qeTevan kakitelaSvili, giorgi niJaraZe, nino Ciqovani,

irakli CxaiZe, maia qvriviSvili, ivane wereTeli

msoflio kultura

Tbilisi
2012

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
himni
`Tavisufleba~
leqsi daviT maRraZisa

Cemi xatia samSoblo,

saxate mTeli qveyana,
ganaTebuli mTa-bari,
wilnayaria RmerTTana.
Tavisufleba dRes Cveni
momavals umRers didebas,
ciskris varskvlavi amodis
da or zRvas Sua brwyindeba.
dideba Tavisuflebas,
Tavisuflebas dideba.

qeTevan kakitelaSvili, giorgi niJaraZe, nino Ciqovani,

irakli CxaiZe, maia qvriviSvili, ivane wereTeli

msoflio kultura
X/XI/XII
moswavlis wigni

grifi mieniWa 2012 wels, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da

mecnierebis saministros s. s. i. p. ganaTlebis xarisxis
ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier.

 sarCevi

Sesavali

1. mravalferovani msoflio
2. ra aris kultura?

6
7
10

3. arseboben metad an naklebad kulturuli adamianebi? arseboben adamianebi,

romelTac ar gaaCniaT kultura?
14
4. ratom arsebobs ara erTi, aramed mravali kultura?

17

5. Cveni uaxloesi biologiuri naTesavebi

19

6. ra ganasxvavebs adamians sxva cocxali arsebebisagan?

21

7. aqvT Tu ara cxovelebs istoria da kultura?

23

8. genetika da kultura

26

9. bunebrivi da kulturuli garemo: Cven rom sxvagan an sxva dros gvecxovra 29

10. sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis formebi

33

11. sazogadoeba

38

12. socializacia

41

13. identoba

44

14. civilizacia

47

15. marginaloba

50

16. kontrkultura

52

17. samosi, romelmac msoflio Secvala

58

18. subkultura

61

19. kulturis universaliebi

65

20. zRapari

68

21. magia

70

22. miTi

74

23. religia

77

24. mkurnaloba da medicina

79

25. simbolo

86

26. xelovneba

90

msoflio kultura

27. samarTali

94

28. Sroma, profesia da hobi

99

29. rekreacia

104

30. TamaSi

106

31. dro

109

32. cikluri da sworxazovani dro

114

33. ena. niSanTa sistemebi

118

34. enis tyveobaSi

122

35. araverbaluri komunikacia

126

36. kulturaTa difuzia

130

37. asimilacia

132

38. masobrivi kultura

135

39. ratom aris maskultura masobrivi?

138

40. globalizacia

142

41. globalizacia _ safrTxe Tu SesaZlebloba?

147

42. masmedia

152

43. kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi

156

44. kultura da genderi

162

45. kulturaTa tipologia

166

46. saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba

169

47. saqarTvelos kulturuli mravalferovneba

173

48. kulturuli Soki

176

49. stereotipi

179

50. kulturaTaSorisi urTierTobis barierebi: rasizmi da qsenofobia

182

51. istoriis gakveTilebi

184

52. eTnocentrizmi

189

53. eTnorelativizmi

192

54. interkulturuli komunikacia. interkulturuli dialogi

195

sarCevi

Sesavali
ra warmoidgine, roca am wignis saTauri waikiTxe? albaT, upirvelesad, msoflios
sxvadasxva regionSi, sxvadasxva dros Seqmnili arqiteqturuli Zeglebi, ferweris
nimuSebi, literaturuli da musikaluri qmnilebebi... magram mxolod es aris kultura?
ratom imosebian da ikvebebian adamianebi sxvadasxvagvarad? ratom aqvT gansxvavebuli
warmodgena silamazeze, sikeTesa da borotebaze, samarTalze, usamarTlobaze,
Tavisuflebaze? ratom xumroben, brazoben, zeimoben da glovoben sxvadasxvagvarad?
ratom anawileben gansxvavebulad dros, romelic, TiTqos, yvelgan erTnairad
gadis?... saxelmZRvanelos wakiTxvis Semdeg aRmoaCen, rom es gansxvavebebi kulturiT
aris ganpirobebuli _ Cven kulturulad mravalferovan msoflioSi vcxovrobT.
swored es mravalferovneba _ gansxvavebebi warmodgenebSi, Sexedulebebsa da,
zogadad, cxovrebis wesSi _ aRgviZravs interessa da cnobismoyvareobas. kulturuli
gansxvavebebis codna da gacnobiereba gvazRvevs qsenofobiuri da rasistuli
ganwyobebisagan, rac araerTxel gamxdara msoflios yvelaze sisxlismRvreli da
tragikuli movlenebis safuZveli. Tanamedrove globalizebul samyaroSi, rodesac
sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi yoveldRiurad xvdebian erTmaneTs swavlis,
muSaobisa Tu dasvenebis dros, es codna warmatebuli TviTdamkvidrebis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa. kulturuli mravalferovnebis, rogorc faseulobis,
aRqma uaRresad mniSvnelovania Cveni qveynis moqalaqeebisTvis, radgan saqarTvelo
yovelTvis iyo da dResac aris sxvadasxva religiisa da kulturis mqone adamianebis
samSoblo.
saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia X/XI/XII klasis moswavleTaTvis.

msoflio kultura

mravalferovani msoflio

gifiqria imaze, ratom ocnebobs TiTqmis

yvela Cvengani mogzaurobaze? SeiZleba imitom,
rom sxva samyaroSi moxvedra yovelTvis
saintereso, mimzidveli da saxalisoa; es
amravalferovnebs yoveldRiur cxovrebas,
amdidrebs Cvens codnas da gamocdilebas.
mogzaurobis dros aucileblad geqneboda
fotokamera, Seecdebodi gadageRo lamazi
peizaJebi,
xuroTmoZRvrebis
Zeglebi,
saintereso momentebi. TvalSi gecemoda
adamianebis gansxvavebuli qceva _ misalmebis
wesi, madlobis gadaxdisa Tu bodiSis moxdis forma, Cacmuloba, samzareulo,
musika, sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemo... (motanili suraTebi swored kulturul
mravalferovnebas asaxavs). mogzaurobidan dabrunebis Semdeg megobrebs, pirvel
rigSi, albaT, imas mouyvebodi, ra iyo SenTvis uCveulo da gansakuTrebuli, ucnauri
_ mimzidveli Tu miuRebeli.
yofilxar saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi? sul ramdenime saaTi dagWirdeba
imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCino bunebisa da adamianTa cxovrebis wesis saocari
mravalferovneba. saqarTveloSi erTmaneTs enacvleba sxvadasxva
kuTxisa da
eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli metyvelebis manera, kilo,
tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi, kerZebi, sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebi...
samwuxarod, SeuZlebelia imogzauro yvelgan da naxo yvelaferi, rac sainteresoa,
Tumca dRes, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis saSualebiT, dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi
moaxerxeb virtualur mogzaurobas da informaciis miRebas sxvadasxva qveynisa da
sazogadoebis Taviseburebebze.

davaleba
l

gaixsene, sad gimogzauria da gamoyavi

mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebidan
SenTvis yvelaze sagulisxmo epizodi.

warmoidgine, ra uintereso iqneboda

cxovreba, adamianebi erTnairebi rom
iyvnen. Cven yovelTvis gvizidavs da
cnobismoyvareobas aRgviZravs is, rac
ucxo da, erTi SexedviT, Znelad gasagebia. adamianebi dedamiwis yvela kuTxeSi Sromoben
da isveneben, uxariaT da glovoben, avadmyofoben da mkurnaloben, zrdian bavSvebs da
iTviseben TaobaTa gamocdilebas, gmoben borotmoqmedebas da ganadideben saTnoebas,

1. mravalferovani msoflio

swamT, qmnian xelovnebis nimuSebs, magram yvelafer amas

sxvadasxvagvarad akeTeben. sazogadoebebi gansxvavdebian eniT,
religiiT, zne-CveulebebiT, msoflmxedvelobiT, warmodgeniT
silamazeze, dasaSvebsa da akrZalulze, samarTlianobasa da
usamarTlobaze, Tavazianobasa da uzrdelobaze...

iaponeli qali suSiT

xinkali

erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT,

imas, rac adamianebs aerTianebs da, amave dros, sxvebisagan
ganasxvavebs, kultura ewodeba.

sxvadasxva kulturis adamianebs, romlebic, rogorc ukve

vTqviT, sxvadasxvagvarad azrovneben, grZnoben da iqcevian,
xSirad uWirT erTmaneTis gageba. magram, amave dros, isini
mravali saerTo problemis winaSe dganan _ globaluri daTbobis,
garemos dabinZurebis, ekonomikuri krizisis, terorizmis,
Sidsis, siRaribis... am problemaTa daZleva mxolod saerTo
ZalisxmeviT Tu moxerxdeba, erToblivi gadawyvetilebebi ki
warmatebiT marto maSin xorcieldeba, Tu gaTvaliswinebulia
kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi.

davaleba
l

imsjele, globaluri problemebis erToblivi gadaWrisas

ratom unda gaiTvaliswinon kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi?

Tanamedrove globaluri samyaro swavlis, muSaobis Tu dasvenebis dros erTmaneTs

axvedrebs sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebs. gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba Cvens
cxovrebas ufro sainteresos, mimzidvels, naklebad konfliqturs xdis. adamians,
romelic flobs mravalferovan kulturul garemoSi orientaciisa da komunikaciis
unar-Cvevebs, warmatebis mopovebis meti SesaZlebloba aqvs rogorc sakuTar
samSobloSi, aseve mis sazRvrebs gareT. sxva kulturis adamianebTan urTierToba da
TanamSromloba imas ki ar niSnavs, rom Cven erTmaneTis msgavsad an erTnairad unda
moviqceT an vifiqroT, aramed imas, rom kargad vicnobdeT sakuTar kulturas, mis
faseulobebs da, amis safuZvelze, vecnobodeT da pativs vcemdeT sxvebs, aRviqvamdeT
maT, rogorc Tanasworebs.

kiTxva
l

eTanxmebi Tu ara mosazrebas: adamians, romelic flobs mravalferovan kulturul

garemoSi orientaciisa da komunikaciis unar-Cvevebs, warmatebis mopovebis meti
SesaZlebloba aqvs rogorc sakuTar samSobloSi, aseve mis sazRvrebs gareT? pasuxi
daasabuTe.

msoflio kultura

mecniereba kulturis Sesaxeb

yvela sxva cocxali arsebisagan adamiani swored
kulturiT gansxvavdeba. ra aris kultura, rogor warmoiSva
da ganviTarda cxovrebis gansxvavebuli wesi sxvadasxva
dros da adgilas, arseboben Tu ara adamianebi, romlebsac
ar gaaCniaT kultura; ra aris kulturuli Soki, ras
niSnavs stereotipi da ra problemebi SeiZleba Seqmnas man
kulturaTaSoris urTierTobaSi; ras mivirTmevT, rogor
vimosebiT da vsaubrobT; rogoria Cveni warmodgena sakuTar
Tavsa da sxvebze; ra aris globalizacia da emuqreba Tu
ara msoflios gaerTgvarovnebis safrTxe - am da sxva bevr
saintereso sakiTxs, romelsac saxelmZRvaneloSi gaecnobiT,
swavlobs kulturis kvlevebi. mecnierebis es sfero gasuli
saukunis Sua xanebSi Camoyalibda, dRes ki msoflioSi
mimdinare procesebis asaxsnelad mis monacemebs sul ufro
farTod iyeneben. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi igi sxvadasxva saxeliT
damkvidrda: kulturis kvlevebis garda, mas kulturologias
da kulturis mecnierebebsac uwodeben.

saSinao davaleba
l

dawere ese: Cven mravalferovan msoflioSi vcxovrobT.

1. mravalferovani msoflio

ra aris kultura?

kultura erT-erTi yvelaze farTod

gavrcelebuli sityvaa rogorc samecniero
literaturaSi, ise yofiT metyvelebaSi.
mas mravali mniSvneloba aqvs. zogi
kulturas xelovnebasTan da, zogadad,
adamianis SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobasTan
aigivebs, zogi _ zrdilobasa da qcevis
wesebTan. magram kultura gacilebiT
rTuli da mravalmxrivi fenomenia,
romelic samyaroSi adamianis moRvaweobis
yvela sferos moicavs: yofas, cxovrebis
stils,
msoflmxedvelobas,
normebs,
faseulobebs, tradiciebs, xelovnebas,
literaturas... swored amitom, am fenomens araerTi mecniereba swavlobs: arqeologia,
istoria, eTnologia, sociologia, filosofia, anTropologia, fsiqologia; gasuli
saukunis Sua xanebSi ki kulturis kvlevebi mecnierebis calke mimarTulebad
Camoyalibda.

sociologia (berZn. moZRvreba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb) _ mecniereba adamianebis,

adamianTa jgufebisa da sazogadoebebis socialuri cxovrebis, socialur
urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb.
fsiqologia (berZn. fsiqe _ suli, logos _ moZRvreba) _ mecniereba adamianis
fsiqikisa da misi funqciobis kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb.
filosofia (berZn. sibrZnis siyvaruli) _ mecniereba samyarosa da masSi adamianis
adgilis Sesaxeb.
anTropologia (berZn. anTropos _ adamiani, logos _ moZRvreba) _ mecniereba,
romelic miznad isaxavs adamianis yovelmxriv Seswavlas. igi ikvlevs adamianis
fizikuri tipis ganviTarebas, kulturul da enobriv msgavsebebsa da
gansxvavebebs drosa da sivrceSi

kultura (cultura) laTinuri sityvaa da niadagis damuSavebas niSnavs. garda amisa,

laTinur enaSi sityva kultura aRniSnavda dasaxlebas, mfarvelobas, Tayvaniscemas
da, rac mTavaria, aRzrdas, gonebis varjiSsa da, saerTod, gonebriv Sromas. Zveli
romaelebi Tvlidnen, rom gonebis varjiSi da damuSaveba Tavisufali adamianis
xvedria.

10

msoflio kultura

davaleba
l

daakvirdi zemoT motanil fotoebs: romeli gamosaxuleba ganekuTvneba bunebas da

romeli _ kulturas? ra niSniT ganasxvave isini?

2. ra aris kultura?

11

antikur epoqaSi gavrcelebuli warmodgeniT, adamianis garemomcveli samyaro or

nawilad iyofoda: bunebad _ naturad, anu imad, rac adamianisagan damoukideblad
Seiqmna da kulturad _ meore bunebad, romelic Seqmnili an gardaqmnilia adamianis
mier. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kulturis meSveobiT adamiani qmnis axal samyaros da
sakuTar Tavs. TiToeuli kultura unikaluri da ganumeorebeli mTlianobaa, romlis
farglebSi adamiani swored ase, da ara sxvagvarad, aRiqvams garemomcvel sinamdviles,
Tavis Tavsa da sxvebs.

mecnierebi amboben, rom dReisaTvis kulturis 500-mde gansazRvreba arsebobs.

erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli da cnobili ganmartebiT, romelic britanel mecnier
eduard bernet tailors ekuTvnis, kultura... aris mTlianoba, romelic moicavs
codnas, rwmenas, xelovnebas, morals, wes-Cveulebebs da nebismier sxva unarsa da
Cvevas, romelsac adamiani iTvisebs rogorc sazogadoebis wevri.

saqarTveloSi sityva kultura me-19 saukunidan gavrcelda, Tumca kulturis,

rogorc bunebisagan gansxvavebuli sinamdvilis gageba ufro adrec arsebobda.
magaliTad, vaxuSti bagrationi (1696-1757) saqarTvelos Sesaxeb werda: garna ars
queyana Suenieri da nayofieri yovliTa RvTisa mier da ara xelovnebiTa kacTa.
swored xelovnebiTa kacTa Seqmnili sinamdvile gaxlavT kultura.
kulturis zogierTi gansazRvreba mokle da sxartia, Sesabamisad, advilad
gvamaxsovrdeba, sxvebi _ ufro vrceli da rTuli. ai, zogierTi saintereso ganmarteba:

kultura _ es aris

xalxis cxovrebis zogadi wesi;

qceva, romelsac vswavlobT;

koleqtiuri codnis saganZuri;

garemosa da sxva adamianebTan Seguebis xerxebis erToblioba;

naleqi, romelsac tovebs istoria;

cxovrebis gzamkvlevi, ruka.

kulturis meSveobiT vecnobiT Cveni qveynisa da msoflios awmyosa da warsuls.

adamianTa sazogadoebas, kulturis garda, sxva meqanizmi ar gaaCnia, rom kacobriobis
mier dagrovil codnasa da gamocdilebas eziaros, amitom kulturas kacobriobis
mexsierebasac uwodeben.
da bolos, ramdenime gansazRvreba, romlebic cnobil mwerlebsa da mecnierebs
ekuTvnis:

12

msoflio kultura

kultura niSnavs - icode yovelive saukeTeso, rac Tqmula da rac gafiqrebula

qveyanaze (meTiu arnoldi, ingliseli poeti da kritikosi);

kultura yvelaferia. igi ar aris mxolod wignebis wera da saxlebis Seneba.

kulturaa is, Tu rogor vicvamT, rogor gviWiravs Tavi, rogor davdivarT,
rogor vikeTebT halstuxs... (eme sezeri, martinikeli mwerali, poeti,
dramaturgi);

kultura gansakuTrebuli codnis erTobliobaa, romelic Tavs iyris erT

saerTo ojaxSi da misi TiToeuli wevris sakuTrebas warmoadgens (oldos
haqsli, ingliseli mwerali, eseisti da kritikosi);

uxeSad rom vTqvaT, kulturaa yvelaferi is, rasac Cven vakeTebT, da rasac
maimunebi ar akeTeben (lord raglani, britaneli samxedro moRvawe);

Tevzi mxolod wylis gareSe grZnobs, rom igi misTvis aucilebelia. Cveni
kulturac wyaliviTaa. Cven misiT vsazrdoobT, vcxovrobT da vsunTqavT misi
meSveobiT (fons trompenaarsi, Tanamedrove holandieli mecnieri, kulturis
fsiqologiis mkvlevari);

sazogadoebis kultura Sedgeba imisagan, rac saWiroa vicodeT da saWiroa

gvwamdes, raTa Cveni qceva misaRebi iyos sazogadoebis sxva wevrebisaTvis
(uord gudinafi, amerikeli anTropologi);

termini kultura aRniSnavs specifikur adamianur Taviseburebebs, romlebic

ganasxvavebs homo sapiensis modgmas yvela sxva cocxali arsebisagan (vilhelm
ostvaldi, germaneli qimikosi, nobelis premiis laureati).

kiTxva
1. Seni azriT, romeli gansazRvreba gamoxatavs yvelaze srulad kulturis arss?
2. rogor gesmis mosazreba, rom kulturis meSveobiT adamiani qmnis axal samyaros da
sakuTar Tavs?

saSinao davaleba
l

Seni azriT, rogor SeiZleba daxasiaTdes kulturuli adamiani.

2. ra aris kultura?

13

arseboben metad an naklebad kulturuli adamianebi?

arseboben adamianebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT kultura?

xSirad amboben, rom adamianebi metad an naklebad kulturulni arian. miiCneven,

rom adamiani, romelic operaSi dadis, Sampanurs wrupavs da mxatvruli literaturiT
tkbeba, ufro kulturulia, vidre is, vinc fexburTis matCs ar acdens, luds eZaleba
da, Tu kiTxulobs, mxolod sportul gazeTs. adamianis metad kulturulad aRqmas
safuZvlad udevs warmodgena, rom igi miekuTvneba maRal socialur fenas, Sesabamisad,
ufro ganaTlebulia, aqvs daxvewili gemovneba da manerebi.
kulturis aseTi gageba SeiZleba gavrcelebuli iyos yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
mecnierebi ki Tvlian, rom kulturuloba ar ganisazRvreba socialuri mdgomareobiT,
ganaTlebis doniT an gemovnebiT. modi, vnaxoT, ramdenad marTebulia saubari maRal
da dabal, ganviTarebul da CamorCenil, karg da cud kulturebze.

amerikeli anTropologi jon monegeni Semdeg istorias gviambobs:

Cemma mistekma1 megobrebma sanadirod dampatiJes. iRbliani nadiroba ar gamovida,
sul oriode patara ciyvis mokvla movaxerxeT. dRis bolos Cems megobrebs mTisken
mivyvebodi. isini Cemze bevrad win midiodnen. rodesac mTis mwvervals mivaRwie, davinaxe,
rom isini xis Ziras raRacas Semoxveodnen da gacxovelebiT laparakobdnen. mivuaxlovdi,
aRmoCnda, rom erT-erT maTgans xidan futkris ska Camoegdo. gapobili skidan fiWa, Tafli
da futkris Wuprebi moCanda. Cemi megobrebi skis SigTavss, Wuprebis CaTvliT, pirisken
miaqanebdnen. erT-erTi maTgani adga da Tqva: mismineT, Cven Tavazianad ar viqceviT. is
daixara, aiRo fiWis, Taflis da Wuprebis mozrdili ulufa da me momibrunda: miirTvi,
jon. mivxvdi, rom uaris Tqma arafriT SeiZleboda. Rrmad CavisunTqe, Cemi ulufa pirSi
Cavide da gadavylape.
erTi wlis Semdeg erTgvari revanSi aviRe, rodesac ramdenime maTgani, visTan
erTadac sanadirod viyavi, CemTan saxlSi sadilad davpatiJe. siurprizis saxiT xaxvis
wvniani movamzade, rac vihakaSi arasodes Semxvedria. rodesac kerZi sufraze mivitane,
SevamCnie, rom stumrebi ar Cqarobdnen Wamis dawyebas. Semdeg SevniSne, rom erT-erTma
maTganma wvniani magidis ukan gadaRvara. rodesac vkiTxe, yvelaferi rigze iyo Tu ara,
jer gaCumdnen, bolos ki erTma zizRiT Tqva, rom xaxvs saSineli suni aqvs da didi
raodenobiT misi Wama adamians asulelebso.
ra kavSiri aqvs am istorias kulturasTan? pirvel rigSi, is aCvenebs, rom amerikelebs
da mistekebs gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvT imis Sesaxeb, ra aris sakvebad vargisi
da ra _ ara. es kulturis nawilia, ase vaxarisxebT ara mxolod sakvebs, aramed yvela
sxva sferosac. jonis zizRi gamoiwvia iman, rom misi kulturisaTvis mweri paraziti
da mavnebelia da igi, erTmniSvnelovnad, ar miiCneva sakvebad. mis mistek megobrebSi
ki zizRi xaxvis wvnianma gamoiwvia, radgan, maTi azriT, xaxvi mxolod sanelebelia da
1

mistekebi _ meqsikis erT-erT StatSi, vihakaSi mcxovrebi xalxi.

14

msoflio kultura

iseve Seuferebelia kerZis mosamzadeblad, rogorc CvenTvis _

mdogvi an pirSuSxa.
cnobili amerikeli anTropologi franc boasi (18581942) ambobda, rom TiToeuli Cvengani kulturis saTvales
atarebs, romlis meSveobiT aRviqvamT garemomcvel samyaros
da vsazRvravT Cvens moqmedebebs. am `saTvaliT~ vxedavT
sxva kulturebs, gaucnobiereblad, vadarebT maT Cvensas da
vsazRvravT, ra aris kargi da cudi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
sxva kulturas Cveni kulturis meSveobiT aRviqvamT. Cveni
kulturis Taviseburebebi gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogorc
vxedavT mas. kultura, rogorc saTvale, ganapirobebs Cvens franc boasi
mier samyaros xedvas. es magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom kultura
gansazRvravs, erTi SexedviT, bunebriv reaqciebsac ki. kveba kulturis rTuli
sistemis nawilia, is ar aris mxolod SimSilis dakmayofilebisaken mimarTuli qmedeba,
aramed aseve gamoxatavs Cvens mier SeTvisebul codnas samyaros Sesaxeb.
yvela kultura unikaluri da Taviseburia. ena da Jestebi, religia da socialuri
urTierTobebi, saqorwino da ojaxuri tradiciebi, sakvebi da dasveneba-garTobis
formebi, samuSao, ganaTleba, sakomunikacio, ekonomiuri da politikuri sistemebi,
janmrTelobaze zrunva, teqnikuri saSualebebi da teqnologiebi garemo pirobebisa
da sxva kulturebTan urTierTobis gavleniT yalibdeba. ar arsebobs universaluri
sazomi, romliTac Sefasdeboda kulturis ganviTarebis done da misi mniSvneloba.
roca sxva kulturis xalxs akvirdebi,
zogi ram _ magaliTad, Cacmuloba,
misalmebis wesi da sxva _ aSkarad
gxvdeba TvalSi, zogi _ naklebad, zogi
ki saerTod SeumCneveli grCeba. modi,
kultura aisbergis saxiT warmovidginoT.
aisbergis modeli naTlad gamoxatavs
kulturis rTul da mravalferovan
xasiaTs. aisbergis mxolod mcire nawili
(1/8) Cans wylis zemoT, wylis qveS ki
ufro didi, uxilavi nawilia dafaruli.
kulturis is elementebi, romelic erTi
SexedviTac TvalSisacemia (magaliTad,
ena,
arqiteqtura,
ritualebi, anbani, xelovneba, sakvebi, samzareulo, samosi,
musika, aveji, samkauli da a.S.), SeiZleba SevadaroT aisbergis
zeda nawils. kulturis fundamenturi elementebi (normebi,
faseulobebi, msoflmxedveloba...), romlebic warmoadgens
safuZvels kulturis xiluli nawilisaTvis, SeiZleba
SevadaroT aisbergis uxilav nawils. ama Tu im kulturasTan
Sexvedris sawyis etapze, ver SevicnobT fundamentur ele
mentebs, romlebidanac xiluli nawili momdinareobs.

3. arseboben metad an naklebad kulturuli adamianebi? arseboben adamianebi,

romelTac ar gaaCniaT kultura?

15

davaleba
l

Seecade, pasuxi gasce gakveTilis saTaurSi dasmul kiTxvebs. pasuxi daasabuTe.

jgufuri samuSao
l

daiyaviT ramdenime jgufad da cxrilSi mowodebuli maxasiaTeblebi moaTavseT

romelime nawilSi: A-Si isini, romlebic advilad gxvdeba TvalSi, B-Si - SedarebiT
Znelad SesamCnevi, C-Si - romelTa danaxva mxolod maSin SegiZlia, Tu kargad icnob
kulturas. SegiZliaT daamatoT maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic ar aris dasaxelebuli
CamonaTvalSi.

ganixileT romelime kultura, romelsac jgufis wevrebi ase Tu ise icnobT.

daasaxeleT da CawereT TiTo nawilSi, sul mcire, or-ori maxasiaTebeli, romlebic,
Tqveni azriT, gansakuTrebiT arsebiTia am kulturisaTvis.

Tavazianoba, zrdiloba

stumarTmoyvareoba

saubris manera
sajarod gamoxatuli emocia

moZraobis wesebisadmi damokidebuleba

ojaxi

mamakacs Soris)

misalmeba

iumori

piradi urTierTobebi

megobroba

Jestebi

presa da sxva media

punqtualurobis xarisxi

da pirad cxovrebas

sxvis, ucxosadmi damokidebuleba

Sromis iaraRi

folklori

arqiteqtura

religia

sufra

dakrZalvis wesi

qcevis wesebi

TaobaTa Soris damokidebuleba

materialuri keTildReoba

kariera

ganaTleba

demokratia

mediis Tavisufleba

xelovnebis nimuSebi

genderuli rolebi (socialuri

rolebis ganawileba qalsa da

mniSvneloba, romelic eniWeba sazogadoebriv

16

msoflio kultura

ratom arsebobs ara erTi, aramed mravali kultura?

kiTxva
l

Seni azriT, rogor warmoiSva sxvadasxva kultura da ratom

aris isini esoden mravalferovani?

msoflios sxvadasxva nawilidan aRebuli adamianis genetikuri

masalis Seswavlis safuZvelze, biologebma daaskvnes, rom
dRes dedamiwaze mcxovrebi yvela adamiani odesRac afrikis
kontinentze, saharis samxreT regionSi mcxovrebi adamianis
genetikuri memkvidrea. zogi lingvisti iziarebs biologebis
hipoTezas da miiCnevs, rom yvela arsebuli ena afrikidan iRebs
saTaves. biologiuri da lingvisturi monacemebi cxadyofs,
rom Cven yvelas saerTo winapari gvyavs.
ram ganapiroba erTmaneTisagan gansxva
vebuli mravali kulturis warmoSoba?
klimatur, demografiul da sxva
cvlilebebs
mohyva
adamianis
gan
saxleba afrikis mTel kontinentze da
danarCen msoflioSi. saukuneebisa da
aTaswleulebis
manZilze
adamianebi
sxvadasxva, Zalian mravalferovan geo

grafiul, klimatur, socialur da poli

tikur garemoSi cxovrobdnen. Sesa
bamisad, isini gansxvavebulad aRiqvamdnen
samyaros, erTmaneTs. zogi xalxisaTvis
ucxo adamianTa gamoCena Cveulebrivi
ambavi iyo - maT miwa-wyalze vaWarTa
qaravnebi moZraobda, xan erTi dampyro
beli gamoCndeboda, xan meore. sxvebi
ufro gancalkevebulad cxovrobdnen,
maRal mTebs, gauval junglebs an
udabnoebs Soris moqceul teritoriaze.
es ganapirobebda samyaros gansxvavebul
aRqmas, sxvadasxvagvar damokidebulebas
erTmaneTisa da sxva xalxebisadmi.

4. ratom arsebobs ara erTi, aramed mravali kultura?

17

erT-erTi ganmartebis Tanaxmad, kultura _ es

aris garemosa da sxva adamianebTan Seguebis xerxebis
erToblioba. Tu fotoebs davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT,
rom es xerxebi erTnairi ver iqneboda sazogado
ebebisaTvis, romlebsac esoden gansxvavebul garemoSi
(tundra, stepi, tropikebi, mTa, udabno...) cxovrobdnen.
dRes dedamiwaze 7 miliardamde adamiani cxovrobs
da maT Soris ar moiZebneba ori erTnairi. Cven sxvadasxva
feris kani da aRnagoba gvaqvs, gvacvia gansxvavebuli samosi
da sxvadasxvagvarad aRviqvamT silamazes. zogs erTi
RmerTi swams, zogs _ mravali, zogs ki saerTod ar swams;
zogierTi warmoudgenlad mdidaria, zogi ki ukiduresad
Rataki. erTi sityviT, Tanamedrove msoflio uaRresad
mravalferovania, magram, amave dros, Zalian mWidro. mis
calkeul nawilebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs ekonomikuri
interesebi, vaWroba, migracia, turizmi... dRes msoflios winaSe mdgari mTavari
gamowveva globaluri _ mTeli kacobriobisaTvis saWirboroto _ gadawyvetilebebis
miRebaa. mravalkulturul samyaroSi
gadarCenis mTavari gza, pirvel rigSi,
sakuTari
kulturuli
faseulobebis
gaazrebaa, Semdeg ki _ maTi kulturuli
faseulobebis gacnoba, visTanac gvaqvs
urTierToba. globalur gamowvevebze
pasuxis gacema moiTxovs imas, rom
viswavloT urTierToba erTmaneTTan,
miuxedavad imisa, Tu sad vcxovrobT,
romeli kulturis warmomadgeneli varT,
rogoria Cveni ekonomikuri mdgomareoba.

davaleba
1. mas Semdeg, rac kacobrioba mTel dedamiwaze gansaxlda, gadarCenis saWiroebam
kulturulad gansxvavebuli gzebis Ziebas misca biZgi. magaliTad, civi klimatis
qveynebSi adamianebi ufro Tanasworuflebiani arian, vidre tropikuli klimatis
qveynebSi. rogor fiqrobT, ratom?
2. qveynebs Soris kulturuli gansxvavebebi mravali omis erT-erTi safuZveli
gamxdara. rogor fiqrob, xalxTa Soris kulturuli gansxvavebebis gaqrobis
SemTxvevaSi, konfliqtebi aRar iqneba?
3. warmogidgenia msoflio kulturuli mravalferovnebis gareSe? miuxedavad imisa,
rom kulturuli sxvadasxvaoba garkveul barierebs qmnis qveynebs Soris, isurvebdi
erTgvarovan samyaroSi cxovrebas? ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxare eqneboda mas?
gadmoeci am sakiTxebisadmi Seni damokidebuleba.

18

msoflio kultura

Cveni uaxloesi biologiuri naTesavebi

Cven, adamianebi, sakuTar Tavs homo

sapienss (homo sapiens), anu gonier
adamians vuwodebT da vTvliT, rom Cveni
biologiuri saxeoba gansakuTrebulia
mTel
planetaze.
yvela
saxeobas
aqvs
garkveuli
Tviseba,
rac
mas
danarCenebisagan gamoarCevs: zogi ufro
swrafia, zogi _ ufro Zlieri, zogi _
ukeT Seguebuli sacxovrebel garemosTan.
dedamiwaze arsebuli 10 milionze meti
biologiuri saxeobidan zogierTi ufro
axlos dgas adamianTan, vidre sxva. ra
aris is, rac ganasxvavebs adamians yvela
danarCeni cocxali arsebisagan?
ici, rom Cven dnm-is daaxloebiT 40% saerTo gvaqvs
matlTan, 60% _ qaTamTan, 80% _ TagvTan da 95%-ze meti _
adamianis msgavs maimunebTan?
adamianis msgavs maimunebs Soris adamianTan genetikurad
yvelaze axlos dgas Simpanze, masTan dnm-s daaxloebiT 98%
gvaqvs saerTo; Semdeg modis gorila, romelTanac dnm-s 97%
viziarebT; orangutangTan ki es maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 96%
aRwevs.
amrigad, biologiurad Cveni uaxloesi naTesavebi adamianis msgavsi maimunebi arian.
manamdec, sanam mecnierebisaTvis dnm-is Sesaxeb gaxdeboda cnobili, cxadi iyo, rom
adamianis msgavsi maimunebi Zalian gvgavdnen, maT bevri ram SeeZloT gaekeTebinaT
ise, rogorc Cven vakeTebT, xandaxan ki _ ukeTac. eqsperimentebma cxadyo, rom maTi
myisieri (xanmokle) mexsiereba gacilebiT ukeTesia, vidre adamianisa, sagangebo wvrTnis
SemTxvevaSi, maT SeuZliaT gaigon asobiT
sityvis mniSvneloba, axerxeben ufro
rTuli iaraRebis gamoyenebas, vidre Cven
warmogvidgenia.
erTi SexedviT, maimunebisagan yvelaze
metad
garegnobiT
ganvsxvavdebiT,
Tumca, aRmoCnda, rom adamianisa da
Simpanzes 5 Tvis embrionis garCeva Zalian
rTulia, maTi ConCxi da guliscemac ki
sruliad erTnairia. dabadebis Semdegac
axalSobilebi erTmaneTis msgavsi arian.

5. Cveni uaxloesi biologiuri naTesavebi

19

patara Simpanzes sxeuli daaxloebiT 5 milioni Reri TmiT aris dafaruli. Tu

axalSobil bavSvs davakvirdebiT, mis sxeulzec SevamCnevT Tmas da, ra gasakviric ar
unda iyos, maTi raodenobac iseTivea, rac Simpanzis, ubralod, adamianis Tma ufro
Txeli da moklea.
msgavsebebi amiT ar amoiwureba. aRmoCnda, rom adamianis msgavs maimunebs
SeuZliaT gamoamJRavnon sikeTe an erTmaneTze zrunva. magaliTad, jgufis wevrebi
TanagrZnobas iCenen brZolaSi daSavebuli Simpanzes mimarT, isini zrunaven masze,
aCveneben, rom esmiT misi tkivili.
Cikagos zooparkSi sami wlis biWi gorilebis volierSi Cavarda da goneba dakarga.
igi askilogramiani gorilebis garemocvaSi aRmoCnda. moulodnelad, erTma mdedrma
gorilam biWi aiyvana da nazad daarwia, TiTqos misiani yofiliyos. es Zalian adamianuri
qceva iyo, Tumca, cxadia, Cven ar viciT, ra motivebi amoZravebda am dros gorilas.
cdebis Sedegad mecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom sivrciTi orientaciis unari adamianebs
da adamianis msgavs maimunebs Tanabrad aqvT ganviTarebuli, Tumca am ukanasknelT
igi ufro adre uviTardebaT. amis axsna imiT SeiZleba, rom bavSvebi ufro metad da
didxans arian ufrosebze damokidebuli da ar saWiroeben sivrceSi damoukidebel
orientacias mtrisgan Tavdasacavad an sakvebis mopovebis mizniT.

davaleba
1. gaixsene magaliTebi cxovrebidan, filmebidan an literaturuli nawarmoebebidan,
romlebic cxovelebis adamianur qcevas asaxavs.
2. klasSi moawyveT diskusia: miuxedavad msgavsebisa, Simpanze isev xidan xeze xtis,
adamiani ki kosmosSi mogzaurobs. ra aris amis mizezi? ra gvaqvs Cven iseTi, rac maT
ar aqvT? ra aris dnm-s is 1,6%, rac Cven adamianad gvqmnis?

20

msoflio kultura

ra ganasxvavebs adamians sxva cocxali arsebebisagan?

adamianebisaTvis samyaro simboloebiT
aris datvirTuli. ras niSnavs es?

simbolo _ niSani, romelic SeiZleba

aRniSnavdes sagans, movlenas,
bgeras da sxva.

vefxvTan Sexvedrisas Svelica da

uiaraRo adamianic erTnairad moiqcevian
simbolizacia _ adamianis unikaluri
_ gaqceviT uSvelian Tavs (Tu moaxerxes,
unari, mniSvneloba mianiWos
ra Tqma unda), radgan vefxvi orivesaTvis
sagnebsa da movlenebs.
mtacebelia, romelic maT sicocxles
emuqreba. magram SvlisaTvis vefxvis
mniSvneloba amiT da mxolod amiT amoiwureba, adamianisaTvis ki vefxvi, garda amisa,
Zlierebis, simamacis, silamazis gansaxierebacaa _ sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, yovelive
amis simboloa. amitom vefxvis saxels arqmeven bavSvebs: gavixsenoT qarTuli saxeli
vefxia, golfis Cempioni Taiger (inglisurad vefxvs niSnavs) vudsi, vefxvs gamosaxaven
droSebze, eTayvanebian da wminda cxovelad aRiareben, iyeneben safirmo niSnad da a.S.
erTi sityviT, adamianisTvis vefxvi gacilebiT metia, vidre mxolod didi, zolebiani,
saxifaTo cxoveli.

Taiger vudsi

cxadia, rom vefxvTan dakavSirebuli

mdidari
simbolika,
ZiriTadad,
im
qveynebSi arsebobs, sadac es cxoveli
binadrobs. afrikaSi, sadac vefxvi ar
cxovrobs, mis rols lomi TamaSobs,
samxreT amerikaSi _ iaguari da a.S.
maSasadame, erTi da igive ram sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi, sxvadasxva kulturaSi SeiZleba
sxvadasxva
simboloTi
gamoixatos.
magaliTad, CvenSi eSmakobis gansaxiereba
melaa, Crdiloamerikel indielebSi _
yorani, xolo samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi
_ kurdReli.

Cven,
adamianebi,
garkveul
mniSvnelobas
vaniWebT
garemomcveli samyaros yvela Semadgenel nawils _ mcenareebs
(tirifi sevdiani xea, muxa _ Zlieri), mTebs (wminda mTa, amayi
mTa), mdinareebs (wminda mdinare _ gangi, nilosi), ferebs
(CvenSi Savi glovis feria, TeTri _ siwmindis...), aseve ricxvebs
(yvelam viciT, rom 13 Tars ricxvad iTvleba), sxeulis nawilebs
(marcxena xeli uwminduria, marjvena _ dalocvili), moZraobebs
(Tavis daxra mowiwebis niSania)... swored amiT gamoixateba
mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli simbolizaciis, anu
mniSvnelobis miniWebis unari, rac ganasxvavebs mas yvela sxva iaguaris qandakeba
_ actekebis kultura
biologiuri saxeobisagan.

6. Cveni uaxloesi biologiuri naTesavebi

21

simboloebs konkretuli, SeTanxmebuli

mniSvneloba aqvT konkretuli kulturis
matarebeli xalxisaTvis. simboloa asobgera, sityva, sanoto da sagzao niSani,
cifri. simboloebi erTgvari orientirebia,
romlebic
adamianebs
erTmaneTTan
urTierTobas uadvilebs da SesaZlebels
xdis sazogadoebriv cxovrebas.

vefxvis gamosaxuleba Tamilebis droSaze

swored amitom, kulturologiis erTerTma fuZemdebelma, amerikelma mecnierma

lesli uaitma kulturis Semdegi ganmarteba
SemogvTavaza: kultura _ es aris sagnebisa
da
movlenebis
erToblioba,
romelic
dakavSirebulia
mxolod
adamianisTvis
damaxasiaTebel simbolizaciis unarTan.

kiTxvebi
1. romeli safirmo niSnebi ici da ras aRniSnavs isini?
2. Tu ukavSirdeba es niSnebi konkretul qveynebsa da kulturebs?

jgufuri samuSao
l

daiyaviT jgufebad da 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi furcelze CamowereT an daxateT rac

SeiZleba meti simbolo.

22

msoflio kultura

aqvT Tu ara cxovelebs istoria da kultura?

yvelaze mniSvnelovani niSani, romelic adamians ganasxvavebs adamianis msgavsi

maimunisagan, aris metyvelebis unari, romelic Cvenma Soreulma winaprebma daaxloebiT
200 000 wlis win SeiZines. swored am periodidan iRebs saTaves Tanamedrove adamianis
saxeoba _ homo sapiensi. ena aris is iaraRi, romelic SesaZlebels xdis komunikacias,
swavlasa da swavlebas, gamocdilebis gaziarebas, TanamSromlobas.
mecnierTa erTi nawilis azriT,
adamianebis kultura, Tu ar CavTvliT
enas, romelic marTlac unikaluria,
mxolod xarisxiT gansxvavdeba zogierTi
cxovelis cxovrebis wesisagan. kulturis
mkvlevrebi am azrs ar iziareben da Tvlian,
rom adamiani ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT
ase martivad: Simpanze + ena.
adamianebi vamayobT Cveni istoriiT
da kulturiT, modi vnaxoT, aqvT Tu ara
sxva saxeobis warmomadgenlebs, Tundac
Cvens uaxloes biologiur naTesavebs,
Tavisi istoria da kultura?
istoria aris Tanmimdevruli faqtebi da movlenebi, romelTa mimdinareobis
manZilze Tavad saxeobebi biologiurad ucvleli rCebian. istoriis qona niSnavs imas,
rom jgufi/erToba gardaqmnis garemos da, masTan erTad, sakuTar Tavsac. kacobriobis
istoriis manZilze teqnikur da teqnologiur miRwevebs Tan axlda socialuri,
ekonomikuri, politikuri cvlilebebi adamianTa sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. magaliTad,
adamianis mier mudmivi sacxovreblis agebam mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia ojaxsa
da socialuri urTierTobebis sxva sferoebze. rac Seexeba Simpanzeebs, marTalia,
sul asiode welia, rac maT sagangebod swavloben, magram mecnierebi askvnian, rom
maT cxovrebaSi istoriuli mniSvnelobis raime cvlileba ar momxdara da isini iseve
cxovroben, rogorc aseul aTasobiT wlis win: iseTive sacxovrebelSi, iseTive,
ZiriTadad genetikurad ganpirobebuli wesebiT.

yvela cocxali arsebisaTvis mniSvnelovania momavali TaobisaTvis informaciisa

da gadacema, anu axalgazrdebis aRzrda. informacia gadaecema mSoblidan Svils,
gamocdilidan _ gamoucdels, ufrosidan _ umcross. gamoyofen informaciis
gadacemis sam safexurs. pirvel, yvelaze martiv safexurze informaciis gadacema
mxolod instinqtis doneze xdeba: magaliTad, virTagva sakvebad irCevs imas, rasac
suniT dedis rZes amsgavsebs. meore safexurze informaciis mimRebi dainteresebulia

7. aqvT Tu ara cxovelebs istoria da kultura?

