, the

ground.

side.

shape

discontinued
forms

inside

side walls

upward

reached

the

into

each

to

forced

the

invert

on

6 ft.

roof-scuttles

the
the

at

and

form

concretingof the

were

of

and

outside

the

screeded

the

When

were
reinforcing-rods

between

bottom

ft. wide

progressedby adding segments

each

the

tom
bot-

two

width

duit
con-

ft. square.

passed through

deposited it

then

for

about

deposited on

space

then

scuttles

forms

first

annular

The

were

scuttle

or

the

previouslybuilt.

bottom

tamping-bars, until

filled the

the

the

at

building the

without

forms

of concrete

greased and

was

with

concrete

The

open

manhole

Concrete

forms,

and

was

lagging was

position.

under

form

its top

set, the

6-in. cubes

and

forms

settingthe

follows:

as

set on

were

set, therefore,each
and

in

procedure

in detail

were

in

work

plasticand

was

used.

not

of the

used

from

forms

tions
sec-

long were

necessary

in. back

them

volumes

sisting
long, conThe
fications
speci-

ins. above

the

equal

formed

was

mortar

centeringwere

of

ft.

deposited in

first be

between

urgency

invert

the

of about

the space

mixture

wet

very

crushed

and

50 ft.

18

The

260.

built in monolithic

over

at least

concrete

p.

Ibs.

200

be

afterwards

immediately

placed

about

on

12.5

specifiedthat, if
should

concrete

sections

sections

not

was

part of the side walls

surface, and
should

length,but

further

was

in

should

conduit

given

are

weighing

top of the conduit

ground.
smooth

each

ft. in

exceeding 20

not

made

were

the

works

water-

reinforced

of the

work

2^

ft.

crown

exterior.

duty

of

one

METHODS

laborer
At

the

being
end

concrete

it is

been

bond

it with

lining.

Between

The

July
men,

an

ft. of

2,586
Filter

construction

of

of

conduit

39.8

Conduits.

feet per
the

In

"

the

Philadelphia water-supply

and

the

conduits

water

the

conduits

8j-ft.sewers

the

metal.

expanded
300

and

The

reinforced

water

by

two

300.

Section

"

Torresdale

metal;

large

were

built

layersof

g-ft.conduit, and

No.

is without

The
Giant
3

ft. 6 in. and

No.

being

made

was

the

brands

parts sand, and

for this work
and

301.

the

for

sewers

waste

concrete;

all

reinforced

by

of

were

follows

as

3-in.expanded

10

of

Section

"

conduit, 782
ft. of lo-ft.

1,430

and

built

are

sewers

the

8^-ft. Sewer,

Filters.

of

8-ft.

by-pass

forced
conduit, all rein-

5
was

of Portland

used,

and

the

parts J-in. stone.

mixed

remainder

in

by

sewer

is reinforced

sewer

with

metal.

cement, Bonneville, Lehigh, and

proportionswere
About

Owing

one-third

portable cubical

hand.

the 6-ft.

of concrete;

ft. 6 in.

3-in.-meshexpanded

10

concrete

capacity

6ft.

reinforcement,

layersof

two

Torresdale

metal.

by expanded
The

the

Torresdale

yj-ft.filtered- water

ft. of

1050

FIG.

Sewer,

gang

10'6"

Filters.

ft. of

576

conduit,

of 6-ft.

of

the

k
FIG.

day.

several conduits

the

built.

were

days by

built of concrete

were

lengths of

8j-ft.sewer

ft. of

filtered

for

average

remarkable.

conduit

construction

filters for

has

inside

the
the

than

built in 65

were

linear

ft. of

18,500

14,

else,

conduit

rather

was

cracks

nowhere

required on

smoother

much

finished

as

were

of the

face

the

after

soon

they

Fine

work.

joints,but

finishingwas

no

November

average

Torresdale

or

speed
and

25

section

one

38

it is

silt up

will

these

as

in the

formed

these

of

fast

as

succeeding day's

many

40 7

WORK.

reuse

was

groove

the

Little

for

them

at

that

thought

conduit, and

brick

work

conduit

put in service.

the

of

day's

CONDUIT

IN

wash

and

scrape

girdled the

and

On

to

CONSTRUCTION

of each

to

have

of

OF

to

mixer
the

part cement,
of

the

of

cu.

crete
con-

yd.

relativelysmall

4o8
used

amount

20

in the

difference

yds.,it

cu.

of

cost

built

long

monolithic

in

section

sections;

he

as

could

that

is, the

and

sewers

;/8 Space

conduits
could

that

so

"

was

hand.

or

contractor

day,

one

there

that

machine

mixing by
the

finish in

found

was

both

specifications
requiredthat

The

as

about

day,

per

practicallyno
be

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

should
build

this work

con-

for

Dropping

cenTer

Outside.
Cove.rect with
"Sheet-iron No.2.7

FIG.

302.

sists of monolithic

Center

blocks

Figs. 300

and

301

and

302

the

Fig.

"

show

for

the

section

to

12

6 ft. long

6-ft.

building the
,-"

keyed together.

8-ft. 6-in. sewers,

6-ft. and

of the
for

form

or

Filters.

Torresdale

Sewer,

rings from

or

center

6-ft.

The

sewer.

Space,

'Jor

Dropping
Centex

2 Thick,,,
Spaced 2 " C.toC.

Ribs

2x6

Braces

CtoC.

Outside Covered
Iron.
with Sheet

[-%'Bolts

FIG.

forms

made

were

built in from
one

yds.
built
shown

"

8 ft.
to

and

lineal feet of

by Fig.303,

and

for

Center

8|-ft.Sewer,

long, and

two

Tcrresdale

sections

or

Filters.

16

lineal

hours, including settingof forms, by

carpenter, and

of concrete
14

303.

15

laborers.

required
the
were

80

8j-ft.

bags
sewers

somewhat

section

This
of
in

10

houis

delayed by

lack

were

one

man,
fore-

contained
The

cement.

feet

same

using
of

the

13

cu.

gang
form

experiencein

OF

METHODS

the

handling
3

ins.

It

apart.

metal

with

flat

bottom,

the

metal

thoroughly

more

it

in

The

Fig. 304.

be

layersof

two

mesh
per

ft. of

sq.

metal

cut

several

carloads

breaking
built
No.

their

that

has
the

done

mortar,
over

and

the

the

refused

6-in. mesh
ins. from

it

was

circular

with
found

the

wired

any
that
and

to

crete
con-

lo-ft.

duit,
con-

that

to

from

changed

were

the

time

mean

together

of the

sq.

in. of

after

and

it

was

machines
the

placed as shown,
This

to

the

7^-ft.and

cutting

layers of

conduit.
screen

cross-section

that

heavier
two

metal

expanded

heaviest

claiming

having

6-in.

layer of

one

Company

more,

tendency
the

the

Filters.

is the

Metal

they

inside

the

was

Torresdale

this

any

In

were

the

one

that

furnish

work.

metal

and

reasons,

steel,giving 6.77

that

above

3 -in. mesh

Expanded

to

this

entirelyaway
and

width

No.

shape

Conduit,

It is believed

do

with

approximately

lo-ft.

machines, but

would

4 metal

from

area.

date,

to

of

double

cut

10

in. wide

"

cut

No.

Section

"

comparatively

of

be

could

J Drain
304.

work

with
to

quarters

.Exp. Metal,

fr.

FIG.

stone, and

lower

better

the

expanded

rate
sepa-

layer of expanded
and

one

for

changed,

size of the

the

cross-section

The

rammed.

from

two

experienced in properly

closer

kept

the

one

that

or

409

layers about

two

and

bottom

thought
section

originallycircular,was
shown

also

the

in

was

could

mesh

by using

concrete

"horseshoe"

the

as

screen

in

mortar

Difficultywas

section,and

by using

obtained

obtained

ramming

circular

the

could

be

small
the

tendency

largermesh.

placing and
of

WORK.

placed

was

the

that
to

results

better

found

was

CONDUIT

IN

which

expanded metal,

layers had
that

CONSTRUCTION

was

size mesh
stone

an

from

ment
improve-

9-ft.conduits

were

REINFORCED

4io

CONCRETE.

and

changed accordingly. Figs.305, 306,

of the

for

centers

The

307

and
building the 7i-ft.,
p-ft.,
is

general plan

the

and

same,

the

show

construction

lo-ft. conduits
the

tively.
respec-

g-ft. center,

being

for
%'Spcrce

yn""

Thick, 18 CtoC.

Ribs)?
Outside

With

FIG.

305.

"

FIG.

the

last

sheet
concrete
sets

"

built, is
work,

of centers

the

iron,
but
or

"x6 'Brace.s-l7

for

Form

306.

Iron.

best.

Centers.

p-ft.Conduit,

They
not

only

gave

added

greatly to

the

were

made

for

Torresdale

Filters.

covered

were

which

forms

Filters.

Torresdale

7|-ft.Conduit,

for

Form

Covered

Sheet

with

smooth

life of the

each

side

No.

surface

to

the

Three

centers.

conduit,

vanized
gal-

27

and

while

METHODS

it

to

reiron

completion

of

the

arranged
been
a

allow

to

placed

form

and

was

foreman

from

and

seven

men

had

concrete

in

trench

set

sizes.

and

mixed

foreman,

forms, placed

the

Space,

length,

required to

three

of the

one

ft. in

labor

the

trench

while

13^

to

12

of any

top of the

granolithicmortar,
in the

from

difference

hours,

on

was

brought forward, through

be

sections

10

forms

at

use.

any,

to

eighteen men

concrete

and

if
little,

very

and

in

built

were

the

apart, after

and

hours,

place,for further

section,in

least 60

at

conduits

there

build

for

411

the

inside

bracing

taken

be

WORK.

repairable condition

in

were

The

work.
to

CONDUIT

IN

them, they

center

already in

The

the

CONSTRUCTION

necessary

was

the

OF

One

handled

one

ter,
carpen-

and

rammed

for

Dropping

Outside
Covered
With Sheet
Iron.

