CHAPTER 9

LAB REVIEW

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Bryce M
Roshni
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OBJECTIVE
The results of chapter 8 proved that atoms combine
in specific ratios. You proved that lead combined
with iodine in a 1:2 ratio making PbI2. As you
balanced the equation, you put coefficients that
basically said that compounds combine in specific
ratios as well.
The purpose of chapter 9 is to prove that this is
actually true.

ACIDS AND BASES

In order to show that compounds combine in specific
ratios, you have to have some sort of indicator that
allows you to see the compounds indirectly. This
is easily done using acids and bases.
The chemicals that you will use are called indicators.
In chapter 9 you use PHTH, which is specific for the
hydroxide ion (PHTH does NOT check for
carbonate or bicarbonate ions).

The photo to the right

shows that the OH ion is
present as the PHTH has
turned a bright pink. This
pH is well above 7

In the photo to the left you can

see the PHTH slowly turning
back to colorless. This means
that the OH ion concentration
is not very high. The longer it
takes to change, the closer to
pH 7.

NEUTRALIZING
Your logic follows this path.
1. Acids and bases are substances that produce
either a hydronium or a hydroxide ion.
*Keep in mind that we are using hydroxide bases in
class. Technically, a base is ANY substance that is
a PROTON ACCEPTOR.
2. A property of acids and bases is that the
hydronium ion will combine with a hydroxide ion to
produce a molecule of water.

NEUTRALIZING CONTINUED
When a complete neutralization occurs, you have a
pH of 7.

You can add PHTH to the hydronium or hydroxide

ion. As you reach the pH of 7, it will take longer and
longer for your PHTH to turn from pink to colorless.
Eventually, you will reach a VERY FAINT PINK
color, meaning you are actually a tad over the pH of
7.

Here you can see an example of how atoms rearrange in a

neutralization reaction. Notice that the H and the OH
combine to form water. This is what makes the acid base
double replacement reaction unique. There is also the
formation of an IONIC SALT. Here the salt happens to be
table salt, sodium chloride.

WHY FAINT PINK?

When you get the faint pink, you actually have a bit of
hydroxide ion in the solution. This is because
PHTH is colorless in acid and a neutral pH. You
actually have to obtain the slightest base pH to be
able to see the faint pink color. The lighter the
color, the closer to pH 7 you are.

YOUR LAB, PART 1

The first thing you did was to establish a ratio of acid
to base regarding neutralizing. This is why you had
to neutralize 2 mL of acid four times. You get an
average. This means that a specific amount of
base will neutralize a specific amount of acid.
See next slide if you forgot.

Trial Number Citric Acid, mL

1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
Total Volume of NaOH Used
Average Volume of NaOH Used

NaOH, mL

For the second part of the lab you then took your established ratio and
PREDICTED, USING YOUR RATIO, the amount of base that would be
needed to neutralize your different amounts of acid. This allows you to
quickly go to the predicted number and then slowly titrate from there.

Trials
Trial 1
Trial 2
Average
Trial 1
Trial 2
Average
Trial 1
Trial 2
Average
Trial 1
Trial 2
Average

Volume of Citric
Acid Used, mL
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
1
1
1

Predicted Volume
of NaOH Used, mL

Actual Volume of
NaOH Used, mL

THE CHART
If you remember your chart, you should have had
numbers that were pretty close to what you had
estimated.
Once you completed the titrations, you then plot this
data, acid on the X-Axis (you controlled how much
of that) and Hydroxide on the Y-Axis.

WERE THE ESTIMATES THE SAME AS ACTUAL?

One question that kept coming up in virtually all the
classes was why did the ratio seem to change
daily? The reasons could be many:
1. Not stirring the sodium hydroxide solution.
2. It is possible that you used acid when it was
freshly made and the temperature was COLDER,
so fewer ions formed. (It is a weak acid to begin
with)
3. In making the solutions, the scale measures to the
hundredths but shows to the 10th place. It is
possible one day I had 8.09 grams and the next
day 8.01. Both would register as 8.0 grams.

Regardless of the slope of your best fit line, you should have had
a best fit line that was A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP.
This is proof that as you increase either acid or base, the other
reactant increases AT THE SAME RATE. The ratios are
constant.

GRAPH SLOPES
So how would the slopes of the graphs compare to
your slope if you used different acids and bases?
They would all be DIRECT RELATIONSHIPS, but the
actual slopes would vary depending on strength of
the acid and base, as well as concentrations used.