23

misi miRebiT, informaciis gadamcemi ki gulgrilia Sedegisadmi. amas imitacias an

dakvirvebiT swavlas uwodeben: magaliTad, maimuni an bavSvi akvirdeba ufross da
am gziT swavlobs. mesame, yvelaze maRal safexurze ki informaciis mimRebica da
gamcemic mizanmimarTulad moqmedeben: rogorc imitaciis SemTxvevaSi, informaciis
mimRebi akvirdeba ufross/gamocdils, magram es ukanasknelic akvirdeba mimRebis
qcevas da usworebs, Tu is ver axerxebs Sesabamisad moqmedebas. es aris pedagogika
da igi mxolod adamianebSi gvxvdeba. pedagogika moicavs dakvirvebas, Sefasebas da
Carevas.
katas
mihyavs
Tagvi
knutebTan,
romlebmac Semdeg sul ufro da ufro
meti warmatebiT unda SeZlon Tagvze
nadiroba. aris Tu ara es pedagogika? _ ara,
radgan kata ar amJRavnebs dainteresebas
SedegiT. Tu knuti ver axerxebs Tagvze
nadirobas, xom ar miscems mas mSobeli
damatebiT Tagvs, raTa igi Tavis da-Zmebs
daewios? mecnierebs ar aqvT monacemebi
imis Sesaxeb, rom cxovelebi afaseben
Svilebis qcevas da cdiloben wvrTnis
mowesrigebas.
aRwerilia SemTxveva, roca Sinaurma katam daiWira knutis mier gaSvebuli Tagvi da
daubruna mas, magram es iyo reaqcia Tagvze da ara knutis warumatebel mcdelobaze.
SimpanzeebTan, TiTqos, SeiniSneba pedagogikis msgavsi movlena, magram ara velur
bunebaSi, aramed mxolod adamianebTan kontaqtis pirobebSi. kidev erTi gansxvaveba:
sxva saxeobebSi wvrTna Semofarglulia, ZiriTadad, sakvebis mopovebiT, adamianuri
pedagogika ki mraval sferos moicavs. igi miznad isaxavs ara mxolod arsebuli Cvevebisa
da gamocdilebis gadacemas, aramed gansakuTrebuli niWiT dajildoebuli individebis
miRwevaTa SenarCuneba-gadacemasac.

Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom bolo aTwleulebSi mecnierebma cxovelTa Soris
qcevis iseTi formebi aRmoaCines, romlebic Zalian waagavs kulturuls. magaliTad,
Simpanzeebis erTma jgufma daiwyo ori qvis gamoyeneba kerketi kaklebis gasatexad. es
jer erTma, geniosma, Simpanzem moaxerxa, Semdeg ki mas sxvebmac mibaZes. sxva sityvebiT,
Simpanzeebis konkretul jgufSi gaCnda codna, romelic aragenetikuri gziT gadaecema
Taobidan Taobas. kultura ki swored esaa. magram mecnierebi varaudoben, rom
metyvelebis da sxva informaciuli saSualebebis gareSe amgvari codna aramdgradia
da ramdenime Taobis Semdeg gaqreba, ase rom SimpanzeebSi srulyofili kulturis
arsebobaze saubari jerjerobiT naadrevia...

24

msoflio kultura

rogorc vnaxeT, gansxvaveba adamiansa da sxva saxeobebs Soris, biologiuri

TvalsazrisiT, arcTu didia. Tumca swored am umniSvnelo sxvaobam gaxada SesaZlebeli
adamianis mier kulturis Seqmna. mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma simboluri
azrovnebis unarma ganapiroba enis, istoriis, religiis, mecnierebis da, rac mTavaria,
axali Taobis aRzrdis, misTvis informaciisa da gamocdilebis gadacemis mTeli rigi
meqanizmebis Camoyalibeba. es ukanaskneli ki kulturis SenarCunebis aucilebeli
pirobaa.

davaleba
1. Seni azriT, Cans Tu ara adamianTa realobaSi TaobaTa Soris informaciis gadacemis
(aRzrdis) samive safexuri? moiyvane magaliTebi.
2. Seadare erTmaneTs adamianTa da cxovelTa pedagogika.
3. daasabuTe, ratom aris SeuZlebeli, rom cxovelebs hqondeT istoria da kultura?
4. rogor gesmis, rom axali Taobis aRzrda kulturis SenarCunebis aucilebeli pirobaa?
5. adamians, yvela sxva cocxali arsebisagan gansxvavebiT, axasiaTebs eWvi, rwmena, iumori...
Seni azriT, kidev ra Tvisebebi SeiZleba daematos am CamonaTvals? imsjele, ramdenad
aris isini mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli?

7. aqvT Tu ara cxovelebs istoria da kultura?

25

genetika da kultura

adamianebma Seqmnes kultura da aman gansazRvra maTi unikaluroba Cveni planetis

binadarTa Soris. magram adamiani, kulturulTan erTad, biologiuri arsebacaa,
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT _ biologiuri saxeoba. am TvalsazrisiT, igi cocxali bunebis
erT-erTi rigiTi wevria. yovel saxeobas axasiaTebs specifikuri agebuleba,
garegnoba, fiziologiuri procesebi, kvebis racioni, qcevis Taviseburebebi da
a.S. yvela maTgans aqvs raRac gansakuTrebuli: kus _ javSani, spilos _ xorTumi,
Jirafs _ grZeli kiseri... adamians, rogorc biologiur arsebas, ar gaaCnia arc
basri kbilebi da klanWebi, arc maxvili mgrZnobeloba, arc gansakuTrebuli Zala,
arc fexmardoba. samagierod, bunebam mas uboZa unikaluri organo, romelmac homo
sapienss gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moutana mTel planetaze.
albaT mixvdi _ saubaria adamianis Tavis tvinze, romlis meSveobiTac Cven
vazrovnebT, uzarmazari moculobis informacias vimaxsovrebT, vwerT leqsebs,
vityuebiT, vqmniT manqanebs, vloculobT, erTi sityviT, kulturas viTvisebT,
vaviTarebT mas da Tavad vcxovrobT kulturaSi. naTqvami rom ufro naTeli gaxdes,
warmovidginoT, rom adamianma memkvidreobiT miiRo saxli, zogi ram Semata, rom
sacxovreblad ufro moxerxebuli gamxdariyo da masSi cxovreba ganagrZo. asevea
kulturis SemTxvevaSi.
adamiani orbunebovani arsebaa _ mis raobas, adamianad yofnas gansazRvravs ori
sawyisi _ biologiuri da kulturuli.
adamianis biologiur sawyiss ganapirobebs misi genotipi _ memkvidreobiTi
informaciis matarebeli bioqimiuri warmonaqmnebis, genebis urTulesi kombinacia. igi
gansazRvravs yoveli konkretuli adamianis (iseve rogorc cxovelisa Tu mcenaris)
unikalur garegnobas, agebulebas, mokled, anatomiisa da fiziologiis Taviseburebebs
(gamonakliss Seadgenen e.w. erTkvercxovani tyupebi, romelTac erTnairi genotipi
aqvT da swored amitom hgvanan ase erTmaneTs).

yoveli konkretuli adamiani ibadeba unikaluri genetikuri programiT, sadac

Cawerilia misi biologiuri maxasiaTeblebis gegma: garegnoba (magaliTad, Tvalebis
Tu Tmis feri, cxviris forma Tu zoma da a.S.), aRnagoba (simaRle, kidurebis sigrZe,
Zvlebis sisqe da a.S.), fiziologiuri Taviseburebebi (sisxlis jgufi, sasicocxlo
procesebis tempi da intensivoba da a.S.). garda amisa, tvinisa da zogierTi sxva
organos agebulebis Taviseburebebi, agreTve biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis
(e.w. hormonebis) gamomuSavebis intensivoba, romelic isev da isev genetikuradaa
gansazRvruli, ganapirobebs inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs, mexsierebis moculobas,
musikalur, sportul Tu maTematikur niWs, xasiaTis Taviseburebebs _ guneba-ganwyobis
swraf an nel cvlas, midrekilebas ufro dadebiTi an uaryofiTi grZnobebisadmi.
fsiqologebi xasiaTis amgvar gansxvavebebs e.w. temperamentis tipebs ukavSireben.

26

msoflio kultura

qvemoT motanil saxumaro naxatze, romelic cnobil daniel karikaturist herluf

bidstrups ekuTvnis, naCvenebia, Tu rogor iqceva sxvadasxva temperamentis adamiani erTi da igive kulturis warmomadgenelic ki, erTsa da igive situaciaSi: erTi brazobs,
meore sruliad gulgrili rCeba, mesame tirils iwyebs, meoTxe ki xarxars.
magram genetikuri programis
arseboba sruliadac ar niSnavs
mis ganxorcielebas. esa Tu is
genetikuri niSani rom gamov
lindes, aucilebelia Sesabamisi
garemo pirobebi.
ai, arnold
Svarcenegeri. rasakvir
velia, mas hqonda
Seudarebel aTletad
qcevis genetikuri
monacemebi. magram cudi
kvebis, infeqciebis,
mavne nivTierebebis,
momqancveli
fizikuri Sromis da
sxva araxelsayreli
garemoebebis gavleniT,
SeiZleba, igi susti da
sneuli gazrdiliyo da
kaliforniis Statsac
sxva gubernatori
hyoloda.
cnobilia, rom me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan
moyolebuli, adamianis saSualo simaRle mniSvnelovnad
gaizarda da zrdas ganagrZobs. mecnierebi amis
ramdenime mizezs asaxeleben, maT Soris umTavresia
kvebis xarisxis, sanitariul-higienuri da sacxovrebeli
pirobebis gaumjobeseba. es kargad aCvenebs garemo
pirobebis mniSvnelobas genetikuri SesaZleblobebis
gamovlinebisaTvis.
garemom, SeiZleba, didi roli iTamaSos ama Tu
im
genetikuri
niSnis
gavrcelebaSi.
magaliTad,
saqarTveloSi pirveli jgufis sisxli yvelaze xSirad
samegrelos mcxovreblebSi gvxvdeba. axsna Zalian
sainteresoa.

8. genetika da kultura

27

warsulSi samegrelos teritoriis didi nawili daWaobebuli iyo da aq malaria

mZvinvarebda. malariis gamomwvevi mikrobi, romelic koRo anofelesis kbeniT
vrceldeba, sisxlis wiTel burTulakebs azianebs, ris Sedegadac avadmyofs aqvs
perioduli cieb-cxeleba, Zlier sustdeba da SeiZleba daiRupos kidec. rogorc
gamoirkva, pirveli jgufis sisxlis burTulakebi malariis mikrobis mimarT SedarebiT
mdgradia. Sesabamisad, sisxlis pirveli jgufis mqone adamianebi ufro janmrTelebi
iyvnen, ufro didxans cocxlobdnen da, rac mTavaria, met da jansaR STamomavlobas
tovebdnen, romelsac sisxlis pirveli jgufis genebs gadascemdnen. ase TandaTan,
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, samegreloSi (iseve rogorc yvelgan, sadac malariaa
gavrcelebuli) matulobda sisxlis pirveli jgufis mqone adamianTa xvedriTi wili.

rogorc ukve ici, sazogadoebebs silamazeze

gansxvavebuli warmodgena aqvT. rogor fiqrob,
ra kavSiria am warmodgenebsa da genetikurad
gansazRvrul garegnul maxasiaTeblebs Soris?

Jasmini

gaxsovs
msoflios
xalxTa
zRaprebis
mzeTunaxavebi da ufliswulebi? ratom aris zogi
maTgani oqrosferTmiani da cisferTvaleba, zogi ki
giSrisTvala, Ramis wyvdiadiviT Savi TmiT?
...misi mSvenierebis aRwera eniT SeuZlebelia:
maRalia, SavTvalwarba, tuCebi iamanis elvare
sardions miugavs da tani _ Jasminis konas, _
es mzeTunaxavi Jasminia (aladinis jadosnuri
lampari).

mZinare mzeTunaxavi

...mefisa da dedoflis nanatr qaliSvils feriebma

mSvenieri garegnoba daanaTles. erTma Tqva: dae,
Seni Tma oqrosfer abreSums hgavdes, meorem _ dae,
Seni Tvalebi iyos cisferi, rogorc mowmendili ca...
(Sarl pero, mZinare mzeTunaxavi).
Seni azriT, SeiZleba, rom mZinare mzeTunaxavisTvis
feriebs aladinis jadosnuri lamparis personaJis,
mefis
mSvenieri
asulis,
Jasminis
garegnoba
daenaTlaT? ratom?

davaleba
1. gaixsene magaliTebi, romlebic aCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas axdens bunebrivi garemo
adamianis genetikur memkvidreobaze.
2. Seqmeni T sqema, romelic asaxavs Sens genetikur da kulturul maxasiaTeblebs.

28

msoflio kultura

bunebrivi da kulturuli garemo: Cven rom sxvagan an

sxva dros gvecxovra

Cven vnaxeT, rom erTi da igive genetikurad

ganpirobebuli niSani, garemo pirobebis
gavleniT, sxvadasxvagvarad vlindeba. es
faqti Tanabrad exeba yvela cocxal arsebas,
adamianis CaTvliT. Tumca aq erTi mcire
gansxvavebaa. Tu mcenaresa da cxovelze
mxolod bunebrivi garemo moqmedebs, adamiani,
umTavresad, kulturuli garemos gavlenas
ganicdis. magaliTi uamravia: adamiani ibadeba
genetikurad
ganpirobebuli
metyvelebis
momTabareebma, romlebic mudmivad gadaadgildebodnen, Cvili bavSvebis usaf
rTxod da mSralad mgzavrobisaTvis Seqmnes sagangebo sawoli, romelic Semdeg sxva
xalxebis nawilSic gavrcelda da sxvadasxva saxe miiRo. es patara sawoli _ akvani
_ didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gamoiyeneboda CvenTanac. bolo dros, roca medikosebma
upiratesoba Cvilis Tavisuflad gazrdas mianiWes da gaCnda sagangebo safeni, akvani
sul ufro naklebad gamoiyeneba.
unariT, magram ra enaze alaparakdeba igi, damokidebulia im enobriv garemoze,
romelSic adamiani izrdeba. kultura gvaCvevs Wama-smis, Zilis da sxva biologiuri
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis wesebs.
Tqven ikiTxavT, maS ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi ase Zalian TviT erTi
kulturis farglebSic? imitom, rom, jer erTi, adamianebs sxvadasxvagvari genetikuri
memkvidreoba aqvT _ Tu bunebam ar giboZaT smena da xma, momRerali ver gaxdebiT; Tuki
sxeulis kargi koordinacia dagebedaT, SesaZlebloba gaqvT, sportSi gamoiCinoT
Tavi da a.S. meore da ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom TiToeuli kultura Zalze
mravalferovania. saerTo kulturuli garemos yovel calkeul Semadgenel nawils
Tavisi mikrokultura aqvs: am ojaxSi adre adgomaa miRebuli da bavSvebsac amas
aCveven; am skolaSi qimiis kargi laboratoriaa da moswavleebs eRviZebaT interesi
am sagnisadmi; am sofelSi odiTganve Tixis nakeTobebs amzadeben da a.S. yovelive es
met-naklebad moqmedebs adamianze da mas unikalur pirovnebad ayalibebs.
da mainc, daakvirdiT, ramdeni saerTo gvaqvs Cven, qarTuli kulturis pirobebSi
aRzrdil adamianebs (yovel SemTxvevaSi,
did umravlesobas) _ ena, tradiciebi,
mikrokultura _ adamianTa mcire
qcevis wesebi, warmodgenebi istoriasa Tu
jgufis (ojaxi, skola...) kultura,
xelovnebaze da bevri, bevri sxva...
romelic ramdenadme gansxvavdeba
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
adamiani
sxva aseTive jgufebis
pirovnebad yalibdeba im SesaZleblobebis
kulturebisagan.
farglebSi, rasac misi kulturuli

9. bunebrivi da kulturuli garemo. Cven rom sxvagan da sxva dros gvecxovra

29

garemo sTavazobs. Svarcenegeris fizikuri monacemebis mqone adamiani sadRac me15 saukuneSi rom dabadebuliyo, SesaZloa, is didi meomari gamosuliyo, magram
verafriT gaxdeboda didi meomrebis rolebis Semsrulebeli, im martivi mizezis gamo,
rom kinematografi mxolod me-19-20 saukuneebis mijnaze gamoigones.
maS ase, adamiani genetikuri da kulturuli faqtorebis gavleniT yalibdeba. axla
ki vnaxoT, rogor asworebs kultura bunebis Secdomebs.
kultura, ZiriTadad, Seesabameba adamianis biologiur Taviseburebebs. erTi
wuTiT warmovidginoT, rom adamians aqvs ara xuTi TiTi, aramed eqvsi an sami.
ramdeni rame Seicvleboda _ musikaluri instrumentebi da TviT musika, kompiuteris
klaviatura, Jestebi _ mokled, yvelaferi, rac xuTTiTian xelebzea morgebuli.

Tumca xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca kulturis moTxovnebi

ar Seesabameba, an, sulac, ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis
biologias. martivi magaliTi: kulturaTa umravlesobaSi
miRebulia frCxilebisa da Tmis SeWra _ kultura ereva
bunebriv procesSi da cvlis mas. zogjer kulturisa
da biologiis dapirispireba usastikes formebs iRebs:
magaliTad, rogorc cnobilia, Zvel spartaSi fizikurad
sust axalSobilebs xramSi agdebdnen, radgan spartelebi
Tvlidnen, rom maT mxolod meomrebi WirdebodaT.

grZeli yurebi _ silamazisa

da socialuri statusis niSani
malaiziaSi

gacilebiT ufro xSirad, adamianis anatomiasa da

fiziologiaSi Careva misive keTildReobisaTvisaa
gamiznuli _ medicina, romelic ama Tu im saxiT yvela
kulturaSi arsebobs, sul ufro meti warmatebiT
cdilobs Tandayolili Tu SeZenili daavadebebis da
anomaliebis damarcxebas.
adamianis garegnobis xelovnuri Secvla xSirad
modiT da silamazis adgilobrivi standartebiT aris
nakarnaxevi: plastikuri operaciebi bevrgan ukve
Cveulebriv movlenad iqca. zog kulturaSi grZeli
yurebia modaSi da maT xelovnurad igrZeleben mZime
sagnebiT.

CineTSi
qalis
silamazis
aucilebeli
elementi iyo patara zomis fexi. amitom gogonebs
adreuli bavSvobidan mWidrod uxvevdnen fexebs
da uviwroes fexsacmels acmevdnen. Sedegad,
terfebi zomiT patara rCeboda, magram warmo
udgenlad icvlida formas. asi welic ar aris
gasuli, rac CineTSi es tradicia akrZales.

30

msoflio kultura

da bolos, zogjer bunebiT boZebuli garegnobis Secvla religiuri rwmenawarmodgenebis gavleniTac xdeba. zogi religia Tavisi mimdevrebisagan moiTxovs tanze
da saxeze ritualuri sviringebis an iarebis gakeTebas, gavixsenoT agreTve winadacveTa
_ operacia, romelic aucileblad iTvleba iudaizmisa da islamis mimdevrebSi.

kiTxva
l

mocemuli suraTebis mixedviT,

ra gansxvavebebs xedavT adamianis
biologiuri moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebis wessa da formaSi?
Tqveni azriT, riT aixsneba es?

Cais sma evropulad

afrikuli sadili
Cais sma iaponurad

evropuli sadili

qarTuli nadimi. niko firosmanaSvili (1862-1918)

9. bunebrivi da kulturuli garemo. Cven rom sxvagan da sxva dros gvecxovra

31

davaleba
1. gadaxaze rveulSi cxrili da SeavseT adamianis Sesabamisi niSan-TvisebebiT.
genetikuri faqtorebiT gapirobebuli
niSan-Tvisebebi

socialur-kulturuli faqtorebiT
gapirobebuli niSan-Tvisebebi

2. gaixsene saqarTvelos calkeuli kuTxeebi da soflebi, romelTa mcxovrebni

tradiciulad misdeven xalxuri rewvis romelime dargs an xelobas.
3. moiZie magaliTebi, roca:
a) medicina asworebs bunebis Secdomebs,
b) adamianis garegnobaSi Careva ganpirobebulia religiiT, cxovrebis wesiT, esTetikuri
SexedulebebiT an komerciuli mizniT.

saSinao davaleba
l

dawere Txzuleba adamianis anatomiaze zemoqmedebis Tanamedrove saxeebis Sesaxeb,

imsjele mis mizezebsa da Sedegebze.

32

msoflio kultura

10

sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis formebi

warmoidgine, rom Tqven, ramdenime
megobarTan erTad, ukacriel kunZulze
aRmoCndiT, ai, aseTze.

raze izrunebT pirvel rigSi? cxadia,

sasmel wyalze. gagvimarTla! wyaro
aRmovaCineT, wyurvili aRar Segvawuxebs.
Semdegi problema _ gvSia! ai, palmebze
qoqosebia, ramdenime miwazec agdia,
`Cveni~ ukacrieli kunZuli
gavtexoT... sul arafers sjobs, magram
ufro gemrieli ram ar gvawyenda; iqneb vcadoT, Tevzi daviWiroT? gamogvivida _
napirTan ramdenime zanti Tevzi movixelTeT. magram ra, umad vWamoT? isev gagvimarTla
_ erT-erT Cvengans sanTebela aRmoaCnda _ nafotebi movagroveT, Tevzi SevwviT,
mivirTviT _ kargia!.. kidev ra? horizontze muqi Rrubeli gamoCnda, Tavsxmas
gvpirdeba. modi, qoxi avagoT _ CavarWeT paloebi, gadavxureT totebiT, sakmaod
myudro gamovida... uh! axla SeiZleba suli moviTqvaT da, maSvelebis molodinSi,
cota davisvenoT _ Cven droebiT davikmayofileT ZiriTadi, sabaziso moTxovnilebebi,
anu movipoveT is, rac aucilebelia sicocxlis SenarCunebisaTvis _ wyali, sakvebi,
TavSesafari.
rasakvirvelia,
Cvens
SemTxvevaSi
yvelaferi kargad damTavrda _ meore
dResve kunZuls qaTqaTa xomaldi moadga
da rbili loginebis, cxeli yavisa da
internetis samyaroSi dagvabruna...

cecxlis mopoveba xaxuniT

Cvenma Tavgadasavalma dagvafiqra,

ramxela gza gaiara kacobriobam nayofis
Segrovebidan
internetamde
da
ra
siZneleebis gadalaxva uwevdaT adamianebs
mTel msoflioSi, rom, ubralod, Sim
SiliT ar daxociliyvnen. modi, Tvali
gadavavloT im revoluciur aRmoCenebs,
romelTac mkveTrad Secvales kacob
riobis arseboba da romelTac uSualo
kavSiri aqvT adamianis sabaziso moTxov
nilebebTan _ kvebasa da sacxovrisTan.
cecxlis mopoveba kaJiT

10. sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis formebi

33

uZvelesi adamianebi Tavs daaxloebiT ise irCendnen, rogorc Cven ukacriel

kunZulze: SemgroveblobiT, anu daxetialobdnen tye-velad da moixmardnen
yvelafers, razec xeli miuwvdebodaT _ kenkras, bolqvebs, mwerebs, patara cxovelebs,
risTvisac uxeSad damuSavebuli qvis, xis an Zvlis iaraRebs xmarobdnen; avdrisagan
dasacavad agebdnen saxeldaxelo qoxebs an iyenebdnen bunebriv TavSesafrebs _
mRvimeebs. daaxloebiT 1,5-2 milioni wlis win udidesi movlena moxda _ adamianma
iswavla cecxlis gamoyeneba: jer bunebrivad, mexis dacemis Sedegad gaCenili
cecxlis Senaxva, mogvianebiT ki misi mopoveba xaxuniT an kaJis meSveobiT. Sedegebi
uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo: sakvebis xarisxis mkveTri gaumjobeseba, saimedo dacva
nadirisagan, axali, ufro grilhaviani teritoriebis aTviseba.
amis Semdeg, milion welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi, RirsSesaniSnavi TiTqmis
araferi momxdara, magram mere saqme sul ufro swrafad wavida win.

Subi

400-500 aTasi wlis win gaCnda Subi, ramac ufro

efeqturi gaxada nadiroba _ sakvebis mopovebis erTerTi umTavresi saSualeba. mSvild-isris gamogonebis
Sedegad nadiroba ufro usafrTxo gaxda: cxovelis
monadireba SesaZlebeli iyo Sori manZilidanac. isriT
daWrili, magram cocxlad gadarCenili cxoveli sakvebis
erTgvar marags qmnida, meore mxriv ki xels uwyobda
cxovelTa moSinaurebas. magram yovelive amas kidev 350400 aTasi weli daWirda.

25-30 aTasi wlis win daiwyo Tixis damuSaveba: gaCnda

mravalgvari WurWeli, SesaZlebeli gaxda produqtebis
xangrZlivi Senaxva da Sor manZilze gadatana. mogvianebiT
Tixisagan damzadda axali saimedo saSeni masala _ aguri
da kramiti.
mSvild-isari

sameTuneo rgoli

34

Tixis WurWeli

msoflio kultura

Zv. w. me-10 aTaswleulidan safuZveli Caeyara miwaTmoqmedebas, rasac mohyva mudmivi

dasaxlebebis warmoSoba da gavrceleba. amave periodSi adamianma ZaRli moiSinaura da
erTguli megobari, monadire da daraji SeiZina.

Zv. w. me-9 aTaswleuliT TariRdeba dedamiwaze napovni liTonis uZvelesi nivTi

_ spilenZis samkauli, romelsac arqeologebma Tanamedrove erayis teritoriaze
miakvlies. qvis xana dasasruls miuaxlovda. adamianma pirvelad SeZlo iseTi
nivTierebis miReba, romelic bunebaSi sufTa saxiT praqtikulad ar moipoveba _
es iyo jer brinjao, mogvianebiT ki rkina.

Zv. w. me-8 aTaswleuli: mecxo

veleobis dasawyisi _ adamianma moiSi
naura wvrilfexa saqoneli _ cxvari
da Txa, rZis produqtebis, xorcisa da
matylis saimedo wyaro.
Zv. w. me-6-7 aTaswleuli _ adamianma
gamoigona guTani, mosavlianoba mkveT
rad gaizarda. gaCnda pirveli sarwyavi
arxebi.
Zv. w. me-5 aTaswleuli _ Sua
mdinareTSi gamoigones borbali da
uremi. gamocxva pirveli puri. daiwyo
cxenisa da Roris moSinaureba.

borblis gamosaxuleba mzis taZarze indoeTSi

Zv. w. me-4 aTaswleuli _ daiwyo

msxvilfexa rqosani saqonlisa da
qaTmis
moSinaureba.
indoCineTSi
mohyavdaT brinji da Saqris lerwami.
qarTuli uremi

ukve Zv. w.-mde me-4 aTaswleulis miwurulisTvis, anu 5000 wlis win, gakeTda TiTqmis
yvela is ZiriTadi aRmoCena (sakvebi produqtebi, saSeni masalebi, teqnologiebi),
romelTa meSveobiT kacobriobam me-15 saukunemde moaxerxa sicocxlis uzrunvelyofa
da planetaze gabatonebuli mdgomareobis mopoveba. rasakvirvelia, siaxleebis farTod
gavrcelebas (vaWrobis, migraciebis, omebis procesSi) an damoukideblad aRmoCenas
(magaliTad, mSvild-isari an borbali msoflios mraval regionSi damoukideblad
gamoigones) saukuneebi da aTaswleulebi daWirda. gavrcelebisas siaxleebi, havisa
da adgilobrivi kulturuli tradiciebis Sesabamisad, saxes icvlida: zogan,
ZiriTadad, mecxoveleobas misdevdnen, zogan _ miwaTmoqmedebas, zogan saxlebs xisgan

10. sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis formebi

35

agebdnen, zogan _ qvisa Tu Tixisagan.

axal-axali aRmoCenebi Tu gamogonebebi
(magaliTad, wylis an qaris wisqvili)
xvewda teqnologiebs, umjobesdeboda
kulturuli mcenareebisa da Sinauri
cxovelebis jiSebi.
me-15 saukunis meore naxevridan iwyeba
e.w. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqa,
romelmac, SeiZleba iTqvas, gaamTliana
da erT sivrced aqcia Cveni planeta.
CvenTvis saintereso TvalsazrisiT, am
orTqlmavali
xanaSi amerikis kontinentidan farTod
gavrcelda simindi, lobio, kartofili, kakao da sxva mcenareuli kulturebi.
me-18 saukunis meore naxevarSi ki samrewvelo revolucia moxda. gaCnda energiis
axali umZlavresi wyaroebi _ jer orTqli, Semdeg navTobproduqtebi, mogvianebiT _
eleqtroba. TandaTan soflis meurneoba samrewvelo safuZvelze gadavida _ aSenda
uzarmazari fermebi da plantaciebi, romlebsac manqanebi emsaxureboda, ganviTarda
axali teqnologiebi _ produqtebis dakonserveba, gayinva; qimiuri mrewveloba axalaxal sinTezur produqcias qmnida. ai, ase movediT Tanamedrove supermarketamde,
sadac, praqtikulad, nebismieri sakvebis, sasmelis Tu sicocxlis uzrunvelyofisaTvis
saWiro nivTebis SeZena SegviZlia.

kiTxva
l

ukacriel kunZulze xomaldi erTi Tvis an erTi wlis manZilze rom ar gamoCeniliyo,
rogor warimarTeboda Seni cxovreba? kidev ra saWiroebebis winaSe dadgebodi?

davaleba
l

eqstremalur pirobebSi aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, arCevanis saSualeba rom gqondes, Seni

moTxovnilebebidan da saWiroebebidan romlebs ver daTmobdi? romel moTxovnilebebze
ityodi uars? moaxdine Sens mier SerCeuli mTavari moTxovnilebebis ranJireba.

saSinao davaleba
1. moiZie informacia ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis formaTa Sesaxeb
sxvadasxva kulturaSi.
2. moiZie informacia me-19 da me-20 saukunis im aRmoCenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
dakavSirebulia adamianis sabaziso moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan.
3. Caatare kvleva: Seadgine (an moipove) supermarketSi arsebuli produqciis sia da

36

msoflio kultura

daaxarisxe Semdegi cxrilis mixedviT:

produqcia, romelsac
adamiani qvis xanaSic
daamzadebda (Zv. w. V-IV
aTaswleulamde)

produqcia, romelic XV
saukunis Semdeg iqneboda
xelmisawvdomi

10. sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis formebi

produqcia, romlis
damzadebasac adamiani XVIII
saukunis Semdeg moaxerxebda

37

11

sazogadoeba

sazogadoebad ganixileba adamianTa is erToba, romlis wevrebsac yoveldRiuri

urTierToba aqvT da erTmaneTis cxovrebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen. yoveli
adamiani sazogadoebis nawilia. imisaTvis, rom icxovro srulfasovnad, gyavdes ojaxi,
megobrebi, miaRwio warmatebas, igrZno Tavi daculad, aucilebelia iyo sazogadoebis
wevri. sazogadoebis wevroba niSnavs _ gqondes am erTobis sxva wevrebTan saziaro
interesebi, faseulobebi, warmodgenebi. erTi da igive sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebi
adamianebi ayalibeben cxovrebisa da urTierTobis saerTo, yvelasaTvis misaReb wess,
romelsac kultura gansazRvravs.
sazogadoeba Sedgeba sxvadasxva asakis, profesiis, interesebis, socialuri rolisa
da statusis mqone individebisagan. yoveli maTgani mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisTvis,
radgan yvelas Seaqvs sakuTari wvlili mis arsebobasa da ganviTarebaSi. yovel
diliT, rodesac viRviZebT, viwyebT urTierTobas ojaxis wevrebTan, Semdeg _
TanaklaselebTan, TanamSromlebTan, sruliad ucnob adamianebTan, romlebic
mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvraven Cvens yofas, imas, Tu ramdenad SevZlebT miznebis
miRwevas. magaliTad, bevr Cvengans gadaadgilebisa da yoveldRiuri saqmianobisaTvis
esaWiroeba transporti. Tu avtobusiT vmgzavrobT, mas aucileblad eyoleba mZRoli,
romelic Tavisi yoveldRiuri saqmianobiT gviadvilebs cxovrebas. Tavis mxriv,
SesaZloa, Cven gvqondes msgavsi gavlena sxva, CvenTvis sruliad ucnobi (an Tundac
nacnobi) adamianebis cxovrebaze. warmoidgineT, es yvelaferi rom ar arsebobdes,
rogori umweo da daucveli iqneboda TiToeuli Cvengani, albaT, Tavis gadarCenac
gagviWirdeboda. gavixsenoT robinzon kruzo, daniel defos amave saxelwodebis
cnobili romanis gmiri. man sakuTari miznis ganxorcieleba, anu ukacrieli kunZulidan
Tavis daRweva mxolod sxvaTa xelSewyobiT SeZlo.

robinzon kruzo da paraskeva

38

pirovneba, romlis usafrTxo da

stabiluri cxovrebis erT-erTi Ziri
Tadi garantia sazogadoebis wevrobaa,
Tavis mxriv, amave sazogadoebis mimarT
garkveul valdebulebebs atarebs. Tu
individi, rogorc sazogadoebis wevri,
movaleobebs warmatebiT asrulebs,
izrdeba misi piradi warmatebis pers
peqtivac. igi, savaraudod, moipovebs
maRal socialur statuss, eqneba
kargi samsaxuri da a.S. meore mxriv,
gaziarebuli wesebis uxeS darRvevas,
SesaZlebelia, sazogadoebis mxridan
mkacri reaqcia da sanqciebi moyves.
individs, SesaZloa, daekisros rogorc

msoflio kultura

moraluri, aseve samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba. pirveli, garkveul SemTxvevebSi,

samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobaze aranakleb mZimea.
warsulSi sazogadoeba mkacrad gansazRvravda individis cxovrebis wess da
socialur mdgomareobas. xSirad adamiani dabadebidanve garkveuli statusis
matarebeli iyo da ar SeeZlo misi Secvla. magaliTad, batonymobis periodSi glexi
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze batons emsaxureboda da am mxriv arafris Secvla SeeZlo.
indoeTSi dRemde arsebobs kastebi, adamianebi ama Tu im kastis wevrad ibadebian da,
iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, sicocxlis bolomde inarCuneben am statuss.
adamianisa da sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebulebasTan dakavSirebiT, saintereso
magaliTebi moipoveba qarTul literaturasa da folklorSi. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi
sazogadoebaSi miRebuli normebis darRveva, barTan SedarebiT, ufro mkacrad isjeboda.
amis dasturia e.w. mokveTis wesis arseboba. vinc ar iziarebda sazogadoebaSi dadgenil
wesebs da upirispirdeboda maT, sazogadoebisgan moikveTeboda da iZulebiT tovebda
sacxovrebel adgils. gaixseneT vaJa-fSavelas cnobili poema aluda qeTelauri.
aluda, romelic sazogadoebis (Temis) erT-erTi lideria, uZveles xevsurul tradicias
arRvevs da mosisxles marjvenas ar aWris. aseTi darRveva TviT aludasTvisac
upatiebelia, igi iZulebuli xdeba, Temi datovos da masTan yovelgvari kavSiri
gawyvitos. vaJas kidev erTi nawarmoebis, mokveTilis erT-erTi mTavari personaJi
baxa, romelic, aluda qeTelauris msgavsad, sazogadoebis pativiscemiT sargeblobs,
kavSirs amyarebs xevsurebisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil qistebTan. am saqcielis gamo, igi
iZulebuli xdeba xevsureTidan gadaixvewos

cnobil inglisel filosofos Tomas hobss (1588-1679)

Tu davesesxebiT, adamianis cxovreba sazogadoebis gareSe
xanmokle, usargeblo da, SesaZloa, saSiSic iyos. im faqts, rom
Cven socialuri arsebebi varT, sxva adamianebTan urTierToba,
anu sazogadoebaSi cxovreba ganapirobebs. sazogadoeba, erTi
mxriv, gansazRvruli wesebis mixedviT cxovrebas gvaiZulebs,
xolo meore mxriv, warmatebebis miRwevisa da sakuTari Tavis
realizaciis SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs.
Tomas hobsi

kiTxva

l

Tu gagCenia odesme azri, rom sazogadoebisgan gancalkevebulad gecxovra?

warmoidgine, rom marto cxovreba gadawyvite. aseT SemTxvevaSi, rogor moawyobdi
Sens yofas?

11. sazogadoeba

39

jgufuri muSaoba
1. ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi niSnebi aqvs cxovrebas sazogadoebasTan erTad da mis
gareSe? imsjele da Seavse T-sqema.

cxovreba sazogadoebaSi

cxovreba sazogadoebis gareSe

2. imsjele andazis Sesaxeb: `Tavisufali rom iyo, kanonebs unda daemorCilo~.

40

msoflio kultura

12

socializacia
dabadebisas axalSobili ar ganekuTvneba
romelime kulturas. rogorc ici, kultura
genetikurad ar gadaecema. mxolod mSoblebis,
maswavleblebis da sxvaTa xelSewyobiT yalibdeba
bavSvi kulturisa da sazogadoebis
wevrad,
kulturul da socialur arsebad. am process
socializacias
vuwodebT.
socializaciis
procesSi Cven vswavlobT im kulturis enas,
romelSic davibadeT, viTvisebT im sazogadoebriv
rolebs, romelic cxovrebaSi unda viTamaSoT.
magaliTad, gogona swavlobs, Tu rogori
diasaxlisi, da, megobari an, momavalSi, deda
unda iyos. garda amisa, socializaciis procesSi
axalgazrdebi
swavla-ganaTlebis
meSveobiT
euflebian sakuTar profesiul rolebsac.

socializacia _ individis
mier kulturuli
normebis da faseulobebis
SeTvisebis procesi.

arc erTi biologiuri saxeobis naSieri

aris ufrosze ise xangrZlivad damokidebuli,
rogorc adamianis. bavSvobisa da axalgazr
dobis periodi SesaZleblobas iZleva, momaval
Taobas gadaeces is codna da gamocdileba,
romelic dagrovilia TaobaTa mier, unikaluria
yvela sazogadoebisaTvis da maT erTmaneTisagan
ganasxvavebs.

ise, rogorc ufrosebi

12. socializacia

socializaciis procesSi yalibdeba pirovnebis

Sexedulebebi,
msoflmxedveloba,
gemovneba,
garemoebisa da mdgomareobis cvlilebasTan
erTad, adamiani iTvisebs axal-axal socialur
rolebs.

41

socializaciis procesi dabadebidan

iwyeba. adreuli bavSvobis wlebi yvelaze
intensiuri socializaciis periodia,
rodesac veuflebiT enas da vswavlobT
Cvens kulturaSi arsebul ZiriTad
warmodgenebsa da Sexedulebebs.
sxvadasxva
kulturaSi
bavSvTa
socializaciis gansxvavebuli meTodebi
da saSualebebi gamoiyeneba. gamoyofen
socializaciis or zogad tips _ formalur
da
araformalur
socializacias.
formaluri socializaciis procesi
formaluri socializacia, ZiriTadad,
saaRmzrdelo da saswavlo dawesebulebebSi
- saklaso oTaxebSi, maswavleblebis da aRmzrdelebis garemocvaSi mimdinareobs, mas
warmarTaven da akontroleben ufrosebi. araformaluri socializaciis dros bavSvi,
umTavresad, mibaZviT, ufrosebis qcevis imitaciiT iTvisebs kulturis normebs da
qcevis wesebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi dayofa pirobiTia da socializaciis es
ori zogadi tipi sxvadasxva kulturaSi gansxvavebuli saxiT gvxvdeba.
yovel sazogadoebaSi arsebobs
e.w.
socialuri
institutebi.
esaa
organizebuli
jgufebi,
romlebic
garkveul
funqcias
asruleben. socialur institutebs
ganekuTvneba, magaliTad, uxucesTa
sabWo, policia, an, sulac, Tamadis
instituti saqarTveloSi.
institutebs, romlebic uzrun
velyofen adamianis socializaciis,
sazogadoebaSi misi integraciis
process, socializaciis agentebs
uwodeben. esenia ojaxi, sabavSvo
baRi, skola, sxva saganmanaTleblo
araformaluri socializaciis procesi
dawesebulebebi,
sanaTesao
wre,
megobrebi, samezoblo/ezo, quCa,
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi da sxva.

42

msoflio kultura

davaleba
1. daxate wre da dayavi nawilebad. TiToeuli nawili gamoxatavs im jgufs, romelsac
Tavs miakuTvneb da Sens rols am jgufSi. romeli jgufic ufro mniSvnelovania
SenTvis, mas wris ufro didi nawili dauTme:
megobrebi
skola
ojaxi
sanaTesao wre
samezoblo
sabavSvo baRi
ezo, quCa, ubani
televizia
..................
Tu saWirod CaTvli, Seavse CamonaTvali.
arCevani daasabuTe.
Seadare Sen mier Sesrulebuli davaleba Tanaklaselebis mier Sesrulebul
davalebebs; imsjele msgavsebebisa da gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb.
2. dawere ese: ojaxi _ umniSvnelovanesi socialuri agenti?

12. socializacia

43

13

identoba

identoba (laT. idem _ igive, msgavsi,

identitas _ igiveoba) _ ama Tu
im socialuri jgufisadmi
mikuTvnebulobis gancda.

identoba dakavSirebulia adamianis

cxovrebaSi arsebul mTavar kiTxvebTan vin var me? da vin varT Cven?

adamiani
sakuTar
identobas
ama Tu im socialuri jgufisadmi
mikuTvnebulobiT sazRvravs. cxovrebis
manZilze am jgufebis raodenoba izrdeba.
adamians erTdroulad ramdenime identoba
aqvs, magaliTad, igi dakavSirebulia ojaxTan,
rogorc Svili, meuRle, Zma an da, mama an deda;
amave dros is, Tavis ojaxTan erTad, romelime
socialur, eTnikur da religiur jgufTan
aigivebs Tavs, romelime qveynisa da regionis
mcxovrebia, romelime profesiul sazogadoebas
da asakobriv jgufs miekuTvneba. es CamonaTvali
kidev SeiZleba gagrZeldes, an misi Semadgeneli
elementebi Seicvalos. magaliTad, qalaq romis
mcxovrebi sakuTar identobas gansazRvravs
rogorc
romaeli,
italieli,
kaTolike,
qristiani, evropeli, dasavleli.

Cven aTasobiT patara istoriisagan

SevdgebiT

identoba gansazRvravs adamianis qcevas.

ramdenadac erTi da igive pirovneba erTdroulad
ramdenime identobis matarebelia, misi qceva
gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva viTarebaSi. magaliTad,
igi sxvadasxvagvarad iqceva rogorc deda da
rogorc TanamSromeli, rogorc Zma da rogorc

moswavle.

socialuri statusi _ pirovnebis

mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi.

rogorc ici, socializacia mTeli

cxovrebis
manZilze
grZeldeba.
Sesabamisad, adamianis identoba mudmivad
ivseba axali patara istoriebiT.

kulturuli identoba
individis
cxovrebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
ganmsazRvrelia. adamianebi Tavs miakuTvneben ama Tu im jgufs, romlis wevrebTan
erTad cxovroben konkretul teritoriaze, metyveleben ama Tu im enaze, aqvT saerTo
religia, saerTo warsuli. kulturuli identoba adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs
gansazRvron, vin varT Cven da vin arian sxvebi.

44

msoflio kultura

adamiani SeiZleba
ganisazRvros rogorc
arseba, romelsac SeuZlia
Tqvas me, SeuZlia
gansazRvros sakuTari Tavi
rogorc damoukidebeli
subieqti.
erix fromi, amerikeli
fsiqologi

identoba aris adamianTa

warmodgena imis Sesaxeb,
Tu vin arian isini, ras
warmoadgenen da ra
damokidebuleba aqvT
sxvebTan.
maikl hogi da dominik
abramsi,
amerikeli fsiqologebi

identoba gvaZlevs
adgils samyaroSi da
warmoadgens kavSirs Cvensa
da im sazogadoebas Soris,
romelSic vcxovrobT.
qeTrin vudvordi,
amerikeli mecnieri da
mwerali

kulturuli identoba, konkretuli faseulobebisa da normebis gaziareba

gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor Seasrulebs individi sxvadasxva cxovrebiseul rols.
magaliTad, kulturebSi gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba arsebobs qalisa da mamakacis,
axalgazrdisa da zrdasrulis, qvrivisa da dauqorwineblis qcevis, Cacmis, metyvelebis,
interesebisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis identificirebas misi sqesisaTvis kulturiT
gansazRvrul socialur rolTan genderuli identoba ewodeba.
stili _ Cacmuloba, varcxniloba, makiaJi, samkaulebi da aqsesuarebi, romelTa
meSveobiT Cven SegviZlia mivxvdeT, rogoria adamianis identoba _ misi socialuri
statusi, religiuri Sexedulebebi, eTnikuri kuTvnileba da sxva.

13. identoba

45

saxaliso istoria: vin var me?!

mark tveni
tragikuli naTesaoba
erTma filadelfielma moqalaqem Tavi moikla da Semdegi Sinaarsis werili
datova:
me SevirTe qvrivi qali, romelsac mozrdili qaliSvili hyavda. mamaCemma
Seiyvara igi da colad SeirTo. ase rom, mamaCemi Cemi siZe gaxda, xolo geri _
dedaCemi, radgan is mamaCemis meuRle iyo.
Cems cols SeeZina vaJi, romelic mamaCems colisZmad ekuTvnoda, me ki biZad,
rogorc Cemi dedis Zma.
mamaCemis colsac SeeZina vaJi. igi, ra Tqma unda, Cemi Zmac iyo da SviliSvilic,
rogorc Cemi qaliSvilis vaJi.
maSasadame, Cemi coli gaxda Cemi bebia, rogorc dedaCemis, anu Cemi geris deda,
me ki, erTsa da imave dros, Cemi colisaTvis qmaric var da SviliSvilic. da
radgan romelime adamianis bebiis qmari, amave dros, am adamianis babuac aris,
gamodis, rom me sakuTari Tavis babuac vyofilvar.

davaleba
davaleba
1. moZebne 5 axalgazrduli jgufis suraTi, magaliTad, pankebis, reperebis, hipebis,
sqinhedebis da a.S. TiToeuli suraTi aRwere da axseni, rogor aRiqvamen isini
sakuTar Tavs da rogor gamoxataven sakuTar mikuTvnebulobas konkretuli
jgufisadmi.
2. mocemul sqemis mixedviT aRwere, vin xar Sen?

me

3. rogor auxsnidi ucxoels, vin aris qarTveli? pasuxi gamosaxe sqemiT, logikuri
jaWvis saxiT:
?