Ribs

FIG.

the

1,200
to

build
The

an

average

was

mixed

lo-ft.

Conduit,

section

one

of the

was

of

mixed

CtoC.

20

Torresdale

three

sizes,contained

rather

and

wet

part cement,

one

20

The

yds.

cu.

required 125 bags

and

granolithicface required on

one

Filters.

in, generally,8 hours.

expanded metal,
13^ ft. long.

section

inch

one

for

Form

sq. ft. of

concrete

The

"

etc., for

concrete,

conduit, as

307.

Braces

and

placed
the

of

crete,
con-

of cement

in six-inch

inside

p-ft.

of

layers.

the conduit

part granolithicgrit,and

one

part

sand.
In
of
the

the

building a
form

concrete

in

is

section

advance

the
of

deposited in

bulkhead
the

face

this

(Fig. 308)
of

the

space,

to

is set

conduit
within

up

the

length

already built,and
i

in. of

the

invert

REINFORCED

412

the

bottom;
to

be

the

moved

invert

is then

form

the

did,

conduit
the

and

the

forms

small

the

and

rib

result is
the

sides

of

tons

the

at

is then

pig iron

and

the

is

set,
front

placed

on

granolithicmixture

the

There

into

the

was

some

one-inch

doubt,

grout flowing entirelyunder

or

used,

corners,

form.

smooth

very

invert.

the outside

grout is poured between

sheet-metal

of

and
floating,

and

the

last form

order

pieces in
"

granolithicmixture

building up

of the

side,

it

in two

already in place

of the

spouts,

concrete

the

to

the form, but

In

four

made

"

About

it from

poured, through

first,as

the face

to

keep

form

center

bulkhead.

to

between

space
at

the

of the

through

being bolted

restingin

the

section

forward

end

rear

end

bottom

CONCRETE.

with

board

j-in.pipe forming

the

ribs

pipe
i-in.

each

on

the

for

space

IT)
'

FIG.

Bulkhead

308.

"

finish.
granolithic

large rib

metal

and
the

each

on

board
the

larger rib kept

and

lowered

in

form

and

then

raised

concrete

six-inch

the

iron
six

and

with

the

form

the

so

to

and
on.

the

rib

depth

of

The

concrete

center,

and

section.

conduit

ins. from

the

between

six inches.

inside
the

another

rammed,

granolithicface

the

The

on

the

The

form,

granolithicmixture

space

or

their
Two

follows:

as

placed between

the

inch

the

was

in the

the

againstthe

metal

planks;

or

in

of

outside

used,

were

length

concrete

Filters.

kept againstthe

of boards

small

expanded

poured

board

inches

placed,and

the

layer of

outside

buckets,
the

half

Section, Torresdale

was

side,slightly
lapping

placed

was

conduit;

board

than

slightlylonger

used

widths

Two

of

metal

expanded

ij-in. pipe.

of

length was
were

The

End

for

Form

of

metal
was

conduit

board

was

layer

of

top section

METHODS

of the

OF

form

work

made

was

The
of the

of stiff mortar.

metal

of the

having
6 ins. from
also

next

section

of the
form

to

large portion of

free

has

developed

under

of all

about

The

in order

concrete

head

built

were

in

that

junction of

feet

of

$10.50

dark

much

disturbed.

The

these

trenches

and

below

placed

was
a

grade

similar

of

next

drain

and

year

fine crack

very

conduits

will be

this

on

of excavation

or

profit,

any

material, and

concrete

labor,

gravel containing water.

or

the

the

bottom

concrete

or

8 ft.

mucked

ins. thick

12

and

filtered- water

sub-foundation

lo-in.

square

f-in. holes

bored

as

in river

was

when

badly

up
and

basin

the

width

for

the

of
duit
con-

through
of

sub-grade
the

the

box,

ft. per

level

for

wire

cable

conduit

distance

of

600

of

500
back-

chain

of

sides

discharging

Coarse

worked

drains

length

and

and

made

the

in

pumped.

was

these

ft. for

100

laid

water

and

the

of

box,

gravel
well

very

ft.

In

ft. and

one

case

kept
forth

and

on

clear

inside

box.

number

cast

and
in

operation, and

exposed, but

number

which

was

Manufacture
a

of

the

by frequentlyworking
the

first

drained

to

2/10

The

leading from

in advance

from

sump

over

points.

with

when

were

ij-in. boards,
into

in

sand

deep, and

slab

built

top, laid

ft.

firm

"

was

between

the

of

sections.

in

mostly

34

mud,

trench

together,

concrete

built

instances

when

exclusive

zo-ft. conduit

was

silt,a
the

project

to

sections

head
bulk-

yd.

was

for the

No.

metal

the

sections.

two

water

work,

cu.

per

been

few

monolithic

in

above

excavation

shaft

which

have

conduits

about

to

did

length

the

directions;

tie two

to

depression into

was

trench

above

the

corresponding to

6 ins. in all

including forms, expanded metal,

The

the

of stone, and

appearance

sheets

but

The

left from

permittingthe expanded

these

the

at

of the

cost

the

from

lapped

cracks, except

18

they

account

face

41

rammed.

was

are

and
shown

as

face

rib

WORK.

The

cut "on

was

form

slot

the

and

CONDUIT

plastering.

expanded
sides

IN

smooth, entirelyfree

was

require any

not

CONSTRUCTION

of

lengths
sewers.

of

Concrete-steel

instances
of
The

have

reinforced

castingof

Pipe.
"

been

mentioned

concrete

these

specialplants the apparatus

preceding sections
the use
of separately

the

In
of

pipe for constructingaqueducts

lengths of pipe is usuallyperformed

and

processes

of which

are

controlled

by patents, and it is, therefore,of general interest only to engineers.

of cast
concrete-steel
the Monier, the
The
leading forms
pipe are
Bordenave,
forms

and

is described

the

Bonna,
in outline

and

the

in the

methods

of

castingeach

followingparagraphs.

of

these

Monier

"

between
and

thin

very

in this

in

the mortar

ramming

procedure is

is to

employ

required

thickness

manufacture

which

of

so

as

In
to

the

the

drum

described

in

is

and

is

the

simply poured
The
the

principallyto

The

first operation is the

The

helical rod

helix

is then

Marks

the

on

reinforcement.

and

the

the

turns

is

operation
the

The

castingof

platform

is

as

two

halves

hollow

centered, and
mortar

is then

rear

poured

the

track

cylinderare

next

top

making

processes

and
itself,
on

placed
the

very

der
cylinbeen

interest

large scale.

reinforcement.
This

of

of

means

the

attached.
of

members
reinforcement

and

elevated

an

form
plat-

molding-floor.

handling

molds.

the

is first set

placed

in

mould

and

The

ment,
reinforce-

the

place.

on

is lowered

diameter.

around

This
Its

end

on

the mandrel

adjustable in

the

the proper

and

various

molds

rigidlytogether and
the

in

hollow

adjustedto

are

platform,and
is

into

on

for

mandrel

locked

added

made

is

lengths of

reinforcement

of the

in

it is

performed by

The

are

the

.than

performing it

spacing of
of

over

around

wrapped

reinforcingnettinghas

where

apparatus

This

centered.
of

are

with

follows:
the

the

circular

provided

in

placing

pipe

on

molding-floorat

into it and

aid

uniformly

specialbinding-machine.

mandrel,

is rotated

which

between

space

longitudinalrods

mandrel

the

which

the

by

the

onto

mortar

mortar

of the

construction

onto

where

for

interior

exact

employed

simple one

molding-machine

is then

The

the

plant used

is first formed

threaded

and

spacing

is

process

of

Co.

"

Wayes

the

casting process

in which

of

process

of shell is attained.

annular

into the

until the

succeeding coats

preceding paragraph.

previouslyerected.
attaches

truly a

it to

coats

mortar

of manufacture

process

more

the

network

coat, and

from

third

the drum,

onto

spread

wire

mandrel
cylindrical

spread

mortar

The

"

pipe

thin and

is

after

of the

drum

spreading

required thickness

Pipe.

Bordenave

rolls for

of

The

top of the

like the first until the

the

horizontal

rolls which

the

cylindricalsurface.

Bordenave

The

the

on

attained.

molding by machinery.

pipe, and

under

thin

of

operation mortar

pass

been

practiced by

of
essentially

consists

diameter
drum.

is

has

successive

firm

is

Berlin, Germany,

employed

shell

of

in

end

on

only, and

Distanceaway

proper

mold

against the

mortar

the

set

pipeswith
adopted
process

mandrel

or

space

For

layers.

practicable. The

not

and

mandrel

or

core

core
cylindrical

placing the netting around

plasterthe

annular

the

in

horizontal

place in

shells this

case

and

mold

outside
cylindrical

the walls of the

and

network

by insertingthe

it is formed

Monier

cast

to

is of sufficient thickness

cast

reinforcingnetwork

the

between

employed

are

pipe being

shell of the

the

permit tamping

molds,

methods

Several

Pipe.

When

pipe.
to

CONCRETE.

REINFORCED

414

The

the

liquid

platform

FACING

FINISHING

AND

moved

ahead

such

diameter

days,

that

that

so

the

to

EXPOSED

the

when

platform makes

the

that

pipe is ready

The

cast

pipes are

circular track
Bonna

"

the

of

space

on

them.

the

steel

ready

pouring

the

and

pipe

the

outside

them

mandrel

for

much

crane

CHAPTER

XVII."

of

work

have

surface

to

FACING

ing
form-

and

sheets

exactly

erected

outside

of

The

mold

pipe

cast

used

for

and

them

then

was

and

molds

the

form
travelingplat-

casting Bordenave

SURFACES.

