Warm up #9

1.) What ingredients are in fried chicken and celery?

2.) What molecules are in these foods?
3.) What elements are in these foods?

Ch. 2 Notes:
The Chemistry
of Life

Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up
space (basically everything)

 Atoms basic building blocks of matter

Extremely small 100 million side by side =
1 cm
Made of subatomic particles
Nucleus (center of atom) contains
Protons = + charge
Neutrons = neutral (no charge)

Surrounding the nucleus

Electron = - charge

Compounds
Substance formed when 2 or more
elements chemically combine in a
definite proportion
Chemical formulas = shorthand for
what a compound contains
Examples: H2O = water; 2 hydrogen + 1
oxygen
CO2 = carbon dioxide; 1 carbon + 2
oxygen

 About 60-90
percent of an
organism is
water

Water

Water is used in
most reactions in
the body
Water is called
the universal
solvent
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 Water covers of the earth

The overall charge of a
water molecule is neutral
(as is true with all
molecules)
Water is a polar molecule
Due to polarity, water
molecules attract each
other (hydrogen bonding)

Water

Animation!

Cohesion
Cohesion =
attraction between
molecules of the
same substance
Water has strong
cohesion
Strong cohesion
results in force
known as surface
tension

Adhesion
Attraction between
molecules of
different substances
Adhesion between
water and other
substances
Allows for capillary
action
Is responsible for
substances
dissolving in water

H2Olympics Recap!
How did you guys do?

Why did this work??

News article about the dangers of
dihydrogen monoxide

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Carbon
Carbon can bind with many elements
and with itself
Able to form long chains
Chains of carbon can close up to form
rings
Carbon is more versatile than any other
element

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Carbon (C)
Carbon has 4 electrons in outer
shell.
Carbon can form covalent bonds
with as many as 4 other atoms
(elements).
Usually with C, H, O or N.
Example:

CH4(methane)
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Macromolecules
Large organic molecules.
Also called POLYMERS.
Made up of smaller building blocks
called MONOMERS.
Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

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Macromolecules
Giant molecules
Made from 100s to 1000s of smaller
molecules
Small units called monomers join together
to form polymers

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Examples of Polymers

Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates

Nucleic Acids
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Organic Compounds
Compounds that contain CARBON
are called organic.
Macromolecules are large organic
molecules.

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Organic Molecules
Molecules containing carbon
4 Types

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins

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Carbohydrates
Found in: Fruits, grains, vegetables
Contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

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Carbohydrates
Small sugar molecules to large
sugar molecules.
Examples:
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Examples:

glucose

glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribose
ribose
Fructose
Galactose
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Monosaccharides

Glucose is
found in
sports drinks
Fructose is found
in fruits
Honey contains
both glucose &
fructose
Galactose is called
milk sugar

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Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose

glucose
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Sugars in Water

Simple sugars and double

sugars dissolve readilyWATER
in
MOLECULE
water
They are
hydrophilic,
or waterloving
SUGAR
MOLECULE
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Carbohydrates

Polysaccharide: many sugar units

Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose

glucose

glucose

glucose

cellulose
glucose

glucose

glucose

glucose

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Examples of
Polysaccharides
Glucose Monomer
Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose
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Starch

Starch is an example of a
polysaccharide in plants
Plant cells store starch
for energy
Potatoes and grains are
major sources of starch
in the human diet

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Glycogen
Glycogen is an
example of a
polysaccharide in
animals
Animals store excess
sugar in the form of
glycogen

Glycogen is similar in
structure to starch
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Cellulose

Cellulose is the most

abundant organic compound
on Earth
It forms cable-like fibrils in the
tough walls that enclose plants
It is a major component of
wood
It is also known as dietary fiber
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Cellulose

SUGARS

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Dietary Cellulose

Most animals cannot derive

nutrition from fiber
They have
bacteria in
their digestive
tracts that can
break down
cellulose
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Carbohydrates

Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen,

& oxygen
Used by living things as their main
source of energy
Monosaccharide (single sugar molecules)
broken down for immediate energy
Polysaccharides (macromolecules of
monosaccharide - starches) store extra
sugar

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