46

msoflio kultura

civilizacia

14

gaixsene identobasTan dakavSirebuli

gakveTilis bolos mocemuli davaleba,
civilizacia (laT. civis, civilitas, civitas) _
moqalaqe, samoqalaqo, samoqalaqo
sadac logikuri jaWvis saxiT unda
sazogadoeba.
warmogedgina
qarTvelTa
identoba.
identobis romeli done iyo yvelaze
farTo, romeli maTgani gaerTianebda
yvelaze met adamianTan, vis msgavsadac Tavs miiCnev? Tu imave gakveTilSi motanil
romis moqalaqis magaliTze Seecdebi am davalebis Sesrulebas da identobis doneebs
wreebis saxiT warmoidgen, aseT sqemas miiReb:

am SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze farTo done dasavluri identobaa. mecnierTa nawili

kulturuli identobis yvelaze farTo da mravali msgavsi niSnis momcvel dones
civilizacias uwodebs. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, civilizacia aris saerTo

14. civilizacia

47

niSnebis mqone kulturaTa pirobiTi erToba. kacobrioba aseTi erTobebisagan

_ civilizaciebisagan _ Sedgeba, romelTagan TiToeuls sakuTari, sxvebisgan
gansxvavebuli niSnebi aqvs, magaliTad, droisa da sivrcis aRqma, bunebisa Tu
Sromisadmi damokidebuleba, amqveyniurisa da imqveyniuri samyaros Sesaxeb arsebuli
warmodgena, religia, warsulisadmi damokidebuleba da sxva maxasiaTeblebi.
erT mSvenier dRes rom kacobriobam gonier ucxoplanetelebTan kontaqti
daamyaros, Zalze savaraudoa, rom gaCndes identobis kidev ufro farTo done _
dedamiwelebi.

civilizacia yvelaze vrceli erTobaa, romelsac

adamiani Tavs miakuTvnebs an, sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, romelTanac igi TviTidentifikacias axdens.
civilizacia _ es aris yvelaze didi Cven, romlis
farglebSi adamiani Tavs Sin grZnobs. amave dros,
igi gvyofs Cven maTgan, vinc am civilizaciis miRmaa.
samuel hanTingtoni

samuel hanTingtoni, amerikeli politologi

me-20 saukunis bolos, sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlisa da civi omis damTavrebis Semdeg,
s. hanTingtonma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom
dRes msoflioSi arsebobs 8 civilizacia:
dasavluri, marTlmadideblur-slavuri,
muslimuri, konfuciuri, iaponuri, indu
isturi, laTinuri amerikisa da afrikuli,
romlebic erTmaneTis msgavsi niSnebis
mqone kulturebs moicaven1. uaxloes
momavalSi msoflios saxes am civilizaciaTa urTierToba
gansazRvravs. Tanamedrove samyaros konfliqtebi
civilizaciaTa gansxvavebulobis da dapirispirebis
Sedegia, ris gamoc maTma urTierTobam, SesaZloa,
civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis saxe miiRos. s. hanTingtonis
versias didi gamoxmaureba da mwvave kamaTi mohyva.

luis henri morgani

albaT, ufro xSirad civilizaciis sxvagvari gageba

Segxvedria, romlis Tanaxmad, civilizacia ama Tu im
sazogadoebis an, mTlianad, kacobriobis ganviTarebis
safexuria. cnobili amerikeli anTropologi luis
henri morgani (1818-1881) erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda
civilizebul da primitiul sazogadoebebs, romelTac

hanTingtonis mier SemoTavazebuli am saxelwodebiT, marTlmadidebluri

civilizaciis farglebs miRma rCebian, magaliTad, berZnebi, qarTvelebi, ruminelebi
da zogi sxva marTlmadideblebi
1

48

msoflio kultura

civilizaciis
safexurisaTvis
jer
ar mieRwiaT.
civilizaciis niSnebad
miCneuli
iyo
miwaTmoqmedebis
ganviTareba, simdidris dagroveba, miwis
kerZo sakuTrebis gaCena, qalaqebis zrda,
saxelmwifosa da damwerlobis warmoSoba,
vaWrobis ganviTareba, mecnieruli codnis
(ariTmetika,
geometria,
astronomia)
Casaxva, xelovnebis Seqmna da a.S. dRes,
xSirad,
civilizacia
teqnikur
da
teqnologiur progresTan igivdeba.
buSmenebi

kiTxvebi
1. CamoTvale civilizaciebi (istoriuli da Tanamedrove).
2. romelia is niSnebi, romlebiTac kulturebi ama Tu im civilizacias miekuTvnebian?
3. gaixsene civi omis Semdgom periodSi momxdari an mimdinare konfliqtebi da imsjele
maT kulturul-civilizaciur safuZvlebze. moifiqre am konfliqtebis mogvarebis
gzebi.
4. civilizaciis romel gagebas asaxavs yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi gavrcelebuli
gamoTqmebi: civilizebuli samyaro, civilizebuli adamiani, civilizebuli
qceva da sxva.

davaleba
l

gakveTilSi mocemulia suraTi, romelic asaxavs primitiuli sazogadoebebis

cxovrebas. warmoidgine, rom xar me-19 saukunis evropeli politikosi, misioneri
an mkvlevari. ris Secvlas ganizraxavdi am sazogadoebebis cxovrebaSi, ratom da
rogor?

14. civilizacia

49

15

marginaloba

marginali (laT. margo _are, kide,

zRvari) _ Tavdapirvelad
aRniSnavda wignis gverdis kides
(arSias), Tavisufal adgils
ZiriTadi teqstis gverdiT,
romelic gamoiyeneboda minawerebis
gasakeTeblad. dRes am sityviT
aRiniSneba individebi da jgufebi,
romlebic sazogadoebis `miRma~
aRmoCndnen.

gaxsovs akaki wereTlis cnobili leqsi

Ramura? Tagvs Tagvad yofna mobezrda
da Citad qceva inatra. Tagunas survili
Seusrulda da frTebi gamoesxa, magram,
uCveulo garegnobis gamo, sxva Citebma
aiTvalwunes da iZulebuli gaxda, isev
TagvebTan dabrunebuliyo. frinvelad
qceuli Tagvi aRarc Zvelma TanamoZmeebma
miiRes. sabralo Tagunas sxva gza aRar
hqonda, yvelas gaerida da bnel nangrevebSi
daido bina. mas Semdeg igi samalavidan
mxolod Ram-RamobiT gamodis.

im adamianebs, romlebic sazogado

ebisagan gariyulebi aRmoCndnen, akaki
wereTeli Ramuras adarebs.
dRes aseT adamianebs marginalebs
uwodeben. es termini im individebs
aRniSnavs, romlebic, ama Tu im mizezis
gamo, ver an ar arian srulfasovnad
CarTuli
sazogadoebis
cxovrebaSi;
magaliTad, migrantebi _ erTi qveynidan
meoreSi gadasuli pirebi, romlebic
TavianT Cveul garemos mowydnen da
axali garemo ver gaiTavises, agreTve
usaxlkaroebi da a.S.
Sua saukuneebis xelnaweri wigni minawerebiT

usaxlkaro

50

marginalobisadmi interesi ganapiroba dasavleTSi,

gansakuTrebiT, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi migraciis
aqtiurma procesma. sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis
jgufebi, materialuri keTildReobis Tu uzrunveli
cxovrebis ZiebaSi, masobrivad tovebdnen sakuTar
sacxovrebel adgils da ucxo qveyanaSi saxldebodnen.
axal garemoSi damkvidrebis procesi yovelTvis rTulia,
miT ufro maSin, roca mas Tan axlavs socialuri
problemebi: umuSevroba, socialuri statusis da
garantiebis arqona. viTarebas arTulebs isic, rom
axal adgilas migrantebs aravin elis da maTi gamoCena
damatebiT problemad aRiqmeba. swored aseTi viTareba
iwvevs jgufis marginalizacias. es jgufebi marginalur
mdgomareobaSi arian rogorc maspinZel, ise maTTvis
mSobliur kulturasTan mimarTebaSi.

msoflio kultura

individebisa
da
jgufebis
marginalizacia
SeiZleba
gamoiwvios
ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri
sistemis mkveTrma cvlilebam. magaliTad,
batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg marginalur
mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCndnen
soflis
mcxovrebni, romlebmac ver SeZles
axal realobasTan Segueba, dakarges
Zveli statusi da, garkveuli drois
ganmavlobaSi, ver SeiZines axali.
emigrantebi

davaleba
1. gaixsene ilia WavWavaZis, daviT kldiaSvilisa da sxva qarTveli mwerlebis
personaJebi. imsjele, romeli maTgani SeiZleba CaiTvalos marginalad?
2. imsjele, SeiZleba Tu ara CaiTvalon marginalebad borotmoqmedebi da kriminaluri
jgufebi?

15. marginaloba

51

16

kontrkultura

kontrkultura upirispirdeba gaba

tonebul kulturas da ayalibebs
umravlesobis kulturis sawinaaR
mdego faseulobebsa da normebs.

bevri Tqvengani atarebs jinsebs,

aqsesuarebs
mSvidobis
simbolos
gamosaxulebiT, biWebi _ grZel Tmas...
gifiqriaT imaze, es, ubralod, modaa Tu
raime ideis gamoxatuleba?

biTlzi

jenis joplini

pink floidi

jimi hendriqsi

Tqven, albaT, usmenT biTlzs, jenis joplins, jimi hendrikss, pink floids, an
1960-iani wlebis sxva momRerlebsa da jgufebs. mogwonT maTi musika? iciT raime im
ideebis da msoflmxedvelobis Sesaxeb, ramac aseTi musikis Seqmna ganapiroba?
1960-ian wlebSi dasavleT evropis qveynebi da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
manamde arnaxulma axalgazrdulma protestma moicva, romlis mizani kulturaSi
revoluciuri cvlilebebis ganxorcileba iyo. amerikelma sociologma Teodor
rozakma am moZraobas kontrkultura ewoda.

52

msoflio kultura

kontrkultura upirispirdeboda imdroindeli dasavluri

sazogadoebisaTvis Cveul, momxmareblur cxovrebis wessa da
msoflmxedvelobas. kontrkultura moicavda studentebisa da
hipebis moZraobas.
kontrkulturuli
ideebis
mqone
axalgazrdebis
umravlesoba nebiera bavSvebi iyvnen. kargma ekonomikurma
da socialurma pirobebma SesaZlebloba misca maT, naklebad
Sexebodnen
cxovrebiseul
realobas.
yoveldRiuri
problemebisagan Tavisufalni, did dros uTmobdnen swavlas,
maTi uzrunvelyofili momavali winaswar gansazRvruli iyo.
SeiZleba, swored amitom, isini idealistebad Camoyalibdnen.
axalgazrdebs ar surdaT, gamoTxovebodnen bavSvobis idealebsa
da uzrunvel cxovrebas, mieRoT realuri samyaro, sadac maT
realuri valdebulebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi daekisrebodaT,
amitom maT gadawyvites, arsebuli sinamdvile TavianTi
idealuri samyaroTi CaenacvlebinaT.

1958 wels jerld

holtomis mier
Seqmnili mSvidobis
simbolo, romelic
pirvelad britaneTSi
birTvuli ganiaraRebis
kampaniisas gamoiyenes,
kontrkulturis
mTavar simbolod iqca

1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi amerikuli da, mTlianad, dasavluri sazogadoebis

ZiriTadi faseulobebi iyo piradi warmateba, Seupovari Sroma, drois racionaluri
gamoyeneba, efeqtianoba da sargeblianoba, progresi, materialuri keTildReoba. am
pragmatul faseulobebs da konkurenciaze damyarebul sazogadoebas studentebma
daupirispires antimomxmarebloba, altruizmi, rogorc adamianTa urTierTobis
safuZveli, socialuri da moraluri Tanasworoba, orientacia inteleqtualur da
sulier faseulobebze. magaliTad, Tu umaRlesi ganaTleba warmatebuli karierisa
da keTildReobis winapirobad miiCneoda, meamboxe studentebis umravlesoba swavlis
60-iani wlebis
meamboxe
axalgazrdoba

16. kontrkultura

53

Cven ... gvzaravs samyaro,

romelic memkvidreobiT miviReT,
bavSvobaSi Cven dadebiTad
miviCnevdiT amerikis faseulobebs:
Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba
yvelasaTvis.
port-huronis deklaracia
axalgazrdebi demokratiuli
sazogadoebisaTvis, 1962 weli.

`mSvidoba, siyvaruli, musika, Tavisufleba, zeimi~

miznad samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis Secnobas Tvlida. es axalgazrdebi daupiris

pirdnen ara socialur an raime sxva konkretul problemas, aramed mTlianad dasav
lur civilizacias. kontrkulturis warmomadgenelTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo
Cacmis, qcevisa da, zogadad, garegnobis gansxvavebuli stili, rac sazogadoebisadmi
protests gamoxatavda. im periodis musika da poeziac gamsWvaluli iyo kontr
kulturuli ideebiT.

me ukve aRar SemiZlia gaviziaro amerikis _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, dRevandeli

amerikis _ morali. xval, SeiZleba, daibados axali amerika da me movindomo mis
nawilad gaxdoma, magram dRes me Cemi sakuTari morali maqvs da amerika mas ar
iRebs, - ase gamoxatavda Tavis pozicias erT-erTi studenti.

Cveni moRvaweoba nakarnaxevia

grZnobiT, rom, SeiZleba, Cven varT
ukanaskneli Taoba eqsperimentisa,
romelsac sicocxle ewodeba (porthuronis deklaracia, 1962). me
rogorRac vgrZnob, rom Cven arc
ise bevri dro dagvrCa Cveni ideebis
dasaxvewad (erT-erTi hipis sityvebi).

hipebi

54

msoflio kultura

axalgazrdebi
eWvqveS
ayenebdnen
dasavluri
sazogadoebis unars, ecxovra mis mierve deklarirebuli
Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobisa da mSvidobis idealebis
Sesabamisad. amitom maT imedgacruebisa da gaucxoebis
gancda daeuflaT.
protestis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi iyo vietnamis
omi, romelsac studentebis didi nawili, iseve rogorc
hipebi da sxva msgavsi moZraobebis warmomadgenlebi,
danaSaulad miiCnevda.
vietnamis omi _ 1955-1975 wlebis SeiaraRebuli
konfliqti vietnamSi, laossa da kambojaSi. 1960iani wlebidan masSi aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. daiRupa
aTasobiT amerikeli jariskaci.

1945 wels, meore msoflio omis damamTavrebel

etapze, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma iaponiis ori
qalaqis _ hirosimasa da nagasakis atomuri dabombva
ganaxorcila. es birTvuli iaraRis politikuri
zewolis mizniT gamoyenebis erTaderTi SemTxvevaa
msoflio istoriaSi. pirveli bombi
hirosimaSi
6 agvistos Camoagdes, xolo meore _ nagasakiSi
9 agvistos. dabombvis dResa da Semdegi Tveebis
ganmavlobaSi damwvrobis, radiaciisa da sxva saxis
dazianebisagan hirosimaSi 90 000-dan 166 000-mde,
xolo nagasakiSi _ 60 000-dan 80 000-mde adamiani
daiRupa, isini, umTavresad, samoqalaqo pirebi iyvnen.

alen ginzbergi

jek keruaki
poetebi alen ginzbergi da
jek keruaki, iseve rogorc
daRlili/dacemuli Taobis
(beat generation) sxva poetebi,
kontrkulturis sulier da
ideur mamebad miiCneodnen.

karibis krizisi _ civi omis periodis yvelaze mwvave dapirispireba sabWoTa

kavSirsa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris, romelmac birTvuli konfliqtis
saSiSroebis winaSe daayena mTeli kacobrioba. es dapirispireba SeerTebul StatebSi
cnobilia rogorc kubis saraketo krizisi, sabWoTa kavSirSi mas karibis kriziss
uwodebdnen, xolo kubaSi _ oqtombris kriziss. 1962 wlis oqtomberSi sabWoTa
kaSirma kubaSi birTvuli raketebis ganlageba daiwyo. es iyo pasuxi 1961 wels
aSS-s mier TurqeTSi birTvuli raketebis ganlagebaze, romelic sabWoTa kavSirs
emuqreboda. krizisi 13 dRe gagrZelda. dapirispirebulma mxareebma SeTanxmebas
miaRwies. sabWoTa kavSirma gaitana raketebi kubis teritoriidan, aSS moxsna kubis
blokada, ramdenime Tvis Semdeg ki TurqeTidan gaitana birTvuli raketebi.

16. kontrkultura

55

aseTi apokalifsuri gancda ganpirobebuli iyo SiSiTa da sasowarkveTilebiT,

romelsac atomuri iaraRis gamoyenebis faqti (hirosima da nagasaki), karibis krizisi
da vietnamis omi badebda. Tumca, es Taoba atomur saSiSroebas ufro farTod
gaiazrebda. igi atomur iaraRs ganixilavda ara rogorc ubralod iaraRs, aramed
rogorc amerikuli kulturis da, zogadad, dasavluri civilizaciis simbolos. amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, gasagebi xdeba devizi _ kultura borotebaa, sicocxle - sikeTe,
ukan, bunebisaken! bunebriobisaken swrafva gamoixateboda hipebis garegnobaSic,
protestis erT-erTi niSani iyo grZeli Tma da xazgasmiT daudevari damokidebuleba
Cacmulobisa da higienis mimarT; narkotikebiTa da aRmosavluri religiebiT gataceba
swored am borotebiT aRsavse samyarodan Tavis daRwevis saSualebad miiCneoda.
1970-ian wlebSi kontrkulturuli moZraoba minelda. amboxebul axalgazrdaTa
didi nawili daubrunda cxovrebis miRebul wess da Tavad gaxda amerikuli kulturuli
tradiciis gamgrZelebeli. Tavis mxriv, Seicvala amerikuli sazogadoebac _ gadaixeda
is, Tu ra SeiZleba yofiliyo dasaSvebi an misaRebi da ra _ ara. magaliTad, aRaravis
ukvirda grZelTmiani da dauvarcxneli biWebi, daglejili jinsebi; hipebi amerikuli
sazogadoebis Cveulebrivi nawili gaxda. rac adre bevrisTvis Sokismomgvreli iyo,
axla kulturis Cveul nawilad iqca, metic _ moduradac ki miiCneoda. magaliTad,
musikaluri industria uzarmazari raodenobiT awarmoebda popularuli rokjgufebis Canawerebs, imarTeboda grandiozuli rok-koncertebi, rac zogisTvis ukve
ara protesti, aramed samuSao iyo, zogisTvis _ moxmarebis sagani, sxvebisTvis ki _
mogebis wyaro.

vudstoki marto rok-festivali ar iyo, is male 1960-iani wlebis simbolod iqca

56

msoflio kultura

davaleba
1. gaixsene magaliTebi, rodesac erT dros sazogadoebisaTvis miuRebeli qceva,
Cacmuloba da Sexedulebebi SemdgomSi misi kulturis nawili gaxda.
2. Seni azriT, SeiZleba, rom radikaluri cvlileba kulturaSi kontrkulturuli
amboxebis gareSe moxdes?

16. kontrkultura

57

17

samosi, romelmac msoflio Secvala

jinss, romelic Taobebis manZilze ar gadadis modidan,
saintereso biografia aqvs. misi winaprebi warmoSobiT
italiis qalaq genuasa da safrangeTis qalaq nimidan arian. isini
gadabargdnen amerikaSi da saTave daudes sruliad uCveulo
movlenas samosis istoriaSi _ jinsis Sarvals, romelmac,
rogorc amboben, msoflio Secvala.
sityva jinsi (jeans) italiis qalaq genuis (Genova)
saxelwodebidan momdinareobs. es qalaqi ganTqmuli iyo sazRvao
vaWrobiT. mezRvaurebs, romlebic drois did nawils zRvaSi
atarebdnen, gamZle samosi WirdebodaT. amitom mis Sesakerad
gamoiyeneboda masala, romelic Tavdapirvelad safrangeTis
qalaq nimSi, ialqnebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda. am masalas nimuri
sarJa (Serge de Nmes) ewodeboda.
amgvarad, qsovils, romlisganac SemdgomSi jinsis Sarvlebs
keravdnen, denimi (qalaq nimis saxelwodebis mixedviT) ewoda,
Tavad samoss ki _ jinsi _ rogorc ukve vTqviT, qalaq genuas
saxelwodebidan (blue de Gene _ lurji genuidan).

jeikob devisi

livais strausi

58

1848 wels kaliforniaSi oqro aRmoaCines, rasac cnobili

oqros cieb-cxeleba mohyva: kalifornias oqros maZiebelTa
uzarmazari talRa miawyda. san-francisko _ oqros ciebcxelebis komerciuli centri _ xelsayreli adgili gaxda
savaWro biznesisaTvis. swored amitom, 1853 wels niuiorkidan san-franciskoSi, sabiTumo vaWrobis dawyebis
mizniT, germaniidan emigrirebuli liob Strausi Cavida,
Tumca mas am droisaTvis saxeli ukve Secvlili hqonda da
dRes yvelasaTvis kargad cnobili livais strausi iyo. man
aRmoaCina, rom oqros maZieblebs, pirvel rigSi, gamZle
da magari masalisagan damzadebuli samosi WirdebodaT.
Tavdapirvelad strausi maT brezentisgan keravda, Semdeg
ki nimuri sarJis, anu denimis gamoyeneba daiwyo.
mkeravma jeikob devisma (warmoSobiT rigeli iakob iofisi)
denimis Sarvlebs erTi mniSvnelovani detali daumata: man
gamZleobisaTvis Sarvlebze spilenZis samagrebis gamoyeneba
daiwyo; radgan am siaxlis patentis asaRebad sakmarisi fuli
ar hqonda, livais strauss mimarTa. 1873 wels maT patenti
aiRes da aqedan daiwyo denimis Sarvlis, Tanamedrove lurji
jinsis istoria.

msoflio kultura

1930-ian wlebSi holivudis vesternis

Janris
kovboebi
swored
denimis
SarvlebSi iyvnen gamowyobili. am droidan
moyolebuli, jinsis Sarvali popularuli
gaxda. 1940-ian wlebSi, meore msoflio
omis periodSi, jinsis Sarvlebi naklebad
ikereboda, Tumca danarCenma msofliom
is zustad am periodSi, amerikeli
jariskacebis meSveobiT gaicno.
1950-iani wlebidan denimi popularuli
gaxda axalgazrdebs Soris. satelevizio
programebsa da filmebSi is meamboxe
mozardebis simbolod iqca. swored maT
SemoiRes saxelwodeba jinsis Sarvali
(jean pants). Tavdapirvelad, amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi zogierTi skolis
moswavleebs jinsis Sarvlis tareba ekrZalebodaT, magram maRali modis jinsi
1960-ian wlebSi mas ukve mravali universitetisa da kolejis
studentebi icvamdnen. misi stili da forma mravalferovani
gaxda _ ikereboda moqarguli, naxatebiani da sxva saxis jinsebi.
mraval qveyanaSi, maT Soris, sabWoTa kavSirSi jinsis
Sarvali amerikis simbolod iqca, Sesabamisad, igi uaryofiTad
aRiqmeboda da misi Sovna arcTu advili iyo. rogorc amerikuli
kompaniebi acxadebdnen, isini xSirad iRebdnen werilebs mTeli
msofliodan TxovniT, gaegzavnaT maTTvis jinsis Sarvlebi.
1980-ian wlebSi jinsi ukve maRali modis nawili gaxda;
cnobili dizainerebi sakuTari markiT uSvebdnen axali stilis
jinsebs. 1990-ian wlebSi jinsebis gayidvis zrda SeCerda, Tumca,
Tu erTmaneTs davakvirdebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom amas jinsis
popularobisaTvis didi ziani ar miuyenebia.

1886 wlidan livais strausis

kompaniam Tavis Sarvlebze tyavis
patara iarliyis mikereba daiwyo.
naxatze gamosaxuli iyo Sarvali,
romelsac ori cxeni erTmaneTis
sapirispiro mxares qaCavs. es reklama
aCvenebda, ramdenad gamZle iyo
livaisis Sarvali: or cxensac ki ar
SeeZlo misi gaxeva.

17. samosi, romelmac msoflio Secvala

59

cota xani vimuSave livais maRaziaSi.

nametari mdidaria. imsimagre Sarvals
keravs, rum meindomo ver daxev, Tanac
Casacmavia kai.
ucnobi guruli mxedris Canawerebi
irakli maxaraZis wignidan guruli
mxedrebi amerikaSi

guruli mxedrebi
amerikaSi

kiTxva
l

farTo moxmarebis nawarmidan (ar igulisxmeba mxolod

tansacmeli) Tu SeiZleba kidev romelimeze iTqvas, rom man
msoflio Secvala?

saSinao davaleba
l

60

Caatare kvleva (ojaxSi, skolaSi, samezobloSi, sofelSi...)

da daadgine, mosaxleobis ra nawils acvia jinsi. gansazRvre
jinsis momxmarebelTa asakobrivi Semadgenloba.

msoflio kultura

18

subkultura
albaT, xSirad SegimCneviaT, rom Cvens irgvliv
erTsa da imave enaze mosaubre adamianebi gansxvavebuli
formiT da sityvebiT gamoxataven TavianT azrebs,
gansxvavebulad iqcevian erTsa da imave situaciaSi.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, erTi kulturis farglebSi
arsebobs
gansxvavebuli
jgufebi,
romlebic
gamoirCevian CacmulobiT, varcxnilobiT, gemovnebiT,
interesebiT, leqsikiTa da metyvelebis maneriT,
iumoriT, urTierTobis formebiT, faseulobebiT _
mokled, yvelaferi imiT, rasac, zogadad, cxovrebis
wess vuwodebT. kulturaSi arsebul aseT gansxvavebul
jgufebs aRniSnaven terminiT subkultura.
kontrkulturisagan gansxvavebiT, subkulturis
wevrebi ar cdiloben daupirispirdnen gabatonebul
kulturas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu maTi Sexedulebebi ar
Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs. subkultura cdilobs SeinarCunos
sakuTari gansxvavebuloba.
arsebobs
eTnikuri,
religiuri,
profesiuli da sxva subkulturebi.

asakobrivi,

saqarTveloSi arsebul eTnikur subkulturebad

SeiZleba miviCnioT is jgufebi, romlebic TavianT
tradiciul cxovrebis wess inarCuneben da metnaklebad gansxvavdebian sazogadoebis danarCeni
nawilisagan (azerbaijanelebi, somxebi, berZnebi,
qurTebi,
asirielebi,
udebi,
osebi,
rusebi,
ukrainelebi, Cexebi, polonelebi, germanelebi da
sxvebi). religiuri subkulturis magaliTia muslimi
da kaTolike qarTvelebi. es jgufebi swored imitom
miiCnevian subkulturebad, rom warmoadgenen erTiani
sazogadoebis nawils da, amave dros, gamoirCevian
garkveuli TaviseburebebiT. kaTolike da muslimi
qarTvelebis cnobili warmomadgenlebi, romlebmac
mniSvnelovani kvali datoves qarTuli sazogadoebisa
da kulturis istoriaSi, arian mixeil TamaraSvili,
mixeil TarxniSvili, zaqaria faliaSvili, memed
abaSiZe da sxvebi.

18. subkultura

zaqaria faliaSvili

memed abaSiZe

mixeil TarxniSvili

61

subkultura (laT. sub - qve, cultura kultura) _ sazogadoebis ama Tu

im jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
faseulobebis, qcevisa da normebis
sistema, romelic ganasxvavebs mas
gabatonebuli kulturisagan.

zogierTi _ pirvel rigSi, axal

gazrduli _ subkulturis warmomad
genelTaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba stils, riTac isini gamoxataven
romelime subkulturisadmi kuTvnilebas.
stili gamoixateba rogorc simboloebiT,
romelsac subkulturis wevrebi atareben,
aseve CacmulobiT, varcxnilobiTa da
JargoniT, musikaluri stiliT, romlis
msmenelebic isini arian.

sqinhedebis subkultura 1960-ian wlebSi Seiqmna

britaneTSi. es saxeli jgufma misi wevrebis
mokled SeWrili an gadaparsuli Tmebis gamo
miiRo (ingl. skin _ kani , head _ Tavi). skinhedebis
stilis ganuyofeli elementi iyo fexsacmeli
`doqtor martines~, livaisis gadakecili jinsi,
kubokruli perangi da Sarvlis samagrebi .

goTebis subkultura 1980-ian wlebSi warmoiSva

inglisSi. maTi stilis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia
Savi samosi, Savi Tma, muqi makiaJi.
goTebis
Ceqma

rokerebis subkulturis
aucilebeli
atributia motocikli,
maTi stilisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia tyavis
samosi, grZeli Tma da
tatuirebuli sxeuli.
ani _ maradiuli sicocxlis aRmniSvneli
Zvelegvipturi ieroglifi, romelic goTebis
kulturis simbolod iqca.

62

msoflio kultura

arsebobs kriminaluri, e.w. `qurduli~ samyaros subkulturac. misi warmo

madgenlebis ena/Jargoni, msoflmxedveloba da qcevis modelebi sagrZnoblad
gansxvavebulia gabatonebuli kulturisagan.

kiTxva
1. daasaxele jgufebi, romlebic, Seni azriT, subkulturad CaiTvleba da daasabuTe
Seni pasuxi.
2. gamokveTe subkulturisa da kontrkulturis msgavsi da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi.

davaleba
l

moiZie informacia qarTveli kaTolikeebisa da muslimebis Sesaxeb da imsjele

maTi subkulturebis Taviseburebebze. Sesrulebul davalebas daurTe Sesabamisi
vizualuri masala.

damatebiTi informacia
ukanasknel
wlebSi
saqarTveloSi
axalgazrduli subkultura - parkuri
Camoyalibda. is Tavdapirvelad safran
geTSi Seiqmna. parkuri - es aris gada
adgilebis xelovneba, misi mizania sakuTari
sxeulis
SesaZleblobebis
gamoyenebiT
erTi wertilidan meoremde manZilis maqsi
malurad swrafad da efeqturad dafarva.
treiseri (adamiani, romelic parkuriT aris
gatacebuli) Tvlis, rom parkuri sportis,
sabrZolo xelovnebisa
da bilderingis
(kedlebze cocva) garda, gansakuTrebul
msoflmxedvelobasac gulisxmobs.
GT Crew-s (Georgian Traceurs Crew _
qarTveli treiserebis jgufi) veb-gverdze treiserebi
vkiTxulobT: parkuri arc sportia, arc
eqstremi da arc politika, es arsebobis xerxia. es aris sakuTari mTlianobis aRqma,
gageba da TanamSromloba sakuTar sxeulTan, amavdroulad, Tanaarseboba qalaqTanac.
es romantikaa, emociebis afeTqeba, vneba, moZraobebis Tavisufleba. parkuri _
es cxovrebaa. is cvlis cnobierebas da aiZulebs adamians yvelaferi sxvanairad
aRiqvas. mxolod sakuTari SesaZleblobebis SegrZneba, warmateba SiSisa da tkivilis
daZlevaSi afarToebs samyaros gagebis sazRvrebs. realobis aRqmis Secvlis gareSe
parkuri SeuZlebelia. cxovreba parkuris wesebis mixedviT aris mudmivi moZraoba da
yovelTvis mxolod swori bilikiT~.

18. subkultura

63

saxaliso istoriebi
Cven ukve vaxseneT, rom sxva subkulturebTan erTad, arsebobs profesiuli
subkulturebic _ iuristebis, maswavleblebis, maRaroelebis, Jurnalistebis da
sxva. Tu davakvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT, rom Cven garkveuli warmodgena gvaqvs imaze, Tu
rogorebi arian ama Tu im profesiis adamianebi. magaliTad, miCneulia, rom eqimebs
gaurkveveli xelwera da ucnauri iumoris grZnoba aqvT, iuristebi ki bevrs da
Tavbrudamxvevad laparakoben. cxadia, erTi profesiis yvela adamiani erTnairi ver
iqneba, magram mainc gamoiyofa Tvisebebis, gemovnebis, interesebis, qcevisa da leqsikis
Taviseburebebi, romelic ganapirobebs gansxvavebebs profesiul subkulturebs
Soris. ai, ramdenime saxaliso istoria:
J J J
eqimma pacienti kabinetSi Seiyvana da eubneba: erTi kargi ambavi maqvs da erTic _
cudi.
kargi, miTxariT.
Tqveni gardacvalebis Semdeg am daavadebas Tqvens saxels daarqmeven.
J

saavadmyofos eqimebi gaificnen. xelmZRvanelobam ganacxada, rom eqimebis

moTxovnebze imsjelebdnen maSinve, rogorc ki moiyvandnen farmacevts maTi
transparantebis amosakiTxad.

64

msoflio kultura

kulturis universaliebi
albaT, bevri Tqven
ganisaTvis
nacnobia
strategiis tipis kom
piuteruli
TamaSebi.
isini sxvadasxva asakisa
da interesebis mqone
adamianebisaTvis
aris
gamiznuli, magram yve
la maTgans saerTo principi aerTianebs: xdeba vir
tualur adamianTa (an adamianismagvar arsebaTa)
jgufis cxovrebis modelireba. TamaSis Semqmnelebi
iTvaliswineben (cxadia, gamartivebuli saxiT) nebis
mieri sazogadoebis arsebobisaTvis aucilebel ele
mentebs _ sakvebs, sacxovriss, fuls, sabrZolo Tu
samuSao iaraRebs, satransporto saSualebebs da
a.S., anu garkveul resursebs, romelTac gankargavs
moTamaSe (da rac ukeTesad akeTebs amas, miT maRalia
TamaSSi miRweuli Sedegi).

19

qarTuli qorwili

adamianebi moipoveben da gankargaven resursebs,

qmnian wesebsa da kanonebs, swavloben da aswavlian,
Sromoben da isveneben, ikvleven samyaros, qorwindebian
da bavSvebs zrdian, yiduloben da yidian, ibrZvian da
Tavs icaven, loculoben da msxverpls wiraven, Txzaven
ambebs da xataven... yovelive CamoTvlils, ama Tu im induri qorwili
formiT, uklebliv yvela kulturaSi vxvdebiT, Tumca,
rasakvirvelia, Zalian gansxavebuli saxiT.
amrigad, sxvadasxva kulturebs Soris garkveuli saerTo elementebi ikveTeba,
romlebic yvela an TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. maT kul
turis universaliebs (laTinuri sityvidan universalis _ saerTo, sayovelTao)
uwodeben. ar arsebobs kultura, romelsac ar aqvs ena gramatikuli struqturiT,
ojaxis esa Tu is forma, bavSvebze zrunvis sistema. yvela kulturaSi arsebobs
socialuri institutebi _ adamianis cxovrebis raime sferos mosawesrigeblad
gamomuSavebuli kanonebisa Tu tradiciebis erToblioba. institutebia, magaliTad,
qorwineba (ra asakidanaa daSvebuli, visTan SeiZleba daojaxeba da a.S.), religia
(misi adgili sazogadoebaSi, ritualebi da a.S.), sakuTrebis formebi (kerZo, saTemo,
saxelmwifo da a.S.), marTvis da Zalauflebis sistema (beladi, mefe, uxucesTa sabWo,
arCeviTi parlamenti da a.S.). xsenebuli institutebi yvela kulturaSia da, amgvarad,
universaliebis ricxvs miekuTvneba (Tumca arsebobs institutebi, romlebic
universaluri ar aris, magaliTad, Tamadis instituti qarTul kulturaSi). garda

19. kulturis universaliebi

65

amisa, universaliebia xelovneba, TamaSi, samkauli,

higienis wesebi da sxva, romelTa umravlesobasac sxva
gakveTilebSi mokled gavecnobiT.

qarTuli taZari
TamaSi

meCeTi

ojaxi

sinagoga

66

msoflio kultura

kiTxva
l

rogor fiqrob, aris Tu ara iavnana kulturis universalia? moiZie sxvadasxva

xalxis iavnana da imsjele, erTi da igive funqciis garda, aqvT Tu ara maT raime
saerTo?

davaleba
l

Seadgine socialuri institutebis CamonaTvali or svetad: erT svetSi daajgufe

universaluri institutebi, meoreSi ki - erTi an ramdenime kulturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.

19. kulturis universaliebi

67

20

zRapari

iyo da ara iyo ra...

sadRac iyo da Tan ar iyo...
iyo da aris zRapris samyaro, sadac yovelTvis
yvelaferi kargad mTavrdeba.
Tumca Cven Tavidan daviwyoT:
iyo da ara iyo ra... iyo dedamiwaze xalxi, romelsac
ar Seuqmnia saxelmwifo, ar hqonia damwerloba, borbali,
rogorc gadaadgilebisa da gadazidvis saSualeba... nacarqeqia
magram zRapari TiTqmis yvela xalxs aqvs.
zRapari _ erTi SexedviT, bavSvebisaTvis gankuTvnili,
saxaliso da Wkvianuri ararealuri ambavi - adamianis
fantaziis nayofia, romelic erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
sakacobrio
universaliad
miiCneva.
sulxan-saba
orbelianis ganmartebiT, zRapari ars mogonebul
tyuili ambavad SemWevrebuli da ara qmnili myofobiT.
zRapari
Zalze
Zvelia,
zRaprebs
yvebodnen
manam, sanam adamiani weras iswavlida. is xalxuri mfrinavi xaliCa
zepirsityvierebis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia. mravali aseuli wlis ganmavlobaSi es
fantastikuri moTxrobebi, romelTa idea, Tematika, siuJeti, Txrobis stili, enobrivi
Taviseburebebi kargad asaxavs misi Semqmneli xalxis yofasa da istorias, zepirad
gadaecemoda Taobidan Taobas, gadadioda xalxidan xalxSi, kulturidan kulturaSi.
qarTulma xalxurma zepirsityvierebam uamravi zRapari Semoinaxa. ra Tqma
unda, pirvandeli saxiT maT Cvenamde ar mouRweviaT; Tormeti qarTuli zRapari
pirvelad me-17 saukuneSi Cauweria italiel misioner bernarde neapolels,
romelic orjer iyo saqarTveloSi.
amirani, kopala, pirquSi, samzevari, nacarqeqia, komble, wiqara Tu xuTkunWula
_ ai, qarTuli xalxuri zRapris gmirebi, romelTa istoriebi uxsovari droidan
Taobidan Taobas gadaeca, uamravjer gadakeTda da dRemde moaRwia. nacarqeqia
zRapris erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli gmiria saqarTveloSi _ zarmaci da uqnara,
magram, amave dros, moxerxebuli da gonieri adamiani, romelic gamWriaxobiT aRwevs
sawadels. gagaxsendaT CvenSi farTod gavrcelebuli gamoTqma _ niWieria, magram
zarmaci? iqneb, amitom mogvwons ase nacarqeqia? meore mxriv, aseve popularuli
gmiria komble _ Sromismoyvare, patiosani, amasTan erTad, uSiSari da samarTliani.
zRapars, ambis zepir gadacemas, rogorc tradicias, zogierTi sazogadoebisaTvis
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. zog afrikul tomSi ojaxis ufrosi mamakaci
yovel saRamos cecxlis garSemo krebda mTel ojaxs da zepiri Txrobis saSualebiT
gadascemda informacias maTi tomis Sesaxeb: uambobda tradiciebze, Cvevebze,
ojaxze... es iyo bavSvebis socializaciis, sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrad
Camoyalibebis saSualeba. zRapris moyolis tradicia iTavsebda skolis, ganaTlebis
gadacema-miRebis funqcias.

68

msoflio kultura

zRapris meSveobiT socializaciis tradicia

mxolod udamwerlobo xalxebSi ar arsebula. zRaparma
damwerlobis arsebobis pirobebSic SeinarCuna
Tavisi funqcia da tradicia. magaliTad, msoflio
literaturis erT-erTi Sedevri _ aTas erTi Rame
_ xatovnad da sainteresod gviambobs aRmosavluri
muslimuri samyaros msoflmxedvelobaze, zneCveulebebze, adamianTa urTierTobaze, cxovrebis
wesze. es aris aRmosavluri kulturis jadosnuri
sarke da visac es kultura ainteresebs, masSi
aucileblad unda Caixedos.

aTas erTi Rame

zRapari sazogadoebis mudmivi Tanamgzavri iyo,

droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda
zRapris motivebi,
siuJetebi, forma. igi gadadioda xalxidan xalxSi,
qveynidan qveyanaSi. mogzaurebi, vaWrebi, elCebi sakuTar
qveyanaSi dabrunebis Semdeg ucxo qveynis zRaprebs saxuravis binadari karlsoni
yvebodnen. arsebobs e.w. moaruli siuJetebic, romlebic
sxvadasxva xalxis zRaprebSi gvxvdeba da, rogorc fiqroben, erTmaneTisagan
damoukideblad gaCnda. aseTia, magaliTad, ukvdavebis maZiebelTa ambebi, boroti
dedinacvlebis, keTili jadoqrebis da sxva istoriebi.
bevri ram, rac zRaparSi ocnebisa da fantaziis saxiT aisaxeboda, droTa
ganmavlobaSi realobad iqca: mfrinavi xaliCa, wyliT savse Tasi, romlis saSualebiTac
nebismieri adgilis danaxva SeiZleboda, jadosnuri sarke _ isini TviTmfrinavad,
televizorad Tu kompiuterad mogvevlina.
ganurCevlad misi warmoSobis adgilisa, zRapari erTnairad sayvarelia yvela
saTvis. aRmosavluri zRapris zogi personaJi _ aladini, jini da sxva _ uolt disneis
multiplikaciuri filmebis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli gmirebi gaxdnen. zRaprebi
dResac iqmneba. albaT, ar gagiWirdeba Tanamedrove qarTveli da ucxoeli mwerlebis
zRaprebis gaxseneba, romelTac siamovnebiT kiTxuloben bavSvebica da ufrosebic.
yvelaze mTavari ki is aris, rom zRapris bolo keTilia _ sikeTe yovelTvis
amarcxebs borotebas.
Wiri iqa, lxini aqa,
qato iqa, fqvili aqa...

davaleba
1. daasaxele msoflioSi cnobili mezRapreebi da maTi nawarmoebebi.
2. gaixsene qarTuli da sxva xalxTa zRaprebi. imsjele maTi msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis
Sesaxeb.

saSinao davaleba
l

moiZie qarTuli xalxuri da Tanamedrove zRaprebis TiTo nimuSi. warudgine klass

da imsjele, rogor asaxavs isini sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs.

20. zRapari

69

21

magia

CvenSi, roca nacnobs vxvdebiT da

vekiTxebiT _ rogor xar?, Zalian
iSviaTad
gvpasuxoben
kargad,
an
mSvenivrad;
gacilebiT
xSirad
gaigebT:
ise,
ra...,
vcocxlob
jerjerobiT..., ukeTes SemTxvevaSi ki
_ ara miSavs, normalurad... ratom?
nuTu saqarTveloSi ase cotaa is, vinc
kargadaa? Turme, saqme sul sxva ramaa. es uZvelesi rwmenis gadmonaSTia: Tu ityvi,
rom kargad xar, SeniT boroti sulebi dainteresdebian, daiTarsebi, Tvali
gecema, mokled, kargad iyavi da cudad gaxdebi... gamodis, rom Cveni pasuxiT Tavs
vicavT avi Zalebisagan, vatyuebT maT _ xom xedavT, isedac ar var kargad, Tqveni
Careva aRar aris saWiro...
magia (berZ. magia, laT. magic, magia)
_ codna da praqtika, romelic
emyareba zebunebrivi Zalebis Tu
garkveuli qmedebebis meSveobiT
sasurveli Sedegis miRwevis
rwmenas.

ra Tqma unda, dRes ase cota Tu fiqrobs, magram am Cveulebis warmoSoba

swored aseTia _ igi dacviT magias ukavSirdeba. magias miakuTvneben mravalferovan
simbolur qmedebebs (Selocvebs, mkiTxaobas, zurgsukan gadafurTxebas, TiTebis
gadajvaredinebas da a.S.), romlebsac adamianebi mimarTaven zebunebrivi Zalebis
meSveobiT raRac miznis misaRwevad, magaliTad, axal mTvares fuli unda daanaxo,
baraqa mogiva. magias miekuTvneba agreTve garkveuli qmedebisagan Tavis Sekaveba _
magaliTad, saxlSi ar daustvino, fuli aRar geqneba.
magiis Cvens droSic bevrs sjera, magram mainc gacilebiT naklebs, vidre es warsulSi
iyo. aravin icis, sad da rodis mimarTes pirvelad Cvenma winaprebma magiur qmedebebs.
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es moxda maSin, roca adamianma iaraRebis damzadeba daiwyo
da, Sesabamisad, gaiazra, ra aris keTeba. kaJis natexisagan SeiZleba dana daamzado,
magram TavisTavad es ar xdeba, aucilebelia adamiani, gamkeTebeli. aqedan Sors aRaraa
daskvnamde _ rac garSemo arsebobs da xdeba _ xe, wvima, avadmyofoba _ yvelaferi
viRacis mieraa gakeTebuli an keTdeba. vin akeTebs? _ uxilavi Zalebi, keTili an
boroti sulebi...

warmovidginoT: tomis saukeTeso monadire dasneulda, masSi borotma sulma

daisadgura... mTeli tomi Sekrebilia da sinanuliT uyurebs, rogor sustdeba da
uZlurdeba maTi TanamoZme; erTi CurCuls iwyebs: gamokeTdi!, adeqi!, mas meore
ayveba, mesame, meoTxe; CurCuls SeZaxilebi cvlis, isini riTmuli xdeba, amas taSi
emateba... ase grZeldeba didxans, da hoi, saocrebav! _ sneulma Tvali gaaxila,
Semdeg wamodga kidec, ganikurna! Cvenma qmedebam gankurna! momavalSic ase unda
moviqceT! magram... Semdeg sneuls ver vuSveleT... ratom? Zalian mZlavri avi suli
aRmoCnda, anda araswor sityvebs vambobdiT, unda SevcvaloT... albaT, daaxloebiT
amgvarad iSva samkurnalo magia.