Either

otherwise

experience

of

serious

these

problem,
than

certainty that

attention

two

hence

set

successful

work

is

most

of uniform

from

the

task

those

of instructions
will

which
ensue.

various

color

variabilityof
of

of

avoiding

not

here

settled

them

upon

is rather
be

followed

or

disfiguring

undertaking work

can

sorts

imperfectionsare

common

imperfectionsis capable
and

color
of such

builders

subject to

and

texture

its consideration

results

which

annoying

Unfortunately practice has

concrete.

of the

most

the

sightlystructure,

warrants

even-grained surface

Concrete

irregular surface

or

EXPOSED

FINISHING

AND

of the

one

overcome.

discoloration.

which

is

imperfection,but

roughness

an

the

those

to

the

placing

For

handling

to

interior steel tube,

then

inside.

placed

of securing an
difficulty

concrete

work

on

clamped

was

CONCRETE

on

set

attached

reinforcingskeletons with
end on wooden
templates,

two

then

similar

procedure: The
and
adjusted to
were

the

was

Agricole

Pare

employed.

were

THE

of

reinforcement

were

the

of

bending

liquid mortar.

and

mode

construction

was

the

mortar

pipe is in
pipe. Taking

first erected

The

on

runs

track.

molding

longitudinalbars

above.

casting.

new

castingBordenave

for

second

casting Bonna

general

the

cylinder mould

pouring

for

were

then

described

collapsiblesteel
for

the

was

between

hollow

in

the

distributingsewer-pipe for

and

The

as

steel tube

inside

by specialmachines

joints.

like the inside

the

adopted

reinforcement

step

done

was

and

is reached

place for

is of

to three

two

which
traveling-crane

adopted

following was

next

of

415

track

in from

pipe cast

to make

means

process
that

mandrel

removed

with

small

inner

The

which

by

to

illustration the

rings

lifted

The

Pipe,

d'Acheres, the

be

concentric

all respects similar

for

to

circular

its circuit

the first

position of

time

The

casting position.

next

SURFACES.

CONCRETE

is

one

in reinforced
a

tion
solu-

record
with

of
the

41 6

REINFORCED

Causes

of

with

result

may

mechanical

scales.

The

use

and

allowing the
leave

to

and

forms

upon

bulges.

Failure

evenly againstthe
in the

of concrete

failure

to

or

the

place, or

mixture
the

mix

adhering

the

pulling away

when

they

Variations

in

variety of
is

texture

and

rough
and

with

use

of

No

two

cements

cause

the

and

cloudy

molds

Even

will

when

when

shades

there

is

criticism

no

reason

their

dark

for

The

is so
but

thin

as

powder.

the
of

extent

to

form
this

the
of

an

efflorescence

may
The

form
be
nature

an

encrustation

readily scraped
of

this

to

the

and

with

which

at

as

discoloration

and

cloudy

be

good

concrete

times

body
or

work

conpounds

the

the

the

to

placeswhere

white

quality of

have

seems

of considerable
off

adhering

surface.

kind

on

varies;

manner

cleanliness

Dirt

of lime

efflorescence

crete
con-

however,
satisfactory,

there

leaching out

is

work.

the

similar

color and

cases

many

merely to give a lightershade

it will often
which

In

attributingthis

depositionin

in

in color

degrees of

cleanliness

the

frequentlyvary

appearance.

dirt

hold

surface

the

In

the

to

alternate

color,and

of

is

surface

possibleas

depositionand

surfaces

of

cult
diffi-

are

surface

variation

of

adjacent concrete

of the

the

to

uneven

in concrete.

streaky appearance

smoothness

or

and

variation.

the

others

collect

of different

or

frequentlystain

the

concrete

light and

of color

and

the aggregates, their

is done,

this

of

partakes

surface,

result from

the

shade

same

Dirt

it adheres

and

adjacent parts

exactlythe

cases

texture.

probably

and
differently

in

both

In

color,since

cause

the

parts of the

fine

Roughness

Another

from
in

evenly

the concrete

obvious

in

surface

roughnesses.

surfaces

variation

degrees.
of

of them

of different

will

of

neity
homoge-

result

and

fine

pitsin

similar

are

of

may

spots when

cause

exactness.

any

cements

are

in

these

parts weather

different

made

will leave

ridges,

in the

place.

and

coarse

of

form

Lack

and

into

certain

are

tightlyand
filling

homogeneity

coarse

cracks

open

of variation

the

concrete

of

cause

different

the

sand

Some

in the

thoroughly

concrete

of

and

molds.

the

warped

concrete

ramming

will

color

common

in

soot

the molds

removed

the

smooth

of

alternate

of the

causes.

lack

materials

of

with

rough places.

segregationof

to

are

determine

to

This

material

pack

depositionand

cement

molds

to

its

during

the

cause
prolific

concrete

the

to

result is

and

work.

and

plasticconcrete
to

is another

and

distorted

will result in

mold

concrete

texture

first

the

impress

ditions
con-

texture

uneven

imperfectionsin

is

thickness

uneven

become

to

of

several

are

bulges,ridges,pits,
projections,

as

of these

One

There

"

surface

concrete

rough lagging of

their

tongues,

in

Discoloration.

roughnesses,such

bubble-holes, and
of

and

Roughness

which

CONCRETE.

the

and
face.
sur-

deposit

it appears,
and

ness
thick-

yellowish-white
preventive

and

FACING

AND

remedial

treatments

which

fullyin

more

Construction
the

of Forms.

the

of

grain

forms

concerned

forms

it with

grout,

beyond

in

work

finish

in

the

toolingor
most

rubbing

of

the

differences

in

The

but

forms,

apparent

marks

prefer

lagging-boards.
thickness

the

from

into

edge

of

bulging

the

with

hard

and

covering

them

the

the

piers of

Columbia,

glossoil
Mortar
means

mortar

for
or

the

then
or

been

securing a

is

has

floating
molds

either
to
so

slight

to

joints.

open
easy

insure

to

the

boards
One

concrete.

by

The

usually the joint-

or

wet

board

styleof

some

removed.

due

of

the

edge

wedge

without

with

practicedfor
method

A
with

of

cloth,

sand

Facing.
smooth

grout facing.

This

"

preventing
eliminating

Bridge

into

the

One

of

surface

facing

are

in construct-

success

River

oakum

in

matched

oil with
the

most

finish
differs

FIG.

British

covering the tightlylaid

blowing

Grout

and

or

tightwhen

shown

stripsof

pasted

Frazer

in

the forms

as

lagging. Pointing the joints

used

was

by

it is not

the

the

adjoining

concrete.

consisted

and

the

have

grain-marks,which
ing

that

construction

with

which

joint-marks on

jointis

putty, packing them

or

soap

means

of

this

the

or
distorting

forms

erally
Gen-

impressions of

been

and

from

rubbed

perfect the

boards

smooth

absorbed

In

Fig. 309.

presses

other

moisture

successful

most

sketch

the

in

particularlyperfect

be

may

obvious, but

them

keep

task

engineers experienced

have

adjoining

is

far

surface

to

surfaces

These

of

cause

the

surface

forms

concrete

cult
diffi-

used.

surface

to

secure

entire

the

after

imperfection in
the

the

the

be

can

minor

many
to

attempt

dress

process

smooth, tightjointsand
swell

to

to

for the first

remedy

not

crete
con-

slightimpressions

true

similar

fact

of

It is very

attempt

metal,

by rubbing
In

Even

paraffine well

or

by attempting

measure.

of

leave

to

surface

practicableso

and

eliminated

to

soap

is

face

straight-grained,
smoothly

sheet

that

cost, than

reasonable

concrete

done

Grain-marks

less

at

with

not
a

filled with

leave

not

these

In

the

facing.

face-laggingis kept

the

usually be

can

will

the

it hardens.

on

mortar

generallybetter

been

when

will show

they

covered

has

close-fitting
joints.
the

timber

its pores

when

cussed
dis-

are

sufficient

are

plasticmixture

that

so

timber

rougher

is molded

concrete

the

it is

timber, with

417

cure

Very slightimperfectionsin

deposited with

been

speaking,all
are

its

been

exceptionalinstances.

dressed

in, or

practiced in

the

character, and

but

any

has

construct

of this

have

dressed

smoothly

which
to

SURFACES.