70

msoflio kultura

Zveli samyaroSi arsebuli warmodgeniT, magi

_ jadoqari, saswaulmoqmedi _ sulebis idumal
samyarosTan kavSiris xelovnebas flobda. igi, amave
dros, mkurnalic iyo. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi magia
alqimiasa da astrologiasTan iyo dakavSirebuli
da idevneboda eklesiis mier. jadoqrebs sastikad
uswordebodnen, koconze wvavdnen. magias ar aRiarebs
arc erTi didi religia.

mecnierebi magias uZveles rwmena-warmodgenaTa

sistemad miiCneven. isini ganasxvaveben magiis or
ZiriTad tips. erTi dafuZnebulia msgavs sagnebs
Soris idumali kavSiris arsebobis rwmenaze. tom
soieris TavgadasavalSi aris aseTi epizodi: toms
aqvs minis ori burTula, erTi uvardeba da ver
poulobs; maSin meore burTulas ramdenjerme agdebs
Zirs _ Tavis megobarTan migordebao; meoTxe Tu
mexuTe jerze SemTxveviT marTlac ase xdeba, rac
toms arwmunebs arCeuli xerxis sisworeSi. an aviRoT
e.w. mtruli magiis gavrcelebuli rituali: unda
gaakeTo Tojina, mas mtris saxeli daarqva, Semdeg
ki nemsiT gangmiro _ mters igive daemarTeba.
magiis meore tipi uSvebs kavSirs mTelsa da mis
nawils Soris. bayayi Tu mokali, wvima wamova, radgan
bayayi wyalSi cxovrobs, misi nawilia, nawilze
zemoqmedeba ki mTelzec aisaxeba. sasiyvarulo magiur
ritualebSi Seyvarebulis mosazidad Zalian xSirad
gamoiyeneba misi kuTvnili raime nivTi, Tundac
Rili. Zveli romaelebi saidumlo adgilas saTuTad
inaxavdnen moWril frCxilebsa da Tmebs, raTa xelSi
ar CavardnodaT mtrebs, romlebsac SeeZloT magiis
meSveobiT patronisaTvis zianis miyeneba.

hekate _ magiis qalRmerTi

berZnul mTologiaSi

magiuri rituali

saukuneebisa da aTaswleulebis manZilze magia viTardeboda da rTuldeboda,

Cndebodnen magiis specialistebi _ mkiTxavebi, naTelmxilvelebi, grZneulebi,
Samanebi... magia yvela kulturaSi gvxvdeba, Tumca Zalze gansxvavebuli formebiT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kacobriobis ganviTarebis xangrZlivi periodis manZilze swored
magia warmoadgenda samyaros axsnis ZiriTad princips; yvelaferi arsebuli, adamianis
CaTvliT, gagebuli iyo rogorc uxilavi, keTili da boroti Zalebis moqmedebis
asparezi. magiis wiaRSi TandaTan warmoiSva kulturis umniSvnelovanesi elementebi
_ religia da xelovneba.

21. magia

71

sityva Samani tungusuri enidan1 modis, rac

qarTulad saswaulmoqmeds niSnavs. Samani magic iyo da
eqimbaSic. igi mkurnalobda, amave dros, zebunebriv
ZalebTan urTierTobis meSveobiT, aTvinierebda
stiqiebs, micvalebulTa sulebi gadahyavda sxva
samyaroSi da a.S.

kiTxva
l

ras efuZneba magiaSi samyaros axsna?

davaleba
l

cimbireli Samani

gaixsene SenTvis cnobili sxvadasxva crurwmena

(gagonili, nanaxi an wignSi wakiTxuli), ucnauri
Cveulebebi da qmedebebi. scade daakavSiro isini
magiasTan da axsna maTi Tavdapirveli arsi.

damatebiTi informacia
qarTuli xalxuri Selocvebi magiuri Zalis rwmenis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa.
maTi meSveobiT cdilobdnen xifaTis Tavidan acilebas, avadmyofis gankurnebas,
bunebis Zalebze zemoqmedebas. ai, ramdenime nimuSi:
surdos anu, rogorc mas uwodebdnen, crintas dros avadmyofs gamdinare wyalSi
daabaninebdnen pirs da ulocavdnen:
crinta Savkar, SavpaWiWe,
Savsa ZaRlsa gadavkide.
ZaRli gaRma gamivarda,
surdo wyalSi Camivarda.
SeSinebulis locva aseTi iyo:
alisasa, malisasa,
Sagilocav gulisasa.
gulo, dadeg alagasa,
gulo, gulis alagasa.
gulo, ram SagaSinao? _
elvam SagaSinao,
Weqam SagaSinao,
tungusuri ena alTaur enaTa jgufs miekuTvneba. aerTianebs aRmosavleT cimbirSi da manjuriaSi

mcxovreb sxvadasxva xalxebs.

72

msoflio kultura

nadirma SagaSinao,
kacma SagaSinao,
Tu ramac SagaSinao.
wyali midgeba-modgeba,
Tavis nadgomze dadgeba.
gulo, dadeg alagasa,
gulo, gulis alagasa.
nadirisagan dasacavad ase Seulocavdnen:
qriste RmerTo,
Camoyare klikiteni rkinisani,
gzani Sakren savalada
tyisani da mindvrisani.
nadirs misceno
muxlni nabdisani,
Tvalni miscen bambisani,
kbilni miscen sanTlisani,
miadgas kbili _ SeeJRaloso,
gaxedos _ vera naxoso.
esremc Saikvris nadiris pirio.
sxva bevri saintereso Selocva SeiZleba amoikiTxoT wignSi gvel movkal
uflisaTvis. qarTuli Selocvebi. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba ilia, 1993.

21. magia

73

22

miTi

termini miTi, ufro zustad ki _

miTosi, berZnuli warmoSobisaa da
aRniSnavs sityvas, naTqvams, ambavs.

zevsi

poseidoni

adamiani yovelTvis cdilobda da

cdilobs axsnas samyaro, bunebrivi
movlenebi Tu socialuri realoba,
romelSic mas uxdeba cxovreba.

ratom gaCnda samyaro? vin, ram da rogor Seqmna

igi? ratom Tovs? ratom wvims? sad Cadis mze?
ratom Ramdeba? ratom cimcimebs varskvlavi? es im
kiTxvebis mcire CamonaTvalia, romelzec adamianma,
uZvelesi droidan dRemde, mravali gansxvavebuli
pasuxi moZebna _ zebunebriv ZalebTan dakavSirebuli
Tu mecnieruli. swored interesi, cnobismoyvareoba
gaxda miTis Seqmnis safuZveli. TiTqmis yvela
kulturaSi arsebobs miTi, rogorc samyaros axsnis
erT-erTi forma.
miTosi aris ambavi RmerTebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
masSi moTxrobilia, rogor Seiqmna samyaro, rogor gaCnda
esa Tu is sagani da movlena, ratom, risTvis da vin Seqmna
adamiani. igi aseve gadmogvcems gmirebis ambebs. miTSi
moqmedi pirebi, RmerTebTan erTad, adamianebic arian.
Tavis mxriv, RmerTebs adamianuri Tvisebebi axasiaTebT,
arian borotebi da keTilebi, zogjer Surianebi da
xarbebic. isini arseboben rogorc adamianebi da maTgan
mxolod ori TvisebiT gansxvavdebian _ ukvdavebiTa da
zebunebrivi ZaliT.
Zveli samyaros xalxebis istoriis gacnobisas iseTi
STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos adamianebi da RmerTebi
erTad cxovrobdnen da eWvic ar gvepareba, rom, Tuki
drois manqaniT Zvel saberZneTSi movxvdebiT, iseve
SesaZlebelia sadme zevss an poseidons gadaveyaroT,
rogorc aTenis romelime moqalaqes.

anubisi _ sikvdilis RmerTi

Zv. egvipteSi. xSirad
gamoisaxeboda ZaRlis an turis
TaviT.

74

egviptis Zveli istoria erT mTlian miTs gavs,

romelSic realoba da fantazia erTmaneTTanaa
Serwymuli. rom ara piramidebi, samarxebi, taZris
nangrevebi da, rac mTavaria, warwerebi, Zveli
egviptis istoria miTadve darCeboda, iseve rogorc
troa hainrix Slimanis aRmoCenebamde.

msoflio kultura

basteti _ siyvarulisa da
mxiarulebis qalRmerTi
Zv. agvipteSi. gamosaxaven
katis an katisTaviani
qalis saxiT.

sizife
hadesi da persefone

miTebze saubrisas, pirvel rigSi, Zveli berZnuli

miTebi gvaxsendeba da arcTu usafuZvlod _ maT klasikur
miTebs uwodeben. Tumca miTi iseTive universaliaa,
rogorc zRapari. erTi SexedviT, miTi da zRapari erTsa
da igives _ ararealur ambavs _ gulisxmobs, Tumca maT
Soris didi sxvaobaa. adamianebs imTaviTve swamdaT, rom
zRaparSi moTxrobili ambavi arasdros momxdara, xolo
miTSi gadmocemuli istoriisa ki sjerodaT. SeiZleba,
Cven dRes zRaprad CavTvaloT aqilevsis, herakles,
aTenas, gilgameSis, enqidus, dalis, oCopintres, amiranis
da sxvaTa miTebi, magram im dros, rodesac es miTebi
iqmneboda, isini mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli rwmenasTan
da religiur warmodgenebTan, asaxavda samyaros Sesaxeb
arsebul codnas. miTosuri samyaros realurobaSi
eWvi aravis Sehqonda. dResac arsebobs sazogadoebebi,
romelTa cxovrebis wess miTosuri warmodgenebi
gansazRvravs. xalxur zRaparSi ar aris dakonkretebuli
dro da adgili, sadac moqmedeba xdeba, miTSi ki
amoni _ mzis RmerTi Zv.
piriqiT: berZnuli panTeonis RmerTebi olimpos mTaze
egvipteSi
cxovroben, promeTe/amirani kavkasionzea mijaWvuli da
a.S. Tu miTi qarTulia, moqmedebac saqarTveloSi xdeba,
Tu Suamdinaruli _ SuamdinareTSi da a.S.

22. miTi

75

odini da misi coli friga

odini _ skandinaviuri miTo

logiis uzenaesi RvTaeba, sibrZnis,
poeziis, magiis, omisa da sikvdilis
RmerTi _ vazgardSi, valaskalfis
sasaxleSi cxovrobda. aqedan igi
Tvals adevnebda, Tu ra xdeboda
skandinaviis cxra qveyanaSi. dro
dadro saxecvlili odini dedamiwas
stumrobda, raTa enaxa, Tu rogor
iqceoda xalxi da ras ambobdnen
adamianebi mis Sesaxeb.

qarTul zRaprebsa da miTebSi asaxulia, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen qarTvelebi

samyaros: qarTuli warmodgeniT, samyaro vertikalur sivrces warmoadgens da
dayofialia sam nawilad: skneli, romelic dasaxlebulia adamianebiT, zeskneli
_ RmerTebisa da fantastikuri arsebebis samflobelo _ da qveskneli, romlis
binadarnic boroti arsebebi arian. samyaros am sam nawils Soris moZraoba mxolod
da mxolod RvTaebebs, RmerTkacebs da gmirebs SeuZliaT.
amgvarad, miTi mxolod fantastikuri ambavi ar aris. es gaxlavT adamianTa warmodgena
warsulisa da momavlis, samyaros warmoSobisa da cxovrebis kanonzomierebaTa
Sesaxeb. es kiTxvebi, romlebze pasuxic miTis meSveobiT gaicemoda, universaluria
yvela kulturisaTvis, swored amitom miiCneva miTi kulturul universaliad.
miTologiam didi gavlena moaxdina xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela dargze. sxvadasxva
miTosuri siuJeti xSiradaa gamoyenebuli saxviT xelovnebaSi, musikaSi, TeatrSi,
kinoxelovnebasa Tu literaturaSi.

davaleba
1. gaixsene naxatebze gamosaxul personaJebTan dakavSirebuli miTebi.
2. venis diagramis gamoyenebiT, erTmaneTs Seadare miTi da zRapari.

saSinao davaleba
1. moiZie sxvadasxva xalxTa miTebi samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb da Seadare isini erTmaneTs.
2. Seasrule naxati, aplikacia, posteri an mxatvruli Canaxati miTosur Tematikaze
(miTiuri gmiri, saintereso epizodi da sxva).

76

msoflio kultura

religia
yvela kulturaSi arsebobs rwmenawarmodgenebi zebunebrivi Zalebis Sesaxeb,
romlebic
SegviZlia
gavaerTianoT
terminiT religia.

23
religia _ warmodgenaTa da qmedebaTa
sistema, romelic emyareba
zebunebrivi Zalebis rwmenas.

sxvadasxva kulturaSi bunebrivad da zebunebrivad sxvadasxva ram iTvleba.

magaliTad, esa Tu is daavadeba zogan raime baqteriis an virusis gavrcelebis
Sedegad miiCneva, sxvagan ki _ zebunebrivi ZalebiT gamowveul movlenad. warmodgena
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris da ra ar aris zebunebrivi, erTi sazogadoebis SigniTac
icvleba. epidemiebi, wyaldidobebi, miwisZvrebi, vulkanis amofrqvevebi da kometebi
erT dros zebunebriv Zalebs miewereboda. droTa ganmavlobaSi cxadi gaxda, rom
isini bunebrivi movlenebia, Tumca bevrs dResac sjera, rom amaSi zebunebrivi
Zalebis xeli urevia.

religia dakavSirebulia adamianis moTxovnilebasTan, axsna mouZebnos mis irgvliv

arsebul sagnebsa da movlenebs. igi ganuyofelia rwmenisagan, romelic mxolod
adamianisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. religia gulisxmobs morwmuneTa jgufis
arsebobas, Tumca, amave dros, religiuri gancda Rrmad individualuria. religia
zRvars avlebs yoveldRiurobasa da zebunebriv, uCveulo movlenebs Soris, romlebic
ar aris SezRuduli bunebis kanonebiT. igi moicavs ritualebs, morwmuneebisaTvis
adgens qcevis maregulirebel mcnebaTa Tu normaTa sistemas, romelic gansazRvravs,
Tu rogor unda moiqces morwmune am Tu im garemoSi.
religia aRiarebs kavSiris SesaZleblobas adamianur da RvTaebriv samyaroebs,
miwasa da cas Soris. sainteresoa, rom Zvel romaelTa qurumis saxelwodeba pontifex
niSnavs xidis gamdebs rac gamoxatavda mis funqcias, erTmaneTTan daekavSirebina
amqveyniuri realoba da RvTiuri samyaro.
RmerTebi da sulebi SeiZleba iyvnen idumalebiT moculni an advilad misawvdomni,
adamianuri saqmeebiT dainteresebulni an gulgrilni maT mimarT. zog sazogadoebaSi
RmerTebis ierarqia ar arsebobs, zogSi ki RmerTebsa da sulebs Soris Zalaufleba
isevea gadanawilebuli, rogorc es adamianebSi xdeba.

uZvelesi arqeologiuri monacemebi mowmobs, rom religia arsebobda

kacobriobis ganviTarebis yvela etapze. istoria mraval religiur sistemas
icnobs; zogi maTgani aRar arsebobs, zogs ki dResac bevri mimdevari yavs.

23. religia

77

religiis Camoyalibebas win uZRoda rwmenisa da ritualebis ganviTarebis

grZeli gza. rwmena-warmodgenaTa erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli formaa totemizmi
_ tomsa da romelime cxovels, mcenares an bunebriv movlenas Soris arsebuli
sulieri kavSiris rwmena. magaliTad, cxovelis, kerZod, daTvis kultis arseboba
dadasturebulia saqarTvelos teritoriaze, tyibulis raionis sof. cucxvaTis
mRvimis arqeologiuri monacemebiT. uZveles sazogadoebebSi gavrcelebuli iyo
fetiSizmi _ sagnebis Tayvaniscema, romelTac, TiTqos, zebunebrivi Tvisebebi
qondaT. arsebobda winaprebis kulti, agreTve sulebis rwmena da bunebis
gasuliereba, rasac animizmi ewodeba. aseve gavrcelebuli iyo magia. mags garkveuli
qmedebebisa da Selocvebis meSveobiT gavlena unda moexdina adamiansa da bunebriv
movlenebze (ix. gakveTili magia).
mogvianebiT gaCnda ufro rTuli warmodgenebi
sulze, mis arsebobaze adamianis gardacvalebis Semdeg,
imqveyniur samyaroze, RmerTebsa da gmirebze. Zvel
saberZneTSi RmerTebis mkacri, mowesrigebuli sistema arsebobda, magram religiuri
da miTologiuri personaJebi jer kidev ar imijneboda erTmaneTisagan, radgan berZnebi
RvTiur da miwier samyaros erT mTlianobad aRiqvamdnen (gaixsene berZnuli miTebi).
TandaTan Camoyalibda Teisturi religiebi, isini aRiareben RmerTs, romelsac SeuZlia
Tavis mierve Seqmnili wesrigis Secvla, romelsac araferi daemaleba, romelsac
SegiZlia mimarTo gasaWiris dros. Teisturma religiebma mkafiod ganasxvaves miwieri
da zeciuri samyaro, sxeuli da suli. aseTi religiebia: iudaizmi, qristianoba, islami.
Teos _ berZn. RmerTi.

aRmsarebloba adamianTa jgufis, eTnosis, eris, saxelmwifos identobis erT-erTi

mTavari niSania. zogierTi xalxis an saxelmwifos identobas mxolod religia (da
ara, magaliTad, ena, teritoria Tu eTnikuri kuTvnileba) gansazRvravda, magaliTad,
ebraelebisas _ iudaizmi, bizantiisas _ marTlmadidebloba, arabTa saxalifos _ islami.
dRes msoflioSi daaxloebiT 5 aTasamde aRmsarebloba arsebobs, maT
Soris, poliTeisturi (mravalRmerTiani), monoTeisturi (erTRmerTiani),
gvar-tomobrivi (gavrcelebulia xalxebSi, romelTac SenarCunebuli aqvT
gvarovnuli urTierTobebi, magaliTad, avstraliis aborigenebi), nacionaluri
(konkretul eTnikur an politikur sazRvrebSi moqceuli _ magaliTad, induizmi,
konfucianeloba, Sintoizmi, sikhizmi) da msoflio (zenacionaluri) religiebi,
romlebic scildeba konkretuli eTnikuri jgufisa Tu saxelmwifos farglebs da
aerTianebs yvela adamians, dabadebis adgilis, enisa da eTnikuri warmomavlobis
miuxedavad (qristianoba, budizmi, islami).

davaleba
1. imsjele religiis, magiisa da miTosis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb.
2. gaixsene samuel hanTingtonis mosazreba civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis Sesaxeb; ratom
CaTvala s. hanTingtonma religia civilizaciis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad.

78

msoflio kultura

24

mkurnaloba da medicina

ra aris janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba? am kiTxvaze sxvadasxva kulturas

gansxvavebuli pasuxi aqvs. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom daavadebis srulyofili mkurnaloba
SeuZlebelia im bunebrivi, socialuri da kulturuli garemos codnis gareSe, sadac
adamianebi cxovroben. erTi kulturis warmomadgenlebi ama Tu im avadmyofobiT
ufro xSirad avaddebian, meoreni ki _ ara, mkurnaloba erT jgufSi ufro efeqturia,
vidre meoreSi. Cveni Sexedulebebi janmrTelobis, avadmyofobisa da mkurnalobis
Sesaxeb Cvenive kulturis gamoxatulebaa.
Tanamedrove
medicina
mravali
sxvadasxva
kulturisa
da
tradiciis
urTierTSexvedris Sedegad Seiqmna. es iyo erTgvari kulturuli mogzauroba
antikuri berZnuli da romauli samyarodan axloaRmosavlur arabul kulturaSi,
Soreul aRmosavleTSi, CineTsa da indoeTSi, da, Semdeg, kvlav evropaSi, sadac
medicina sabolood Camoyalibda rogorc samecniero codnis sfero.
ukanasknel aTwleulebSi medicina ukiduresad swrafi tempiT viTardeba, amave
dros, sul ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba daavadebis diagnostikisa da mkurnalobis
sxvadasxva kulturebSi arsebul gamocdilebas, xalxur medicinas.
uZveles droSi avadmyofobas xsnidnen jadoqrobiT, demonuri Zalebis zemoqmedebiT
an RvTis nebiT. daavadebulis gankurnebisaTvis zogjer dResac mimarTaven Selocvas,
Tilismas Tu sxvadasxva siwmindes.
erT-erTi Zvelegvipturi papirusi, romelic Zv. w. daaxloebiT
1550 wliT TariRdeba, 900-mde wamlis aRwerilobas moicavs.
egvipteSi samedicino codnis ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo
mumificirebis tradiciam: Zvel egviptelebs Rrmad swamdaT
imqveyniuri cxovrebis, cdilobdnen daecvaT micvalebulis
sxeuli gaxrwnisagan da mumificirebasac am mizniT misdevdnen.
samkurnalo saqmis mfarvel RvTaebebad isida da lomisTaviani
soxmeti miiCneodnen.
mxedvelobis
mkurnaloba Zvel
egvipteSi
Zvelegvipturi
qirurgiuli
iaraRis reliefuri
gamosaxuleba. qom
ombos taZari

Sumerebis samedicino codnis amsaxveli uZvelesi werilobiTi Zegli Zv. w. me-3

aTaswleuls ganekuTvneba. masSi mocemulia sami saxis (cxeli safenebis, Sinagani
da garegani samkurnalo saSualebebis) 15 recepti.

24. mkurnaloba da medicina

79

Tanamedrove samedicino simboloebis da terminebis Seqmna Zvel berZnebs

ukavSirdeba. isini kargad icnobdnen Zveli egviptis, babilonis, indoeTis samkurnalo
tradiciebs. berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad, medicinis RvTaebad asklepiosi
iTvleboda, igi RmerTi-mkurnalisa da RmerTi-winaswarmetyvelis, apolonis Svili
iyo. asklepiosis samlocveloebi samkurnalo adgilebad iTvleboda. gadmocemis
mixedviT, asklepiosi daqorwinda kunZul kosis mmarTvelis qaliSvilze. SemdgomSi
es kunZuli gadaiqca Zveli saberZneTis samedicino ganaTlebis erT-erT centrad.
asklepiosis
Svilebidan
cnobili
arian higia _ janmrTelobis qalRmerTi,
romlis saxelidan modis sityva higiena
da panacea _ wamliT mkurnalobis
mfarveli, romelic yvela daavadebas
kurnavda. antikuri xelovnebis nimuSebSi
asklepiosi
warmodgenilia
kombliT,
romelzec gvelia Semoxveuli, xolo misi
qaliSvili higia ki tunikaSi gamowyobili
axalgazrda, lamazi qaliSvilis saxiT,
romelsac xelSi gveli uWiravs da Tasidan
aWmevs.
SemdgomSi
gvelSemoxveuli
kombali da Tasi bevr qveyanaSi medicinis
ZiriTadi simbolo gaxda.
q. pompeis gaTxrebisas aRmoCenili romauli
medicinis mamad wodebulma hipokratem,
samedicino instrumentebi. italia Cv. w. 79 w.
romelic Tavs asklepiosis STamomavlad
Tvlida, safuZveli Cauyara klinikur
medicinas _ eqimis regularul dakvirvebas
avadmyofze, misi mdgomareobisa da
mkurnalobis
mimdinareobis
aRweras.
dResac bevr qveyanaSi eqimebi samedicino
saqmianobis dawyebis win hipokrates
fics deben.

gardis xidi, safrangeTi. Zv.w. Is. romauli akveduki.

Jozef piton de turneforis naxati Tbilisis

akvedukis gamosaxulebiT. XVIII s. dasawyisi.

80

asklepiosi Zvel romSi eskulapes

saxeliT iyo cnobili. romaelebma Zveli
berZnebis codna medicinis da higienis
sferoSi kidev ufro ganaviTares. omis
dros eqimebi da maTi vaJebi samxedro
samsaxurisagan
Tavisufldebodnen.
romauli kanonebis zogierTi para
grafi sisufTavesa da moqalaqeTa
janmrTelobis dacvas exeboda. romSi
arsebobda akvedukebi (wyalsatari,
romliTac
wyali
TviTdinebiT
miemarTeba dasaxlebuli punqtebisaken),
kerZo da sazogadoebrivi abanoebi da
tualetebi (forikebi). qalaq pompeis
gaTxrebis dros aRmoCnda arqeologiis
istoriaSi pirveli samedicino inst
rumentebis sruli nakrebi.

msoflio kultura

romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg berZnul-laTinuri

samedicino kultura arabebis wyalobiT Semoinaxa. me-9-10
saukuneebSi berZnulidan arabul enaze iTargmna hipokratesa
da sxva moazrovneebis TiTqmis yvela samedicino Txzuleba.
amasTan, arabebma medicina gaamdidres mniSvnelovani
naSromebiT ofTalmologiaSi, infeqciur sneulebebSi,
Seqmnes uzarmazari samedicino enciklopedia yovlis
momcveli wigni medicinaze. samedicino traqtatebSi
aRwerilia samkurnalo saSualebebi, sxvadasxva daavadebaTa
simptomebi da mkurnaloba.
asklepiosi

abu al-kasimi (laT. albukasisi) (936-1013)

udidesi andalusieli arabi qirurgi iyo. mis
mier Seqmnilma samedicino traqtatma, romelic
axlo aRmosavlur da berZnul-romaul klasikur
swavlebas aerTianebs, gansazRvra evropuli
qirurgiuli procedurebis saxe renesansamde.

galeni, avicena da hipokrate, ilustracia avicenas

`medicinis kanonis~ evropuli gamocemidan.
avicenam, galenisa da hipokrates principebze
dayrdnobiT, SeimuSava medicinis sruli
sistema. amitom, sxvadasxva drosa da adgilas
mcxovrebi am sami moazrovnis erTad gamosaxva
maT swavlebas Soris arsebulikavSiris erTgvari
aRniSvnaa.

kiTxva
l

ra arsebiTi gansxvavebaa Tanamedrove dasavlur da Cinur medicinas Soris?

davaleba
1. ratom aerTianebs mumificirebis tradicia Zveli egviptelebis religiur
warmodgenebsa da samedicino codnas?
2. gaarkvie, romel balaxeul an sxva saSualebebs iyeneben dRemde adamianebi
samkurnalod?
3. gaixsene istoriidan, ra viTarebaSi iTargmna qarTul enaze wigni saaqimoi?

24. mkurnaloba da medicina

81

renesansis periodSi evropam kvlav aRmoaCina

antikuri kulturuli memkvidreoba, maT Soris,
samedicino sferoSic. es, upirveles yovlisa, swored
arabi moazrovneebis meSveobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli.
antikuri filosofosebis zogi naSromi originalis
saxiT aRar arsebobda da mxolod arabuli Targmanis
saxiT iyo xelmisawvdomi.
oqros kveTis principis kvlevisa da idealuri
proporciebis ZiebaSi, adamianis anatomiis Seswavla
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda, rasac udidesi
mniSvneloba hqonda medicinis ganviTarebisaTvis.
tradiciuli Cinuri medicina msoflmxedvelobis
ganuyofeli nawilia da gansazRvravs Cinelebis
cxovrebis wess. amdenad, is Tavisi roliT da
mniSvnelobiT, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba medicinisagan
dasavlur sazogadoebebSi. dRes CineTis jandacvis
sistemaSi Tanabrad gamoiyeneba dasavluri da
tradiciuli mkurnalobis meTodebi. mkurnalobis
xerxebidan gansakuTrebiT cnobilia mcenareuli da
cxoveluri saSualebebi da akupunqtura _ nemsebiT
mkurnaloba, rac xels uwyobs organizmis Sinagani
wonasworobis aRdgenas da SenarCunebas.

leonardo da vinCis anatomiuri eskizebi.

leonardo da vinCim, renesansis epoqis udidesma
mxatvarma da swavlulma, gvamebis gakveTis
Sedegad gamoikvlia adamianis sxeulis agebuleba.
renesansis mxatvrebis anatomiurma kvlevebma
srulyves Sua saukuneebis evropul kulturaSi
arsebuli warmodgena adamianis sxeulis Sesaxeb.

82

abu ali ibn-sina, laT. avicena

(980-1037).
abu ali ibn-sina iraneli eqimi
da swavluli iyo. man Seajera
misi droisTvis arsebuli
aRmosavluri (arabuli)
da evropuli samedicino
tradicia da xalxuri
medicina. misi memkvidreoba
Tanabrad gaiTavisa rogorc
arabulenovanma, ise
evropulma kulturebma, aqedan
gamomdinare, gasagebi xdeba, Tu
ratom SemogvrCa misi saxelis
ori _ arabuli da laTinuri
forma.

wiTeli ebrauli qudi:

1360 wlis dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, qalaq
romis yvela ebrael mamakacs wiTeli
qudi unda etarebina, raTa SesaZlebeli
yofiliyo maTi qristianTagan gamorCeva. es
damamcirebeli kanoni, gamonaklisis saxiT,
mxolod eqimebs ar exeboda.

msoflio kultura

Zveli qarTuli literaturuli Zeglebidan irk

veva, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi arsebobdnen
mecnierni
kurnebisa,
xelovani
mkurnalni,
romlebic avadmyofs yovelmxriv swavlobdnen,
arCevdnen samkurnalo saSualebebs, yuradRebas
aqcevdnen daavadebaTa gamomwvev geografiul da
klimatur faqtorebs. arsebobda saavadmyofoebi da
iTargmneboda samedicino Txzulebebi.

medea.
evelin de morgani (1855-1919).
legendis Tanaxmad, medicina
kolxeTis mefis, aietis
qaliSvilis saxelwodebidan
momdinareobs, romelic
mkurnalobis xelovnebas
flobda.

werilobiT wyaroebSi ixsenieba jara _ qirurgi, aqimi

_ Terapevti. aTonis iverTa monasterTan ramdenime
saavadmyofo arsebobda, maT Soris specializebuli
saavadmyofo keTrovanTaTvis _ leprozoriumi.
daviT aRmaSenebelma gelaTis monasterTan daaarsa
qsenoni _ saavadmyofo. miCneulia, rom me-13 saukunis
dasawyisSi Targmnili wigni saaqimoi medicinis
saxelmZRvanelod gamoiyeneboda.
sulxan saba orbelianis cnobili leqsikoni
moicavs 50-mde anatomiur-fiziologiur termins,
daavadebaTa 160-mde saxelwodebas, daavadebis
simptomTa aRmniSvnel 40-mde sityvas, 140-mde
samkurnalo mcenaris dasaxelebas.

zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvilis karabadini,

me-15 saukune. masSi saocari sizustiTaa
ganxiluli medicinis rogorc Teoriuli, ise
praqtikuli sakiTxebi.

24. mkurnaloba da medicina

varZiis afTiaqi

83

saSinao davaleba
1. moiZie informacia berZnuli miTologiidan: ratom
iyo kombalze Semoxveuli gveli asklepiosis da
medicinis simbolo?
2. gamoikvlie daviT batoniSvilis pirovneba da moiZie
informacia mis wignze iadigar daudi.

damatebiTi informacia
hipokrates fici
`vficav apolon mkurnalsa, asklepiossa, higiasa da
panaceas, da yvela RmerTsa da qalRmerTsa, mowmeebad
vracx ra maT, rom keTilsindisierad, Cemis Zal-Ronisa
da Cemis mixvedrilobis Sesabamisad aRvasrulo qvemore
aRTqma da werilobiTi valdebuleba:

daviT batoniSvilis (me-16-17ss.)

enciklopediuri xasiaTis
naSromi `iadigar daudi~
maSindeli medicinis TiTqmis
yvela ZiriTad sakiTxsexeba.

vinc Semaswavla mkurnalobis xelovneba, Cemi mSoblebis Tanasworad miviCnio igi,

gavunawilo mas Cemi monagari da saWiroebisas Sevewio gasaWirSi;

misi STamomavalni Cems Zmebad miviRo da es xelovneba, Tuki isini mis dauflebas
moisurveben, Sevaswavlo usasyidlod da yovelgvari pirobis gareSe;

rCeva-darigebani, zepiri gakveTilebi da yovelive danarCeni moZRvrebisa vamcno

Cems ZeT, ZeT Cemi maswavleblisa da mowafeebsac, romelnic Sekrulni arian
valdebulebiTa da ficiTa saeqimo kanonis kvalobaze da aravis vamcno sxvas.

Cemi Zal-Ronis Sesabamisad mxolod da mxolod sasargeblo ganweseba davudgino

avadmyofs da averido yovelgvar vnebis miyenebas da usamarTlobas.

ar mivce arcerT mTxovnels momakvdinebeli saSualeba da arca gza vaswavlo

aseTi zraxvis Sesrulebisa;

aseve ar mivce arc erT qals muclis mosaSleli pesariumi.

spetakad da umwikvlod movixmaro Cemi cxovreba da Cemi xelovneba. romel

saxlSic Sevide, mxolod avadmyofis sasikeTod SevaRo am saxlis kari da ar iyos
gulsa Cemsa winaganzraxva, umarTebuloba da avi survili, miTumetes zraxvani
samijnuroni qalTa mimarT da mruSobis ndoma kacTa mimarT, arca azatTa da arca
monaTa mimarT.

odes mkurnalobis Jams _ an Tu sxva dros _ yuri movkra anda vixilo raime kacTa
cxovrebidan, raica ar unda iqnes gamJRavnebuli, saidumlod miviCnio da aravis
gavumxilo igi.

da me, ganuxrelad Semsrulebelsa ficisa, bedniereba mxvdes cxovrebaSi da Cemsa

xelovnebaSic, da madidon kacTa ukuniTi ukunisamde, xolo ukeTu davarRvio
fici anda cru aRTqma davdo, piruku momegos me.

84

msoflio kultura

Tanamedrove eqimis fici1

l

vxdebi ra samedicino profesiis warmomadgeneli, sazeimod vficav:

Cemi cxovreba mivuZRvna adamianis samsaxurs;

Rirseuli pativi da madliereba mivago Cems maswavleblebs;

keTilsindisierad da Rirseulad Sevasrulo Cemi profesiuli movaleoba;

pacientis janmrTeloba gavixado Cems umTavres sazrunavad;

Sevinaxo CemTvis mindobili saidumlo pacientis sikvdilis Semdegac ki;

SeZlebisdagvarad davamkvidro saeqimo profesiis keTilSobiluri tradiciebi;

kolegebi miviCnio Zmebad da debad;

ar davuSva pacientis asakis, janmrTelobis mdgomareobis, aRmsareblobis,

rasis, sqesis, erovnebis, politikuri Sexedulebebis, seqsualuri orientaciis,
socialuri mdgomareobis zegavlena Cemi profesiuli movaleobis aRsrulebaze;

kvlavac usazRvro pativi vce adamianis sicocxles misi CasaxvisTanave,

veraviTarma Zalam ver maiZulos gamoviyeno samedicino codna kacTmoyvareobis
kanonebis winaaRmdeg;

am aRTqmas vdeb sazeimod, nebayoflobiT da uangarod.

miRebulia:

- msoflio samedicino asociaciis generaluri asambleis mier, Jeneva, Sveicaria, 1948 wlis
seqtemberi.
ganaxlebulia:
- 22-e msoflio samedicino asambleis mier, sidnei, avstralia, 1968 wlis agvisto;
- 35-e msoflio samedicino asambleis mier, venecia, italia, 1983 wlis oqtomberi;
- msoflio samedicino asociaciis 46-e generaluri asambleis mier, stokholmi, SvedeTi, 1994 wlis
seqtemberi.

24. mkurnaloba da medicina

85

25

simbolo

simbolo (berZn. simbolon) _ niSani,

romelic SeiZleba aRniSnavdes
sagans, movlenas, bgeras da sxva.

msoflios emblemebi da simboloebi

marTaven, da ara sityva da kanoni, ambobda
Cineli filosofosi konfuci. simbolo
lakonurad asaxavs sagans, movlenas an
cnebas, romlis gamoxatvasac mravali
sityva daWirdeboda.

simboloebs didi Zala da zemoqmedebis unari aqvT. isini, erTi mxriv, Seicaven
informacias, codnas ama Tu im pirovnebis, jgufis, sagnis an institutis Sesaxeb,
meore mxriv ki iwveven emociur gancdas.
brZolis dros aRmarTuli droSa armiis suliskveTebas gansazRvravda: sanam
droSa
frialebda, gamarjvebisaTvis brZola grZeldeboda. daxrili droSa
kapitulacias (agreTve glovas) niSnavda, warmatebis aRsaniSnavad ki gamarjvebuli
mxare qalaqis an cixis Tavze sakuTar droSas aRmarTavda. rogorc wesi,
damarcxebuli mxare gamarjvebuls qalaqis gasaRebs da sakuTari Zalauflebis
niSnebs _ kverTxs, gvirgvins da, pirvel rigSi, droSas gadascemda. TeTri droSa
dResac brZolis Sewyvetas da molaparakebis SeTavazebas aRniSnavs.

religiuri simbolika

adamianis nebismieri saqmianoba, Sexeduleba, idea Tu

rwmena simboloTi gamoixateba. magaliTad, Sua saukune
ebis evropaSi xelosanTa da vaWarTa gildiebs, aseve me19 saukunis saqarTveloSi amqrebs sakuTari, saqmianobis
Sesabamisi simboloebi hqondaT; dRes Tavisi simboloebi
aqvT, magaliTad, universitetebs, wiTeli jvrisa da
wiTeli naxevarmTvaris organizacias, pacifistebs, mwva
neebs, sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizacias _ gaeros,
iuneskos, natos; aseve simboloTa saSualebiT ganva
sxvavebT erTmaneTisagan ama Tu im religiis aRmsareblebs;
simboloebiT aris datvirTuli olimpiuri TamaSebic,
sadac
gamarjvebuli
sportsmenis
dajildoebis
ceremoniali saxelmwifo droSis aRmarTvis da himnis
Sesrulebis fonze mimdinareobs.

olimpiuri Cempioni laSa

SavdaTuaSvili saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo droSiT.

86

msoflio kultura

simboloebi kulturidan kulturaSi mogza

uroben da mniSvnelobas icvlian. magaliTad,
varskvlavis gamosaxulebas sxvadasxva kulturaSi
gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. xuTqimiani
varskvlavi Sumerul miTologiaSi qalRmerT
iSTaris simbolo iyo, antikur epoqaSi is sam
yaros mSvenierebis simbolod iTvleboda, radgan
bunebis harmoniasa da proporcias ganasaxi
erebda, qristianobaSi xuTqimiani varskvlavi
beTlemis varskvlavsa da qristes xuT Wrilobas
aRniSnavs, wiTeli xuTqimiani varskvlavi, rome
lic sabWoTa kavSirisa da socialisturi banakis
qveynebis saxelmwifo atributikis aucilebeli
simbolo iyo, dRes totalitarizmis simbolod
aRiqmeba. ori erTmaneTze dadebuli varskvlavi
uZvelesi droidan ciuri da miwieri sawyisebis
kavSirs gamoxatavda. dRes eqvsqimiani daviTis
varskvlavi (magen davidi _ daviTis fari)
israelis saxelmwifos simboloa.

sabWoTa kavSiris
gerbi

samxedro
piris samxre
israelis droSa

arsebobs samecniero simboloebi, romelTac, ZiriTadad, zust da sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebebSi iyeneben. magaliTad: F _ Zala, W _ vati, T _ dro, A _ amperi da a.S.
erTi da igive sagani erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
iyos niSani, meoreSi _ emblema, mesameSi ki _ simbolo.
magaliTad varskvlavi samxreebze niSania, gerbze
_ emblema, xolo beTlemis Tavze gamosaxuli ki _
simbolo. emblema _ esaa simbolos grafikul-vizualuri
gamosaxuleba. jvari _ qristianuli samyaros simbolo
_ saqarTvelos droSaze gamosaxulia, rogorc emblema.
TeTr fonze gamosaxuli xuTi wiTeli jvari TavisTavad
warmoadgens saqarTvelos erovnul simbolos _ droSas.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
droSa

ivane
javaxiSvilis
saxelobis
Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis gerbze gamosaxulia
iremi, romelic ZuZus awovebs nukrs. es, zogadad,
universitetis ideis _ TaobaTa erTobis, ufrosis mier
umcrosisaTvis codnis, sibrZnis gadacemis simboloa.
irems sxvadasxva xalxSi gansxvavebuli simboluri
datvirTva aqvs, magaliTad, CineTSi iremi simdidrisa
da warmatebis simboloa, keltebs ki swamdaT, rom
RmerTebis kuTvnili jogebi swored irmebisagan
Sedgeboda. saqarTveloSi gamorCeuli miTologiuri
da istoriuli gmirebi iremTan arian wilnayarni:
amirani irmis faSvSi gaizarda, laSa-giorgi da erekle
mefe irmis ZuZunawovad iTvlebodnen. rogorc Cans,
iremi keTili sawyisis, siuxvis simboloa.

Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis gerbi

25.simbolo

87

wminda nino vazis jvriT

garda oficialuri/saxelmwifo atributikisa,

romelic saxelmwifos simbolikas warmoadgens,
arsebobs kidev sxva, am Tu im xalxisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli simboloebi. ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos
yvelaze ufro qarTul simbolod? savaraudod,
es gaxlavT vazi. iSviaTad Tu naxavT saqarTveloSi
eklesias vazis CuqurTmis gareSe. vazi imTaviTve iyo
bunebis siuxvis simbolo. ioanes saxarebis mixedviT,
qriste sakuTar Tavs vazs uwodebs: me var vazi
WeSmariti, da mama Cemi mevenaxea. vazis simbolika
Seerwya qarTvelTa gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas
venaxisadmi. wminda ninom swored vazisgan Sekra
jvari, romlis saSualebiTac moaqcia qarTvelebi.
simboloebi ara mxolod xatovan gamosaxulebebSi,
aramed werilobiT teqstebSic aisaxeba. albaT
gaxsovT cnobili sagalobeli, romelic mefe demetre
pirvels ekuTvnis:
Sen xar venaxi, axlad aRyvavebuli,
morCi keTili, edemSi danerguli,
alva sulneli, samoTxiT gamosruli,
RmerTman Segamko, veravin gjobs qebuli,
da TaviT TvisiT mze xar gabrwyinvebuli.

davaleba
l

wina gakveTilebSi moiZie simboloebi da imsjele maTi

mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb.

vazis CuqurTma, sveticxoveli

saSinao davaleba
1. moiZie sxvadasxva qveynis saxelmwifo simbolika
da imsjele maTze mocemuli gamosaxulebebis
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
2. moiZie informacia me-20 saukuneSi saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo simbolikis istoriis Sesaxeb.
3. moiZie informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras niSnavs `alma
mater~ da daukavSire igi Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis gerbze gamosaxul simbolos.
Tbilisis gerbi stilizebuli
vazis gamosaxulebiT

88

msoflio kultura

damatebiTi informacia
Sveicariis saxelmwifo droSa, TeTri jvari wiTel
kvadratSi, tradiciulad gamoxatavda Tavisuflebas,
Rirsebas, erTgulebas. igi kvadratuli formisaa, msgavsi
formis droSa, Sveicariis garda, mxolod vatikans aqvs.
1648 wlis vestfalis zavis mixedviT, evropis
saxelmwifoebma aRiares Sveicariis damoukidebloba
da neitraliteti. fiqroben, rom qveynis dRevandeli
saxelmwifo droSis Seqmna am periods ukavSirdeba. Sveiicariis saxelmwifo droSaa
mas safuZvlad daedo Sveicarieli jariskacis samosi,
romelzec gamosaxuli iyo TeTri jvari wiTel fonze,
rac qristianul rwmenas gamoxatavda. 1848-1889 wlebSi droSas qonda Sveicariis
samxedro droSis statusi, 1889 wlidan ki igi arsebobs rogorc saxelmwifo droSa da
erT-erTi uZvelesia msoflioSi. dRes Sveicariis droSa saxelmwifos neitralitetis,
demokratiis da mSvidobis simbolod miiCneva.
1906 wels, Sveicariis droSis safuZvelze, Seiqmna saerTaSoriso humanitaruli
organizaciis wiTeli jvris droSa, am organizaciis damaarseblis anri dunanis
(Henri Dunant) sapativcemulod, romelic Sveicariis moqalaqe iyo.
nepalis saxelmwifo droSa erTaderTi araoTxkuTxedi
formis droSaa. igi am saxiT 1962 wlidan arsebobs. misi
mkveTri wiTeli feri omSi gamarjvebis da nepaleli
xalxis simamacis simboloa, lurji daboloeba ki
mSvidobas da harmonias aRniSnavs. ori samkuTxedi
simbolurad gamoxatavs himalais mTebs da qveyanaSi
gavrcelebul or ZiriTad religias _ induizms da
budizms, ciuri sxeulebi _ nepaleli xalxis ukvdavebas
da imeds, rom nepali iarsebebs iseve didxans, rogorc
mze da mTvare. mTvare aris nepalelTa simSvidis, xolo
mze maTi mrisxanebis simbolo.
albaT, yvelas ecnoba sasurveli kompiuteris Tu
mobiluri telefonis simbolo _ mokbeCili vaSli,
romelic msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelze saxelganTqmuli
nepalis saxelmwifo droSaa
brendis Apple-is niSania. miiCneven, rom stiv jobsis
mier daarsebuli korporaciis warmatebas swored
am vaSlma Seuwyo xeli. vaSli aris srulyofilebis,
silamazis simbolo da maradiul axalgazrdobasa da
silamazes ganasaxierebs, mokbeCili vaSli ki im xilis
gamoxatulebaa, romelic adamma da evam igemes, swored
is miiCneva Semecnebis simbolod.

25.simbolo

89

26

xelovneba
dedamiwis zurgze ar moiZebneba xalxi, romelsac
ar aqvs xelovnebis sxvadasxva forma _ cekva, musika,
mxatvroba... swored amitom ganekuTvneba xelovneba
kulturis universaliebs.
bevr enaSi ar moipoveba xelovnebis aRmniSvneli
sagangebo sityva, SeiZleba imitom, rom xelovneba xSirad
religiuri, socialuri da politikuri cxovrebis
ganuyofel nawilad gvevlineba.

ra aris xelovneba? Sen warmoidgine, am kiTxvaze pasuxi

arcTu advili gasacemia da xelovnebis sayovelTaod
gaziarebuli ganmarteba arc arsebobs. modi, ase
SevTanxmdeT: xelovnebas ganekuTvneba nawarmoebi
(magaliTad, qandakeba), qmedeba (magaliTad, cekva),
teqsti (magaliTad, leqsi), romelic adamianebSi (ar aris
artemida SvliT (diana
aucilebeli _ yvelaSi) aRZravs esTetur grZnobas (ra
versaleli).
mSvenieria!, ra lamazia!, ra kargadaa gakeTebuli!,
ZvelberZnuli qandakebis
an sulac, au, ra magaria!; esTeturi grZnoba SeiZleba
romauli asli. luvri, parizi.
uaryofiTic iyos _ ra uSnoa!, ras gavs!). aq ori
sayuradRebo momentia: erTi, rom xelovnebis nimuSi
adamianis mier unda iyos Seqmnili, Torem esTeturi grZnoba bunebis qmnilebebmac
SeiZleba aRZras _ lamazma xem an mSvenieri garegnobis adamianma; da meore, xelovnebis
nimuSs aucileblad Wirdeba sxva adamiani _ mayurebeli Tu msmeneli, erTi sityviT,
Semfasebeli. xelovnebis zogi gansazRvreba xazs usvams mis emociur maxasiaTeblebs.
xelovnebis nimuSi gadmoscems avtoris emociebsa da mis ideebs, xolo mnaxvelSi ki is
iwvevs grZnobebs. emociebi da ideebi sxvadasxva formiT gamoixateba: xatviT, qsoviT,
sxeulis dekoraciiT, musikiT, cekviT, mwerlobiT.

xelovnebis is sferoebi, romlebic dRes damoukideblad arsebobs, Soreul

warsulSi adamianis yoveldRiuri yofis nawili iyo. alJirSi, israelSi, marokoSi
aRmoCenilia niJarebis mZivebi, romlebic 82-100 aTasi wlisaa. isini samkaulis
Soreul winamorbedad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
savaraudod, xelovnebis sxva formebic arsebobda, magaliTad, cekva. gaxsovT,
rogor warmovidgineT samkurnalo magiis Casaxva? TiTqmis darwmunebiT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom pirvelyofili magiuri ritualebi mTeli jgufis riTmuli moZraobisa
da SeZaxilebis TanxlebiT mimdinareobda. riTmi kravs jgufs, TiTqos Zalas matebs
da aZlierebs mas _ gavixsenoT skandireba mitingebsa Tu stadionebze, an aRlumze
samwyobro nabijiT mimavali samxedro nawili.

90

msoflio kultura

xelovnebis formebi TandaTan viTar

deboda,
ixveweboda,
rTuldeboda;
gansxvavebuli
ritualebi
sxvadasxva
riTmSi sruldeboda; gaCnda pirveli
musikaluri instrumentebi _ qvis dafdafi,
lerwmis Tu Zvlis salamuri; nel-nela
cekva gamoeyo magias da TavisTavadi
Rirebuleba SeiZina _ garTobisa da
gantvirTvis.
magiidanve
amoizarda
saxviTi
xelovneba. gamoqvabulebSi napovn qvis
qarTuli erovnuli cekva
xanis naxatebze xSiradaa gamosaxuli
isriT Tu SubiT gangmiruli cxovelebi.
gaxsovT msgavsebis magia? _ daxatul
isars namdvili isari pirdapir nadiris
gulisken unda miemarTa... sanadiro
magiasTan
dakavSirebuli
mxatvroba
ise ganviTarda, rom, rodesac me-19-20
saukuneebis mijnaze evropis ramdenime
gamoqvabulSi cxovelebis uzarmazari,
gasaocari
ostatobiT
Sesrulebuli
ferweruli gamosaxulebebi aRmoaCines,
bevrma mecnierma arc ki daijera, rom es
yvelaferi qvis xanaSi SeiZleba yofiliyo
Seqmnili. dRes es mxatvroba msoflio
Zveli egvipte. kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSi
xelovnebis saganZurSia Sesuli. geniosebi
qvis xanaSic ibadebodnen.
genialuri mxatvris pablo pikasos
sityviT, altamirasTan SedarebiT,
sxva yvelaferi dabali donisaa. alta
miras gamoqvabulebi espaneTis samx
reTiT mdebareobs. 1868 wels adgi
lobrivi monadire SemTxveviT waawyda
maT. kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSebis
Seswavla mogvianebiT daiwyo. gamoqva
bulis kedlebze naxatebi imdenad
kargad iyo Semonaxuli, rom didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi specialistebs eeWvebo
daT maTi siZvele. me-20 saukunis dasaw
yisSi sabolood dadasturda, rom es
naxatebi 16 000 wlis winandelia. dRes
altamiras mRvime iuneskos kulturuli
memkvidreobis Zeglebis siaSia Setanili.

26.xelovneba

altamiras gamoqvabulis kedlis mxatvroba.

91

aq ver ganvixilavT xelovnebis yvela formisa

Tu
mimarTulebis
warmoSoba-ganviTarebas,
vityviT mxolod, rom uZveles did civilizaciebSi
_ egvipteSi, SuamdinareTSi, CineTSi, indoeTSi,
saberZneTsa Tu romSi _ xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela
ZiriTad formas vxvdebiT: musikas, mxatvrobas,
qandakebas, arqiteqturas, poezias, Teatrs. aq
ukve arian profesionalebi _ karis mxatvrebi
Tu moxetiale musikosebi. da veravin ityvis, rom
mogvianebiT Seqmnili Sedevrebi ukeTesia, vidre
maSindeli _ namdvili xelovneba ar Zveldeba.

sami lamazmani. iaponeli mxatvari

kitagava utamoro (me-18 saukune)

xelovnebaze saubrisas ar SeiZleba gverdi

avuaroT mis kavSirs religiasTan. religiuri
wesebi da dogmebi xelovnebaze uzarmazar gavlenas
axdenda; xelovnebis zogi forma ikrZaleboda da
idevneboda, zogic yvelanairad waxalisdeboda.
magaliTad, iudaizmi da islami krZalaven cocxali
arsebebis gamosaxvas, amitom am religiis mimdevar
xalxebSi monumenturi mxatvroba, portreti
da qandakeba ar ganviTarebula, samagierod,
muslimur kulturaSi umaRles dones miaRwia
ornamentisa da kaligrafiis xelovnebam.

qristianobaSi amgvari akrZalva ar iyo, ris

gamoc qristianul samyaroSi saxviT xelovnebas ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba mieca; Tumca
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi igi eqvemdebareboda
eklesiis mkacr zedamxedvelobas (es exeba
xelovnebis sxva formebsac _ musikas, Teatrs da
a.S.). mxolod aRorZinebis xanidan moyolebuli,
xelovneba aRar ifargleba religiuri TemebiT
da uzarmazari nabijebiT midis win.

arabuli kaligrafiis nimuSi

samTavisis taZari. XI s.

92

msoflio kultura

xelovnebaze udidesi gavlena aqvs teqnikur progress.

me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi xelovnebis tradiciul
formebs Seemata axlebi _ fotografia da kino, xolo
gasuli saukunis miwuruls _ kompiuteruli xelovnebis
mravalgvari forma. xelovneba masobrivi gaxda.

liTxva
l

gaixsene istoriidan Tu saxviTi da gamoyenebiTi

xelovnebidan antikuri xanis Sedevrebi da maTi
avtorebi.

davaleba
baleti
l

imuSaveT jgufebad. yovelma jgufma Camoweros

wilisyriT Sexvedrili regionis, epoqisa Tu stilis
(egvipte, SuamdinareTi, antikuri xana, Sua saukuneebi,
aRorZinebis xana, baroko, klasicizmi, romantizmi...
axali dro, uaxlesi dro) xelovnebis sxvadasxva
dargis qmnilebebi.

26.xelovneba

93

27

samarTali

samarTali kulturis erT-erTi universaliaa. yvelaze zogadi ganmartebiT,

samarTali aris wesebis erToblioba, romelic sxvadasxva gziT aregulirebs
adamianebis qcevas da warmoadgens upirveles mediators, momrigebels adamianebis
urTierTobaSi. ramdenad gansxvavebulia igi sxvadasxva xalxebSi? cnobili frangi
fizikosi da moazrovne blez paskali ambobda: is, rac alpebs iqiT WeSmaritebaa,
alpebs aqeT sicruea.
jer kidev Zvel babilonSi, Zv. w. me-18 saukuneSi,
mefe xamurabim Seqmna kanonTa krebuli _ yvelaze
srulyofili samarTlis Zegli Zvel mesopotamiaSi.
Tumca kanonTa krebulebi iq manamdec arsebobda.

xamurabis stelis fragmenti

stela xamurabis kanonebiT

Zv. w. me-7 saukuneSi saberZneTSi aTenis mmarTvelma

drakonma qalaqs Zalze mZime kanonebi dauwesa. dResac,
mkacri, mZime kanonebis aRsaniSnavad, viyenebT termins
drakonuli kanonebi. drakonis kanonebi solonma
_ berZenma sazogado moRvawem _ Secvala, romelic
demokratiis, rogorc mmarTvelobis formis erT-erT
sulisCamdgmelad iTvleba.
muslimur samyaroSi moqmedebs SariaTi _musli
muri kanonTa kodeqsi, romelic yurans emyareba.
SariaTis kanonebs xSirad warmoadgenen, rogorc
raRac gaqvavebul, saSinel wesebs, romlebic gul
grilia adamianis mimarT, Tumca mas Zalian didi
inteleqtualuri safuZveli aqvs. xSirad SariaTi
ar eTanxmeba imas, rac Cven migvaCnia sworad, magram
es aris saukuneebis manZilze gamovlili, droSi
gamocdili da, rac mTavaria, konkretuli kulturis
Sesabamisi sistema. demokratiuli Rirebulebebi ar
aris universaluri da is, rac demokratiulad miiCneva
dasavleTSi, SeiZleba sruliad sawinaaRmdegod aRiq
mebodes aRmosavleTSi, sadac urTierTobis, saxel
mwifos mowyobis, genderuli rolebis gadanawilebis
da a.S. absoluturad gansxvavebuli tradiciaa.
giorgi lobJaniZe, aRmosavleTmcodne

94

msoflio kultura

saqarTveloSi
kanonSemoqmedebiTi
tradicia
uZvelesi droidan arsebobs. kanonTa krebulebidan
gansakuTrebiT cnobilia giorgi brwyinvalis samar
Tlis wigni Zeglis dadeba, beqasa da aRbuRas wigni
samarTlisa kacisa Secodebisa yovelive. iTargmne
boda ucxouri samarTlis Zeglebic, magaliTad, e.w.
moses samarTali, berZnuli, romauli, siriuli
kodeqsebi. sxvadasxva samarTlis Zeglis ganaxleba,
erTian krebulSi moqceva da xelaxali damkvidreba me18 saukunis dasawyisSi vaxtang VI moRvaweobas ukav
Sirdeba. amis gamo vaxtang VI sjulmdeblad iwodeba.
vaxtang VI

kanoni samarTlis aRsrulebis saSualebaa. Tumca arsebobs magaliTebi, rodesac

igi usamarTlobas emsaxureba: magaliTad, sabWoTa periodSi, 30-ian wlebSi arsebuli
kanonebis safuZvelze, fizikurad ganadgurda mravali aTasi adamiani. Tengiz
abulaZis filmi monanieba kargad aRwers totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi arsebul
usamarTlobas.
samarTali da kanonebi manamdec arsebobda da moqmedebda, sanam adamiani maT
werilobiT formas miscemda. amis naTeli dadasturebaa adaTebze damyarebuli da
zepirsityvieri saxiT Taobidan TaobisaTvis gadacemuli CveulebiTi samarTali.
Tavad sityva adaTi arabulad Cveulebas niSnavs. swored adaTebs emyareba,
magaliTad, svaneTSi, xevsa da fSav-xevsureTSi arsebuli samarTalwarmoebis wesi,
romelmac uxsovari droidan moaRwia. sasamarTlos funqcias Temis sabWo asrulebda.
bralmdeblad maxvSi (svaneTSi) an xevisberi (fSav-xevsureTSi) gamodioda. xevisberi
da maxvSi Temis saxeliT laparakobdnen da Tavadve axorcielebdnen kanonis
zedamxedvelobas (gavixsenoT aluda qeTelauri). kavkasiis mTianeTSi farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli sisxlis aRebis, Zmadnaficobis, qalis motacebis adaTebi. zogierTi
maTgani dResac SemorCenilia.
sisxlis aRebis adaTi gavrcelebuli iyo axlo aRmosavleTisa da skandinaviis
qveynebSi, aseve albaneTsa da kavkasiaSi, italiaSi igi vendetas saxeliTaa cnobili.
es aris samarTalwarmoebis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis regulirebis erTgvari wesi,
romelic misaRebi da marTebuli gaxldaT garkveul drosa da sivrceSi manam, sanam
igi warmoadgenda danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis formas da ara SurisZiebas. sisxlis
aRebis adaTi dafuZnebuli iyo principze kbili kbilis wil, rac gulisxmobs
Semdegs: mkvlelobis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, damnaSave an misi ojaxis romelime wevri
sikvdiliT isjeboda, amasTan erTad, mkvlelis ojaxi did materialur zaralsac
ganicdida. dRes sisxlis aRebis wess socialuri sargeblis motana ar SeuZlia,
metic _ is sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad iTvleba da kanoniT isjeba (gavixsenoT
Temur da gela babluanebis filmi memkvidreoba).

27.samarTali

95

kacobriobis istoriis manZilze, kanonebTan erTad, icvleboda maTi sisruleSi

moyvanis formebic. Tanamedrove etapze damnaSavis wameba kanoniT isjeba, odesRac
ki mTavar mtkicebulebas swored wamebis dros miRebuli aRiarebiTi Cveneba
warmoadgenda. sabWoTa kavSiris generaluri prokurori andrei viSinski ambobda,
aRiareba marTlmsajulebis dedofaliao. istoriidan yvelasaTvis kargad aris
cnobili sxvadasxva saxis sajaro sasjelebi: Zelze gasma, koconze dawva, CamoxrCoba,
daxvreta, giliotinisa da eleqtroskamis meSveobiT dasja. zogi maTgani dResac
moqmedebs ama Tu im qveyanaSi. bevrgan, saqarTvelos msgavsad, sikvdiliT dasja
gauqmda da igi samudamo patimrobiT Seicvala.

davaleba
1. ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs samarTlis sistemebis gansxvavebulobas sxvadasxva
xalxebSi? istoriidan gaixsene da Seadare erTmaneTs sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi arsebuli kanonebi.
2. rogor fiqrob, samarTlianoba da samarTali, kanoniereba da samarTlianoba erTsa
da igives niSnavs?
3. rogor gesmis debuleba, rom sisxlis aReba warmoadgenda danaSaulis Tavidan
acilebis formas?
4. sazogadoebis winaSe pirovnebis pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebiT, gaavle
paralelebi gakveTilTan sazogadoeba, imsjele am sakiTxze.

Semajamebeli davaleba
l

SesaZleblad migaCnia sazogadoebis normaluri funqcionireba samarTlis gareSe?

ra moxdeba, dawerili samarTali rom ar arsebobdes?

96

msoflio kultura

damatebiTi informacia
giliotina
1789 wels, safrangeTis revoluciis dros, sikvdiliT
dasjis sakiTxis ganxilvisas, safrangeTis nacionaluri
asambleis wevrma, eqimma Jozef-ignas giliotenma Semdegi
winadadeba wamoayena: sikvdilmisjili Tavis mokveTiT
unda daisajos; es unda gakeTdes umtkivneulod, martivi
meqanizmis gamoyenebiT.
revoluciamde safrangeTSi Tavis mokveTiT mxolod
didebulebs sjidnen da es najaxis an sxva iaraRis eqimi Jozef-ignas gilioteni
gamoyenebiT xdeboda. sikvdilmisjilTa ojaxis wevrebi
xSirad fulsac ki uxdidnen jalaTs, raTa mas sasjeli swrafad da, SeZlebisdagvarad,
umtkivneulod aResrulebina. rigiTi moqalaqeebis sikvdiliT dasja CamoxrCobiT an
sxva, kidev ufro saSineli formiT (Zelze gasma, borbliT dasja, koconze dawva...)
xdeboda.
1791 wels nacionalurma asambleam gadawyvetileba miiRo, rom Tavis mokveTiT
dasja yvela sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveze gavrcelebuliyo, ganurCevlad maTi
wodebrivi kuTvnilebisa. amiT xazi esmeboda yvela adamianis Tanasworobas. Seiqmna
specialuri komiteti, romelSic samedicino fakultetis anatomiis profesori J.i. giliotenic Sedioda. Tavis mokveTis martivi meqanizmis eskizis Semqmnelebad
ki frangi antuan luisi da germaneli inJineri da klavesinis ostati tobias Smidti
iTvlebian. meqanizmma saxeli eqim giliotenis gvaridan gamomdinare miiRo.
am droidan moyolebuli, giliotina safrangeTSi sikvdiliT dasjis erTaderT
kanonier formad iqca. mas sxva qveynebSic iyenebdnen.
marTalia, Jozef-ignas giliotenis saxeli istoriaSi sikvdilis am meqanizmis
wyalobiT Sevida, magram unda iTqvas, rom Tavad igi, zogadad, sikvdiliT dasjis
mowinaaRmdege iyo da fiqrobda, rom mis mier SeTavazebuli umtkivneulo da, aqedan
gamomdinare, ufro humanuri sasjeli pirveli nabiji iqneboda sikvdiliT dasjis
gauqmebis gzaze. Jozef-ignas gilioteni aRiarebuli
eqimi iyo. eduard jeneris mier vaqcinaciis (acra)
gamogonebis Semdeg, igi gaxldaT parizis vaqcinaciis
komitetis prezidenti, parizis medicinis akademiis
erT-erTi damfuZnebeli.
sikvdilis manqanis ideis avtorobis pativi mZime
tvirTi aRmoCnda J.-i. giliotenis STamomavalTaTvis.
maT
TxovniT
mimarTes
safrangeTis
mTavrobas,
giliotinasTvis saxeli SeecvalaT, magram uari miRes da
SemdgomSi Tavad Seicvales gvari.
giliotina

27.samarTali

97

saxaliso kanonebi
l

texasis StatSi yofnisas, Tu darwmunebuli ar xarT Tqvens siyvarulSi, nu

warudgenT megobrebs samjer erTsa da igive qals, radgan amis Semdeg is Tqvens
oficialur colad CaiTvleba.

floridaSi gauTxovar qalebs paraSutiT xtoma ekrZalebaT. aseve ar SeiZleba

sacurao kostumiT simRera da dReSi samze meti TefSis gatexva.

indianas StatSi oqtombridan martamde abazanis miReba akrZalulia. aseve ar

SeiZleba manqanebis gayidva kvira dRes.

q. denverSi (kolorados Stati) akrZalulia mtversasrutis Txoveba.

alabamaSi ikrZaleba saabazanoSi viris, arkanzasSi ki niangis Seyvana. luizianaSi

isjeba adamianis kbena.

alabamaSi ar unda marTo manqana Tvalebaxveulma, niu-iorkSi saxuravidan

gadmoxtomis gamo dagsjian (Tu ukve dasjili ar daxvdi).

aidahoSi akrZalulia aqlemze Semjdari Tevzaoba.

dakotaSi danaSaulia CeqmebiT Zili, merilendSi - TeatrSi lomTan erTad misvla,

q. atlantaSi ki - telefonis boZze Jirafis mibma.

niu jersiSi patronma katebs eJvani unda Camokidos, raTa Citebma maTi miaxloeba
gaigonon.

safrangeTSi akrZalulia rkinigzis liandagze xvevna-kocna, aseve, dapatimreba

ar agcdeba, Tu Rors napoleons daarqmev.

98

msoflio kultura

Sroma, profesia da hobi

28

Sroma adamianis Tandayolili unaria.

hobi (ingl. hobby) _ rameTi gataceba,
cxovelebi da frinvelebic Sromoben:
saqmianoba, romelsac samuSaodan
ageben budeebs, Txrian soroebs, futkrebi
Tavisufal dros misdeven
akeTeben fiWas da amzadeben Tafls...
garTobisa da dasvenebis mizniT.
magram, adamianisagan gansxvavebiT, es
yvelaferi instinqtis, genetikuri programebis safuZvelze xdeba, adamiani ki Sromis
process gaazrebulad, gonebis meSveobiT warmarTavs. swored adamianis Sromis
Sedegia kultura, radgan, rogorc ukve viciT, kultura aris adamianis mier Seqmnili
an gardaqmnili meore buneba.
adamianis Tavdapirveli saqmianoba Semgrovebloba da nadiroba iyo; Semdeg gaCnda
miwaTmoqmedeba da mesaqonleoba. kacobriobis ganviTarebasTan erTad, adamianTa
saqmianoba ufro mravalferovani gaxda. daiwyo Sromis diferenciacia: adamianebi
iwafebodnen garkveul saqmeSi - meTuneobaSi, metalurgiaSi; gaCndnen oqromWedlebi,
qvismTlelebi; Camoyalibda profesiebi, romelTa daufleba sagangebo codnis miRebas
moiTxovs: eqimi, zeinkali, mkeravi, agronomi, maswavlebeli, mZRoli da sxva.
saqmianobis mixedviT, adamianebi socialur jgufebad iyofodnen; am dayofas
sxvadasxva epoqaSi gansxvavebuli forma hqonda. upirvelesad, ganasxvavebdnen
gonebrivi da fizikuri SromiT dakavebul adamianebs; pirveli Tavisufal moqalaqeTa
xvedri iyo, fizikurad ki monebi, Sua saukuneebSi _ glexebi, Semdeg _ daqiravebuli
muSebi Sromobdnen. Zveli moazrovneebi Tvlidnen, rom Tavisufali adamiani amuSavebs
gonebas, iseve rogor mona _ miwas.
`adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis~ 23-e muxlis Tanaxmad, dRes yovel
adamians aqvs Sromis, samuSaos Tavisufali arCevis, Sromis samarTliani da xelsayreli
pirobebisa da umuSevrobisagan dacvis ufleba.
Sroma kacobriobis universaluri
Tvisebaa: adamianebi dedamiwis nebismier
kuTxeSi Sromoben. magram ama Tu im
qveynis geografiuli, klimaturi da sxva
garemoebebi ganapirobebs saqmianobis
Taviseburebebs.
magaliTad,
zRvis
piras mcxovreb xalxebSi, rogorc wesi,
viTardeba naosnoba da masTan dakav
Sirebuli dargebi.

uZvelesi adamianis iaraRebi

28.Sroma profesi da hobi

99

egvipteSi nilosis delta rTuli mosaTvi

nierebeli iyo, misma mowesrigebam da sairigacio
sistemis Seqmnam ganapiroba sainJinro saqmis
ganviTareba. sainJinro da samSeneblo xelovnebis
mwvervalia piramidebi, romlebic msoflios erTerT saocrebad iTvleba.

bumerangi

samuSao, sanadiro da sabrZolo iaraRs uZvelesi

adamianic amzadebda. msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
aRmoCenili es martivi iaraRi Zalian gavs erTmaneTs.
magram arsebobs konkretuli xalxebisaTvis dama
xasiaTebeli iaraRebic, magaliTad, bumerangi, romelic
avstraliis aborigenebma Seqmnes.

miwaTmoqmedebas dedamiwaze mcxovreb xalxTa umravlesoba misdevs, Tumca miwas

sxvadasxva wesiTa da saxiT amuSaveben. magaliTad, mTagoriani landSaftis gamo,
samxreT saqarTveloSi, mesxeTSi naklebad iyo samiwaTmoqmedo savargulebi. am
problemis gadaWris mizniT, mosaxleobam mTebi terasebad, miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis
gamosadeg sivrced aqcia.
terasebi, rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis savargulebi, sxva
kulturebSic gvxvdeba. magaliTad filipinebSi, provincia ifugaoSi aris adgili,
romelsac msoflios merve saocrebasac uwodeben. igi zRvis donidan 1 500 metrze
mdebareobs da daaxloebiT 10 360 kvadratul kilometrs moicavs. fiqroben, rom
iq terasebi xelsawyoebis minimaluri gamoyenebiT, metwilad xeliT aSenda 2000
wlis win. terasebs wyliT amaragebda uZvelesi sarwyavi sistema. adgilobrivebs aq
brinji da bostneuli dResac mohyavT.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom maias tomebi savargulebs xelovnurad qmnid
nen. Waobebidan ezidebodnen niadags, romelsac aTavsebdnen winaswar mowyobil
terasebze da iyenebdnen sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebisaTvis.

terasebi samcxe-javaxeTSi

100

terasebi filipinebSi

msoflio kultura

dedamiwaze uamravi, erTi SexedviT ucnauri saqmianoba

arsebobs. ici, rom Zvel romSi dasaflavebis jambazis
profesia arsebobda? es adamiani dasaflavebis procesiis
dros gardacvlilis msgavsad imoseboda, ikeTebda misi saxis
mixedviT damzadebul niRabs da sxva jambazebTan erTad
cekvavda gardacvlilis garSemo. romaelebi miiCnevdnen,
rom es amSvidebda gardacvlilis suls da amxiarulebda
mosaxleobas. am adamianebs aqtiorebi erqvaT.

dasaflavebis jambazi
Zvel romSi

minebis wmenda, TiTqos, Cveulebrivi saqmianobaa, magram

warmoidgineT, ra saSiSi da riskiani xelobaa caTambjenis
minebis wmenda. fotoze gamosaxuli mamakaci dubais erTerTi caTambjenis 50-e sarTulis minebs wmends.
droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra aris garToba, rasac Tavisufal dros vuTmobT, da ra _
samuSao. nadiroba, romelic odesRac adamianis ZiriTadi
saqmianoba, SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi pirveli profesia
iyo, SemdgomSi gatacebad da garTobad iqca. Tumca nadiroba
dResac arsebobs, rogorc profesia: egerebi - profesionali
monadireebi - dahyvebian moyvarul monadireebs da Tvalyurs
adevneben nadirobis wesebis dacvas.
profesiulis garda, adamianebs aqvT sxva interesebic.
magaliTad: eqimi, SeiZleba, amave dros iyos filatelisti;
inJineri _ kulinariiT gatacebuli da a.S. es aris hobi.
operaciidan gamosuli, daRlili eqimi, SeiZleba, roials
miujdes da gantvirTvisaTvis daukras beThovenis sonata, an
universitetis profesorma momqancveli dRis bolos biliardi
iTamaSos. rogorc xedavT, erTi da igive saqmianoba erTi
adamianisaTvis specialobaa, meorisaTvis ki hobi da garTobis
saSualeba. arseboben, magaliTad, profesionali fexburTelebi
da fexburTis TamaSis moyvaruli sxvadasxva profesiis
adamianebi.
xSirad piriqiTac xdeba _ hobi iqceva ZiriTad saqmianobad.
magaliTad, iaponelebs aqvT juja xeebis gamoyvanis Zalze
saintereso tradicia, romelsac bonsai ewodeba (iaponurad
bon _ qoTani, sai _ Cargva). es aris sxvadasxva jiSis xeebis
zusti juja aslebis gamoyvana. am tradicias didi xnis
istoria aqvs, rogorc Cans, igi iaponelebma Tavdapirvelad
hobis saxiT, saxlis galamazebis mizniT moigones. dRes ki es
Cveulebrivi profesiaa: bonsais xelovnebas sagangebo codna
esaWiroeba.

28.Sroma profesi da hobi

bonsai

101

binebsa Tu dawesebulebebSi xSirad

gvinaxavs sxvadasxva formisa da
zomis akvariumebi. akvariumistikiT
(ekosistemis Seqmna daxurul xelovnur
wyalsatevSi), rogorc Cans, adamianebi
ZvelTaganve iyvnen dainteresebuli,
radgan
akvariumis
winamorbedi
xelovnuri wyalsatevebi jer kidev
Zvel egviptesa da SuamdinareTSi
gvxvdeba. Tanamedrove msoflioSi ki es hobi imdenad popularulia, rom sxvadasxva
saxis Tevzebi, reptiliebi, amfibiebi bavSvebisa Tu ufrosebis sayvarel Sinaur
arsebebad iqcnen. garda amisa, sazRvao-sakurorto qalaqebisaTvis erT-erT yvelaze
mimzidvel RirSesaniSnaobad swored okeanariumi iTvleba. garda dasvenebisa da
garTobisa, akvariumebi profesiuli interesis sagania iqtiologebisaTvis, raTa
maT ukeT moaxerxon sxvadasxva saxis Tevzebze dakvirveba da maTi Seswavla.

saqarTveloSi arsebobs
kompania Eastern
Promotion, romlis
saqmianoba ucxoel
SemsrulebelTa
koncertebis organizebaa.
sainteresoa, rom
kompaniis damfuZneblebi
yofili wyalburTelebi
arian, romelTac
hqondaT hobi _ musika.
Zvelma wyalburTelebma
hobi ZiriTad
saqmianobad aqcies da
daiwyes festivalebis
organizeba. es saqme
warmatebuli aRmoCnda,
Eastern Promotion -is
organizebul
koncertebSi monawileoba
miiRes musikaluri
samyaros msoflio
varskvlavebma _ rei
Carlzma, jeims braunma,
maseo parkerma, jo
kokerma, quliom, Sakiram
da bevrma sxvam.

qulios koncerti saqarTveloSi

rei Carlzi da Eastern Promotion-is damfuZneblebi

102

msoflio kultura

SeuZlebelia profesiisa da hobis Sesaxeb

visaubroT da ar gavixsenoT germaneli
mrewveli hainrix Slimani (1822-1890). misi
gvari, miuxedavad biznesSi didi warmatebisa,
SesaZloa, saqveynod cnobili ar gamxdariyo,
rom ara hobi _ arqeologia. biznesmenma
Seiswavla berZnuli da arabuli, waikiTxa
homerosis nawarmoebebi da miznad daisaxa
troas aRmoCena. mTeli Tavisi qoneba swored
am saqmes Sealia da mizansac miRwia, miakvlia
manamde zRaprad miCneul troas da unikaluri
masala Semata sakacobrio kulturas.
hainrix Slimani

adamians Seswevs unari, drois swori ganawilebisa da gonierebis xarjze, Sroma da

dasveneba, profesia da hobi ise SeuTanxmos erTmaneTs, rom warmatebiT moaxerxos
rogorc profesiuli winsvla, aseve sxva interesebis dakmayofilebac.

davaleba
1. moiZie informacia saintereso, ucnauri da saSiSi profesiebis Sesaxeb.
2. CamoTvale profesiebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad mxolod garToba iyo.
3. moiZie informacia gamoCenili adamianebis hobis Sesaxeb.

28.Sroma profesi da hobi

103

29

rekreacia

qarTuli ezo

rekreacia (laT.
recreatio) _ aRdgena;
sarekreacio sivrce
_ dasvenebisa
da Zalebis
aRdgenisaTvis
gankuTvnili adgili.

raWis
Rvinoebidan saukeTeso TeTr Rvinod
wulukiZis TeTra iTvleba (igi amave saxelwodebis
yurZnis jiSisagan mzaddeba). Rvinis sayidlad erTerTi glexis ojaxi migvaswavles. ezoSi SevediT, Cvens
win ulamazesi baRnari gadaiSala: mwvaned mobibine
mindorSi sxvadasxva feris yvavilebi moCanda, xviara
vardi samzareulos erT-erT kedels Semoxveoda,
mis win glexkacs akaciis boZebiT talaveri moewyo,
CrdilSi mdgari kaklis kunZebisgan damzadebuli
magida da skamebi bunebrivi gegonebodaT. ezom
udidesi STabeWdileba moaxdina, naTeli iyo, rom mis
patrons Rvinoc saukeTeso eqneboda.
aRfrTovaneba ver davmaleT da glexs naSromi
movuwoneT. es ezo, Svilebo, samuSaodan, venaxidan
dabrunebuls garTobaSi maqvs gakeTebuli, am
saqmiT visveneb da siamovnebas viReb, aq vgrZnob
Tavs yvelaze kargado, gvipasuxa glexma. es ezo
sarekreacio sivrcis qarTuli formaa.

rekreacia
dasvenebas,
daxarjuli
energiisa da Zalebis aRdgenas niSnavs. igi
universaliaa da adamianis yofis iseTive
Semadgeneli nawilia, rogorc Sroma.
rogorc Cans, adamianisaTvis dasveneba
imdenad mniSvnelovani ram aris, rom igi
sagangebod zrunavs sarekreacio zonebis,
dasasvenebeli adgilebis mosawyobad.

franguli parki

inglisuri parki

104

Zalebis aRdgenis bunebrivi saSualebaa

Zili, romlis drosac adamianis yvela
organo da kunTi modunebulia da isve
nebs. garda am bunebrivi saSualebisa, Tavad
adamianma moigona rekreaciis uamravi
forma: ezoebi, baRebi, parkebi... gavixsenoT
Tundac is, rom msoflios Svidi saocrebidan
erT-erTi swored semiramidas dakiduli
baRebia. arqiteqturasTan erTad, swored
sarekreacio zonebi gviqmnis pirvel STa
beWdilebas ucxo qveynaSi mogzaurobisas.

msoflio kultura

sarekreacio
sivrceebi
gansxvavebulia
sxvadasxva xalxsa da kulturaSi, es ki mxolod
klimatis, landSaftis, florisa da faunis
sxvadasxvaobiT ar aris gamowveuli. magaliTad,
franguli parkebi gansxvavdeba inglisuri
parkebisagan:
franguliSi,
geometriuli
figurebi da formebi Warbobs, inglisuri ki
bunebvri formebs inarCunebs; ulamazesi baRebi
aqvT iaponelebs, es aris bunebisa da adamianis
iaponuri parki
usazRvro fantaziis Serwyma.
baR-parkebis garda, arsebobs sxva uamravi
sarekreacio adgili da saSualeba: biliardisa
Tu boulingis saTamaSo klubebi, zoologiuri
parkebi, akvaparkebi...
zogierT zoologiur parkSi cxovelebs galiaSi ar aTavseben, isini Tavisuflad
daseirnoben, adamianebi ki specialuri manqanebiT aTvaliereben zooparksa da mis
binadrebs. samxreT afrikis respublikaSi arsebobs sastumro-zooparki, sadac,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rolebia Secvlili _ galiaSi adamianebi sxedan, anu sastumros
nomrebi specialurad aris izolirebuli cxovelebisagan, romlebic Tavisuflad
daseirnoben sastumros teritoriaze.
albaT ici, rom mTel msoflioSi didi popularobiT
sargeblobs ioga, rogorc energiis aRdgenis, janmrTelobis
ganmtkicebisa da gantvirTvis saSualeba. igi saTaves indoeTSi
iRebs.
induri
religiur-filosofiuri
warmodgeniT,
adamians sulieri da fizikuri varjiSiT SeuZlia miaRwios
srulyofilebas, risTvisac yvelaze ukeTesi gza iogaa. igi
dasavleTis qveynebSic gavrcelda, rogorc rekreaciis,
dasvenebis, energiis aRdgenis, janmrTelobis SenarCunebis
saSualeba. indoeTSi arsebobs iogas ramdenime mimarTuleba,
romlebic religiur-filosofiur warmodgenebs efuZneba,
xolo dasavleTSi Camoyalibda fitnes-iogas mimarTuleba,
romelsac mxolod varjiSis, Zalebis aRdgenis, gamajansa
Rebeli datvirTva aqvs da ara religiur-filosofiuri.

sportuli ioga

liTxva
l

Seni azriT, riT aris ganpirobebuli

gansxvaveba sxvadasxva qveynis sarekreacio
zonebs Soris?

davaleba
l

isaubre rekreaciis formebsa da saSualebebze,

romlebic Sen yvelaze metad mogwons.

29.rekreacia

religiur-filosofiuri ioga

105

30

bavSvebis TamaSi

TamaSi
albaT, ginaxavs saqsovi Zafis gorgaliT moburTave
katis knuti, moTamaSe ZaRlis lekvebi an sxva cxovelebi.
TamaSi mxolod adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli unari
ar aris,
cxovelebic TamaSoben. Tumca adamianma,
cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT, Seqmna uamravi TamaSi:
sabavSvoTi dawyebuli _ klasobana, Svidqvaobana,
damalobana, koWobana, Cikori da sxva, sportis nairgvari
saxeobebiT damTavrebuli _ fexburTi, Wadraki, kriketi...

TamaSi kulturis erT-erTi universaliaa. msoflios sxvadasxva xalxis mier

Seqmnili araerTi TamaSi gascda warmoSobis adgils; magaliTad, Wadraki saTaves
indoeTSi iRebs, olimpiuri TamaSebi _ saberZneTSi, fexburTi ki _ britaneTSi, dRes
ki maT mTel msoflioSi TamaSoben. yvela TamaSs aqvs saerTo mizani _ gamarjveba,
wesebi, saTamaSo adgili da dro. TamaSi ar aris Cveulebrivi, namdvili cxovreba,
patara bavSvmac ki icis, rom TamaSis dros yvelafers akeTebs viTom.
erTi mxriv, TamaSi aRiqmeba, rogorc araseriozuli, Sromis sapirispiro qceva
(gaixsene ufrosebis SeniSvna _ nu TamaSob, seriozulad dajeqi, saqmes akeTeb Tu
TamaSob?). TamaSis dros adamiani erToba, isevenebs da siamovnebas iRebs. swored
amitom TamaSoben aramarto bavSvebi, aramed zrdasruli adamianebic. TamaSi maTTvis
gantvirTvis saSulebaa.
meore mxriv, arsebobs sportuli TamaSis profesiuli
saxeobebi, magaliTad, fexburTi. fexburTelebi didi
energiisa da Sromis fasad cdiloben gaxdnen Cempionebi.
es maTTvis ara garToba, aramed seriozuli saqmea,
profesiaa (gaixsene gakveTili Sroma, profesia da hobi).
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, zogierTi TamaSi msoflio
masStabis gaxda, zogi ki mxolod adgilobriv
tradiciebSi SemorCa. sainteresoa, rom saqarTveloSi ZaRlebis TamaSi
arsebuli bevri uZvelesi TamaSi dRemde Semoinaxa.
qarTvelebis odeni sxvadasxvagvari saTamaSo TiTqmis arc erTs xalxs ar aqvs da
yovelgvari saTamaSoc uTuod iseTia, romelic Wkua-gonebasa da sxeuls swvrTnis,
avarjiSebs. yvelas ar CamogiTvliT aq, ... davasaxeleb mxolod burTaobas...
burTaobis dros Tvali, fexi, xeli, Tavi, tani da yoliferi Tanasworad eCveva
simardes. qarTul saTamaSoebs bavSvebi Tavis xeliT akeTeben, magaliTad, tafa-riks
TviTon gamosWrian xolme, Svildkodals ikeTeben, burTs Tavis xeliT amzadeben, da
es Sroma kidev ufro ayvarebs patara patrons Tavis sakuTrebas, _ ase ixsenebs akaki
wereTeli Tavisi bavSvobis sayvarel TamaSebs TxzulebaSi Cemi Tavgadasavali.
akaki wereTlis mier CamoTvlili TamaSebidan bevri aRar arsebobs, Tumca erT-erTi
maTgani _ burTaoba, romelsac meorenairad lelos uwodeben, dRemde SemorCa.

106

msoflio kultura

lelo dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli

sportis uZvelesi erovnuli saxeobaa. es aris
gunduri TamaSi burTiT. moTamaSeTa mizania burTis
mitana mowinaaRmdege gundis piriT xazTan da lelos
gatana. TamaSobda ubani ubanTan, sofeli sofelTan,
Temi TemTan. lelo sabrZolo momzadebis erT-erT
ZiriTad saSualebad iTvleboda. guria-samegreloSi
lelos dResac TamaSoben.
laxti
saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva
kuTxeSi
gavrcelebuli xalxuri TamaSia. moTamaSeebi iyofian
or gundad. Semoxazaven 6-8 nabijis siganis wres,
TamaSisaTvis saWiroa imdeni qamari, ramdeni wyvilic
TamaSobs. maT qamarze fexis dadgmis ufleba ar aqvT.
Tavdamsxmelebi garSemo uvlian da wridan laxtis
gamotacebas cdiloben. Tu erTi qamris xelSi Cagdeba
mainc moaxerxes, danarCenebs advilad gaitaceben,
radgan SeuZliaT gatacebuli qamriT damcvelebs
wvivebSi scemon da wridan sxva qamrebic gamoitanon.
aseve daSvebulia wridan damcvelis gamoTreva da
amiT misi TamaSidan gamoTiSva. roca yvela qamars
moitaceben, Tavdamsxmelebi iwyeben mowinaaRmdegeTa
axurebas _ qamrebiT muxls qvemoT cemas. damcvels
SeuZlia
metoqisaTvis
qamris
warTmeva
(ukan
dabrunebul qamars daagorgoleben da wris SuagulSi
dadeben), moieriSis wreSi SeTreva da TamaSidan
gamoTiSva, mowinaaRmdegis
CaWra _ muxlqveviT
terfis mortyma, rac mogebis tolfasia. amis Semdeg
rolebi icvleba da TamaSi Tavidan iwyeba.

lelo

laxti

sajildao qva

sajildao qvis aweva _ Sejibri qvis awevaSi _ saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi

gavrcelebuli sportis xalxuri saxeobaa. arsebobda sajildao qvis awevis
ramdenime safexuri: qaris gatareba, anu qvis miwidan aReba, muxlamde aweva, aweva da
nabijis gadadgma, mkerdamde aweva, Tavs zemoT aweva, Sekazmul cxenze gadagdeba.
dawesebuli iyo sxvadasxva jildo: vinc lods odnav mainc aacilebda miwas, xuTi
vercxliT unda dajildoebuliyo; vinc muxlamde awevda, erT muWa vercxls
uboZebdnen, xolo vinc mkerdamde aitanda, vercxliT qudis avsebas pirdebodnen
(giorgi SatberaSvili). svaneTSi, sofel kalis saTemoSi, me-11 saukunis kvirikes
salocavis ezoSi, kvirikoba dRes (28 ivlisi) imarTeboda Sejibreba sajildao qvis
awevaSi, romelsac baCa-liked erqva. zogierTi lodi daaxloebiT 140 kilorgams
iwonida, sajildao qvis awevaSi zogjer qalebic monawileobdnen, romlebic
SedarebiT mcire zomis lodebs eWidebodnen.