"

unsightlyimpression on

an

CONCRETE

succeeding paragraph.

against which

forms

EXPOSED

FINISHING

on

from

Joint
309.
forLagging"

lagging with

hand-bellows.

frequentlyemployed
concrete

is to

plasteringin

use

being

418

REINFORCED

laid

on

the

as

is

concrete

deposited,thus

The

thickness

of mortar

in. to 3

ins.,but

the usual

facingas

thick

which

is much

it.

one

in the

stones

the

the

the

of
to

cement

wet,

since

must

be

mold

the

facing

the

had

particular

will

of

few

riveted

it

across

employed
ribs close

plate there

of the

backing

mortar

and

of the

purpose

small

and

subsequent filling

the

about

is operated in

an

the
with

slot

open

last

ft. apart.
device

ij

is

following
its

this

In

upward.

form

This

form

the

6 ft. long has

about

together to

batches

the

as

it is

backing,

concrete

of

crete
con-

angle-

position

ins. wide.

is

rammed

being

construction

shows

By

placing
a

of

steel

The

close bond.

needed,

the

and

essential

secure

as

nearly as

is

backing

of

concrete

and

to

form

of surface

size of the
the

which

is

mortar,

plate,use
one

illustrated,and
withdrawal

is sometimes

side.
it is
into

This

is

flare of

more

of

delay

no

principle

possiblethe

the

of the
desired

its

facing

mortar

type just
thickness

top edge facilitates

with

board

unwieldy

objectionablebecause
which

the

usually done
made

mold

angle-ribsany

constructed, and

the

on
furring-strips

left upon

excellent

an

varying the
be

facing can

lieu of

one

method

the

mortar.

described.

the

in

care

diately
tamped thoroughly,and immethe plate.
backing is deposited behind
and
plate is withdrawn
by the handles

the

permitted in placing the

Fig. 310
of

which

concrete

mixed

the

face of the

the

rather

from

handles.

its handles

it and

facing are

facing is

simultaneous
of

and

Portland

adoption during

with

facing and

sition
compo-

mixed

stones

ij-in. angles spaced

mortar

been

this has

When

and

timber

done

smooth

facing is practicedby

8 ins. wide

or

againstthe

set up

the

facing
readily

more
secure

the
crete
con-

facing-mold, but

during

wide

provided

is between

afterwards

is

the

slot is filled with

This

the

for

against the

fill the

it

gained

side
is

plate is

The

manner:

has

plate

mold

as

to

ingredientsare

placing mortar

plate 6

one

on

this

of

edge

One

sheet-iron

years.

and

R.R.

the

grout

or

mold

paste that the

pushed through

The

Illinois Central

thin

so

ramming.
followingmethod

and

These

completely

must

be

on

while

pierced by

ramming

mortar

is necessary

ins. thick.

facing is adopted. The

usually specifiedas i part of

is

have

to

be

in

the

from

of mortar,

likelyto
A

ij

or

mortar

mortar

paste

not

behind

roughnesses

3 parts of sand.

or

facing.

in.

waste

is taken

care

care

when

is

singlepiece with

practicevaries

it

unnecessary

great

mortar

in

make

to

in. thick

small

concrete, and

in

surface

of

impress

does

than

rather

unless

fillingbehind
shows

practice is

less than

concrete

forming

facing employed

3 ins. is

as

CONCRETE.

of

shovels.

In

provided

with

device

the

than

the

large crevice

facing is likelyto slough

FACING

and

FINISHING

AND

which

is less

easilyclosed

constructingmortar
is secured

success

mixed

be

must

firmly rammed

layers,and

8-in.
back

form

only
into

perfect

The

care.

and

mortar

be

it must

the

facing-mold.

The

the

mold

delay

without

crete
con-

and
the

together of

ramming

Avenue

The

the

concrete

in. with

cement

6-in.

at

the

face

or

pushed

was

ordinary gardener's spade

an

and

Long Island

deposited in

was

with

employed

for the

subway

concrete

ramming
part

applying grout facing was

Y.

molds

needed,

as

In

ramming.

board

or

great

finallythe

Atlantic

about

thick grout of

of

final

4*9

thorough.

of

N.

after

the

from
a

be

must

Brooklyn,

in

R.R.

and

against it, and

constructingthe

in

success

iron

expense

churned

followingmethod

The

either

the

by

deposited behind

be

backing

bonded

with

batches

and

must

and

the

at

in small

backing
facing and

only

rammed

thoroughly

and

facing

SURFACES.

CONCRETE

EXPOSED

parts sand

into

poured

was

Handles
Riveted
on ihe Flare-.

FIG.

the

The

space.

painted with

when
their

removed.

were

in

forms

used

the

dressed

and

Finishing
as

Mortar

grain

plasticmaterial.
or

bubble-holes

of

these

number
work
surface

of
on

in the
of

finish

of the

the

forms,

New
was

will

of
have

York

When

"

lessness
care-

any

the forms
rough spot when
of mortar
facing
susceptibility
a

be

noted

of

the

it may

mortar

that

wood

with

even

shown

was

wood

also

occasional
careful

most

surface
been

Central

obtained

be

by

grout facing is

or

dressed

the

with

even

ably
invari-

was

but.
faithfully,

precedingparagraphs

smoothly

There

methods

the

work

itself in

Facing.

method

some

their

surface

good

facing.

mortar

described

in the

did

grooved yellow pine

and

paraffinedlagging the grain

the

perfectly on

this work

indication

an

Facing.

tongued

In

part evidenced
As

for Mortar

were

men

taking impressions from

the

Mold

"

paraffinepaint.

secured
on

310.

is

the

"
the

Hudson

slightest
imperfections

clearlyimpressed on

construction.

In

the

rough spots, pittings,

finishingmust

practiced.

ployed
em-

be

recent

River

To

get rid

resorted

to.

concrete

culvert

R.R.

an

following procedure:

excellent

The

forms

REINFORCED

420

of

dressed

2-in.

painted

with

the

shovel,

edges
in

poured
was

soap
forms

along

used

and

with

carefullyrubbed

was

of

surface

then

was

to

cement

with
rounded

circular

with

with

struck

were

the

In

this

Crafts

the

After

concrete

and

Engineering

the

forms

concrete

ridges due

are

shall
to

be

cracks

or

the entire face

shall then

of

mixed

whitewash,

of sand.

The

the

In

extensive

the

R.R.

Chicago

wash

piecesof

the

When

white

in molds

made

of

coat

by
All

float.

and
fillet,

the

presented by

the

brick
firethe

about

while

in

wooden

Maintenance

followingrequirement for finishingwas

the

with'

with

wood

was

Hard

soft.

The

grout

of

final rubbing

edges were

coping joints

jointer.

for
specifications

of

with

edger,or

the

yet "green," the surface

closelyfollowed

was

using a

movement,

Crafts

and

sand,

painted

wet,

lagging.

being pressed

and

in

Mortar

againstit.

the

was

sand,

concrete

rather

layerrammed

motion,

to

of

square-pointed

flat.

by jointsof

circular

dampened

sifted

the

the concrete

briquettesof i cement
handles
building-brick,

or

size

and

while

with

hammered

place, were

layers

parts sand, mixed

fill openings left

to

removed

were

to

the

as

back

been

in

being put

then

drawn

had

the form

after

soap,

was

cement

part

soft

face

which

of

pine,

thin

of
the

up

proportion of
then

matched

coat

brought

were

and

CONCRETE.

of

mittee
special com-

Association

Way

the

adopted:

small
cavities or
openings in
any
filled
with
if
mortar
neatly
Any
necessary.
in
the
lumber
shall
be
rubbed
down;
joints

removed,

be washed

with

in the

proportion of

should

be

applied with
construction

concrete

exposed

thin grout of the

i
part of cement

surfaces

brush.

of

the

all finished

were

consistency
to

parts

Aurora, Elgin "

according to

the

:
following-specifications

of

cement

if there

are

mortar

of

finished

mortar,

and

open,

porous
and
2

any
i

done

be

must

when

walls

All

cement

mortar

and

other

present

and

facing when

smooth,

uniform

face
sur-

be effaced, and
disfigurementsmust
be
neatly filled with
places,they must
in, which
finishing
sand, well rubbed
the

upon
material

in

removal

the

of

forms.

pensation
Com-

including
finishing,
finishingof bridge seats
cubic
yard for concrete

requiredin such

required,

parts, is included

all

immediately

for all labor

the

must

with

the

the

price per

work.
Mr.

Edwin

for concrete-steel,
general specifications

in his

Thacher,

requiresthe followingsurface
For

plain

againstthe
surfaces

flat

surfaces,

molds, and,

shall

be

finish:
the

after the

floated

to

concrete

molds
smooth

may
have
been
finish with

directly
exposed
semi-liquidmortar,

be

rammed

removed,

all

FACING

of

composed
taken

that

used

FINISHING

AND

effective

very

with

acid.

The

of Portland

method

the

of

use

crushed

and

water,
the

acid.

pass

to

the

through

sieve

of

finish

mention

for

adoption.

layers to

it

in

render

and

with

that

The

is crushed

inch

according

is used

and

scale

surfaces

finishingconcrete

of

callinga warning against

apply

to

is

that

concrete

in

mortar

for any

result

off the

the

be

"

An

can

usual

aggregate for the surface

is

concrete

secured

times

surface

many

it

intended

was

small

by using large rounded

soft, removing

until

brushing

i^

and

in the

the

this

layerof

aggregate.
the

to

the

style of

and

concrete,

the

pebbles

pebbles
exposed.

are

Park

National

the

in

then,

employed

facing was

road-bridge in

classes

pebbles

between

mortar

half

approximately

concrete

in
at

C.:
which

will

be

in

the

ins. in their smallest

concrete

will consist

with

thin

length of time,

finish for certain

effective surface

work

concrete,

between
mixed

make

to

exterior

faces

of

the

of
the parapet walls for a thickness
of 18 ins., will be made
rounded
the
below
the
stone
concrete
belting
varying in

and

of

material

the

stone

water

is

clean

effects

any

square

it adhere

make

for
followingspecification

The

alone

unfinished

the

Facing.

constructinga
Washington, D.

of

this

general

In

of

practicallyimpossible

than

Dash

the

wire

The

face, leaving

sightly.

concrete

by

by chemical

the

detect

enough

method

purpose

begins to

looks

Pebble

while

the

surface

once

more

place of

is

It

concrete

when

of

parts of the finely

neutralize

per

is

plasticmixture.

deserves

worse

meshes

30

mortar

solution,then

to

granite
obtained

be

can

at

inspection.

desired, and

"

and

to

10

Plastering. Plasteringas
its

acid

solution

close

by

of

weak

ing
depend-

gray

treated

matrix

cement

or

This

then

are

it is difficult to

work

stone, except

character

soft

with

alkaline

an

the finished

In

natural

not

to

with
finally

or

partly exposed.

stone

surface

the

by washing

of red

mixture.
to

cement

the

remove

granular particlesof

done

is

to

means

the

etc., in

composed

of stone

specialeffects

surfaces

exposed

shade

any

facing

mortar

facing mortar

stone, the kind

and

part Portland

using

Thus

obtained,

the

by etching

of

desired.