30.TamaSi

107

qarTuli kompiuteruli TamaSi `didi

qarTvelebi~ _ vaJa-fSavela

droTa ganmavlobaSi esa Tu is TamaSi formas

da, zogjer, Sinaarssac icvlis. magaliTad, dRes
gogonebi saxlobanas sxvanairad TamaSoben da
ara ise, rogorc maTi dedebi an bebiebi. Cndeba
axali TamaSebi. bevri maTgani kompiuteruli
teqnologiebis
ganviTarebas
ukavSirdeba
(gaixsene strategia gakveTilidan kulturis
universaliebi). sxvadasxva qveyanaSi iqmneba
cnobili kompiuteruli TamaSebis adgilobrivi
versiebi, magaliTad, saqarTveloSi arsebobs
seria didi qarTvelebi, romelTa naxva SegiZlia
misamarTze http://gm.ambebi.ge/

davaleba
1. gaixsene gakveTili socializacia da imsjele, ramdenad SeiZleba TamaSi
socializaciis agentad CaiTvalos?
2. moiZie informacia Sens kuTxeSi gavrcelebuli romelime Zveli TamaSis Sesaxeb.
TamaSoben Tu ara mas dRes?

108

msoflio kultura

31

dro
dro, TiTqos, adamianisgan damo
ukideblad arsebobs, ar eqvemdebareba
mis zemoqmedebas. warsuls, awmyosa da
momavals drois bunebriv monakveTebad
miviCnevT. magram, kargad Tu davak
virdebiT, dro iseTive kulturuli
artefaqtia,
rogoric,
magaliTad,
magida an saxli. yvela kultura droSi
arsebobs, magram TiToeuli kultura
gansxvavebulad
aRiqvams,
anawilebs
da
gamoxatavs
dros,
gansxvavebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebs an, zog SemTxvevaSi,
sruliadac uyuradRebod tovebs mas.

klefsidra

artefaqti (laT. arte _ xelovnuri,

factum - gakeTebuli) _ adamianis
naxelavi, mis mier Seqmnili an
gardaqmnili.

mzis saaTi

drois gazomva, misi msvlelobis Seswavla uZvelesi

droidan adamianis erT-erT mizans warmoadgenda.
amisaTvis mravali sxvadasxva xelsawyo Seiqmna _ mzis
saaTi, wylis saaTi (klefsidra), qviSis saaTi, meqanikuri
saaTi, eleqtronuli saaTi. istoriis manZilze saaTma
mniSvnelovani adgili daikava adamianis cxovrebaSi. dRes
Cven warmoudgenlad migvaCnia zedmiwevniT zusti drois
codnis gareSe arseboba, Tumca es yvela kulturaze
erTnairad ar iTqmis. zogi kultura met mniSvnelobas
aniWebs sizustes, punqtualurobas, saqmianobis droSi
ganawilebas da droulad Sesrulebas, zogi _ naklebs.
droisadmi damokidebulebaze miuTiTebs cxovrebis
tempic: dro, TiTqos, erTgan ufro swrafad midis,
vidre sxvagan. is kulturebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT
afaseben drois efeqtur gamoyenebas, cxovrebis maRali
tempiT xasiaTdeba; saaTi sacxovrebeli da samuSao
garemos aucilebeli atributia.

droisadmi gansakuTrebuli yurad

RebiT dasavluri kulturebi gamoirCeva,
Tumca, ra Tqma unda, yvela erTnairad
ara. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi cxovrebis wess dro karnaxobs,
cxovrebis tempi Zalian swrafia, xolo
safrangeTSi, italiaSi an, Tundac,
saqarTveloSi, SeiZleba, cxovreba droze
naklebad damokidebulad miviCnioT.
mzis saaTi, gelaTi

31.dro

109

sizustes iaponiaSi kidev ufro didi yuradReba

eqceva, vidre evropasa da amerikaSi. es cxadad Cans
iaponiis rkinigzis sistemis magaliTze: Tu evropaSi
dagvianeba niSnavs ganrigidan 15 wuTze met gadacdenas,
anu, Tu matarebeli 14 wuTs daagvianebs, es mainc
droulad iTvleba, iaponiaSi dasaSvebad miiCneva
ganrigSi miTiTebuli droidan mxolod erTi wuTis
farglebSi gadacdena.

wminda ieronime

mxatvari ios van kleve. me-16 saukune.

kaTolikuri eklesiis erT-erT
mamad miCneuli. wm. ieronime xSirad
gamoisaxeboda Tavis qalasTan
erTad. am naxatze Tavis qala, saaTi
(zeda marjvena kuTxeSi) da TiTqmis
Camwvari sanTeli amqveyniuri
cxovrebis swrafmavlobas gamoxatavs.

msoflio saaTi berlinSi

me-15 saukunis astronomiuli

saaTi praRaSi, CexeTi

110

citgloge, me-13 saukunis saaTi

bernSi, Sveicaria.

saaTis koSki sigiSoaraSi,

rumineTi

daaxloebiT 1000 wels abatma

herbertma (946-1003), romelic
Semdgom romis papi silvestr
II gaxda, gamoigona pirveli
meqanikuri saaTi. manve xeli
Seuwyo arabuli mecnierebis
miRwevebis, ariTmetikisa da
maTematikis gavrcelebas evropaSi,
xelaxla gaacno Tana
medroveebs
saangariSo
da
astronomiuli
xelsawyoebi,
romlebic antikuri periodis Semdgom daviwyebas
mieca. daaxloebiT me-12 saukunidan germaniaSi gaCnda
pirveli koSkis saaTebi, romlebiTac male mTeli
evropa daifara. qalaqis moednebze ganTavsebuli
saaTebi drois garkveul monakveTSi rekviT mTel
qalaqs auwyebdnen ara mxolod zust dros, aramed
axsenebdnen drois warmavlobasac.
xSirad saaTebi eklesiebzec keTdeboda da es
SemTxveviTi ar iyo: qristianuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad,
drois svlasTan erTad, ukanaskneli samsjavroc
axlovdeboda. es yvela qristians unda xsomeboda
yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da saqmianobaSi. ase rom,
saaTis rekva eklesiebis samrekloebidan ukanasknel
samsjavrosa da, masTan erTad, drois dasasrulsac
axsenebda Tavis mrevls.

msoflio kultura

samreklodan da minareTidan qristian da muslim morwmuneebs

locvis drois dadgomas auwyeben

saaTis koSki miunhenSi,

germania

kiTxva
l

erTi amerikeli mecnieris TqmiT, amerikuli xuTi wuTi meqsikur erT saaTs udris _
es is droa, romelic, daTqmul Sexvedraze dagvianebis SemTxvevaSi, bodiSis moxdas
gavaldebulebs. ra SemTxvevaSi vixdiT dagvianebisaTvis bodiSs saqarTveloSi?

davaleba
1. gaixsene drosTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva gamoTqma da axseni, droisadmi rogor
damokidebulebas asaxavs isini.
2. gamoikvlie, drois ra monakveTs gulisxmobs sityvebi axlave, male, xuT wuTSi,
axlaxan.
3. warmoidgine da imsjele adamianTa cxovrebaze meqanikuri da eleqtronuli saaTebis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
4. daakvirdi transportis moZraobis grafiks, miuTiTebs Tu ara droisadmi garkveul
damokidebulebaze sazogadoebaSi _ magaliTad, punqtualurobasa an drois
yairaTian moxmarebaze?

31.dro

111

damatebiTi informacia
cxovreba drois gareSe
braziliaSi, tropikul junglebSi mcxovrebi pirahas tomi daaxloebiT 350-400
adamians iTvlis. am tomis xalxi monadireobiTa da SemgroveblobiT aris dakavebuli.
isini sakuTar Tavs uwodeben hiaitihi, rac niSnavs marTalni, Seumcdarni.
pirahas kultura da ena unikaluria yvela arsebul kulturasa da yvela cocxal
enaTa Soris. es Taviseburebebi mecnierTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa da kamaTis
safuZveli gaxda.
amerikeli lingvisti daniel evereti, romelic 1970-ian wlebSi 7 wlis manZilze
cxovrobda pirahas xalxTan da aTeulobiT wlis manZilze ikvlevda maT enasa da
kulturas, miiCnevs, rom pirahas enis Seswavla ukiduresad rTulia. es Sefaseba
ucnaurad SeiZleba mogveCvenos, radgan pirahas ena mxolod 3 xmovansa da 8 Tanxmovans
Seicavs da leqsikuri TvalsazrisiTac erTob mwiria. Tumca, am enas axasiaTebs
tonalobebis, maxvilebis da marcvalTa sigrZis/xangrZlivobis uaRresad rTuli
mravalferovneba. amitom pirahas enaze molaparake adamians ise SeuZlia gamoTqvas
xmovnebi da Tanxmovnebi, rom saubari ufro metad stvenas, simReras an zuzuns
emsgavseba. garda amisa, pirahas enaSi zmnis struqturac uCveulod rTulia. am enis
unikaluroba, rogorc lingvistebi miiCneven, isaa, rom pirahas ena erTaderTia,
romelsac ar gaaCnia qvewyobili winadadeba. magram yvelaze uCveulo mainc is aris,
rom am enaSi saerTod ar arsebobs feris, ricxvebis, raodenobis (mxolod ramdenime
da meti), aseve droisa da warsulis aRmniSvneli sityvebi. zmnas ar aqvs warsuli dro.
ar arsebobs aranairi codna tomis warsulis Sesaxeb, pirahas xalxs ar hyavs gmirebi, ar
gaaCnia zepiri istoriebi winaprebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac uyvebian axalgazrda Taobas.
ar aqvT miTebi da samyaros SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuli warmodgenebi, arc xatvis
tradicia, romelic sxva kulturebSi damaxsovrebis
erT-erTi saSualebad miiCneva.

daniel evereti
amerikeli lingvisti

112

daniel evereti miiCnevs, rom ena kulturis mier

iqmneba, pirahas kulturas ki ar ainteresebs warsuli da
momavali, Sesabamisad, isini arc mis enaSi aisaxa. pirahas
kulturis arsi aris cxovreba aq da axla. erTaderTi,
rasac pirahasTvis mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes, aris
is, rac xdeba awmyoSi. awmyoSi cxovreba xsnis imasac,
rom maT ar aqvT miTebi samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb. maTi
azriT, yvelaferi, rac aris, yovelTvis iyo. ramdenadac
mniSvnelovani ar unda iyos awmyoSi momxdari movlena
Tu adamiani, is maleve miecema daviwyebas. pirahas
tomSi sul ramdenimes SeiZleba axsovdes, magaliTad,
Tavisi bebiebisa da babuebis saxeli. pirahas xalxi ar
interesdeba imiT, rasac uSualod ar xedavs an ganicdis,
maTTvis abstraqtuli ideebi ar aris mimzidveli _
yvelafers sagnobrivi Sesatyvisi unda moeZebnebodes.

msoflio kultura

magaliTad, maT maSinve dakarges interesi ieso qristes mimarT, rogorc ki gaiges,
rom is aravis unaxavs.
aseve gulgrilia piraha momavlis mimarTac. maTi saqmianoba tovebs STabeWdilebas,
rom isini ar zrunaven momavalze ise, rogorc amas vakeTebT Cven. Cveni TiToeuli
dRevandeli dRis mniSvnelovan nawils ikavebs fiqri da zrunva xvalindel dReze.
magram pirahas xalxi ase ar iqceva: magaliTad, isini arasodes imarageben sakvebs,
rasac moipoveben, maSinve iTviseben. isini ar iyeneben xorcis Sebolvis xerxs misi
Senaxvis mizniT, miuxedavad imisa, rom ician am xerxis Sesaxeb; fqvilsac mxolod
ramdenime dRis samyofs fqvaven.
cxadia, rodesac ar aris codna zusti ricxvebis, raodenobis, gamoTvlis Sesaxeb,
iq ver ganviTardeba codna drois Sesaxebac. Tu enaSi ar aris sityvebi ama Tu im ideis
gasaviTareblad, es ideebi ver Camoyalibdeba. Tumca, aris iseTi magaliTi, rodesac
varlpiris xalxma (avstralieli aborigenebi), romelTa raodenobis aRmniSvneli
sityvebi Semoifargleboda erTi, ori, bevri, iswavla Tvla inglisurad. magram
pirahas tomi aqac unikaluri aRmoCnda _ daniel evereti rva Tvis manZilze aswavlida
maT Tvlas portugaliurad, magram verc erTma maTganma ver iswavla Tvla aTamde.
d. evereti darwmunebulia, rom es ar miuTiTebs pirahas xalxis inteleqtualur
SesaZleblobebze, aramed imaze, rom isini, ubralod, ar miiCneven Tvlas da ricxvebs
saWirod Tavisi cxovrebisaTvis.
pirahas tomi ar cxovrobs garesamyarosgan izolirebulad, magram es maT cxovrebis
wesze gavlenas ar axdens. pirahas xalxi gamorCeviT konservatiulia. magaliTad
SeiZleba erTi istoria moviyvanoT. pirahas xalxi yoveldRiurad iyenebs kanoes (navs)
TevzaobisaTvis. rodesac kanoeebi Zveldeba da xmarebisaTvis uvargisi xdeba, mis
nacvlad isini, droebiT, xis qerqs iyeneben. amitom d. everetma moiyvana xelosani,
romelmac maT kanoes damzadeba aswavla. garkveuli drois Semdeg, rodesac maT kidev
dasWirdaT kanoe, pirahas xalxma ganacxada: piraha ar amzadebs kanoes!

diskusia
l

pirahas xalxis magaliTze, imsjeleT kulturisa da enis mimarTebis Sesaxeb drois

konteqstSi.

31.dro

113

32

cikluri da sworxazovani dro

albaT, TiToeul Tqvengans, weliwadSi erTxel mainc, uxdeba qalaqidan sofelSi

an soflidan qalaqSi wasvla. SeamCnevdiT, rom drois mniSvneloba sxvadasxvagvaria
urbanul da agrarul sivrceSi. qalaqSi drois yovel monakveTs garkveuli mniSvneloba
aqvs, magaliTad, swavla da samsaxuri yovelTvis konkretul dros iwyeba, Sesvenebac
saaTis mixedviT aris gawerili, imis miuxedavad, weliwadis ra droa da rogori amindia
ama Tu im dRes. sofelSi droisadmi damokidebuleba
gansxvavebulia: aq ufro meti mniSvneloba drois did
monakveTebs eniWeba, vidre wuTsa da wams. sofelSi,
sameurneo
saqmianobis
specifikidan
gamomdinare,
yuradReba eqceva weliwadis dros, ganTiads, naSuadRevs
an mwuxrs, cota vinme Tu akvirdeba saaTebsa da wuTebs
imis gasarkvevad, rodis garekos saqoneli saZovarze,
rodis mowvelos Zroxa, an rodis gavides mindorSi
samuSaod. samagierod, yuradReba eqceva aminds, imas,
romelime konkretul dRes wvims Tu Takara mzea.

davaleba
l

imsjele, sofelSi maRviZaras ise aqtiurad iyeneben, rogorc qalaqSi?

mecnierebi ganasxvaveben
drois
orgvar
aRqmas
_
ciklurs/wriuls
da
sworxazovans.
pirveli
gagebis
mixedviT,
dro
ganmeorebadi
ciklebis
monacvleobaa.
drois
aseTi gageba damaxasiaTe
beli iyo mravali Zveli
kulturisaTvis, magaliTad
actekebis wriuli formis
kalendari
egvipturi, Suamdinaruli, kalaCakra _ `drois borbali~
induisturi da budisturi
induri da sxva. aseTi aRqma religiisa da filosofiisaTvis
drois bunebrivi ciklebis (magaliTad, weliwadis droebi, damaxasiaTebeli koncefciaa,
okeanis miqceva da moqceva, mdinarebSi wylis donis romlis mixedviT dro
cikluria da ganmeorebadi
cvalebadoba, mTvaris ciklebi da a.S.) monacvleobas da periodebisagan Sedgeba
mudmiv ganmeorebadobas eyrdnoboda. sazogadoebebi,
romlebic drois cikluri aRqmiT xasiaTdeba, naklebad zrunavs warsulis Senaxvasa
da damaxsovrebaze, radgan, maTi azriT, amqveynad yvelaferi meordeba. Sesabamisad,
momavalic ar aris zrunvis sagani, radgan iqac yvelaferi winaswar gansazRvrulia.
cikluri drois kulturebi, umTavresad, awmyoze arian orientirebuli.

114

msoflio kultura

droisadmi damokidebuleba, iseve rogorc kulturis sxva maxasiaTeblebi, enaSi

vlindeba. qarTulSi sityva win asocirdeba momavalTan, xolo ukan _ warsulTan.
rodesac adamianis gamxneveba gvinda, mas veubnebiT _ ukan nu moixedav, yovelTvis
win iyureo. amiT vgulisxmobT, rom igi warsulisgan unda gaTavisufldes da
momavalze izrunos. magram, amasTanave, qarTul enaSi gvaqvs sityvebi _ guSinwin,
winaT, ramdenime wlis win _ romlebic warsul dros ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad, aq
SeiZleba davinaxoT dros cikluri aRqmis magaliTi, rodesac warsuli da momavali
erTi mTlianobaa da rac winaT _ warsulSi iyo, is dagvxvdeba win _ momavalSic.
drois
cikluri
aRqma
gansakuTrebiT
damaxasiaTebelia
im
sazogadoebebisaTvis,
romelTa cxovreba da saqmianoba mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli drois bunebriv ciklebTan.
urbanul sivrceSi ki, sadac saqmianobis sxva
sferoebi ganviTarda (magaliTad, vaWroba,
xelosnoba, warmoeba), droisadmi gansxvavebuli
damokidebuleba Camoyalibda. aseTi gageba
gulisxmobs
dros,
rogorc
sworxazovans,
wrfivs, romelsac aqvs dasabami da dasasruli
an, sulac, usasruloa. aseTi dro Seuqcevadia,
misi
dabruneba
SeuZlebelia,
Sesabamisad,
warsulSi Cadenili qmedebebic ar eqvemdebareba
cvlilebebs.

qarTuli borjRali mzis simboloa,

romelic, amasTanave, drois wrebrunvas
gamoxatavs. es simbolo gamosaxulia
uZvelesi periodis ritualur da
sayofacxovrebo nivTebze, Sua
saukuneebis arqiteqturul Zeglebze
da Tanamerove saxelmwifo da sxva
simbolikaSi

davaleba
l

Zveli berZeni tragikosis agaTonis (Zv.w. 448-400) sityviT, erTaderTi ram aris
miuwvdomeli RmerTisTvis: Secvalos warsuli.

Seni azriT, drois aRqmis romel koncefcias gamoxatavs agaTonis sityvebi?

amgvarad, sworxazovani
drois koncefciis far
glebSi, drois swrafi svla
Zalian mZafrad ganicdeba.
warsuli
mkafiod
aris
gamijnuli
momavlisagan.
iwyeba zrunva imisaTvis,
rom samudamod gasuli
warsuli daviwyebas ar
mieces _ iqmneba istoria.
amasTanave, drois swor
xazovani gageba gulisxmobs,

32. cikluri da sworxazovani dro

istoriuli drois xazi, romelic xazovani drois koncefcias

gamoxatavs

115

rom momavali adamianebze, maT saqmianobazea damokidebuli, rac naklebad SeiniSneba

cikluri drois koncefciaSi.
droisadmi damokidebulebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben, erTi mxriv, sazogadoebebs,
romelic tradiciebis SenarCunebisaken arian midrekili da, meore mxriv, sazogadoebebs,
romlebic siaxleebis damkvidrebas aniWeben upiratesobas.

davaleba
1. imsjele, Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli drois aRqma cikluria Tu
sworxazovani.
2. moiZie informacia qarTuli xalxuri dResaswaulebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
dakavSirebulia sezonuri ciklebis monacvleobasTan.
3. sworxazovani drois idea bibliidan iRebs saTaves. Tumca bibliis teqstebis
sxvadasxva monakveTSi drois rogorc cikluri, ise sworxazovani koncefcia
vlindeba. waikiTxe fragmentebi eklesiastes wignidan da imsjele masSi asaxul
drois aRqmaze.
4. daakvirdi mocemul koordinatTa sistemas da imsjele, rogor aris asaxuli enaSi
drosTan damokidebuleba.

116

msoflio kultura

damatebiTi informacia
aRmoxdeba mze da Cadis igi, ubrundeba Tavis adgils da kvlav iqidan amobrwyindeba.
samxreTisaken mihqris qari, gabrundeba CrdiloeTisken; brunavs, brunavs, mihqris
qari da ubrundeba isev Tavis wres.
yvela mdinare zRvebisaken miedineba, zRva ki mainc ar aRivseba; mdinareni saiTkenac
miedinebodnen, kvlavac iqiTken miedinebian.
rac yofila, igive iqneba da rac momxdara, igive moxdeba; araferia mzis qveS axali.
naxaven rasme da ityvian: aha, axali. [magram] esec yofila Cvens winare saukuneSi.
yovelives Tavis dro aqvs da yvelafers Tavisi Jami am cisqveSeTSi.
Jami Sobisa da Jami sikvdilisa; Jami danergvisa da Jami dangreulis aRmofxvrisa.
Jami mokvdinebisa da Jami gankurnebisa; Jami ngrevisa da Jami Senebisa.
Jami tirilisa da Jami sicilisa; Jami glovisa da Jami lxinisa.
Jami qvaTa mimofantvisa da Jami maTi Segrovebisa; Jami mijnurTa paemanisa da Jami
maTi gayrisa.
Jami povnisa da Jami dakargvisa; Jami Senaxvisa da Jami gaflangvisa.
Jami darRvevisa da Jami Sekervisa; Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa.
Jami siyvarulisa da Jami siZulvilisa; Jami omisa da Jami mSvidobisa.
yovelive erT adgils miva; yvelaferi miwisganaa da yvelaferi miwad iqceva.
eklesiaste

32. cikluri da sworxazovani dro

117

33

ena, niSanTa sistemebi

komunikacia (laT. communicare _

sayovelTaod gaxdoma) _ aris
kavSiris damyarebis, codnis an
informaciis gadacemis procesi
or an mraval individs, jgufs Tu
kulturas Soris.

sxva
biologiuri
saxeobebisagan
adamians, upirvelesad, ena da metyvelebis
unari gamoarCevs. misi meSveobiT adamianebi
erTmaneTTan urTierTobas amyareben. ena
informaciis dagrovebis, swavlebisa da
swavlis, TanamSromlobis, gamocdilebis
gadacemis yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa.
cxovelTa sakomunikacio sistemebisagan
ena, pirvel rigSi, imiT gansxvavdeba, rom
adamiani mas biologiuri memkvidreobis
saxiT ki ar iRebs, aramed swavlobs.
Sesabamisad, enobrivi komunikacia, TiTqmis
srulad, swavlebazea dafuZnebuli.
ena, rogorc komunikaciis ZiriTadi
saSualeba,
kacobriobis
evoluciis
Sedegad Camoyalibda. igi ar gaCenila uceb,
istoriis erT konkretul etapze, aramed
aTaswleulebis manZilze viTardeboda.
ganviTarebis romeliRac safexurze Cvenma
winaprebma daiwyes bgerebis kombinireba.
gaCnda danawevrebuli metyveleba. bgeriTi
sistemebi, romlebsac Cveni winaprebi
iyenebdnen, TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda
enebad.

Sen ukve ici, ra aris simbolo, sagnebisa da movlenebis

simbolizaciis unari, rasac adamianis unikalur
Tvisebad miiCneven. cnobili germaneli filosofosis
ernst kasireris azriT, adamiani simboloTa badiT aris
SemosazRvruli da am badeSi, miTosTan, xelovnebasTan,
religiasTan erTad, enas wamyvani adgili uWiravs. ena
simboloTa sistemaa. am simboloebis _ sityvebis _
mniSvneloba gaziarebulia konkretuli sazogadoebis
wevrTa mier, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gasagebia am
sazogadoebis wevrebisaTvis. rogorc enaTmecnierebi
varaudoben, dRes msoflioSi daaxloebiT 5-6 aTas
sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben. metyvelebis unari,
romelic enis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, adamianis
damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi umTavresi niSania, romlis
saSualebiT gamovTqvamT azrebs, sityvieri formiT
gamovxatavT grZnobebs.

118

ernst kasireri

msoflio kultura

istoriul da socialur cvlilebebTan erTad, ena

mudmivad viTardeba. Cndeba axali sityvebi, icvleba
maTi mniSvneloba. magaliTad, regveni Zvel qarTulSi
axalgazrdasa da gamoucdels niSnavda, dRes ki sulelis,
briyvis mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. icvleba ara marto
literaturuli ena, aramed yofiTi metyvelebac:
Jargoni, romelsac Tqveni mSoblebi iyenebdnen, SesaZloa,
TqvenTvis sruliad gaugebari iyos da piriqiT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ena kulturis saxlia: igi
asaxavs kulturaSi arsebul yvela
warmodgenas,
Sexedulebas, damokidebulebas, tradicias. TiToeuli
Cvengani samyaros aRiqvams mSobliuri enis meSveobiT,
romelSic Tavmoyrilia TaobaTa codna da gamocdileba.

me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi, roca ivane javaxiSvili, TanamoazreebTan

erTad, qarTuli universitetis daarsebisaTvis iRvwoda, qarTuli samecniero
terminologia, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobda. misi Seqmna universitetis mecnierTa
pirveli Taobebis damsaxurebaa. Cven unda CamovayaliboT mecnieruli
WeSmaritebani im enaze, romelzec gavigoneT dedis alersi da warmovTqviT
pirveli sityva. es iqneba im didi kulturis aRorZineba, romelic winaprebma
dagvitoves, aRniSnavda universitetis pirveli reqtori petre meliqiSvili.
swored am droidan damkvidrda mecnierebasa da yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi dRes
farTod gavrcelebuli terminebi _ Jangbadi, wyalbadi, mJava, tute, naerTi,
zeJangi, rkinigza, uReltexili, gantoleba, asanTi da sxva.
axal terminebs, qarTuli enis bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qmnidnen ilia WavWavaZe
da me-19 saukunis sxva qarTveli moRvaweebi. magaliTad, iliam daamkvidra sityvebi:
Sinaarsi, TvalTaxedva, uaryofa, ufleba, mmarTveloba, rwmuneba, kacobrioba,
erovneba, mTavroba da zogi sxva, akakis ekuTvnis Sexmatkbileba, gaiZvera, bobola,
niko nikolaZes _ liandagi, orTqlmavali. am sityvebis nawili Zveli qarTulidan
iyo aRebuli, nawili iqmneboda arsebuli Zirebis gamoyenebiT.
adamianebi aseve xSirad iyeneben niSanTa
piqtograma (laT. pictos _ daxatuli,
enas. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba is sistemebic,
berZn. grama _ Canaweri) _ pirobiTi
romlebiTac
smenadaqveiTebuli
da
niSani, naxati;
metyvelebis unars moklebuli adamianebi
piqtografia _ xatovani damwerloba.
sargebloben komunikaciis procesSi. es
sistemebi moicavs sabaziso
Jestebis
SezRudul raodenobas, romelic salaparako enaSi gamoyenebul bgerebs Seesabameba.
maTi kombinirebis Sedegad yalibdeba sityvebi da mniSvnelobebi.
arsebobs saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli niSanTa sistemebi, romelTa gareSe
Tanamedrove msoflioSi adamianTa urTierToba Zalian Zneli iqneboda. isini
Tanabrad gasagebia qarTvelisa da frangisTvis, Cinelisa da brazilielisTvis _

33.ena, niSanTa sistemebi

119

yvelasTvis, visac saqmiani an diplomatiuri

misiiT, saswavleblad, samuSaod Tu turistad
mogzauroba uwevs. am niSnebs piqtogramebs
uwodeben.
da bolos, niSanTa sistemebs ganekuTvneba
sxvadasxva
mecnierebaSi
gamoyenebuli
simboloebi, sanoto sistema, morzes anbani da
sxva, romelTac aseve sayovelTaod aRiarebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs.
sanoto niSnebi

saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli
niSnebi _ piktogramebi

sagzao niSnebi

120

maTematikuri simboloebi

msoflio kultura

kiTxva
l

niSanTa kidev romel sistemebs icnob?

davaleba

davaleba
1. moifiqre da moiZie qarTuli sityvebi, romelTa mniSvneloba droTa ganmavlobaSi
Seicvala.
2. CamoTvale dRes gamoyenebuli sityvebi, romlebic ucvlelad gadmovida sxva
enebidan.

33.ena, niSanTa sistemebi

121

34

enis `tyveobaSi~

kodireba _ procesi, romlis

Sedegad informacia gardaiqmneba
simboloebad da konkretuli
mniSvnelobis matarebeli xdeba.

ena nebismieri kulturis aucilebeli

komponentia. adamiani samyaros swored
enis meSveobiT aRiqvams da enisave
meSveobiT qmnis mis suraTs; rogorc
mecnierebi amboben, enaSi kodirebulia
arsebuli sinamdvile. ras niSnavs es?
mivmarToT magaliTs.

Cven ferad samyaroSi vcxovrobT _ xiluli sinamdvile uamravi feris sagnebisa Tu

sivrceebis saxiT gvexateba. magram fizikosisaTvis feri _ es aris sxvadasxva sixSiris
eleqtromagnituri gamosxiveba, e.w. speqtri, romelsac aRiqvams adamianis Tvali da
Sesabamis signalebs gadascems tvins. tvini ki miRebul informacias ferebad alagebs
_ garkveuli sixSiris talRebs erT ferad aRiqvams, sxvas _ sxva ferad. magram ra
fers ra saxeli daerqvas, amas tvins ena karnaxobs. qarTul da bevr sxva enaSi Svidi
ZiriTadi feris aRmniSvneli sityva arsebobs: wiTeli, narinjisferi, yviTeli, mwvane,
cisferi, lurji, iisferi. magram zog enebSi ZiriTad ferTa ricxvi sxvaa. arsebobs
enebi, romlebSic mTeli speqtri sul or feradaa dayofili. es ar niSnavs, rom amgvar
enebze molaparake adamianebi Cvenze uaresad arCeven ferebs; ubralod, maTi enebi
sxvanairad axdenen samyaros erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTeblis _ feris _
kodirebas.
adamianisTvis imdeni feri arsebobs, ramdenis aRmniSvneli sityvac aris mis
mSobliur enaSi. cnobilia, rom inglisurSi ferebis aRmniSvneli naklebi sityvaa,
vidre zogierT sxva enaSi, Tundac qarTulSi. Tu qarTulSi cisfer da lurj ferebs
vasxvavebT, inglisurSi es ori feri erTi sityviT (blue) aRiniSneba.
gadavinacvloT Tvalidan yurze. mTel msoflioSi mamlebi daaxloebiT erTnairad
yivian, magram qarTulad molaparakeebs es yivili gvesmis rogorc yiy-li-yo,
ingliselebs qoq-e-dudl-du, rusebs _ ku-ka-re-ku, Cinelebs _ go-ge-go-go,
sparselebs _ qu-qu-li-qu, somxebs _ wu-Rru-Ru, filipinelebs _ tik-ti-la-ok
da a.S. rogorc xedav, yvela am mibaZviT sityvaSi raRac saerToa, magram gansxvavebac
bevria; es imis maCvenebelia, rom sxvadasxva enaSi erTi da igive mocemulobis (Cvens
SemTxvevaSi _ mamlis yivilis) kodireba SeiZleba gansxvavebulad moxdes.
rasakvirvelia, zemoTqmuli exeba ara marto ferebsa da bgerebs, aramed ufro
rTul cnebebsa da faseulobebs; sabolood ki gamodis, rom ena Tavisebur tyveobaSi
aqcevs adamians _ igi iZulebulia, ise aRiqvas sinamdvile, rogorc amas ena karnaxobs,
rogorc es sinamdvile kodirebulia enaSi.

122

msoflio kultura

sainteresoa evropuli klasikuri nawarmoebebis _ msoflio literaturis

Sedevrebis _ Targmanebi sxvadasxva (ZiriTadad aRmosavlur) enaze. mTargmnelebi
iZulebuli iyvnen, gaeTvaliswinebinaT ama Tu im enis da, Sesabamisad, kulturis
Taviseburebebi Targmanis Sesrulebis dros, sxvagvarad mkiTxvels misi aRqma
gauWirdeboda. amgvarad Seiqmna originaluri saxelwodebebis nawarmoebebi,
romelTa dedanTan dakavSireba, erTi SexedviT, Zalian rTulia. ai, ramdenime
maTgani: hariet biCer sTous biZia Tomas qoxi Cinurad ase iTargmna _ Savi mona
cas SehRaRadebs; servantesis don kixoti _ raindi satanis cxovrebis aRwerad
iqca; iaponiaSi gamocemul puSkinis kapitnis qaliSvils grZeli da poeturi
saxeli daerqva _ yvavilis guli da peplis suli. saocari ambebi ruseTidan; lev
tolstois omi da mSvidobis saTauris Targmani ki Semdegnairia: yvavilTa glova
da mwuxare tirifebi, anu saSineli brZolebis sisxliani nakvalevi CrdiloeT
evropaSi.
rogorc ukve ici, ena komunikaciis ZiriTadi saSualebaa. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi
am funqcias ar asrulebs, an nawilobriv asrulebs, rTulia sazogadoebaze, rogorc
mTlian da unikalur organizmze saubari. amis naTeli magaliTi Cveni qveynis istoriaSic
gvxvdeba: swored qarTuli enis funqciis problema afiqrebdaT Tergdaleulebs me19 saukunis 60-iani wlebSi. ilia da misi Tanamoazreebi miiCnevdnen, rom am periodamde
arsebuli saliteraturo qarTuli ena sazogadoebis mxolod mcire nawilisTvis _
aristokratiisTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi. es, Tavis mxriv, arTulebda socialur fenebs
Soris komunikacias, rac sazogadoebis erTianobis safuZvelia. TergdaleulTa
iniciativiT gatarda enis reforma, xmarebidan amoiRes ramdenime aso-niSani, riTac
igi gacilebiT moqnili da yvelasTvis misawvdomi gaxda. qarTuli enis is forma,
romelzec dRes Cven vsaubrobT da vwerT, am epoqidan iRebs saTaves. Tu Seadareb enis
reformamde da reformis Semdeg daweril poetur da prozaul nimuSebs, gansxvavebas
TvalnaTliv dainaxav.
bibliuri Tqmuleba babilonis godolis
Sesaxeb gadmogvcems, Tu rogor alaparakdnen
adamianebi sxvadasxva enaze. mecnierebma
ar ician enis warmoSobis zusti dro. ar
viciT, hqonda Tu ara rodesme kacobriobas
saerTo ena. miuxedavad imisa, rom arseboben
monaTesave
enebi,
TiToeuli
maTgani
unikaluri da TviTmyofadia. lingvistebi
miuTiTeben, rom erTi enis sxvadasxva
variantis Camoyalibebaze did gavlenas
piter breigeli (1525-1569). babilonis
axdens konkretuli kultura. magaliTad,
godoli.
inglisuri mSobliuri enaa ingliselebisa
da amerikelebisaTvis, avstralielebisa da
samxreT afrikelebisaTvis, magram isini am enis sagrZnoblad gansxvavebul versiebs
iyeneben.

34.enis `tyveobaSi~

123

eduard sepiri

mSobliuri enis kategoriebi, gramatikuli formebi

da leqsikuri maragi gansazRvravs adamianis azrovnebas,
mis qcevas da garesamyarosadmi damokidebulebas.
es mosazreba cnobil amerikel mecnierebs eduard
sepirsa (1884-1939) da benjamen li uorfs (1897-1941)
ekuTvnis. ena gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor yalibdeba
da gamoixateba azri. Cven ar SegviZlia viazrovnoT
sakuTari enis miRma, CvenTvis samyaro iseTia,
rogoradac misi aRqmis SesaZleblobas ena gvaZlevs.
magaliTad, im xalxis enaSi, sadac Zlieri naTesauri
kavSirebi arsebobs, naTesavis aRmniSvneli bevri
sxvadasxva sityvaa. Tu qarTulSi ganvasxvavebT deidas,
mamidas, bicolas, inglisurSi maT mxolod erTi sityviT
moixsenieben _ aunt. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mazlTan
da qvislTan, an rZalTan da mulTan dakavSirebiT,
inglisur enaSi msgavsi dayofa ar gvxvdeba, yvela
maTgans aRniSnaven sityvebiT brother-in-law da sisterin-law.

b. uorfi ikv
levda CrdiloeT
amerikis adgilob
riv mosaxleobas,
kerZod, amerikeli
indielebis toms
_ hopis. man aRmo
benjamen li uorfi
aCina, rom am tomis
enaSi ar moiZebneba
sxvadasxva droiTi kategoriis aRmniSvneli
gramatikuli formebi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
maT ar aqvT sityvebi, romlebic aRniSnaven
warsuls, awmyos da momavals. es faqti gviC
venebs, rom hopis tomis warmomadgenlebs dro
isadmi friad Taviseburi damokidebuleba aqvT.

hopis tomi

amgvarad, Cven sakuTari enis erTgvar tyveobaSi vimyofebiT. SeiZleba Tu ara

am tyveobisagan Tavis daRweva? ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba. yoveli axali enis Seswavla
axali samyaros Secnobaa, rac avsebs da afarToebs adamianis msoflmxedvelobas.
erTi sityviT, rogorc didma germanelma poetma goeTem Tqva, ramdeni enac ici,
imdeni kaci xar.

124

msoflio kultura

enis codna ar niSnavs mxolod sityvebis mniSvnelobisa da gramatikis wesebis

daswavlas. magaliTad, iranSi dRemde arsebobs zrdilmetyvelebis metad
Taviseburi instituti, e. w. Taarofi, romelic gulisxmobs da gvaswavlis imas,
Tu ra pasuxi unda miagebo SenTvis naTqvam komplimentsa Tu keTil sityvas. Tu es
ar ici, sparsuli rac ar unda kargad icode, iraneli, rogorc uzrdels, laparaks
didxans mainc ar gagibams. magaliTad: roca geubnebian, rom sparsulad kargad
laparakob an lamazad gamoiyurebi, Sen ueWvelad unda uTxra: Tqveni Tvalebi
lamazad xedaveno. an kidev: roca romelime qalbatoni SemTxveviT zurgiT
aRmoCndeba da amis gamo sazogadoebas bodiSs mouxdis, rogorc wesi, zrdilobiani
kaci miugebs: ras brZanebT, qalbatono, vards zurgi da piri ara aqvso!
giorgi lobJaniZe, aRmosavleTmcodne

kiTxva
l

ramdeni sxvadasxva sityviT aRiniSneba qarTulsa da SenTvis cnobil romelime sxva

enaSi wvima? ganTiadi? Seni azriT, raze miuTiTebs es gansxvaveba?

davaleba
1. saskolo programidan gaixsene me-19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi qarTveli
mwerlebisa da poetebis mier Seqmnili nawarmoebebi (magaliTad, qarTvel
romantikosTa leqsebi) da Seadare isini Tergdaleulebis (i. WavWavaZe, a.
wereTeli da sxva) nawarmoebebs. imsjele maT Soris arsebul enobriv msgavsebebsa da
gansxvavebebze.
2. waikiTxe sareklamo sloganebi da ecade axsna, ram gamoiwvia aseTi paradoqsuli
Targmanebi? romeli faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba gamorCaT sareklamo kampaniis
dros?
kentukis Semwvari qaTmebi CineTSi. slogani _TiTebs Caikvnet, iseTi gemrielia _
iTargmna ase : moiWame Seni TiTebi.
pepsi taivanSi. slogani: gamococxldi pepsis TaobasTan erTad gardaiqmna frazad:
pepsi gaacocxlebs Sens winaprebs.
sigareti salemi iaponiaSi. slogani: salemi _ SeigrZeni Tavisufleba. Targmani:
salemis mowevisas ise gamococxlebulad grZnob Tavs, TiTqos Seni goneba
Tavisufali da carielia.
fordis avtomobili kaliente meqsikaSi. rodesac aRmoCnda, rom manqanebi ar
iyideboda, kompaniam gaarkvia, rom caliente Jargoni iyo da meZavs aRniSnavda.
jeneral motorsis avtomobilma nova seriozuli fiasko ganicada centralur da
samxreT amerikaSi. espanurad no va niSnavs is ar dadis.
amerikis aviaxazebma gadawyvita pirveli klasis salonis tyavis savarZlebis reklamireba
meqsikur bazarze. slogani ifrine tyavSi (Fly in leather) sityvasityviT gadaTargmnes,
es ki espanurad niSnavs ifrine SiSvelma (vuela en cuero).

34.enis `tyveobaSi~

125

35

araverbaluri komunikacia

adamianisTvis ena ar aris komunikaciis erTaderTi saSualeba. urTierTobis

procesSi mosaubris ganwyoba, garda sityvebisa, mimikiT, JestebiT da sxva niSnebiT
gamoixateba. mniSvnelovania ara marto is, Tu ra aris naTqvami, aramed isic, Tu rogor
aris naTqvami. Cven viyenebT komunikaciis verbalur (sityvier) da araverbalur gzebs,
raTa gamovxatoT enTuziazmi, mowyeniloba, mwuxareba, mxiaruleba da a.S. kultura
gvaswavlis garkveul manerebs da stils, romelic Tan unda axldes ama Tu im saxisa
da Sinaarsis saubars.
zogierTi
emocia,
magaliTad
_
sixaruli, mwuxareba, gaoceba, SiSi,
gabrazeba, sevda _ yvela kulturaSi
met-naklebad
erTnairad
gamoixateba
da aRiqmeba. magram sxvadasxva kultura
gansxvavebulad
gansazRvravs
imas,
Tu ramdenad TavSekavebiT an Riad
unda gamoixatos emociebi. magaliTad,
zogierTi sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi
mxiarulebas, sxvebTan SedarebiT, ufro
TavSekavebulad gamoxataven; zogierT
kulturaSi kacebi naklebad icinian,
vidre qalebi. Rimilis da moRuSvis
xangrZlivoba gavlenas axdens adamianebis
garegnobasa da ierze (magaliTad, saxeze
naoWebis sixSireze da a.S.). erTTaTvis
ufro
mravlismetyvelia
mosaubris
Tvalebi, meoreni met yuradRebas aqceven
warbebis an piris moZraobas.
SenTan sasaubro maqvs, _ mimarTavs aRmosavleli mamakaci amerikel meuRles.
_ SeiZleba raRac gkiTxo?
_ ra Tqma unda.
_ xandaxan, roca me da Sen vsaubrobT, Sen laparaks wyvet, kbilebs maCveneb,
Tvalebs Wutav da mere isev agrZeleb laparaks. ai, ase _ da igi cdilobs mimikis
gameorebas.
_ mere ra? ase Cems bednier da xalisian ganwyobas gamovxatav, mixaria, rom
erTad varT da sasiamovno Temebze vsaubrobT.
_ uh! _ SvebiT amoisunTqa kacma. _ me ki megona, es tiki1 iyo da SeiZleboda Cvens
Svilebze gadasuliyo. TqvenSi es normalurad iTvleba? es iseTi arabunebrivia!
1

tiki _ gaukontrolebeli, uneblie moZraoba an qmedeba

126

msoflio kultura

bevr kulturaSi Tavis vertikaluri moZraoba

ar niSnavs raimeze Tanxmobas, iseve rogorc
horizontaluri moZraoba yovelTvis ar aRniSnavs
raimes uaryofas (magaliTad, bulgarelebTan da
sxva xalxebTan Tavis aseTi moZraoba, Cvengan
gansxvavebiT, Tanxmobas gamoxatavs). brazilielebi
sakuTar uaryofiT damokidebulebas TiTis
daqneviT gamoxataven. amerikelebi da bevri
sxva
kulturis
warmomadgenlebi
raimeze
misaTiTeblad TiTebs iyeneben, madagaskaris
macxovreblebi ki tuCebis moZraobiT uTiTeben.
rogor amyareben erTmaneTTan urTierTobas
cxovelebi? rogor gadascemen isini informacias?
Jesti,
mimika
da
sxeulis
moZraoba,
rac adamianisaTvis komunikaciis damxmare
saSualebaa, cxovelebisaTvis urTierTobis erTerTi mTavari formaa. magaliTad, ZaRlebi kudis
qiciniT keTilganwyobas gamoxataven, kbilebis
dakreWiT _ muqaras, mamali farSevangi kudis
gaSliT mdedris moxiblvas cdilobs, mdedri
cicinaTelebi mamrebis mosaxiblad ganaTebis
sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTaven. futkrebi
gzavnian mzveravebs, romlebic eZeben
neqtriT mdidar adgilebs; skaSi dabrunebis
Semdeg
isini
asruleben
moZraobebs,
romelsac Cven futkrebis cekvas vuwodebT.
mzveravebi saocari sizustiT gadascemen
muSa-futkrebs sakvebis adgilmdebareobas,
agreTve
imas,
Tu
ramdeni
sawvavi
daexarjebaT maT iq misaRwevad: skidan
gamofrenamde muSa-futkrebi aucileblad
iReben sazrdod garkveuli raodenobis
Tafls, raTa Zalebi moikribon.
garda amisa, cxovelebi komunikaciisaTvis
bgeriT sistemebsac iyeneben, isini moicaven
bgeraTa
garkveul
raodenobas.
adamianis
msgavsi maimunebis bgeriTi sistemebi SedarebiT
srulyofilia, Tumca maT SeZaxilebs sityvebad
ver miviCnevT.

35.araverbaluri komunikacia

127

maimunebisTvis salaparako enis

swavlebis mcdelobebma aCvena, rom
maTi enobrivi SesaZleblobebi mwiria.
1950-ian wlebSi amerikelTa ojaxma
gazarda
Simpanze,
saxelad
viki,
rogorc sakuTari ojaxis wevri, magram,
miuxedavad amisa, man mxolod oTxi
sityvis daswavla SeZlo (mama, papa,
up da cup).

Simpanzeebs da gorilebs aqvT elementaruli enobrivi SesaZleblobebi.

mecnierTa mier Catarebuli cdebi aCvenebs, rom maT SeuZliaT Jestebis enis
safuZvlebis Seswavla da gamoyeneba, Tumca es adamianebis Carevis Sedegad xdeba
da ara bunebrivad. magaliTad, gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi Simpanzes Seaswavles
amerikuli niSnebis ena, pirvel etapze Simpanzem TandaTanobiT Seiswavla 100-ze
meti niSani, romlebic inglisuri sityvebis analogebs warmoadgendnen, Semdeg ki,
maTi kombinirebis Sedegad, SeZlo elementaruli winadadebebis awyoba. gabrazebisas
igi iyenebda SeZenil codnas da sxva maimunebs Seuracxmyofeli gamoTqmebiT
mimarTavda, magaliTad - binZuri maimunebi da a.S. Tanamedrove eqsperimentebma
cxadyo, rom maimunebs SeuZliaT iswavlon enis calkeuli elementebi, magram ara
saubari.

kiTxva
1. ra emocias gamoxatavs
TiToeul suraTze
gamosaxuli mimika?
2. zoologiis kursidan
da mxatvruli
literaturidan
gaixsene, ra saSualebebs
iyeneben cxovelebi
komunikaciisaTvis.
3. SeuZlia Tu ara cxovels
adamianTan komunikacia?
moiyvane amis magaliTebi.

128

msoflio kultura

davaleba
1. moswavleebi iyofian jgufebad. TiToeuli jgufi warmoadgens patara siuJets
Jestebis gamoyenebiT, danarCenma jgufebma unda amoicnon Sinaarsi.
2. moZebne mxatvrul literaturaSi araverbaluri komunikaciis gamoyenebis
epizodebi da amowere isini rveulSi.

damatebiTi informacia
ram SeiZleba gamoiwvios gaugebroba sxva kulturis
warmomadgenelTan urTierTobaSi
l

zemoT aweuli cera TiTi msoflios zogierT nawilSi niSnavs _ yvelaferi kargadaa,
maSin rodesac zogierT muslimur qveyanaSi (aseve sardiniaSi) is aRiqmeba, rogorc
Seuracxymyofeli niSani. safrangeTSi da zogierT evropul qveyanaSi zemoT
mimarTuli cera TiTi aRniSnavs erTs, maSin rodesac sxva qveynebSi erTis
gamosaxatad saCvenebeli TiTi gamoiyeneba. indoeTsa da indoneziaSi ki is niSnavs
_ gisurveb yovelive saukeTesos.

yvelaferi kargadaa dasavleT evropis qveynebSi xSirad gamoixateba SeerTebuli

cera da saCvenebeli TiTiT, romlebic kravs aso O-s. koreaSi da iaponiaSi ki es
niSnavs axla droa fulze vilaparakoT, samxreT safrangeTSi aRniSnavs arafers,
raRacas, rasac ar aqvs Rirebuleba. saberZneTsa, TurqeTsa da braziliaSi es
Jesti vulgarulad miiCneva.

amerikaSi da arabul qveynebSi pauzebi sityvebs Soris ar aris xangrZlivi,

indoeTSi, indoneziasa da iaponiaSi ki gaxangrZlivebuli siCume savsebiT misaRebia.
iq fuWad molaparake cudad aRzrdil adamianad miiCneva, romelsac uWirs Tavis
gakontroleba.

sicili TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi dakavSirebulia bednierebasa da mxiarulebasTan,

xolo iaponiaSi is xSirad dabneulobisa da daucvelobis gancdas gamoxatavs.

bevr kulturaSi, ufrosebTan an ufro maRali socialuri statusis mqone

adamianTan saubrisas maTTvis Tvalis arideba pativiscemis niSania, xolo,
magaliTad, evropaSi TvaliT kontaqti yuradRebis gamoCenad aRiqmeba.

35.araverbaluri komunikacia

129

36

kulturis difuzia

yovel diliT viRviZebT sawolSi, romlis

winamorbedi odesRac axlo aRmosavleTSi Seiqmna,
Semdeg ki Tanamedrove saxe evropaSi miiRo;
gvaxuravs sabani, romlis damzadebis teqnologia
aseve axlo aRmosavleTidan modis. sauzmis dros
viyenebT Cinuri faifurisagan damzadebul TefSs, rkinis danas, romelic pirvelad
indoeTSi gaakeTes, Cangals da kovzs, romlebic Sua saukuneebis evropaSi Seiqmna.
egvipturi warmomavlobis minis fanjridan gavxedavT aminds da, Tu wvims, saxlidan
gasvlisas Tan centralur aziaSi gamogonil qolgas waviRebT.
rogorc vxedavT, Cven yoveldRiurad viyenebT uamrav nivTs, romlebic sxvadasxva
kulturaSi Seiqmna, Tumca dRes Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens.
uZvelesi periodidan moyolebuli, kul
turis elementebi _ wes-Cveulebebi, rwmenawarmodgenebi, teqnologiebi, religia, ena da
a.S. _ mudmivad vrceldeboda erTi kulturidan
meoreSi. am process kulturis difuzia ewodeba.
kulturis zogierTi elementi universaluri
swored difuziis procesis Sedegad gaxda.
magaliTad, miCneulia, rom daaxloebiT 10 aTasi
wlis win miwaTmoqmedeba axlo aRmosavleTidan
mTel evraziis kontinentze gavrcelda. aseve
cnobili magaliTia liTonis dnobis teqnologiis
sayovelTao gavrceleba. kulturis difuzias
xels uwyobda migracia, savaWro-ekonomikuri
uZvelesi metalurgebi
urTierTobebi, omebi.
difuzia _ gavrceleba,
gavrcoba, SeRweva

qaRaldi Cinelma cai lunma gamoigona ax. w. 105 wels, daaxloebiT

ormocdaaTi wlis Semdeg, igi ukve bevr adgilas gamoiyeneboda
centralur CineTSi. me-8 saukunis bolodan qaRaldis warmoeba
farTod gavrcelda arabul samyaroSi. evropelebs qaRaldi arabebma
gaacnes, 1150 wels qaRaldis pirveli sawarmo aages espaneTSi da
amis Semdeg misma warmoebam evropaSic moikida fexi.
cai luni

ganasxvaveben kulturaTa pirdapir da arapirdapir difuzias. pirdapiri difuziis

dros sxvadasxva kulturis matarebeli sazogadoebebi xangrZlivi drois manZilze
Tanacxovroben da kulturaTa difuzia uSualo kontaqtis Sedegia. magaliTad,
qristefore kolumbis mier amerikis kontinentis aRmoCenamde evropelebisaTvis
ucnobi iyo kartofili, pomidori, gogra, simindi, lobio, Tambaqo, aseve indauri.
amerikis adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ki evropelTa wyalobiT gaecno cxens, Zroxas,
cxvars, futkars, stafilos, yavas... pirdapiri kontaqtis dros ama Tu im kulturis
elementebs pirvelad uSualo mezoblebi iTviseben, Semdeg isini TandaTanobiT ufro
Sors vrceldeba.

130

msoflio kultura

ukanasknel periodSi kulturaTa arapirdapiri difuzia globalizaciis erT-erT

ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iqca. sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebam, radiom,
televiziam da internetma sxvadasxva kulturis matarebel adamianebs arapirdapiri
kontaqtis saSualeba misca. amis Sedegia dasavluri kulturis mzardi gavrceleba
mTel msoflioSi, miuxedavad imisa, vcxovrobT Tu ara dasavleTSi da gvaqvs Tu ara
masTan uSualo kontaqti.
zogjer kulturis esa Tu is
kulturasTan asocirdeba.

elementi, warmoSobis adgilze metad, mimReb

rogorc cnobilia, dRes msoflioSi

sportis yvelaze popularuli saxeoba
_ fexburTi _ britaneTSi warmoiSva.
miuxedavad amisa, bevrma fexburTis
samSoblod, SeiZleba, brazilia daasa
xelos. es imitom, rom fexburTi brazi
lieli xalxis kulturisa da yofis
ganuyofel nawilad iqca da es qveyana,
garda ulamazesi sanapiroebisa, swored
fexburTiT aris cnobili msoflioSi.

quCis fexburTi braziliaSi

msoflios mravali qveynis restornebSi gagimaspinZldebian befstroganoviT

(beef - Zroxis xorci), Tumca cota vinmem Tu icis, rom am gemrieli kerZis saxeli
rus graf aleqsandre grigoris Ze stroganovs ukavSirdeba. me-19 saukuneSi
mas odesaSi hqonia kvebis obieqti _ Ria sufra, sadac Sesvla Tavisufali iyo
nebismieri ganaTlebuli da wesierad Cacmuli adamianisaTvis. maT iq swored am
kerZiT umaspinZldebodnen: es iyo swrafad da iolad mosamzadebeli, amave dros,
noyieri da gemrieli sadili. Semdeg igi mTel msoflioSi gavrcelda da, ama Tu im
qveynis kulinariuli tradiciebis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva saxe miiRo.
difuziis procesis Sedegad kulturis yvela elementi erTnairad ar vrceldeba.
zogi maTgani SedarebiT umtkivneulod mkvidrdeba, radgan ar ewinaaRmdegeba
adgilobriv tradiciebs, faseulobebs, normebs, socialur garemos, zogi ki seriozul
winaaRmdegobas awydeba, cxovrebis damkvidrebul wesTan SeuTavseblobis gamo da misi
damkvidreba met dros moiTxovs. magaliTad, moduri mokle varcxniloba, romelic
Zalian popularuli iyo amerikel qalbatonebSi 1920-ian wlebSi, adgilobriv indiel
qalebs Soris ar gavrcelda. mizezi martivi iyo: indielebi, tradiciulad, Tmas
glovis dros iWridnen da amgvari varcxniloba maTTvis sikvdilTan asocirdeboda.

davaleba
1. moiZie kulturis pirdapiri da arapirdapiri difuziis magaliTebi.
2. gaixsene aisbergis modeli da imsjele, kulturis romeli elementebis difuzia
xdeba ufro swrafad?

36.kulturis difuzia

131

37

asimilacia

asimilacia niSnavs ori sxvadasxva

kulturis urTierTqmedebas, romlis
Sedegadac erT-erTi maTgani kargavs
amerikanizacia _ termini, romelic
sakuTar saxes da STainTqmeba meoris mier.
1907 wlidan gamoiyeneba da
me-19 saukunis bolosa da me-20 saukunis
aRniSnavs aSS kulturisa da
dasawyisSi es termini amerikis SeerTebul
politikis gavlenas sxva qveynebze.
StatebSi gaCnda da amerikanizaciis
xSirad miiCneva, rom es gavlena
sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda;
safrTxes uqmnis adgilobriv
igi adgilobrivi amerikelebis (indi
kulturul tradiciebs.
elTa) kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis
Secvlisaken mimarTul politikas aRniS
navda. SemdgomSi terminis mniSvneloba gafarTovda, dRes igi, zogadad, kulturuli
TviTmyofadobis dakargvasa da sxvasTan Serwymas gulisxmobs.
asimilacia (laT. assimilatio) _
damsgavseba, STanTqma.

asimilacia xangrZlivi procesia da zogjer ramdenime Taobas moicavs. rogorc

wesi, asimilacias ganicdian umciresobaTa jgufebi, agreTve migrantebi, romlebic
TandaTan iTviseben umravlesobis faseulobebsa da zne-Cveulebebs. miCneulia, rom
sruli asimilacia iSviaTi movlenaa. ufro xSirad xdeba kulturaTa calkeuli
elementebis gaqroba an Sereva.
modi, asimilaciis procesi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis magaliTze ganvixiloT.
imigraciam amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi mravali eTnikuri jgufis saerTo sam
Soblod aqcia. oskar hendlini _ Tanamedrove amerikeli istorikosi _ werda: erTxel
me gadavwyvite, damewera imigraciis istoria amerikaSi, magram Semdeg aRmovaCine, rom
imigracia Tavad aris amerikis istoria.

aSS saxelmwifo beWedi

132

aSS saxelmwifo beWedze laTinuri warweraa:

E Pluribus Unum _ erTi mravlisagan. es fraza,
faqtobrivad, aSS devizad iTvleboda 1956 wlamde,
roca kongresma oficialur devizad aRiara In God We
Trust _ Cven gvwams RmerTis. E Pluribus Unum amerikul
monetebzecaa warwerili. es fraza 13 asos Seicavs,
rac simbolurad gamoxatavda 13 kolonias, romlebic
amerikis SeerTebul Statebad Camoyalibda. rkinis
ledis saxeliT cnobilma britaneTis yofilma
premier ministrma margaret tetCerma SeerTebul
StatebTan dakavSirebiT erTxel aRniSna, rom arc
erT sxva erSi ar gvxvdeba sxvadasxva rasisa da naciis
esoden warmatebuli gaerTianeba saerTo kulturiT.

msoflio kultura

amerikaSi, evropel imigrantebTan da

sxvadasxva dros afrikis kontinentidan
Seyvanil SavkanianebTan erTad, adgilob
riv amerikelTa mravali sxvadasxva tomi
cxovrobda. es ukanasknelni iZulebuli
iyvnen, TandaTan daetovebinaT TavianTi
sacxovrebeli adgilebi, bevri maTgani
epidemiebis
Sedegad,
Setakebebisa
Tu ajanyebebis dros daiRupa, zogi
tomi mTlianad gawyda, nawili ki
asimilirda. me-18 saukunis bolodan aSS
xelisufleba cdilobda adgilobrivi
amerikelebis ganaTlebis xelSewyobas,
maT civilizebas da sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi CarTvas. es politika xels
uwyobda bunebriv asimilacias.
me-20 saukunis 70-iani wlebSi aSS
xelisuflebam miiRo aqti indielTa
TviTgamorkvevisa da ganaTlebis xel
adgilobrivi amerikelebis fotoebi 1868-1924
Sewyobis Sesaxeb. dRes SeerTebul wlebSi
StatebSi federaluri mTavrobis mier
aRiarebuli 562 satomo TviTmmarTveloba
arsebobs. aRiarebis mosapoveblad saWiroa warmomavlobis dasabuTeba, rac arcTu
iolia.
adgilobrivi amerikelebi Tanamedrove aSS mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 0.8% Seadgenen
da TiTqmis SeumCnevelni arian mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis. isini cdiloben
sakuTari kulturis gadarCenili elementebis SenarCunebas, dakargulis aRdgenas da
axalgazrda TaobisaTvis gadacemas.
amerikelebis, rogorc mravali sxvadasxva war
momavlobis xalxisagan Semdgari eris idea gamoixa
teboda farTod gavrcelebuli metaforiT _
sadnobi Rumeli (melting pot), romelic me-20 saukunis
dasawyisSi gaCnda da kulturuli gaerTgvarovnebis
TiTqosda umtkivneulo process asaxavda. amerikis
sazogadoeba ganixileboda uzarmazar SemoqmedebiT
laboratoriad, sadac sxvadasxva kulturuli
tradicia erTmaneTs ereoda da gadaidnoboda axal
kulturad, am RumelSi moxvedrili ingliselebi,
frangebi, germanelebi, irlandielebi Tu italielebi
TandaTan kargavdnen sakuTar kulturul identobas
da erTian sazogadoebad yalibdebodnen.
amerikuli sadnobi Rumeli

37.asimilacia

133

kiTxvebi
1. msoflio istoriidan gaixsene asimilaciis magaliTebi da daasabuTe Seni arCevani.
2. SegiZlia moiyvano magaliTebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, roca ucxo kulturuli
jgufi asimilirdeboda qarTul garemoSi?
3. gaixsene periodebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, roca qarTul kulturas asimilaciis
safrTxe emuqreboda.

diskusia
l

dRes imigrantebi, rogorc wesi, ufro myarad inarCuneben sakuTar kulturul

normebsa da faseulobebs. imsjele, ra ganapirobebs amas?

davaleba
l

moiZie saTanado masala da dawere mcire Txzuleba Caina Taunisa (Chinatown)

da liTl italis (Little Italy) Sesaxeb. sad da rogor Camoyalibda isini, ras
warmoadgenen dRes?

damatebiTi informacia
gsmenia jorj balanCinis Sesaxeb?
misi namdvili saxeli giorgi balanCivaZe gaxldaT.
igi cnobili qarTveli kompozitorisa da sazogado
moRvawis meliton balanCivaZis Svili da aseve cnobili
kompozitoris andria balanCivaZis Zma iyo. meliton
balanCivaZe wyaltubosTan axlos, sofel banojaSi
daibada, dakrZalulia quTaisSi, bagratis taZris ezoSi.
igi qarTuli saopero musikis erT-erTi fuZemdebelia.
andria balanCivaZe ki sankt-peterburgSi daibada da
TbilisSi gardaicvala, dakrZalulia didubis sazogado
moRvaweTa panTeonSi.
giorgi balanCivaZe, SemdgomSi jorj balanCini,
1904 wels daibada sankt-peterburgSi da 1983 wels
jorj balanCini
niu-iorkSi gardaicvala. daamTavra petrogradis
konservatoria, iyo petrogradis1 operisa da baletis akademiuri Teatris msaxiobi.
1924 wels sazRvargareT gaemgzavra. jer safrangeTis sabaleto dasebSi moRvaweobda,
1933 wels miiwvies SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac Seqmna amerikuli sabaleto skola
da dasi `niu iork siTi balei~. dadgmuli aqvs 160-ze meti sabaleto speqtakli
buenos-airesis, kopenhagenis, londonis, milanis da sxva qalaqebis TeatrebSi. jorj
balanCini Tanamedroveobis udides qoreografad da amerikis klasikuri baletis
fuZemdebladaa aRiarebuli.
pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg sankt-peterburgis saxelis germanuli forma rusuliT
Seicvala da petrogradi ewoda.
1

134

msoflio kultura

masobrivi kultura

38
brendi _ saxelwodebis, simbolos da dizainis
erToblioba, rac konkretul produqts
sxvebisgan gamoarCevs.

Tanamedrove epoqa brendebs Soris gamarTuli

samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolis velia, werda
erT-erTi internet-Jurnali. mersedes benci,
koka-kola, borjomi naiki, roleqsi,
bibisi, soni, nokia, makdonaldsi, boingi,
Saneli, hugo bosi, ulqeri, universal
fiqCersi, redisoni (zogierTi maTgani ix.
suraTebze) _ SeiZleba CamovTvaloT kidev bevri samarko niSani, romelTa daniSnuleba
rac SeiZleba meti momxmareblis mizidvaa. brendi ar aris mxolod logo, sareklamo
gancxadeba an Tavad produqti, igi momxmareblis STabeWdilebebis krebulia.
adamians cxovrebisaTvis uamravi ram esaWiroeba. yvelas unaxavs arqeologebis
mier aRmoCenili nivTebi, romelsac adamiani moixmarda: WurWeli, samkauli, sabrZolo
Tu sameurneo iaraRi... kacobriobam drois,
energiisa da SesaZleblobebis didi nawili swored
samomxmareblo nivTebis gamogonebas, Seqmnasa
da ganviTarebas moaxmara. didi xnis manZilze
adamiani, upirveles yovlisa, mwarmoebeli iyo;
igi awarmoebda imas, rac Wirdeboda da swored
imdens, ramdenic aucile
beli iyo moxmarebisa da
vaWrobisaTvis.
magram,
evropaSi samrewvelo revo
luciisa
da
qalaqebis
zrdis kvaldakval, sul
ufro meti adamianisaTvis
gaxda
xelmisawvdomi
is, rac adre mxolod
maRali
sazogadoebis
viwro
wrisaTvis
iyo
gankuTvnili.
warmoebis
zrdam,
wignierebisa
da
ganaTlebis
miRebis
gasayovelTaoebam
sazogadoeba ufro metad momxmarebeli gaxada,
vidre uwin. garda pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebisa
(tansacmeli, WurWeli, aveji da sxva), adamianTa
farTo masebi iqcnen musikis, literaturis,

38.masobrivi kultura

135

mxatvrobis, Teatris, kinos momxmarebelebadac.

amave dros, warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba da
asortimenti gacilebiT Warbobs adamianis mier maTi
moxmarebis SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, verasdros
SevZlebT, Tundac erTxel gavsinjoT tkbileulis
yvela is saxeoba, romelsac mwarmoeblebi gvTavazoben.
xandaxan axal tansacmels vyidulobT ara imitom, rom
Zveli gacvda, aramed modis axali moTxovnebidan
gamomdinare.

xose ortega i gaseti

cnobili espaneli moazrovne xose ortega i gaseti me_20

saukunis 30_iani wlebis dasawyisSi werda: qalaqebi savsea
xalxiT, saxlebi _ binadrebiT, sastumroebi _ mdgmurebiT,
matareblebi _ mgzavrebiT, kafeebi _ stumrebiT, bulvarebi
_ moseirneebiT, saxelganTqmul eqimTa misaRebi oTaxebi
_ avadmyofebiT, Teatrebi, Tu iq Tanamedrove Temebze
dadgmul speqtaklebs uCveneben _ mayureblebiT, plaJebi
_ mzis gulze gasarujad gaSxlarTuli damsveneblebiT.
rac guSin araviTar problemas ar warmoadgenda, dRes
TiTqmis mudmivi problemaa: Tavisufali adgilebi ar aris.
yovelive aman ganapiroba masobrivi kulturis Camoyalibeba
da ganviTareba.
maskulturas vuwodebT popularul kul
turas, romelic dRes adamianTa umravle
sobisTvis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia.
terminebi
maskultura
da
popkultura
sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. rodesac
vicvamT jinsebs, Tvals vadevnebT popularul
telegadacemebs, vuyurebT holivudis filmebs,
laTinur-amerikul sapnis operebs, davdivarT
makdonaldsSi, vsvamT koka kolas, vusmenT popmusikas, Cven movixmarT maskulturas, romelic
ZiriTadad, dasavlur samyaroSi iqmneba da
udidesi adgili uWiravs Tanamedrove msoflioSi.
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi vrceldeba ara mxolod
maskulturis ucxouri nawarmi, aramed iqmneba
adgilobrivi nimuSebic, romlebic sazogadoebaSi
didi popularobiT sargeblobs.

136

msoflio kultura

saqarTveloSi yvelaze reitinguli gasarTobi

teleseriali Sua qalaqSi amerikuli megobrebis
(Friends) analogia, Tumca masSi gaTvaliswinebulia
Cveni kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTeli rigi
Taviseburebebi: adgilobrivi iumori, megobrebisadmi
da mezoblebisadmi damokidebuleba, samsaxurebrivi,
ojaxuri da naTesauri urTierTobebi, gvar-saxelebi
da a.S., ris gareSec serialis reitingi eWvqveS
dadgeboda da igi, SesaZloa, naklebad misaRebi
yofiliyo saqarTvelos sazogadoebisTvis.
aseve SegviZlia gavixsenoT britanuli eqs
faqtori (X Factor) da qarTuli niWieri. bevrgan,
maT Soris saqarTveloSi, arsebobs amerikuli Ramis
Sous formatis iumoristuli gadacemebi.
es magaliTebi gvaCvenebs, erTi mxriv, maskulturis udides popularobas
Tanamedrove msoflioSi da, meore mxriv, mis araerTgvarovnebas. miuxedavad
dasavleTis ganmsazRvreli gavlenisa, maskulturis adgilobrivi produqcia avtorTa
mier, umTavresad, sakuTari kulturis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT iqmneba.
makdonaldsis restornebis qseli - aTasobiT restorani mTel msoflioSi originaluri
da erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli saxiT aris warmodgenili msoflios bevr qveyanaSi.
maskulturis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli
nawilia kinoindustria, Tanamedrove masobrivi kino,
romlis centrad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi,
kerZod, holivudi miiCneva. holivuduri melodramebi
Tu mZafrsiuJetiani filmebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas
axdens sxvadasxva qveynis kinoindustriaze. amerikuli
holivudis yvelaze cnobili gamoZaxili induri
bolivudia1, romelic Tanamedrove kinoindustriis
udidesi centria da sul ufro met popularobas
ixveWs. metic, iTvleba, rom bevri cnobili holivuduri
miuzikli (magaliTad, mulen ruJi) induri kinos
gavleniT aris gadaRebuli.

kiTxvebi
1. Seni azriT, ra ganapirobebs maskulturis ase farTod gavrcelebas da popularobas
mTel msoflioSi?
2. maskulturis romel produqcias xvdebi da iyeneb yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi? ratom?

sityva bolivudi Seqmnilia amerikuli holivudis pirveli asos CanacvlebiT indoeTis qalaq
bombeis (dRevandeli saxeli _ mumbai) saxelis sawyisi asoTi. holivudisagan gansxvavebiT, bolivudi
ar aris realurad arsebuli adgilis saxeli.
1

38.masobrivi kultura

137

39

ratom aris maskultura masobrivi?

yeenoba. lado gudiaSvilis naxati

maskulturaze
saubris
dros,
albaT, gagiCndaT kiTxva: Tu arsebobs
maskultura, maSin xom unda arsebobdes
aramasobrivi, elituri kulturac?
zogierTi mecnieri miiCnevs, rom me-1920 saukuneebamde elitur da saxalxo
kulturebs
Soris
gansxvaveba
metnaklebad mkafio iyo.
elituri anu
maRali kultura moicavda xelovnebas,
literaturas, klasikur musikas da a.S.,
saxalxo kultura ki _ quCis karnavalebs,
dResaswaulebs, festivalebs da sxva.
gavixsenoT, magaliTad, berikaoba da
yeenoba
saqarTveloSi.
Tumca
isic

unda iTqvas, rom elituri kulturis

warmomadgenlebi siamovnebiT monawile
obdnen masobriv dResaswaulebSi, Rvinisa
da ludis festivalebSi.
dRes TiTqmis SeuZlebelia imis
gansazRvra, Tu ra aris kulturaSi
masobrivi da ra _ ara. beWdviTi
mediis (gazeTebi, Jurnalebi), radios,
televiziis da, Semdeg, eleqtronuli
berikaoba. skulpturuli kompozicia TbilisSi,
mediis gaCenam popularuli, masobrivi baraTaSvilis quCaze. moqandake avTandil
monaseliZe.

kulturis Camoyalibeba ganapiroba. dRes

maskulturis produqciiT sargeblobs
TiTqmis yvela, ganurCevlad asakisa,
socialuri warmomavlobisa, saqmianobisa,
miuxedavad imisa, dadis Tu ara operaSi,
usmens Tu ara klasikur musikas da
kiTxulobs Tu ara Seqspirs. maskultura
sayovelTaoa da sazogadoebis TiToeul
wevri mas farTod moixmars.
saopero speqtakli

138

msoflio kultura

masobrivi komunika
ciis, anu informaciis
Sor manZilze swrafad
gadacemis da farTo
auditoriasTan urTier
Tobis umTavresi saSu
aleba radio, televizia
da beWdviTi mediaa. me20 saukunis bolos maT
internetic
daemata,
Tumca,
televiziasTan
SedarebiT,
mosaxleobis
umravlesobisTvis
igi
jerjerobiT nakleb xelmisawvdomia. Cven yovel
dRiurad
viRebT
sxvadasxvagvar
informacias,
vuyurebT filmebs, gasarTob telegadacemebs. Cven
mier masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebiT miRebuli
informaciis didi nawili maskulturis produqtia,
romelic did gavlenas axdens Cvens yofaze, qcevaze
da urTierTobebze.

maskulturis gavrcelebaSi did rols asrulebs reklama. sityva reklama (frang.

rclame) niSnavs sxvadasxva saSualebiT gavrcelebul informacias, potenciuri
myidvelisa Tu momxmareblis yuradRebis mipyrobisa da interesis gaRvivebis
mizniT. janmrTelobisa da socialuri sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil an saqvelmoqmedo
miznisaken mimarTul reklamas, romelic ar aris komerciuli an winasaarCevno,
socialur reklamas uwodeben. igi miznad isaxavs narkomaniis, alkoholizmis, Sidsis,
SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebisadmi da sxva socialuri problemebisadmi
sazogadoebis damokidebulebis Secvlas.

mowevis sawinaaRmdego reklama avtobusze

39.ratom aris maskultura masobrivi?

quCis reklamis saxeoba

139

msoflioSi pirveli sareklamo biuro 1611 wels londonSi Seiqmna. dRes

reklamirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba televizia, radio, filmebi, Jurnalebi, gazeTebi,
interneti, sareklamo dafebi _ e.w. bilbordebi.

koka-kolas reklama tramvaize

britanuli enciklopediis nabeWdi reklama

kiTxvebi
1. masobrivi komunikaciis romel saSualebebs iyeneb? risTvis?
2. axdens Tu ara reklama gavlenas Sens gadawyvetilebebze? gaixsene aseTi SemTxvevebi.
3. ra gavlena aqvs masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebiT gavrcelebul maskulturas
Cvens sazogadoebaze? pasuxi daasabuTe.

davaleba
l

waikiTxe alberto moravias moTxroba rogorc reklamaSi da imsjele reklamis

rolze da Zalaze Tanamedrove samyaroSi

140

msoflio kultura

damatebiTi informacia
berikaoba _ qarTuli xalxuri sanaxaoba, niRbebis Teatri, romelic nayofierebisa
da Svilierebis kults ukavSirdeboda da yvelieris dasasruls imarTeboda. droTa
ganmavlobaSi berikaobam dakarga sakulto-religiuri daniSnuleba, berikuli
warmodgenebis Sinaarsi saukuneTa manZilze icvleboda, mdidrdeboda da Taobidan
Taobas gadaecemoda. maTi Sinaarsi da moqmedebis xasiaTi berikebis niWsa da unarze iyo
damokidebuli. Cvenamde moRweulia berikaobis 100-mde siuJeti. maTi nawili asaxavs
ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg qarTveli xalxis brZolas, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva
fenas Soris urTerTobas. siuJetebis umetesoba komikuria da sayofacxovrebo
Temazea Seqmnilia. berikaoba sxvadasxva saxisa iyo: berikebi xan kardakar dadiodnen,
xan warmodgena sagangebod SerCeul moedanze imarTeboda, mas sazogadoebis yvela
fenis warmomadgeneli eswreboda. berikaobis tradiciuli niRbebi iyvnen taxi, daTvi,
Txa da sxva cxovelebi.
berikebi mefis (sasiZo), kekelas (sarZlo), maWanklis, glexis, Tavadis, mosamarTlis,
eqimis, xucesis, taxis, daTvis, Txis, xaris niRbebiTa da cxovelTa tyaviT imosebodnen.
warmodgenas Tan axlda simRera da sakravieri musika. SemorCenilia ramdenime cnobili
berikas saxeli: me-18 saukuneSi aseTebi yofilan oTar norioeli da oiana-buiana _
erekle meoris sasaxlis karis berika, romelic, gadmocemis mixedviT, gmirulad
ibrZoda sparselebTan omSi; me-19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi cnobili berika yofila
abel revaziSvili. berikaobis warmodgena kaxeTSi SesaniSnavad aris aRwerili levan
goTuas romanSi gmirTa varami.
bolo ramdenime welia, berikaobis tradicia TbilisSic aRdga. Tavis wignSi Zveli
tfilisis literaturuli bohema cnobili poeti ioseb griSaSvili agviwers yeenobis
dResaswauls TbilisSi:
yvelieris orSabaTs mTeli tfilisi yeenobis saTamaSod emzadeboda. qalaqi or
ubnad iyo gayofili: isani da nariyala, baraTaSvili da erisTavi; isnis mxareze kaxeTis
mebatoneebi: WavWavaZe, jorjaZe, ColoyaSvili, vaxvaxiSvili, jandieri. yeenis taxti
seidabadis (botanikur baRTan) maRlobze idga. yeenad irCevdnen gonebamaxvil, oxunj
da moxerxebul kacs. wowola qudiT Tavze da tanT gadmobrunebuli tyapuWiT,
gamuruli saxiT virze ukuRma iyo amxedrebuli. aseve sasacilod iyo gamowyobili
misi amala, romelic xalxs Seseoda da fuls sZalavda yeenis xarkisTvis. amasobaSi
xalxi ajanyebisTvis xis xmlebs, xanjlebsa da Surdulebs amzadebda. ajanyebuli
xalxi yeens tyved Caigdebda xelSi da mtkvarSi gadauZaxebda. gamxiarulebuli xalxi
Segrovebuli fuliT nadimobda orTaWalis, veris Tu didubis baRebSi.
yeenobis mTavar personaJebad zogjer sazogadoebis TvalsaCino adamianebi
gamodiodnen. erT-erTi ukanaskneli yeenoba me-20 saukuneSi poet grigol abaSiZis
monawileobiT gamarTula.

39.ratom aris maskultura masobrivi?

141

40

globalizacia

asociaciobanas TamaSis dros, gadamwyveti qulis gaTamaSebisas, mowinaaRmdegem

gamosacnob sityvad hamburgeri miTxra. im imediT, rom Cems mewyviles saqmes
gavuadvilebdi, asaxsnel sityvad makdonaldsi vukarnaxe, Tumca man, warmatebaSi
darwmunebulma, amis nacvlad globalizacia wamoiZaxa. qulis dakargvis gamo
gavbrazdi, magram, rodesac davfiqrdi, davrwmundi Cemi megobris simarTleSi: ra
Tqma unda, makdonaldsis xseneba, pirvel rigSi, globalizaciis asociacias
gamoiwvevda, radgan igi Tanamedrove globaluri samyaros erT-erTi mTavari
simboloa.
ras niSnavs globalizacia?
daakvirdi mimdinare procesebs: mTeli rigi movlenebis gavlena erTi saxelmwifos
sazRvrebs scildeba. magaliTad, iaponiaSi 2011 wels momxdari miwisZvra da cunami
ara marto iaponiis tragedia iyo: fukuSimas atomuri eleqtrosadguris afeTqebas,
SesaZloa, msoflio masStabis ekologiuri katastrofa gamoewvia. aseTive globaluri
movlenaa terorizmi, romelsac ar gaaCnia sazRvrebi. navTobis fasis momateba
londonis birJaze gavlenas axdens purisa Tu sxva produqtebis fasze TbilisSi.
milanis modis kvireuli aisaxeba Cacmis stilze mTel msoflioSi, holivudSi
gadaRebuli filmis premiera saerTaSoriso masStabis movlenaa, fexburTis msoflio
Cempionati, olimpiuri TamaSebi Tu didi saerTaSoriso saCogburTo turnirebi
erTnairad sainteresoa dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi.
sityva globalizaciis xsenebam, albaT, Senc makdonaldsi, koka-kola, holivudi,
madona, inglisuri ena da sxva bevri iseTi ram gagaxsena, rac dasavlur, ufro
zustad ki amerikul kulturas ukavSirdeba. es arc aris gasakviri, radgan
mTavar globalizatorad, rogorc wesi, swored dasavleTi ganixileba. Tumca
globalizaciaSi sxva kulturebsac SeaqvT wvlili: gavixsenoT iaponuri anime da
suSi, induri ioga, afrikuli vuvuzela; CineTSi mobinadre panda (bambukis daTvi)
cxovelTa dacvis msoflio organizaciis emblemad iqca.

dapataravebuli msoflio

142

termini globalizacia modis

sityvidan
global
(global),
rac frangulad sayovelTaos,
mTlians,
saerTos
niSnavs.
advili misaxvedria, rom cnebac,
gasayovelTaoebas
aRniSnavs.
ras niSnavs gasayovelTaoeba?
ra, rogor an ratom unda gaxdes
sayovelTao - samyaros xibli xom
mis mravalferovnebaSia?

msoflio kultura

masobrivi sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebam, TviTmfrinavis, sakabelo

televiziis, internetis, mobiluri telefonisa Tu sabanko gadaricxvebis gaCenam
ganapiroba saxelmwifoebs Soris mWidro da intensiuri ekonomikuri, politikuri da
kulturuli urTierTobebi, migraciuli procesebi _ adamianTa jgufebis masobrivi
gadaadgileba erTi qveynidan meoreSi. mokled rom vTqvaT, msoflio, TiTqos,
dapataravda da, gavrcelebuli gamoTqmiT, erT did soflad an, rogorc xSirad
uwodeben, globalur soflad iqca. ratom soflad? warmoidgine, rom soflis erTerTma mkvidrma raime saqme wamoiwyo, magaliTad, miwis nakveTis SemoRobva an saxlis
SekeTeba. amis Sesaxeb mTeli sofeli maSinve igebs. mezoblebi, albaT, TviTonac
Caebmebian am saqmianobaSi. muSaobis dros isini saubroben, xumroben, kamaToben,
yvebian sxvadasxva ambavs, erTmaneTs uziareben Sexedulebebs, gamocdilebas.
daaxloebiT aseTive urTierToba myardeba sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebs
Soris globalizaciis procesSi, adamianebi ecnobian erTmaneTis kulturul normebsa
da faseulobebs.
globalizaciis process siaxleebi Seaqvs kulturaSi. ra Tqma unda, mWidro
politikuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebi gavlenas axdens kulturaze. Tumca ucxo
kulturis zogierTi maxasiaTebeli gansxvavebul garemoSi Taviseburad aisaxeba. modi,
kidev erTxel gavixsenoT makdonaldsi, romelic amerikuli kulturis msoflioSi
gavrcelebis erT-erT ZiriTad simbolod miiCneva. bevr qveyanaSi makdonaldsis
meniuSi adgilobrivi kvebis racionisa da samzareulos gavlena aisaxa.
indoeTSi makdonaldsis meniuSi ar aris Zroxis xorci, radgan indusebi mas ar
miirTmeven; muslimebi da iudevelebi ar miirTmeven Roris xorcs da, Sesabamisad,
arc momxmarebels sTavazoben mas; germaniaSi menius damatebuli aqvs ludi; Tevzis
moyvarul norvegielebs saSualeba aqvT, makdonaldsSi Tevzisgan momzadebuli
kerZi miirTvan; saqarTveloSi makdonaldsSi gaCnda samarxvo meniu, mak-lavaSi,
rac kidev ufro sainteresoa, Tbilisobis dResaswaulze momxmareblebs qarTul
nacionalur tansacmelSi gamowyobili restornis TanamSromlebi emsaxurebodnen.
ai, ratom gaaxsenda Cems megobars globalizacia makdonaldsis xsenebisas.
makdonaldsis mravalferovani meniu

germania
(ludi)

40.globalizacia

norvegia (Tevzi)

kanada (kiborCxala)

143

saberZneTi
(berZnuli sawebeli)

kosta-rika (brinji)

hong kongi (brinji)

Tbilisi (mak-lavaSi)

kiTxva
l

rogor fiqrob, aqvs Tu ara globalizaciis process gavlena Sens yoveldRiur

cxovrebaze?

davaleba
1. daakavSire erTmaneTTan maskultura da globalizacia. Seni azriT, aris Tu ara
maskultura globalizaciis procesis Semadgeneli nawili? pasuxi daasabuTe.
2. gaixsene movlena, romelic SeiZleba CaiTvalos globalurad, anu movlenad,
romelic erTnairad saintereso, sasikeTo, an saSiSia mTeli msofliosaTvis.

saSinao davaleba
l

dawere ese globalizacia da saqarTvelo.

144

msoflio kultura

damatebiTi informacia
swrafi kvebis istoria saqarTveloSi
albaT, ici gemrieli da surnelovani laRiZis wylebis Sesaxeb. maTi Semqmneli
iyo mitrofane laRiZe (1869-1960) _ qarTveli mewarme da
qvelmoqmedi. igi quTaisSi, kokoCaSvilisa da ivanovskis
afTiaqsa da ivanovskis limonaTis sawarmoSi muSaobda,
sadac xileulis wvenebis momzadebis wesebi iswavla da,
ivanovskis gardacvalebis Semdeg, TviTon Caudga saTaveSi
sawarmos. 1902 wels igi sazRvargareT gaemgzavra da
germaniasa da safrangeTSi gaecno xileulis wylebis
damzadebis teqnologias.
mitrofane laRiZis wylebma didi saxeli moixveWa.
saerTaSoriso gamofenebze maT mravalgzis mieniWa
pirveli xarisxis premiebi, oqrosa da vercxlis medlebi.
laRiZis wylebi ise moswondaT, rom sazRvargareTac
gahqondaT. TbilisSi myofi iraneli vaWrebi maT, Tbilisi (mak-lavaSi)
rogorc gansakuTrebul saCuqars, iranis didebulebsa
da warCinebul pirebs feSqaSad ugzavnidnen.
mitrofane laRiZe, rogorc Tavad aRniSnavda,
xilis wvenebis damzadebisas ar iyenebda araviTar
sinTezur esenciasa da qimikats. igi axali
xileulis wvenebiT amzadebda sasmelebs, SerCeuli
hqonda esa Tu is raioni, sofelic ki, radgan,
gansxvavebuli niadagisa da havis gamo, xilsac
sxvadasxva gemo da surneli aqvs. magaliTad,
Jolos tkbili wveni mxolod borjomis xeobaSi,
umTavresad, bakurianSi gavrcelebuli xilkenkriT mzaddeboda.

akaki wereTelma 1900 wels mitrofane laRiZis ualkoholo sasmelebs eqspromtad

aseTi leqsi uZRvna:
sasmelebis metoqe var,
Rvinis, ludis, wylis da rZisa,
xileulTa esencia _
mitrofane laRiZisa.
gemoca maqvs, sunica maqvs
gTxovT orive gamisinjoT,
Torem ise rad mindixarT,
moxvideT da gadibrinjoT.

40.globalizacia

145

laRiZis wylebis jixuri.

Tbilisi. aleqsandres baRi.
1914w.

Senoba TbilisSi, rusTavelis gamzirze, sadac ganTavsebuli

iyo `laRiZis wylebi~.

1906 wels m. laRiZem ukve TbilisSi gaxsna Tavisi limonaTis qarxana da maRazia.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, pirveli fenovani xaWapuri da TbilisSi pirveli aWaruli
xaWapuric swored rusTavelze mdebare laRiZis wylebSi gamoucxviaT. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom es iyo swrafi kvebis erT-erTi pirveli obieqti TbilisSi. igi male iqca
Tbilisis savizito baraTad. aTwleulebis manZilze laRiZis wylebi yvela Taobis
Tbiliselebis usayvarlesi adgili iyo.

146

msoflio kultura

globalizacia - safrTxe Tu SesaZlebloba?

41

Cemi megobari saerTaSoriso organizaciaSi

muSaobs.
samsaxuris
gamo,
xSirad
uwevs
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mogzauroba da cxovreba.
erTi sityviT, igi Tanamedrove globaluri
soflis moqalaqed SeiZleba CaiTvalos. uamravi
foto aqvs gadaRebuli. misi feisbuqis gverdis
daTvalierebisas saintereso faqti SevniSne da
minda, mas Senc miaqcio yuradReba. daakvirdi
suraTebs, SegiZlia daasaxelo qveynebi, romlebSic
es qalaqebi mdebareobs?
amis gakeTeba, albaT, rTulia, radgan maT
Soris sxvaoba TiTqmis ar aris, Tumca pirveli
niu-iorkia, meore _ Sanxai, mesame ki tokio. wina
gakveTilebSi ki vnaxeT, rom Cinuri, iaponuri,
induri, evropuli, qarTuli Tu sxva qveynis
sacxovrisebi sruliad sxvadasxvagvari iyo.
iqneb swored es aris kulturis gasayovel
Taoeba, gaerTgvarovneba?

globalizaciis procesi, romelic kulturaTa daaxloebas da maT Soris

faseulobebis urTierTgaziarebas uwyobs xels, sazogadoebis mxridan araerTgvarovnad
aRiqmeba. adamianTa arcTu ise mcire nawili globalizacias safrTxed miiCnevs.
negatiuri damokidebulebis safuZveli, ZiriTadad, orgvaria _ ekonomikuri da
kulturuli. globalizaciis kritikosTa erTi nawili miuTiTebs saSiSroebaze,
romelic ucxo qveyanaSi damzadebuli produqciis Semotanas axlavs Tan da xels
uSlis adgilobrivi nawarmis gavrcelebas. magaliTad, am Sexedulebis mixedviT,
saqarTveloSi koka kolas damkvidrebas, SesaZloa, laRiZis wylis an romelime sxva
qarTuli gamagrilebeli sasmelis warmoebis SeCereba mohyves.
sxvaTa azriT, dasavluri faseulobebis gavrceleba safrTxes uqmnis sxva
kulturebs da, SesaZlebelia, maTi TviTmyofadobis dakargva gamoiwvios. gaCnda
samyaros amerikuli kulturis yaidaze mowyobis, misi meSveobiT tradiciuli
Rirebulebebis Canacvlebis, gaqrobis SiSi. globalizacia amerikanizaciasTan
gaigivda. ratom? imitom, rom ekonomikuri da politikuri Zliereba zurgs umagrebs
dasavluri, gansakuTrebiT ki amerikuli kulturis gavrcelebas. koka kola, imisaTvis
rom yovelTvis lideri iyos, Semosavlebis did nawils reklamas axmars; TiToeuli

41.globalizacia - safrTxe Tu SesaZlebloba?