The

stone.

mechanical

the

is obtained

sand, pigments,

of about

composed

421

finish.

finelycrushed

be

can

smooth

consists

and

cement

sandstone, etc.,

or

finish

SURFACES.

parts of fine,sharp sand, care

being
the face, sufficient only being
is left on

give a

the appearance

upon

by

and

pores

CONCRETE

of mortar

body

no

fill the

to

and

cement

part

EXPOSED

of
The

as

aggregate instead

part Portland
parapet walls

cement,
will

This

diameters.

be

aggregate composed of gravel not

of broken
2

made

stone.

similar

exceeding

course

gravel will be
The

parts sand, and

in

bridge
gravel

ture
mix-

5 parts
manner,

in. in its small-

REINFORCED

422

diameter.

est

be

must

When

brushed

the

from

forms

around

leavingapproximately half
this work

In
concrete

to

the

the

permit

undue

labor.

Tooled

At

after

it has
is

process

finish

concrete

styleof

finish

dressed

work

tender,

and

For

harden
done

been

the

mold

chisel.

is used, let it be
fine and

close

stone, crush
finer the

by

Masonry

without

successful.

the

concrete

The

chisels.
the

of

any

forms

well

for

mold

to

common

by Fig.

Resemble

to

which

surfaces

of horizontal

means

shown

as

and

This

311.

Masonry.

for the
uniform

it and

the

the

"

arch

an

stone

fine work
or

is

the

be

work

per

left to

should

When

required take
to

be

the

will

it is

generallysufficient

fine

gravel.

is

is often
very

very
same

The

correspond.

resemblance

of masonry

bridges, and

the

grade.

even

colored

nearer

facing

feet

should

concrete

great

and

cement

size of buckshot

with

over

square

1,000

cut, and

of

natural

it with

is crushed

picked

it is yet

especiallygranite makes
Whatever
ordinarygravel will do.

face, but

of

is

the

stone

in color and

mix

Facing.

forced-CGiicrete

work

while

concrete

finishingabout

natural

Most

the

face

being spalled or

imitation

stone

to

it is

surfaces

the

lightpicks

inspection;fbut for

the stone

hard

employed equally

be

from

of finer-tooled

before

excellent material

close

dressing,and

Concrete

is removed

small

imitations

too

was

dress

to

torn

most

pointed

or

masonry

Molding

it

the

being

of mortar

depth

hammers

tooled

ordinary workman

longer
with

for

has

with

rapidity,an

Form

brushes,

extensivelyemployed by Mr. E. L. Ransome,

followingdirections for securing it: In imitatingrough-

gives the

day.

of

with

sand

hours

12

from

finishingconcrete

V-shaped depressions formed

"

hours

36

brushing proved

of

represent ashlar

311.

of

sufficient

the

means

connection
to

FIG.

who

by

steel

of

age

pebbles

the

age

method

the

at

experienced engineers is

many

hardened

In

vertical

the

at

exactlyanalogous to stone
employed for cut stone can

concrete.

the

by

"

hold

to

age

that

test

remove

hours'

24

Surfaces.

is preferred

of

brushing,to

and

cement

gravelwith

gravelexposed.

by

that

brushing, and

the

of the

face

of the

found

was

removed

are

the

set
sufficiently

not

was

by

out

it

CONCRETE.

be

employed

satisfactory

upon

reduce

to

on

rein-

solution

of

FACING

the

of

problem
be

may

of
and

facings

have

exercised

in

coursed

and

the

of

be

these
the

be

can

work

should

in

be

cut

they

were

ring

is not

the
of

use

to

instances.
voussoir

true

part of

shape, and
arch

stone-faced.

In

stone

bonding
backing,

advantage

ring

the

stones

if

perfectlyas

brick

and

masonry.

soffit of

The

be

this there

the

to

quite as

ring.

of

place

ring

the

into

arch

the

laid

arch

insure

To

cramps

facing

For

voussoir

true

metal

with

should

is close

observed

reaching well

stretchers

masonry

entirelyof

were

backing.

facing
masonry

care

into

up

be

to

concrete

supplemented

many

structure

feature

important

liberal

if the

as

facing to

masonry

should
and

parapet,

true

boulder

same

them

laying

for

and

the

Exactly

and

selectingstones

is used

rubble,

random

423

Masonry

structures.

which

employed.

this the most

Beyond
of

ashlar,

all been

wall, cornice

such

for

style of stonework

any

arches,

finish

surface

SURFACES.

CONCRETE

EXPOSED

FINISHING

AND

the

facing

arch
be

may

employed.
for
following specifications

The

conducted

work

high-classwork

quality of
loose
of

character

stone

be

must

of

E.,

to

trol
con-

requirements

will

as

the

stand

the

of

ring stones, cornices,and

shall

be

action

approved

an

texture, free from

compact

of

imperfectionsof

flaws, discolorations,or

seams,

such

The

stone.

C.

character:

If stone

"

facing, which

Soc.

of the

fair idea

facingis used,
spandrels,piers, and abutments

of

Am.

M.

Thacher,

by him, give

of this

Facing.

Stone
faces

Edwin

Mr.

prepared by

were

brick

and

stone

of

the

kind, and
any
The
weather.

with
rubble
to
spandrel-wallswill be backed
concrete, or
masonry,
the thickness
The
shall
in
all
be
stone
cases
required.
securely
facing
bonded
shall be rock-faced
or
clamped to the backing. All stone
with the exceptionof cornices
shall be sawed
and stringcourses,
which
or

bush-hammered.

lines, and
other

least

wet, and

exceed
ins.

ring

Portland
be

to

the

the

course

The

dimensions

chisel draft

to

below.

with

shall
All

joints.
joints

break

to

shall

and

be

cleaned,

laid in true

be

the

All
No

joints shall

walls

radial

true

"-in. joints.
laid

be

plans,

on

to

vertical

and

of the

faces

given

in. wide

beds

and

dressed

be

mortar,
true

in. in thickness

with

shall

stones

cement

dressed

neatly pointed.

lines, and
have

in

shall

stones

joint shall
at

The

laid

shall

corners

springing lines of the

All cornices, moldings, capitals,keystones,
arch, or string course.
brackets, etc., shall be built into the work in the proper positionsand
shall be of the forms and dimensions
shown
on
plans.
Brick
The
arch rings,cornices,
Facing with Concrete
Trimmings.
and
described
stringcourses,
quoins shall be concrete-faced
above,
as
the arch
and
marked
and
beveled
to represent
rings
quoins being
a

carried

up

to

the

"

The
piers,abutments, and
masonry.
brick as shown
on
plans. The
the

springing lines

of

the

arches,

spandrels shall be
brick facing shall

and

rock-faced

faced
be

above

rified
with/vit-

plain below
these

lines.

REINFORCED

424

All

rock-faced

All

brick-facingshall be

of the face

brick

of

shall

CONCRETE.

be

hand

chipped by

bonded

the wall

shown

as

headers.

from

least

plans, at

on

The

pitch lines.

true

one-fifth

the best
being
stand
all tests
to
quality of hard-burned
as
paving brick, and must
and
fitness
the
in
The
bricks
durability
required by
engineer
charge.
be regular in shape and
must
in size and
color.
practicallyuniform
shall
be
free
from
lime
other
and
They
impurities;shall be free from
checks
fire cracks, and
uniform
in every
or
as
nearly
respect as possible;
shall

be

as

to

annealed

burned

vitrified
The
and

be

of

use

with

boulder

which

in the

the

carried
with

its

stones

D.

the

secure

maximum

of

hardness;

degree
toughness;
homogeneous mass.
up simultaneouslywith the
of

and

so

oughly
thor-

be

face

work,

it.

will

success

limited

depend

to

their

boulder-faced

constructinga

C., the following requirements

structures

the

largelyupon

very

selected,their size,and

are

In

be

must

facing will ordinarilybe

structure.

Washington,

the

ment
arrangearch

concrete

specified for

were

facing:
The

boulder

term

hard, durable, and

edges have become
or

make

to

as

to

as

ultimate

specialcharacter, and

care

at

so

the

backing shall be
thoroughly bonded

The
of

so

reach

brick

less rounded.

on

the

of

class

of the
to

of

the

on

face

it be

the

depth

bridge,and

indicated

shall be plastered with

immediately
The
of

arch-stones

not

jointsshall
more

the
from
to be

18

exclusive

measured

least

before

less than

dressed
their

stones

so

and

admit.

girder by
adjacent
fXf-in. bar, the cramps

girder.

cemented

The

outside

the

scraped

taken

and

parts sand.

more

fresh

or

beyond

15 ins.,
dimension

clear

of mortar

shall

backs

this

exceed

mortar

The

tion
selec-

fractures

ins.

horizontal

brushed
The

effect

in the

aptitude for

an

marks

least

engineer.

not

as

depth

will

steel

well

be

show

tool

are

consist

of all boulders

as
layerof mortar
specified,at least J in. thick,
the
concrete
ramming
against them.
shall have
of
between
a
depth
4 ft.,a width
3 and
than
to be
ins.,nor more
36 ins.; all dimensions
of the projectionsbeyond
the
lines.
The
neat

be

the

this

the

be

projectat least
projectionshall not

one-half

and

who

and

decidedly rustic

must

care

be

engineer,whose

both,

or

obtain

shall

two-thirds
as

by

cement

the

shall

stone

jointsshall

part Portland

to

extreme

greater than
All

stone.

intention

of such

rock, which

approved by

water-worn,

or

end

loose

cover

only mechanics
employed. No
showing faces.

be

lines of the

shall

nor

shall

boulder

neat

that

to

to

be

quality

weathered

stones, and

allowed

The

is meant
to

It is the

work

will be

the

of

facing,and

of the

here

into

to

exceed

two-thirds
Each

to

them,

reach
and

girdersshall

ins. at

their

arch-stone
of

means

i^

at

any

length,and
shall

be

wrought-iron
least

point
as

for at
much

cramped

cramp
ins. into each

to

made

boulder,

securelycramped to the top of the

be cramped to the adjacent girders

FACING

by

wrought-iron

10

used

we

FINISHING

AND

|Xi-in.,

No

dressing will

spandrels, and
laid

parapet

will

boulder

Cast

must

Concrete

and

the

molded
of

of

of

layer of

with

to

rammed.
and

aside

The

or

to

For

ground.

This
be

platform was

the

the

mold
the

on

into

and

to

as

wire

then

mortar-bed

and

When
slabs
of

of

hardened,
with

the

at

with

mortar

and

example
mode

thin

this

was

the

of

with

their fire ends

so

and

rich

that
of

the

the

edges

construction

jointsand

backed

level

was

and

platform

level

laid

four

down

intrados

placed

of mortar

divide

to

placed

was

reinforcing-bars,

voussoir

being molded,

bars

several

at

points
The

projectingupward.

set

laid

of

facing

concrete.

about

was

back

the
the

held

and

bed

piece

permit

cloth

then

was

prepare

extrados

rough

these
with

to

To

total thickness

mold

molds

Bridge

of fine stone

concrete

carefully
the

adjacent

these

structure.

gunny

were

Under

product
In

wood

edge

and

smooth

the

corners.

with

faces

with

to

concrete,

from

its surface.

on

mold

Soissons

an

parts of

1-2-4

large enough

was

outline

on

each

compacted

projecting wires.

place

the

on

smoothly
to

the

for

or

desired

in the

facing a

full size

removed

placed

sections.

to

covered

smooth

number

the

the

of

of mortar

constructed

stripsof

looped

the

last

bottom

were

arch-rib

served

mold

parallel

intersect

was

metal

veneer

covered

Radial

stirrupswere

slab

and

thickness

blocks
were

to

also

the

in

the

to

they

was

voussoir-like

bottom

near

one

so

arch-rib.

tion
construc-

molds;

cement

this bed

on

the

delineated

which

the remainder

the

In

in wooden

part

molding platform

mold

of

the

concrete

to

concrete-steel

constructinga

cityparks.

placed

the

until
of

arch-ribs

in

1902,

at

the arch-

of

of

with

veneer

bridge

similar
essentially

down

of

placed

was

molding

pavement

by battens,

face

in.;

season

of

the

cast

hardening,

construction

follows:

of

first

was

in. stone,

stone

faces

slabs

of

An

the

one

composed

in. to

After

set

formed

arch

follows:

mortar

of from

depth

p. 206, the

on

Chicago, 111.,in

as

stone

constructingthe

In

"

backing.

were

procedure being

finelycrushed

of

in

slabs

abutments,

allowed.

be

place like

in

set

buildings in
the

in

used

stones

but

work,

is described

forming

recreation

as

which

employed

mentioned

the

on

spandrel facing were

concrete

was

of the

Veneer.

separately and

the

required

Slab

Soissons,France,
ribs

be

stone

without

only well-shaped boulders,

bed,
Dressing will be permitted
without
it. The
be properly bedded
cannot
as
continuation
of the spandrel and
wing walls.
a
reach
entirelythrough the walls.

stones

walls

cold

425

(in construction

jXf-in. bar
fracture).

from

will

broadest

such

on

be
walls

wing

their

on

The

as

made

cramps
it bent

SURFACES.

CONCRETE

EXPOSED

the

on

ins.

voussoir-shaped
with

slabs
For

a
were

the

number
set

in

spandrel-

426

REINFORCED

wall

facingthe
The

manner.

this

cast

and

assured

Ornamented

in

many

instances

ornamental

and

ngs

Soissons

exactlythe

remark

Bridge

considerable

in

that

same

the

reduction

of

of

use

expense

finish of

surface

and

structures

rectangularmolds

enabled

veneer

Moldings
:

in

cast

were

engineersof the

concrete

for forms

pleasingappearance.
Shapes. The finishingof

concrete

"

the

comprehends
for

shapes

construction

mold-

of

cornices, corbels, medallions, keystones,

and

in

slabs

CONCRETE.

cast

as

would

be

cut

but

in

and

expense

Panels

stone.

usuallybe

can

of

the

portable molds

separatelyin

of

in

molded

These

parts.

construction

suitable

place by

be

architectural

other

either

may

stationaryforms

and

set in

form

simple

place without

they

or

place in

molded

be

the

structure

ings
mold-

plain cornice

or

great trouble

may

and

expense,

constructing corbels, complicated moldings, balusters, etc.,

of times, time
one
particularlywhere
pattern is duplicated a number
will

usually be

either in sand-molds
Some

sand

follows:

as

and

is done

The

poured

into

three

if any,

work,
or

four

or

but

it is

before

when

as

be

cheap

days,

the
source

York

and

and

be

of

for

plain cornices

convenient
"

of the

to

wooden

use

The

leaching out

the

surfaces

uneven

of discoloration

color
Mr.

Testing Laboratory,

and

such

and

ing
cast-

mold

the

projectingfins,
for

in

the

fortnight

has

an

usually
un-

tageous
advanparticularly
intricate

facing slabs

of

certain
work

surfaces.

lime

it is

moldings
generally

are

In

compounds

and

quite frequently
relation

Clifford Richardson, Director

says:

excess

the

keep

this

forms.

of concrete
of

The

sand-molds

Sand-molding

and

immediately

is

is

of cement

left in

harden

these

wood

exactly as

cream,

the

used

and

season

flasks

to

serves

removed
may

in

shrinkage

pipe.

casting is

product

texture.

and

balusters, corbels, medallions,

depositionon
cause

let it

in

the

stone

cast

for

consistencyof

sand

the

concrete

substantially

usually consists

funnel

it is

sand

used

is then

The

surface

cast, but
and

and

preferableto

Efflorescence.
their

of

means

into

The

using.

attractive

to

by
soaks

off.

cut

are

more

have

mold

in

the

making

allowance

molded

about

in

is first made

cast

no

during setting. Generally

moist
for

of

followed

be

to

plaster of

or

recently performed by

practice,but

mixture

The

stone

mixture

in the

water

shape

is then

pattern

the

in

wood, metal,

been

procedure

required, since

castingiron.

in

of.

of

has

somewhat

size

finelycrushed

and
is

mode

varies

exact

necessary.

work

pattern of the

the

to

rigid molds

handsome

The

sand-molding.

in

or

very

castings in

in

separatelyor

erectingthe separate piecesin the structure.

ornamental
be accomplished
shapes in concrete
may

castingof

Paris.

by casting them

afterwards

sections,and
The

saved

of

to

the

this
New

FACING

FINISHING

AND

is

It

primarily due

of

mortar

which

the

and
When

large

and

the

surface

the

face

of which
such

will

the

and

be

of water

where

avoided

in

the

of

separationof
depositingthe

the

lime

free

the

is

more

the

to

neither

in

from

mortar

be

and

dry

and

the

porous
from
the

too

nor

exposed

is used

care

to

broken

the

or

to

concrete,

small

too

greatest

mortar

color.

readilybrought

of water

the

coarse

in

liberated

more

certainlynot

the

stood
readilyunder-

be

concrete

added

in

resultingdifference

Where
.

427

water

should

concrete

honeycombed.

amount

It will

The
amount
point.
should
be
be
to
exposed,
.

of

amount

settingis

of

course

SURFACES.

used, segregationof

is used

water

is
a

is

percentage

the

such

at

large,but
face

in

cement

the

of

amount

the

composed.

place,with

take

considerable

very

Portland

is

in

of water

excess

any
fine particles
will

CONCRETE

variations

to

cemsnt

that when

to

EXPOSED

its

prevent
stone

in

as

loss,

is

carefully
face,
exposed sur-

ramming it,the
in color.
uniform
after the removal
of the molds, is fairly
A
uniform
color will always be obtained
when
more
some
puzzolanic
material
is ground in with
such
the cement
This
as
slag or tross.
concrete

...

hydrated

silicious

liberated

and

in

the

of

stain

of

steps

prevents it washing

amount

of the

taken

color

The

by

free

lime

and

adoption

whose

measures

Their

originalconstruction.
that
the

Richardson

Mr.

watchfulness
under
if attained
have

the

about

trouble, but

-of the

root

in

further

which

add

engineer who
by

remedial

which

measures.

recommended

and

the

are

work

the

present

in

quotation

the

efflorescence

if it

There

are

gives the

washing

will

the

original surface

by dressingit

remove

to

of

of cement

with

at

skill and

which

hammers

They
required

default

general use,
must

the

is
In

the
it
The

surfaces

removal

of

toolingof

or

of

overcome

available.

discolored

incrustation,or

down

to

of these
the

cess
suc-

get

construction.

themselves

number

by

is difficult of attainment

of efflorescence
a

of the

workmanship

entirely certain.

recommend

solution, which

of

cost

specialmixture

is not

the

which

two

should

of

occurrence

materials

to

trouble

are

form

which

tion
addi-

engineeringconstruction,and

the

encounters

practical ones

most

of

materially

information

preventive measures,

elimination

is obviously the way

anticipates,
such
action
involves
a
degree of

objectionthat

our

active

adoption, however,

ordinary conditions
will

concrete, when
is considered
desirable,the

the

constructingconcrete

been

Exactness
.

the

are

are
designed to prevent
just made
adopting certain precautionsin the

has

surface.

the

on

which
.

the

containingsilica in an
surface
produce a concrete
pleasing appearance.

to

lime

the

substance

be

uniform

the

with
out

in

used

water

caused

some

to

combines

material

by
the
some

sort.

The

manner

of

imperfections
account

dressing
is discussed

of the method

of

down
in

concrete

surfaces

to

eliminate
The

previous paragraph.
cleaning a concrete-steel bridge at
a

face
sur-

ing
followWash-

428

REINFORCED

ington,
The

in

bridge

turned

made

of

was

into
and

considered

acetic

The

wash

yard.

and

laborers
This

was

was

high
it

cost

was

constantly
of

satisfactory.

not

found

the

the

largely
the

cents

20

Some

to

be

to

silicate

of

the
of

square
flour
lime.

in

efficiency.
chloric
hydro-

part

with

vigorously
the

on

work

with

60

cleaning

cents

cleaning
the

by

the

spandrel-

The

yard.
removed

square

per

of

and

house-cleaner

difficulty
of

cost

per

of

cost

the

acid,
tried

in

next

One

which

work,

that

exceed

acid.

mated
esti-

was

hydrochloric-acid

applied
played

method

then

came

was

this

were

solution

This

due

estimated

thoroughly

and

on

was

wing-walls

of

water.

penetration

did

analyzed

consisted

employed

were

wash

first

was

hydrochloric

acid

in

short

which

cost,

The

acetic-acid

the

colored
disbut

trial

work

dilute

scrubbing-brushes.

being

water

of
oxalic

dilute

of

and

the

Washes

become

bridge

its

to

pleted
com-

weathering

little

was

uniform,

not

the

procedure:

this

to

after

chiefly

yard.

parts

prevent

balustrades;
and

after

adopted

scrubbing-brushes,

five

but

and

best,

finally

to

brushes,

ordinary

the

proved

acid

hose

clean

square

acid,

with

conjunction
wash

per

which

To

of

after

was

color,

owing

mode

facade

north

yellow.

impracticable
$2.40

dilute

wire

facing

and

discoloration

white

dirty

water

at

of

of

this

entire

This

blotches

and

time

the

to

as

mortar

caused

efflorescence.

by
streaks

rain

data

had

question

heavy

instructive

gives

C.,

D.

CONCRETE.

cleaning
the

brushes

INDEX.

PAGE

A.
Construction:

Bin

Aqueducts

Pecos

Irrigation,

Reservoir,

N.

Switzerland

Water-works,

City, N.

Jersey

works

Water-

Boston

Coal,

261

Grain

260

Port

258

Types

Brackets

Bridge

Bridge

River

Muddy

Big

Discussion

Construction,

Bridge

River

Jacaquas

Austria

Bridge,

Laibach

Bridge

National

Bridges,

Park

Zanesville,

Ohio,

Approximate

Computation,

88
Discussion

Spandrel,

107
108

of

Economics

of Ring,

of

of

Advantages

Ribbed,

of

Tests
Thermal
Armored

Forms

104

of

Evolution

Queensland

Bridge,

Construction.

Wharf

Francisco

Floors:

Bridge

Highway,

Arch:

Auch,

214

France

150

Drainage

Avenue,
Bar

Expansion,
Forest

in

93

Hennebique

19

Hinged

32

General

25

Jacaguas,

Strength

of, Formulas

Thacher's

Constants

Thacher's

Formulas

for
for
for

233
233

Washington.

235
.

229

Construction

257
206

Germany
Metal

40

Stresses

R.R.

Quincy

of

31

Showing

"

Constructions

Combination

Corrugated

212

France

Burlington

for

for

Bridges:

Draulitten,

Formulas

Formulas

240

R.R

(see Foundations):

Foundations

Expanded

Christophe's

238
Erie

Highway,

Overhead

148
.

240

Chicago

Park,

Construction

Monier

Bridge

214

Ohio

County,

Portage

Lincoln

Chicago,

Hatt's

396

215, 395

Centers

Striking

92

B.
Beams

398

for

Connecticut

Creek

388

Chatellerault,

109

in

Stresses

215, 397
of Reinforcement

99

Piles:

Cockle
San

381, 385, 386, 387

Walls

Spandrel

Concreting

97

of

Elastic, Theory

Ring:

386

386
Method.

Centers

Arch

381

385

Bridge

Arch

Erection

215, 395

of

Striking

Shape

Washington

(see Corbels):
Construction:

Concreting

385

Mechanicsville

284
274

Co., Chicago

Steel

381

385

Bridge

Maryborough

284

Canada

of

387

387

of

Deflection

Open

of

286

Canada

Arthur,

Illinois

259

for

Centers

Elevator:

Montreal,

263

286

Bay

Narragansett

259

Arches:

Reservoirs):

(see Tanks,

262

260

for

Stops

Weston.

Mexico

New

Newark,
Tunnel,

Water

Pa

Philadelphia,

Plant,

Simplon

Algeria

Bone,

Filter

285

Circular

for

Forms
Bins

Pipe,

Cast

71

of

Calculation

Abutments,

against

Reinforcement

Park,

227

Construction

St. Louis,

210
216

Construction

205

Description
Porto

230

Mo

Construction

Melan

256

223

Rico

429

INDEX

430

PAGE

Bridges

PAGE

Cantilevers

Arch.

Laibach,
Long

Austria

Span

Luten

Construction

Maryborough,
Melan

Queensland

Construction

219

Cast

235

Chimney

(see Corbels).

Pipe,

Aqueduct,

388

Forms

377

for

Chimneys

Constable

234

Jersey

Monier

205

Los

Angeles,

225

St.

Louis, Mo

206

Columbian

Niagara

Falls

Nymphemburg,

Bavaria

Oconomowoc,

Wis

Parapet

Construction

Wall

Payerbach,

for

Austria

Hook,

Description

257

Floor

219

Roof
Column

237

Forms

Skodsborg,

N.

Denmark

of

336
152

230

Column

233

Columns

369

for

366

Footings

(see Foundations).

Soissons, France

210

Bank

Steyr, Austria

216

Factory,

Greensburg,

214

Factory,

Long

212

Forms

Stockbridge,
Test

Building,

for

Construction

222

Hennebique

Topeka,

Kan

215

Hooped

Formulas
Reinforcement

Wildegg,

Switzerland

207

Tests

Construction

207

Ingalls

Tests,

175

for

50
for

179

Cincinnati, O

176

of

53

Building,

Power

222

177

Design

256

Zanesville, Ohio

City

205

Austria

Island

179

174

Waterproofing
Wunsch

175
.

Pa

of

Thacher

Waidhofen,

Switzerland.

Basel,

Mass

Loads

291

Reservoir

Construction:

Concreting

Seeley St., Brooklyn,

294
297

Construction,

208

Pittsburg, Pa

297

Cal

Construction

227

Park,

297

Bar:

227

Sarajevo,
Schenley

N.
J

City, N.

Pontiac, Mich
Bosnia

Concreting

237

Construction

208
214

Washington

262
.

227

Mieres, Spain

Memorial,

Algeria.

Bone,

Construction:

Louisville, Ky

House,

179

of

Results

50

Girder:
Concrete,

Alexisbad,

Germany

Adhesion

Elgin "

Chemin

de

R.R

Chicago
1'Ouest,

de

203
Arch

Fer

France.

Bridges.

204

.205, 208, 214,

General

of

200
200

Piers

Bridge

Germany

Construction

Lausanne,
Moller

Construction

265, 266, 268, 271, 272

Cross-ties

301

Dams

320

202

Pittsburg, Pa

203

Yverdon,

200

154, 155, 162, 163, 168, 171, 326

Floors.
.

France

Girders,
Girder

Long-span

173

205
Tank

Construction.
.

of

Types

263,

201

Construction

Steel

259, 261, 262,

202

France

Reinforced

153

201
Conduit

I-Beam

309, 311
Floors

Columbian

Hirdenheim,

216,

219, 223, 227, 229, 233

Construction

Description

Hennebique

14

202

Composition
Aurora,

Steel

to

278, 283, 291,

199

292, 293
Bridge
Arch

Spandrels:

Tunnel

Big

Muddy

River

Laibach

Bridge,

Economy,
Hollow

Solid

Consistency

Austria

252

Definition

Arch

250

Expansion,

or

250

Modulus

240

Permeability

355

Preservation

Cellular

Filled

Building

Construction;

Buildings

Cost

of Forms.

Concrete

306
5
327

of

Coefficient

of

14

of Elasticity

8
327

of Steel

in

338

(see Floors, Columns,

Walls,

Proportioning

Roofs, Stairs).
Reinforced

305
.

Strength

Compressive

250

vs.

Revetment

251

Construction

Solid

Linings

Tunnel

Quality
for

150

of

of

Reinforcement

325
of

3
.

INDEX.

PAGE

PAGE

Concrete,

Strength,

Ratio

Tensile

Expanded

to

Compressive
Tensile

Strength

Working

Loads

'.

Metal

Foundations
Reservoirs

278

Sewers

265

10

Designs

184

11

Expansion,

Composite

Designs

10

Expansion

Designs

11

Arch

.Construction

Reinforcement
Joints:

252

Bridges

163, 198

413

Retaining-walls

Concreting

405

Roofs.

Forms

399

Pipe

(see Aqueducts,

Formulas

86

Discussion

258
of

Examples

Corrugated
Arch

F.

84

of

Types
Corbels,

199
.

Sewers):

for

General

313

for

Conduits

256

against

Floors

Reinforced

Casting

133, 137

Walls

Monolithic

Conduit

Concrete-Steel:
Combination

43

Surface:

Facing,

195

Cast

Bar:

425

Slab

Concrete

426

Efflorescence

Bridge

419

229

Finishing

Culvert

246

Forms

Floor

156

Masonry

422

135

Mortar

417

263

Pebble

334

Tooled

Foundation,

Spread

Sewers
of

Description
Cross-ties.

Adriatic

301
301

Design

Burbank
Hecla

Line

Belt

Kimball
Pere

Italy
Ry

Design
Ry

,Marquette

Culverts

"

Burlington

Qumcy

R.R.

Arch,
Slab:

246
.

of
Mich

Kalamazoo,
Illinois
New

Central

Central

York

Short

Oregon
Cummings

R.R

Line

Concreting

357

for

356

Girder:

and

Concreting

247

Forms

242

Staging

246

R.R

242

Description

Bar,

Slab

242

Railway

of

337

356

for

Forms

16

Construction:

300
t"00

of

Forms

Chicago,
Forms

(see Beams)

301

421
422

Theory
Floor

417

Dash

Flexure

Ry.,

of Mortar

for

363
359

for
for

363

Forms

Floors:
'

Arch:
Electric

Plant,

New

156

York

155

Metal

Expanded

161

Hennebique
D.

162

Monier

Dams:
Petit
Cellular
Core

Construction

81

Walls

General

82

Discussion

Palais

Beaux

168
161

Rib

yii

214, 238, 240

Bridge
Pressure

77

on

Standish,

Me

320

N.

Theresa,

Y.
.

.318

Expanded

Cause

Remedy

426

Metal

Expansion

Joints

260, 261

Bridge

Bridge

Floors

Description

of

Floors.
"

Flues.
.

163, 198

in

156

Construction

162

Construction

Ransome

Construction

163

Roebling

Construction

168

Slab:

Metal-.

Aqueduct
Arch

and

154

Expanded

Monier

152

Construction

Columbian

Hennebique

Efflorescence,

161

Arts

Construction

Roebling
Arch

des

Bank

Building,

227

Columbian

Basel,

Switzerland.

Construction
Metal

240

Expanded

331

Hennebique

154

Heavy

270

Koenen

Construction

Construction

Section
Construction

158
152
154
156
162
162

43

INDEX.

PAGE

PAGE

Floors

Foundations

Spread

Slab:

Long-span
Monier

House,

Welded
Slab

Far

and

162

Bar

Reinforcement

155

Beam

171

Fair

Wire

and

Rockaway

Fabric

Brass

Works,

Borax

Greensburg,

Works,

Corrugated

Bar

De

Construction

Valliere

Expanded

Foundry,
Hennebique

156

Ingalls

169

Mesh

163

N.

136

Construction

158

133

Reinforcement

Building,

San

133

Francisco.
.

131

of

Types

169

of Pa

133

Cincinnati

Building,

Spreckels

156

Construction

International

Hennebique

G.

167, 171, 174

Long-span

Girders,

166

Building, Cincinnati, 0

Ingalls

164

135

St. Louis

Store,

167

169

Univ.

131

of

Hardware

Philadelphia

Paterson,

Gymnasium,

N.

Construction

Laundry,

131
131

Chicago

.....

Construction

Metal

Forrest

Pa.

Hook,

Constable

133

Grillage
Building,

Forms

Girder:

135

Stirrup

Bar

Construction

Power

153, 155, 162, 171

171

Construction

H.
Palais

de

Petit

Justice,

Palais

Ransome
Types

des

Viviers,

Arts,

Beaux

159

France.
Paris.

Construction

of

160

Hennebique

163

Aqueduct

151

Arch

258
210

Bridge

175

Columns

Flues:
Arkansas
Monier

270

Construction

Footings
Forms

Co

Valley Smelting

270

(see Foundations,

Spread)

Floor

356

Chimney
Circular

156

Foundations,

136

Bin

200

Piles

139

Retaining-walls

313

Stairs

285

Walls

180

Water-tower

279

366

Cost

355

Facing

192, 194

377

Column
of

Spread

Bridges

Girder

Arch

Floors

417

Floor, Slab

Girder

and

356, 359

Staging for

313

Spandrel-wall

396

Wall

370

Construction

Capped

344

Pile

Molding

Piles

in Place

Casting

344

Pile

Driving

345

Forms

Foundations

and

Bar:

Description

336

Lintel

185

L.

Lighthouse

315

Lintel

185

Lock

148, 150

Pile

Capped

Kahn

342

Concreting

(see Piles, Concrete-Steel):

Armored

349

Pile

Spread,

137

Penrose

137

Ferry

Bridge,

Philadelphia.

317

Mechanical

General

Discussion

138

Melan,

Arch

145

Moller,

Girder

146

Monier

Netting:

Wall,

Cylinder,
Footings
Open

Building, New

York

Southampton

147

Cockle

148

for, Calculation

Caisson

Bridge

214

Bridges

202

Bridges

....

Southampton
Creek

337

Bond

144

Wharf,

182

M.

Bridge

Quay

333

Covers

Manhole

Pile:

Brumath

Hallenbeck

136

Office Building, Chicago

Concrete-Steel

Fabric

of

Construction

Wall
of

Wire

Woven

Description

Pile:

Discussion

171

Construction

Floor

International,

363

Retaining-wall

Foundation

I.

84

147, 148

Arch

Bridge

238

Floors

Description
Floors.

205

Bridges

331

of

162
.

INDEX.

433

PAGE

Monier

PAGE

Netting:

Reinforcement,

Flues

270

Thacher

Foundations

133

Welded

Sewers

267

Reservoir

Stairs

192

Tanks

273, 274

Walls

Bars

Liverpool,

England

292

Ky

286

Mass

Port

(see Walls).

Clybourn
Perth

Place,

Amboy,

Chicago
N.

Piles, Armored

Bearing

of

Piles, Concrete-Steel
Constructed
Forms

(see Sheet

Wing
Calculation

309

Buttressed,

141

Building, New

Novorossisk,
Raymond

York

Design
Russia

Pile

Foundations

Pipe

Galleries:

315
313

Building,

Debilly,

Cincinnati, 0

58

Paris

313

189

143

278, 290, 375

and

Domed

Arched

189

Court-house,

140

Mineola,

Mausoleum,

(see Foundations).

111

190
190

187

Pitched

267

187

Monolithic

272

Paris, France.

187, 188

Plastered

Corrugated

Plate

Reservoir

Q.

Slab

Southampton

278,

and

Frame

187

286,

291,

292

186, 187

of.

Types
Walls,

N.

Potsdam

Flat

Bloomington,

Quay

315

of

Domed

143

Design

66

in

Construction

141

Triangular, Berlin, Germany

Joints

Arch

139, 146

Design

Simplex

Roofs

69
of

for

Quai

140

312

of

Plain, Calculations

139

Hennebique

Walls

Calculation

Expansion

Piles):

278

Braced,

Forms

Bins):

Md

walls

Ingalls

of

Hallenbeck

Deposit,

Abutment

144

in Place

290

(see Tanks,

309

148, 150

Power

291

111

Retaining-

Piers, Bridge:

332

Louisville,

Reservoirs

Partitions

Fabric

Roofs:

Rockford,
P.

335

Wire

Newton,

.184

Forms:

Special

186
.

146
.

R.
Ransome

Bar:

Bridge

Deflection

Sand-boxes,

Aqueduct

Sewers

263
Floor

Cast

241

Chimneys
Description

of

333

Lancaster,

163

New

Foundations

134
194

Shaft

Walls

180

Shear,

Reinforcement,

Special

Combination
Commercial

Corrugated

Erection

for

Kahn

Bars

Lock

Woven

Monier

336

Shrinkage

337

Spandrel

Metal

Expanded
Hooped

Columns

Wire

Fabric

Netting

Principle

of

Ransome

Bars.

195
40
140

Stresses

75

Construction:

Concreting

337

Forms

388

Spandrels,

331

Spandrel

179

Stand-pipes,

336

Stairs

398

for

396

240, 250, 251

Bridge
Walls

(see Bridges).

Formulas

for

86

333

Forms

331

Monier

333
.

267

Concrete-steel

334

3
.

263

Longitudinal

Bars

of

266
La

Hangers

Shapes

Bars

265

Pa

Orleans,

Sheet-piles,

Bars

Cummings

Pa

Paris, France

Forms:

225

268

Floors

Stairs

to

Pipe

Harrisburg,

295, 297

due

of

Monolithic

Spiral

Construction

191
192

192, 194
194

INDEX.

434

W.

PAGE

Steel,

Preservation

Properties

in

Concrete

338

of

Stresses,

10

Distribution

Subways

(see

of

Pipe

PAGE

Wall

374

Concreting

13

Galleries,

Construction:

Forms

Tunnels).

370

for

Wall-mold
Wall

373

Ties

Footings

(see

Foundations).

T.
Walls:
Tanks

(see

Reservoirs,

Calculation

Cast

Bins):

of

Construction

82
of

Monier

273

Monolithic

180

273

Rectangular

282

Reinforced

Water-proofing

293

Types

Tests:

Arches

92
50

Hooped
Thacher

53
Bar:

Arch

Bridges

Description
Thermal

of

Combined

with

Railway

Tunnel

Linings

Tunnel

Revetment

(see

Shrinkage

256

Bridges

293

282,

Tanks

Stops

222

Weber

Bar

335

Welded

260
298

Wire

Fabric:
332

of

248

246,

74

Culvert

76

Floors

171

Tanks

282

Cross-ties).
302,

179
180

for

Description
of

185

Frame

of

Water

Stresses:

Calculation

Ties,

Concrete

Water-proofing
Arch

184

183,

Mesh

Veneer

Column

182

Building

Plastered

Construction

185

Construction

Slab

Factory

303,

305

Wharfs

306,

307

Wunsch

147

;
.

Arch

Bridge

207