147

warmatebuli filmis gadaRebisaTvis holivudSi aTobiT da asobiT milioni dolari

ixarjeba; fexburTSi warmatebas is gundi aRwevs, romelsac didi Tanxebi aqvs kargi
sportsmenebis SesaZenad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom orive mosazrebis avtorebs seriozuli argumentebi aqvT,
globalizacia calmxrivad, mxolod safrTxis Semcvelad ar unda gavigoT. marTalia,
globalizaciis process seriozuli da yovlismomcveli cvlilebebi mohyva, magram
mecnierebi aRniSnaven, rom es cvlilebebi, umTavresad, kulturis zedapirul, xilul
nawils (simboloebs, gmirebs, moxmarebas, modas) Seexo da naklebad _ fundamentur
warmodgenebs samyaros, sakuTari Tavisa Tu sxvaTa Sesaxeb. magaliTad, Tu romelime
aziur qveyanaSi siamovnebiT miirTmeven koka-kolas, es ar niSnavs, rom Seicvala
maTi damokidebuleba ufrosebis an avtoritetebisadmi; Turqi axalgazrdebi iseve
gansxvavdebian amerikeli axalgazrdebisagan, rogorc moxuci Turqebi _ moxuci
amerikelebisagan. rogorc aRmoCnda, sazogadoebebs sakuTari identobis SenarCunebis
saocari unari aqvs. sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebam, erTi mxriv, mWidrod
daakavSira erTmaneTTan sazogadoebebi, meore mxriv ki gazarda kulturuli
gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba.

kvlevebma daadastura, rom kulturebi iSviaTad emsgavsebian erTmaneTs

xangrZlivi Tanaarsebobis pirobebSic ki. sxvadasxva xalxebs Soris saukuneebis
win gamovlenili gansxvavebebi dResac arsebobs, miuxedavad mudmivi mWidro
urTierTobisa.

erTi sityviT, medals yovelTvis ori mxare aqvs. kulturaTa mWidro

urTierTkavSiri, ideebis, faseulobebisa da Sexedulebebis urTierTgacvla, Ria
sazRvrebi, masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebaTa mravalferovneba adamians sruliad
warmoudgenel SesaZleblobebs aZlevs. Cven SegviZlia warmatebulebi viyoT ara
mxolod sakuTar qveyanaSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac da, amave dros, ar movwydeT
mSobliur kulturas.

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi swavla niSnavs

msoflio masStabiT umaRlesi ganaTlebis sivrceSi moxvedras: sauniversiteto
sivrces ar aqvs sazRvrebi, es gaxlavT erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gaxsnili, anu
globaluri sivrce patara did sofelSi, sadac bejiTi swavlis, sakuTar
Tavze muSaobis, mondomebisa da, SesaZloa, cota gamarTlebis Sedegad SeiZleba
oqsfordisa Tu kembrijis, haidelbergisa Tu sorbonas universitetebis damTavreba.
SenTvis kargad aris cnobili, rom profesionali, gamocdili adamianebis simravle
saxelmwifos, sazogadoebis, kulturis ganviTarebis winapirobaa.

148

msoflio kultura

gia dvali

zaza faCulia

araerTma qarTvelma miRwia msoflio masStabis

aRiarebas da warmatebas: gavixsenoT kompozitori
gia yanCeli, kinoreJisorebi oTar ioseliani da gela
babluani, saopero momRerlebi paata burWulaZe
da nino surgulaZe, baletis mocekvaveebi nino
ananiaSvili da irma nioraZe, msaxiobebi merab niniZe
da levan uCaneiSvili, fexburTeli kaxi kalaZe,
kalaTburTeli zaza faCulia, fizikosi gia dvali da
sxvebi.
paata burWulaZis mier daarsebulma fondma
iavnanam
uamravi
sasikeTo
saqme
gaakeTa
saqarTveloSi. mis mier organizebuli saqvelmoqmedo
koncertebi
gascda
saqarTvelos
sazRvrebs,
masSi monawileoben saopero samyaros msoflioSi
aRiarebuli
warmomadgenlebi.
erTi
mxriv,
koncertebi konkretuli adamianebis problemebis
mogvarebas emsaxureba, meores mxriv, misi meSveobiT
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb informacias igebs saopero
xelovnebis moyvaruli msoflio sazogadoeba.

rac Seexeba ucxoelebs, magaliTad, cnobili

kinovarskvlavi, oskaris mflobeli msaxiobi nikol
kidmani daibada da aRizarda avstraliaSi, warmatebas
ki amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, holivudSi miaRwia.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas Sarliz teronze, romelic
samxreT afrikaSi, xelmokle ojaxSi aRizarda, dRes ki
msoflio kinos erT-erTi yvelaze kaSkaSa varskvlavia.
rogorc nikol kidmani, aseve Sarliz teroni mWidro
kavSirs inarCuneben samSoblosTan.

41.globalizacia - safrTxe Tu SesaZlebloba?

gia yanCeli

Sarliz teroni

149

warmoidgine, rom swavla damTavrda,

dadga zafxuli, daiwyo ardadegebi.
albaT, zRva da baTumi gagaxsenda.
Tanamedrove baTumi globalizaciis
mier SemoTavazebul SesaZleblobaTa
gamoyenebis kargi magaliTia. msoflios
wamyvani biznesmenebi dainteresdnen
misi turistuli potencialiT, ganxor
cielda da daigegma uamravi axali
proeqti, romelmac baTumi Tanamedrove
turistul qalaqad aqcia. iq uamravi
maRali donis koncerti tardeba. amave
dros, baTumi gansakuTrebulia sakuTari,
TviTmyofadi suliT da xasiaTiT.
globalizaciis procesi saSualebas gaZlevs, Seni kultura qveynis farglebs
gareT gaitano da msoflio sazogadoebis winaSe TviTmyofadi saxiT wardge.

erisionis koncertis afiSa

suxiSvilebi. assa farTi

erisionma tradiciul qarTul cekvas Sous elementebi da Tanamedrove

musikaluri instrumentebi Semata. Sedegi marTlac STambeWdavi iyo da msoflios
sxvadasxva adgilas gamarTulma koncertebma didi rezonansi gamoiwvia. igive
SeiZleba vTqvaT suxiSvilebis ansamblze, romelic cdilobs, axali elementebis
SetaniT gaamravalferovnos da ufro mimzidveli gaxados mdidari SemoqmedebiTi
tradicia. eTnojazis msoflioSi warmatebuli jgufia ansambli Sini.

150

msoflio kultura

globalizacia, romelmac samyaro erT did soflad aqcia, ar gaxlavT calsaxad

dadebiTi an uaryofiTi procesi. mas ori mxare aqvs. yvelaferi damokidebulia imaze,
Tu rogor gamoiyenebs adamiani, sazogadoeba Tu saxelmwifo Seqmnil realobas.

davaleba
1. gaixsene aisbergis modeli, daakavSire igi globalizaciis procesTan.
2. daiyaviT globalizaciis damcvelebad da mowinaaRmdegeebad. TiToeulma
jgufma daasabuTos, ratom aris an ar aris globalizacia safrTxe kulturis
TviTmyofadobisaTvis?
3. moiZie informacia dRes ucxoeTSi moRvawe cnobili qarTvelebis Sesaxeb.

41.globalizacia - safrTxe Tu SesaZlebloba?

151

42

masmedia

Tanamedrove msoflios saxis gansazRvraSi erTerT mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs masmedia. televizia,
radio, gazeTi, cifruli da eleqtronuli saSualebebi,
romelTa meSveobiT informacia miewodeba farTo,
geografiulad, socialurad da kulturulad mravalferovan sazogadoebas, adamianis
umniSvnelovanes qmnilebaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba. termini masmedia me-20 saukunis 20ian wlebSi gaCnda, roca radiomauwyeblobam, gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis gavrcelebam
masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo. dRes internetmediam warmoudgenlad gaafarTova
komunikaciis saSualebebi.
media _ Sualeduri,
Suamavali

pirveli germanuli gazeTis

Relation satitulo gverdi

Tanamedrove eleqtronuli da beWdviTi media moicavs radio da

telemauwyeblobas, sxvadasxva saxis audio da videosaSualebebs (xmis Tu
gamosaxulebis Canawerebi, diskebi, videoproduqcia da sxva), filmebs, internets,
mobilur telefons (telefonis uSualo funqciis garda, misi meSveobiT gadaicema
uaxlesi ambebi, gafrTxilebani, horoskopi, musika, TamaSebi da a.S.), beWdviT da
eleqtronuli gamocemebs (wignebi, Jurnalebi).
adamiani odiTgan ocnebobda komunikaciis iseT saSualebebze, romlebic maT
manZilis swrafad dafarvisa da Soreuli mxareebis ambebisaTvis Tvalis devnebis
SesaZleblobas miscemda. gavixsenoT zRaprebi mfrinavi xaliCisa Tu jadosnuri
sarkis Sesaxeb. informaciis Sor manZilze gadacemisaTvis sxvadasxva saSualebas
iyenebdnen, magaliTad, sasimagro nagebobaTa koSkebze avardnili kvamli mosaxleobas
mtris Semosevas auwyebda.

152

msoflio kultura

legendis
mixedviT,
Zveli
welTaRricxvis 490 wels, maraTonis
brZolaSi berZenTa mier sparselTa
damarcxebis Semdeg, berZenma macnem
ramdenime aTeuli kilometri irbina,
raTa
aTenelebisaTvis
gamarjvebis
ambavi ecnobebina. man mTeli manZili
Seusveneblad
dafara,
Tumca
es
sicocxlis fasad daujda da ambis
Setyobinebidan ramdenime wuTSi suli
ganuteva.

antikuri periodis
berZnuli qalaqebis
centrSi arsebuli
agora, vaWrobisa da
politikuri diskusiebis
garda, informaciis
gadacemis adgilic iyo.
aseTive funqcia hqonda
romaul forums da
`salaybod~ wodebul
adgils Zvel TbilisSi.
Tanamedrove media saSualebebidan yvelaze xangrZlivi istoria aqvs gazeTs,
romelmac dRevandeli saxe me-16 saukuneSi miiRo. erT-erTi cnobili moazrovnis
sityviT, beWdurma produqciam samyaros forma da struqtura Secvala. 2007 wlis
monacemebiT, yoveldRiurad msoflioSi
gazeTebis 395 milioni egzemplari iyideba.
me-19 saukuneSi gaCnda radio, romlis
dasaxelebac laTinuri sityvidan modis da
niSnavs _ vasxiveb. igi iqca informaciisa
da
garTobis
mTavar
saSualebad,
radiomimRebi _ erT-erT mniSvnelovan
nivTad ojaxisaTvis. Semdgom mas mocile
gamouCnda televizoris saxiT.

radiomimRebi

42.masmedia

153

kompiuteruli
teqnologiebis
ganviTarebam
mkveTrad
Secvala
samyaros saxe. interneti Tanamedrove
msoflios
simbolod
iqca.
misi
meSveobiT praqtikulad nebismieri
informaciis moZiebaa SesaZlebeli.
amave dros, igi komunikaciis yvelaze
mosaxerxebeli saSualebaa. saZiebo
sistemebis, amouwuravi informaciis
gverdiT arsebobs e.w. socialuri
qselebi (Facebook, Twitter, Skype da sxva),
romlebiTac
adamianebi
mudmivad
ukavSirdebian
erTmaneTs,
iZenen
nacnobebs,
megobrebs,
saaTobiT
saubroben. virtualurma samyarom,
TiTqos, realuris adgili daikava.

masmediis meSveobiT msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi mcxovrebi adamianebi erTmaneTs

mWidrod daukavSirdnen, erTmaneTze damokidebuli gaxdnen. yvelaze Soreul
kuTxeSi momxdari faqti maSinve xdeba cnobili mTeli danarCeni kacobriobisaTvis.
media saSualebebiT vmogzaurobT iq, sadac, albaT, realurad arasdros movxvdebiT,
vecnobiT adamianebs, romlebTanac arasdros mogviwevs pirispir Sexvedra, viRebT
informacias CvenTvis saintereso nebismier sakiTxze, viZenT da vyidiT, vuwevT
reklamas, gamovxatavT sixaruls Tu mwuxarebas.
masmediis mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs is faqti, rom xSirad mas meoTxe xelisuflebas
uwodeben - sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaTa Semdeg. igi
xalxze zemoqmedebis mZlavri iaraRia. vinc flobs informaciis saSualebebs, flobs
Zalauflebasac.

U
18
154

me-20 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

gansakuTrebiT gaxSirda Zaladobis faqtebi. amerikis kongresis
warmomadgenlebma amis ZiriTad mizezad teleeTerSi Zaladobis
gaxSirebuli Cveneba miiCnies da mouwodes telekompaniebis
mflobelebs, SeemcirebinaT Zaladobis Semcveli telegadacemebi
da filmebi. senatorma ilinoisis Statidan pol saimonma Semdegi
sityvebiT mimarTa telekompaniaTa mesveurebs: Tqven flobT
iaraRs, romelic Tavisi siZlieriT uprecedentoa kacobriobis
istoriaSi. swored am periodSi miRweuli SeTanxmebis Semdeg
SemoiRes asakobrivi zRvaris aRmniSvneli niSani filmebsa da
telegadacemebze.

msoflio kultura

Tanamedrove epoqaSi namdvil omebs _ sabrZolo moqmedebebs _ rogorc wesi,

Tan axlavs sainformacio omi: foto da telekamerebis, mobiluri telefonebis,
internetis meSveobiT, monawile mxareebi cdiloben, msoflios maTTvis xelsayreli
informacia miawodon. xSirad amas Tan sdevs kiber-omic _ Seteva veb-gverdebze, raTa
mowinaaRmdeges ar hqondes am mniSvnelovani sainformacio saSualebis gamoyenebis
SesaZlebloba.

kiTxva
l

Seni azriT, ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom adamianTa urTierTobaSi virtualurma

samyarom Caanacvlos realuri urTierTobebi? ra safrTxis Semcvelia virtualuri
urTierTobebi?

davaleba
1. imsjele, ra rols asrulebs masmedia globalizaciis procesSi.
2. masmediis saSualebebiT moiZie kviris yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena da daasaxele
informaciis mopovebis wyaro.
3. moiZie informacia gakveTilSi naxsenebi da naCvenebi media saSualebebisa da
teqnologiebis gamomgonebelTa Sesaxeb.

42.masmedia

155

43

kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi

xSirad amboben: ramdeni adamianicaa, imdeni azri arsebobs. aranaklebi darwmunebiT

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ramdeni kulturacaa, imdeni gansxvavebuli axsna da Sefaseba
SeiZleba hqondes erTsa da imave faqts, movlenas, situacias, Jests Tu saxis
gamometyvelebas. yvela sazogadoebas aqvs ena, samzareulo, xelovneba, miTebi, religia,
ojaxi, ekonomikuri sistema, naTesauri kavSirebi, xelisufleba, sacxovrebeli,
higiena, qcevis wesebi, akrZalvebi da a.S. rogorc ukve ici, es universaliebi sxvadasxva
sazogadoebaSi mravalferovani formiT gvxvdeba. magaliTad, adamianebi ikvebebian,
magram is, Tu ras, rodis, sad, visTan erTad da rogor miirTmeven, sxvadasxva kulturaSi
Zalian gansxvavebulia. aseve sxvadasxvagvaria misalmebis wesi, keTilganwyobis Tu
undoblobis gamoxatvis formebi da sxva. erTi sityviT, kulturuli msgavsebebi da
gansxvavebani erTi medlis ori mxarea.
sad vcxovrobT?

xata _ slavuri saxli

afrikuli qoxi

iurta

156

indoneziuri saxli

msoflio kultura

rogor vimosebiT?

meqsikuri samosi

perueli mamakacis samosi

sari - indoeTi

Sotlandiuri kilti

qarTuli Coxa

indoneziuri
saqorwino samosi

slovakuri samosi

evropuli samosi
qarTuli samosi. me-19 saukune

43.kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi

niqabi

157

ras da rogor mivirTmevT?

Cinelebis ojaxi sadilobisas

Cinuri sufra

frangebis ojaxi sadilobisas

iranuli sufra

kulturul msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebs mxolod maSin aRmovaCenT, roca

sakuTar kulturas sxvas vadarebT. gansxvavebebs vxedavT ara mxolod Cvensa da
sxva kulturebs Soris, aramed Cveni kulturis dRevandel da adreul safexurebs
Sorisac.
rodesac evropelebma, msoflioSi mogzaurobis Sedegad, manamde sruliad
ucnobi mxareebi aRmoaCines, isini gaocebuli iyvnen adgilobrivTa cxovrebis wesiT,
romelic maTi cxovrebis wesisagan Zalian gansxvavdeboda; amis gamo, xSirad, maT
CamorCenilebad an, sulac, velurebad Tvlidnen. Tumca evropeli mogzaurebi ar
iTvaliswinebdnen, rom am xalxebsac, SeiZleba, ucnaurad da gaugebrad moCvenebodaT
evropelebisaTvis sruliad Cveulebrivi qcevebi.
sazogadoebebisaTvis, sadac bavSvebi mudam ufrosebTan erTad arian, dedis zurgze
mokalaTebuli gadaadgildebian, maTTan erTad sZinavT, bavSvis marto datoveba
maneJSi an calke sawolSi, SeiZleba, barbarosul da sastik mopyrobad Candes.

158

msoflio kultura

sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen adamianis

fizikur silamazesac. magaliTad, zog kulturaSi msuqani adamiani miiCneva lamazad,
zogan ki simsuqnes problemad Tvlian da didi mondomebiT cdiloben mis daZlevas.
erTi Tanamedrove anTropologis sityviT, simsuqne lamazia iq, sadac mxolod
msuqnebi arian kargad. ras niSnavs es? sazogadoebebSi, sadac sakvebis naklebobaa,
simsuqne kargi cxovrebis niSnad iTvleba. iq ki, sadac adamianebs naklebad aSinebT
SimSilis safrTxe, sigamxdre ufro fasobs. Tu afrikaSi didi xnis megobar qals
eubnebian, rom man wonaSi moimata, es niSnavs, rom is fizikurad ufro jansaRia,
vidre adre, an kargad daisvena. xolo igive SeniSvna sxvagan Seuracxyofad miiCneva.
ra aris silamaze?

SeiZleba ferebs kulturuli mniSvneloba hqondeT? Turme, SeiZleba. zogierTi

feri ama Tu im kulturaSi arsebul warmodgenebsa da grZnobebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
magaliTad, wiTlis, TeTrisa da lurjis kombinacia amerikul kulturaSi pozitiur
da patriotul grZnobasTan asocirdeba. CineTSi ki lurji/cisferi sikvdils
ukavSirdeba. sportuli gundebi irCeven ferebs Tavis simbolod, romelic Semdeg
siamayisa da miRwevebisagan ganuyofeli xdeba (narinjisferi - holandia, wiTeli da
TeTri vardebi inglisSi da a.S.). ramdenadac ferebis mniSvneloba gansxvavebulia
sxvadasxva kulturaSi, grafikuli dizainerebi amis gaTvaliswinebiT qmnian
produqts sxvadasxva qveynisa da kulturis warmomadgenlebisaTvis.

43.kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi

159

kiTxvebi
l

erT-erT arabul qveyanaSi Setanili medikamentis kolofze mocemuli iyo

samnawiliani sareklamo gamosaxuleba: 1. avadmyofi adamiani, 2. igi iRebs wamals, 3.
gamojanmrTelebuli da bednieri adamiani. wamali ar gaiyida. ratom?

diskusia
l

ufrosebis gamokiTxvis, Zveli fotosuraTebis, kinofilmebis safuZvelze,

gamoikvlie, rogor Seicvala warmodgena silamazeze saqarTveloSi me-20 saukunis
dasawyisidan dRemde.

davaleba
l

daakvirdi gakveTilSi mocemul suraTebze asaxul samoss, sacxovriss, sufras,

samkauls da imsjele, ramdenad SesaZlebelia moiZebnos universaluri kriteriumi
maT Soris saukeTesos gamosavlenad.

damatebiTi informacia
es magaliTebi aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben sxvadasxva
kulturis warmomadgenlebi, erTi SexedviT, sruliad umniSvnelo niuansebs:
l

amerikaSi da arabul qveynebSi pauzebi sityvebs Soris, Cveulebriv, ar

aris xangrZlivi, indoeTsa da iaponiaSi ki pauza gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba.
gaxangrZlivebuli siCume savsebiT misaRebi da komfortulia indoeTSi,
indoneziasa da iaponiaSi. iq fuWad molaparake cudad aRzrdil adamianad
miiCneva, romelsac uWirs Tavis gakontroleba. evropaSi, CrdiloeT amerikasa
da avstraliaSi ki dumili uxerxulobas iwvevs. skandinavielebi ufro mSvidad
xvdebian dumilis pauzebs saubris dros.

evropis xmelTaSuazRvispira qveynebSi, laTinur amerikasa da afrikaSi, saharis

samxreTiT, savsebiT misaRebia vaxSamze naxevari saaTiT dagvianeba, maSin rodesac
germaniasa da SveicariaSi es uzrdelobad aRiqmeba.

aziis bevr qveyanaSi da centralur amerikaSi misaRebia vaxSmobis Semdeg wasvla,

Tu adamiani ase ar moiqca, es niSnavs, rom is sakmarisad ar danayrda. indoeTSi,
evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi ki vaxSmis Semdeg maspinZlis datoveba
uzrdelobaa da mianiSnebs, rom stumars mxolod Wama undoda da ara maspinZlebis
sazogadoebaSi drois gatareba.

160

msoflio kultura

iranul kulturaSi, rodesac vinmes sTavazoben, magaliTad, sasmels,

Tavazianobad iTvleba daTanxmebamde ramdenjerme uaris Tqma. etiketis aseTi
forma gavrcelebulia sxva qveynebSic, magaliTad, indoeTsa da indoneziaSi. sxva
kulturebSi miRebulia mxolod erTxel SeTavazeba.

qristianul da muslimur kulturebSi patarZals TeTri samosi acvia, rac

ubiwoebis simboloa, induistur kulturaSi ki TeTri samosi mwuxarebis niSania
da mas qvrivebi icvamen.

43.kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi

161

44

kultura da genderi

yvelam kargad viciT, rom adamianebi

iyofian gogonebad da biWebad, qalebad
da kacebad. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
gansxvavdebian sqesobrivi niSniT. asevea
cxovelebSic;
sqesobrivi
niSnebi
_
magaliTad, xvadi lomis fafari, mamali farSevangis kudi biologiurad, genetikuradaa
ganpirobebuli. biologiis kursidan, albaT, gaxsovs, rom sqesobrivi gamravleba
genetikurad mravalferovani STamomavlobis gaCenas uzrunvelyofs, rac sasargebloa
biologiuri saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis.
genderi (ingl. gender) _
enaTmecnierebaSi gramatikul gvars
aRniSnavs.

qalis saaTi

rogorc ukve mravaljer aRvniSneT, adamianis

unikaluroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi ara mxolod
biologiuri, aramed kulturuli arsebacaa. kultura
msWvalavs adamianis cxovrebis yvela sferos, maT Soris
sqesebs Soris urTierTobebs. yovel kulturaSi arsebobs
uamravi wesi da norma, Tu rogor unda gamoiyurebodes
an iqceodes gogona da biWi, kaci da qali. am
kulturuli wesebisa da normebis nawili uSualod aris
dakavSirebuli biologiur gansxvavebebTan. magaliTad,
zogierT kulturaSi miRebulia wveris yoveldRiuri
gaparsva, sxvagan piriqiT _ moSveba. cxadia, rom amgvari
norma mxolod mamakacebze vrceldeba, radgan wveri
mamakacisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli biologiuri niSania.

magram arsebobs gacilebiT meti tradicia da norma, romlebic qalebs da kacebs,

erTnair situaciaSi, qcevis gansxvavebul normebs karnaxobs. ai, majis ori saaTi.
yoveli Tqvengani uSecdomod amoicnobs: es kacisaa, es ki qalis. ki, magram, ratomaa
kacis saaTi ufro didi? iqneb kacebs uaresi mxedveloba aqvT? ara, aseTi ram ar
dasturdeba. iqneb imitom, rom saSualod kacebi zomiT aRematebian qalebs? es ufro
saintereso varaudia, magram Tu asea, maSin ratom
xmaroben qalebi da kacebi erTnairi zomis wignebs,
mobilur telefonebs, dana-Cangals, skamebs?
iSviaTad, magram zogjer zoma Sebrunebuladaa
ganawilebuli: magaliTad, im kulturebSi,
sadac sayures orive sqesi atarebs (magaliTad,
Tanamedrove dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi), mamakacis
sayure, umetesad, sagrZnoblad mcirea qalisaze.
maS, raRaSia aq saqme? modi, am SekiTxvas odnav
mogvianebiT gavceT pasuxi, aq ki yuradReba
mivaqcioT erT Zalian mniSvnelovan garemoebas:
yvela
kulturaSi
qalebs
da
mamakacebs mamakacis saaTi
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs ara mxolod (da ara

162

msoflio kultura

imdenad) biologiuri niSnebi, aramed kulturuli wesebi da normebi: Zlieri gancdisas

qalisaTvis dasaSvebia tirili, kacma ki Tavi unda Seikavos; mRvdelTmsaxuri mxolod
kaci SeiZleba iyos; qalisaTvis SeiZleba maRal quslebze siaruli, kacisaTvis _ ara
da a.S. amgvar gansxvavebebs genderuls uwodeben.
bevr enaSi (romelTa ricxvSi qarTuli ar Sedis) yvela sagans _ suliers da
usulos, saxels da cnebas garkveuli sqesi anu gvari miewereba. magaliTad,
germanulSi magida _ mamrobiTi gvarisaa, ojaxi _ mdedrobiTis, xolo puri
_ saSualosi. rogorc vxedavT, gramatikuli sqesi sruliad sxva ramaa, vidre
biologiuri. sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi sityviT genderi aRiniSneba yovelive is,
rac qalebsa da kacebs arabiologiurad ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan. sqesi, rogorc
viciT, cxovelebsac aqvT, genderi ki _ mxolod adamianebs. genderi socialuri
sqesia, rac gulisxmobs gansxvavebebs saxelebSi, CacmulobaSi, qcevis da metyvelebis
wesebsa da maneraSi, saqmianobaSi da a.S. zog SemTxvevaSi sqesi da genderi SeiZleba
arc emTxveodes erTmaneTs _ biologiurad qali iqceodes ise, rogorc mamakaci da
piriqiT. gakveTilis bolos moyvanilia amis ori magaliTi sxvadasxva kulturidan.
genderul gansxvavebebs bavSvis dabadebidanve eyreba safuZveli. magaliTad,
bevr qveyanaSi axalSobil gogonas, tradiciulad, vardisfer sabanSi axveven, biWs
ki cisferSi. ramdenime TveSi dgeba saTamaSoebis dro: biWisaTvis _ burTi, manqana,
xmali, gogonasTvis _ Tojina, WurWeli... mSoblebi da aRmzrdelebi, zogjer
gaucnobiereblad, sxvadasxva Tvisebebs waaqezeben da waaxaliseben, biWebSi _
aqtiurobas, siTamames, Sejibrisaken miswrafebas (gogo xom ar xar!), gogonebSi _
morcxvobas, Tavmdablobas, emociurobas (biWi xom ar xar!). mimdinareobs genderuli
socializacia, romlis Sedegadac bavSvi yalibdeba konkretul kulturaSi arsebuli
genderuli normebisa da wesebis Sesabamisad.
mecnierebma aCvenes, rom bevri Tviseba, romelic bunebrivad iTvleboda qalisa Tu
kacisaTvis, sinamdvileSi gansxvavebuli aRzrdis Sedegia. magaliTad, gavrcelebuli
azris mixedviT, romelic mecnieruladac dasturdeba, qalebi ufro damyolni,
damjerni arian, ufro advilad da xSirad icvlian Sexedulebebs, eTanxmebian sxvebs,
vidre kacebi. magram 6-7 wlis bavSvebSi amgvari gansxvaveba ar aRiniSneba, ase rom igi
Tandayolili ar aris. rogorc irkveva, es gansxvaveba aRzrdis Sedegia _ kulturaTa
umravlesobaSi gogonas aCveven morCilebas, unergaven azrs, rom gadawyvetilebebi
kacebma unda miiRon.
aq Cven mivadeqiT umniSvnelovanes
problemas
_
genderul uTanas
worobas. warsulSic da awmyoSic,
kulturaTa
did
umravlesobaSi
mamakacebs gabatonebuli mdgoma
reoba
uWiravT,
swored
isini
floben politikur, ekonomikur,
religiur da ojaxur Zalauflebas,
qalebis roli ki metwilad bavSvebis
aRzrdiTa da ojaxuri saqmianobiT
Semoifargleba.
iTvleboda
da

44.kultura da genderi

163

iTvleba kidec, rom mamakaci, silamazis garda, yvela sxva dadebiTi TvisebiT (Wkua,
zneoba, sxvadasxva niWi da a.S.) bevrad sjobnis qals. sinamdvileSi, rogorc irkveva,
mamakacebis gabatonebuli mdgomareoba mxolod imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom mamakaci
qalze fizikurad Zlieria, xolo mTeli es ideologia mamakacis viTom bunebrivi
upiratesobis Sesaxeb arsebuli mdgomareobis gamarTlebisTvis aris Seqmnili.
Tanamedrove mecnieruli gamokvlevebi adasturebs, rom, fizikuri siZlieris
garda, qalebi arc erTi sxva maxasiaTebliT ar Camouvardebian mamakacebs. sakmarisia
iTqvas, rom inteleqtis donis dReisaTvis dafiqsirebuli ori umaRlesi maCvenebeli
qalebs ekuTvnis.
maRal, gabatonebul socialur mdgomareobas sxvadasxva simbolika usvams
xazs; rac ufro maRalia statusi, rogorc wesi, miT ufro didi zomisaa Sesabamisi
simboloebi: mefes yvelaze didi etli emsaxureba, generals didroni varskvlavebi
umSvenebs samxreebs, miliarderi ugrZesi limuziniT mgzavrobs... gaxsovs qalisa da
kacis saaTebi? diax, mamakacis saaTis sidide misi ufro maRali socialuri statusis
gamoZaxilia...
mecnierebma ramdenime Tvis bavSvi ise gamoawyves, rom misi biologiuri sqesis
amocnoba SeuZlebeli iyo. Semdeg, maT axalgazrda qalebis or jgufs sTxoves,
bavSvTan naxevar-naxevari saaTi gaetarebinaT. pirvel jgufs uTxres, rom bavSvs
hqvia zuriko, meores ki _ ninuca. bolos orive jgufis wevrebs SesTavazes,
gaeziarebinaT TavianTi STabeWdilebebi bavSvis Sesaxeb. aRmoCnda, rom pirveli
jgufi bavSvs aRwerda ZiriTadad rogorc aqtiurs, biWurs, meore ki rogorc
nazs, pranWias, tipur gogos. bavSvi, rogorc gvaxsovs, erTi da igive iyo.

albaneTi: nafici qalwulebi

albaneli `nafici
qalwuli~

albaneTSi mravali saukunis manZilze moqmedebda kanoni,

romelic qalebs kerZo sakuTrebis uflebas arTmevda. roca
ojaxSi mamakaci aRar rCeboda, mTel qonebas epatroneboda
Soreuli, xSirad ara sisxliT naTesavi mamakaci. am usamarTlo
kanonis sawinaaRmdegod albanelma qalebma aseTi xriki
gamoigones. rodesac gvarSi ukanaskneli mamakaci kvdeboda,
erT-erTi qali debda gauTxovrobis fics da xdeboda e.w.
nafici qalwuli, anu... kaci! imoseboda rogorc kaci, svamda
da eweoda, mamakacur samuSaos asrulebda, monawileobda
kacebis TavyrilobebSi, maTTan erT oTaxSi eZina kidec. rac
mTavaria, mamakacebi mas rogorc Tanaswors epyrobodnen
da erTi wuTiTac ar axsendebodaT misi qaluri warsuli.
xdeboda biologiuri sqesis da genderis sruli dacileba.
dRes, rasakvirvelia, Zveli kanoni gauqmebulia da es
gasaocari tradicia warsuls Cabarda, Tumca jer kidev
cocxalia ramdenime aTeuli nafici qalwuli.

164

msoflio kultura

samoa: qalisnairni
samoas kunZulebze (okeania) gogonebi aqtiurad exmarebian dedas saxlis
meurneobis gaZRolaSi. magram ra vuyoT, Tu ojaxSi mxolod biWebi ibadebian? ai,
aseT SemTxvevaSi umcros biWs aRzrdian rogorc gogonas _ Sesabamisad acmeven,
aswavlian saxlis saqmes da a.S. Cndeba axali, rogorc maT uwodeben, Faafafine,
anu qalisnairi, qalisebri, romelic, adgilobrivTa rwmeniT, mesame sqess
ganekuTvneba (Cven ki viciT, rom es mesame sqesi ki ara, mesame genderia, anu socialuri
sqesi). sagulisxmoa, rom qalisnairni araviTar diskriminacias ar ganicdian da,
Sesabamisad, arc fsiqologiuri travmebi awuxebT. maT sasiyvarulo urTierTobac
ki SeuZliaT gaaban qalTan, Tumca mTeli cxovreba TavianTi genderuli rolis
Sesruleba uwevT.

kiTxva
1. Seni azriT, arsebobs qaluri da mamakacuri profesiebi? pasuxi daasabuTe.
2. gavlili masalidan romel sakiTxebs daukavSireb am gakveTilSi ganxilul Temas?

davaleba
l

gaixsene magaliTebi istoriidan, literaturidan da Tanamedrove realobidan,

romlebSic asaxulia genderuli rolebis ganawileba sxvadasxva epoqasa da
kulturaSi. Camoayalibe Seni damokidebuleba eses saxiT.

44.kultura da genderi

165

45

kulturaTa tipologia

tipologia (laT. typus _ saxeoba) _

obieqtebis (sagnebis, movlenebis)
dajgufeba garkveuli niSan-Tvisebebis,
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT.

modi, gakveTili aseTi davalebiT

daviwyoT. gaecani qvemoT mocemul
CamonaTvals da daajgufe raime niSnis
mixedviT:

vefxistyaosani , novruz bairami, nariyala, versali, abesalom da eTeri, SuSa

nikis wameba, awyuris cixe, mravalJamieri, aida, Cakrulo, aRdgoma, sveticxoveli,
paseqi, grigol xanZTelis cxovreba, gelaTi, sibrZne sicruisa, koloseumi.
SesaZloa, Seni da Seni megobrebis mier dajgufebisaTvis SerCeuli kriteriumebi
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba, magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tqven yvelam airCieT
erTi principi _ gamokveTeT saerTo niSnebi.
swored aseve, ama Tu im niSnis mixedviT, kulturebic SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad
dajgufdes, rasac kulturaTa tipologias uwodeben. dedamiwis sxvadasxva regionis
kulturaTa Seswavlis Sedegad, mecnierebma gamokveTes garkveuli niSnebi, romlebsac
tipologia emyareba.
kulturaTa
tipologia
mWidrod
aris
dakavSirebuli
faseulobebTan,
msoflmxedvelobasTan, cxovrebis wesTan. kulturebi gansxvavdebian an erTmaneTs
gvanan pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobis xasiaTiT, damokidebulebiT droisa da
sivrcisadmi, individisa da jgufisadmi, tradiciisa da siaxlisadmi.
me-20 saukunis 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
saerTaSoriso korporacia IBM-ma (International Business
Machines Corporation) aRmoaCina, rom misi filialebi
msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvagvari
warmatebiT muSaobdnen. marTvisa da teqnikuri
uzrunvelyofis
TvalsazrisiT,
korporaciaSi,
TiTqos, yvelaferi rigze iyo. arsebuli problemis
mizezebis asaxsnelad, korporaciis mesveurebma
heert hopstede
miiwvies holandieli fsiqologi heert hofstede.
sagangebod SemuSavebuli kiTxvaris safuZvelze, man
Seiswavla kompaniis 100 aTasze meti TanamSromeli msoflios masStabiT. aRmoCnda,
rom problemebs muSaobis procesSi kulturul gansxvavebaTa gauTvaliswinebloba
qmnida. IBM korporaciis TanamSromlebi nebismier qveyanaSi muSaobdnen erTnair
ofisebSi, erTnairi grafikiT, erTnair samuSao pirobebSi, mzaddebodnen erTi
da igive programebiT. am dros ki isini sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi
iyvnen da gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba hqondaT droisadmi, piradi da jgufuri
pasuxismgeblobisadmi, samuSao sivrcisadmi, Zalauflebisadmi, qalisa da mamakacis
rolisadmi da a.S.

166

msoflio kultura

zogierT kulturaSi individis, calkeuli

adamianis interesebs upiratesoba eniWeba jgufis
interesebTan SedarebiT; mizani adamianis piradi
interesidan gamomdinare isazRvreba; gacnobisas
yuradReba eqceva imas, Tu ras warmoadgens
Tavad es pirovneba da ara is jgufi (ojaxi,
sanaTesao, samegobro), romelsac igi ekuTvnis.
sazogadoebebi
aseT kulturebs individualistur kulturebs
uwodeben. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba SeerTebuli Statebis, avstraliis, didi britaneTis,
kanadis, holandiis da zogi sxva qveynis kultura.
amisagan gansxvavebiT, arsebobs kulturebi, sadac jgufis interesebi ufro
mniSvnelovnad miiCneva. adamianebi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze inarCuneben kavSirs
ojaxTan, naTesavebTan, mezoblebTan da, xSirad, organizaciebTan, romelSic muSaoben;
pirovnebis mizans jgufuri interesi gansazRvravs; adamiani fasdeba imis mixedviT,
Tu romel jgufs miekuTvneba igi. aseT kulturebs koleqtivisturs uwodeben.
aseTebad iTvleba saberZneTis, CineTis, indoeTis, meqsikis, taivanis, venesuelas da
sxva kulturebi.
kulturaTa dajgufebis kidev erTi modeli
emyareba droisadmi damokidebulebas. zogierTi
kulturis warmomadgenlebi TavianT saqmianobas
drois xangrZlivi monakveTisaTvis gegmaven da
mzad arian, Sedegsa da gaweuli Sromis sazRaurs
didxans daelodon. maTTvis mniSnelovania ara
samuSaos dasrulebis dro, aramed saboloo
Sedegis maRali xarisxi. aseT kulturebSi rigi individualistur da
(CineTi, iaponia, samxreT korea da sxva) koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi
fasobs momWirneoba, Seupovroba, socialuri
valdebulebebis pativiscema. amis sapirispirod, zogi sxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi
orientirebuli arian swraf konkretul Sedegze, zustad gaweril samuSao grafikze,
droSi konkretulad gansazRvrul anazRaurebaze (didi britaneTi, SeerTebuli
Statebi, axali zelandia, avstralia da sxva).
zogi kulturis warmomadgenlebisaTvis ufro komfortulia Ria, gaxsnili sivrce.
magaliTad, ezoebi dabali RobeebiT, xolo samuSao kabinetebi gamWvirvale tixrebiT
aris gamijnuli, kari mudmivad Riaa. magram aseT garemos Znelad Tu Seegueba adamiani,
romlis samuSao oTaxis kari mxolod gansazRvrul dros iReba; igi ar aris miCveuli
mudmivad sxvisi Tvalsawieris areSi yofnas.
kulturebi gansxvavdeba imiTac, Tu ra mniSvneloba eniWeba warsuls, awmyosa
da momavals. warsulze orientirebuli sazogadoebebi gansakuTrebiT afaseben
tradiciebs, winaprebs da mWidro ojaxur kavSirebs. awmyoze orientirebuli
sazogadoebebisaTvis aqtualuria aq da axla, warsuli naklebad mniSnelovania,
momavali ki _ bundovani da arawinaswarmetyvelebadi. momavalze orientirebuli
sazogadoebebi aqcents akeTeben cvlilebebsa da progresze.

45.kulturaTa tipologia

167

zog
kulturaSi
adamianebi
uSualo
kontaqtis dros erTmaneTTan axlos midian,
sxvagan ki aseTi miaxloeba gaugebaria da
piradi sivrcis darRvevad miiCneva. magaliTad,
xmelTaSuazRvispirul
da
samxreTamerikul
kulturebSi Cveulebrivad iTvleba saubris
dros mxarze xelis dakvra, xelis gadaxveva,
CrdiloeT evropis warmomadgenelTaTvis ki es
damabneveli Jestia, romelic, SeiZleba, safrTxis
momaswaveblad aRiqmebodes.

piradi sivrce

kulturaTa tipologiis nebismieri modeli

pirobiTia: ar arsebobs kultura, romelic zustad
da mkafiod Seesabameba zemoT dasaxelebul
maxasiaTeblebs. miuxedavad amisa, kulturaTa
tipologiis sferoSi dagrovili codna Zalian
mniSnelovania,
magaliTad,
diplomatebisaTvis,
romelTac,
sagangebod
aswavlian
kulturaTa
Taviseburebebs. am faqtors aseve gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas uTmoben saerTaSoriso biznes kompaniebi,
TavianTi saqmianobisa da produqciis reklamirebis
warmatebis uzrunvelsayofad.

davaleba
1. gakveTilSi mocemuli tipologiis modelebis mixedviT, imsjele qarTuli
kulturis maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb.
2. gaixsene kulturis universaliebi da imsjele, ramdenad SeiZleba iyos romelime
maTgani kulturaTa tipologiis safuZveli.

168

msoflio kultura

saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba

46
dialeqti _ ama Tu im enaze
metyvelebis regionulkuTxuri nairsaxeoba.

Cven kargad viciT, erTsa da imave mSoblebis Svilebs gvari erTi aqvT,
magram saxelebi ki sxvadasxva. msgavsad amisa, Cveni qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxes,
anu nawils, gvartomobis saxeli erTi da igive hqvia _ saqarTvelo, magram amave
dros, TiToeul nawils Tavis sakuTari saxelic hqvia, swored ise, rogorc
RviZl Zmebsa da debs sxvadasxva saxels uwodeben xolme. ai, is saxelebi: kaxeTi,
qarTli, imereTi, samegrelo, guria, raWa, svaneTi..., _ werda iakob gogebaSvili.
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis mcxovrebni erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian
metyvelebiT, yoveldRiuri yofis elementebiT, sadResaswaulo da glovis
ritualebiT. amave dros, yvela maTgani erTiani qarTuli kulturis nawilia,
erTi saxelmwifo da saliteraturo eniT1. gansxvavebulma landSaftma, klimaturma
pirobebma da istoriulma realobam gansazRvra cxovrebis wesis mravalferovneba
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi.
saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba qarTuli enis dialeqtebSic
vlindeba. isini gavlenas axdenen qarTuli saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebaze.
qarTuli klasikuri nawarmoebebi gajerebulia ama Tu im kuTxisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
dialeqtebiT, rac gansakuTrebul xibls sZens maT.

1 saqarTvelos konstituciiT, afxazeTis teritoriaze saxelmwifo enad aRiarebulia agreTve afxazuri ena.

46. saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba

169

moxeveebis metyvelebis Taviseburebebi ilia WavWavaZis mgzavris werilebidan:

_ ra gqvian, Zmobilo? _ vkiTxe me.
_ ...lelT Runias mixmoben, _ momigo man.
_ sadauri xar?
_ sadavel? gaibotnidam, aqaiv mTaCia, Terg_kidurzed...
_ kai adgilia es Tqveni adgili.
_ araa gonjai: Cvens beCaobas Sehferobs.
_ amisTana wyali, amisTana haeri swored bednierebaa.
_ hm! _ Caicina moxevem.
_ ras icini?
_ sacinals vicini. carial stvamaqi magniT ver gaZRebis.
_ aq Zalian mosavali unda icodes?!
_ raid ar ecodinebis? adgil araa gonjai, patar gvaqvn: TviTvauls kacs or_
or Sabadis yana ar eqmnebis. viwrod varn.
_ es didi gza did xels mogcemT.
_ rai bedanaa gzai? ig misTvis vargobs, visec Tvis naSvrel_namuSever gasatan_
gasasyid aqvn.
guruli dialeqtis magaliTi egnate ninoSvilis moTxrobidan:
paliastomis tba
_ neta, ra qnes, beJukai da daTikelai rom mogvyoboden ukan tiviT? _ ikiTxa
nikom.
_ sicive SeaSinebda da zeiT karavSi meicTiden. sxvebic iyven, arc igini Cans.
sibriyve maTi! am qariza geeswren, Tvara axla rom qari ameiWreba, TuTxmet dRes
ar Cavardeba. mere ufro ar deixocebian am boRazSi yuryutiT! _ Tqva ivanem,
romelic mZlavrad miaqanebda tivs da xandaxans umzerda cas.

TuSuri dialeqti eTer TaTaraiZis leqsis mixedviT:

yvela dilizd vemzadeb,
avfrindebid, frii,
muxlT mZime kupr Canasxam,
Ten-binds far-xmals vxyrii.
xvalizd garev vemzadeb
cisk wavaliv, frii,

170

fexT dolabeb Senabam,

naocnebars vSlii.
arav, arav Tavs veZalv,
avfrindebiv, frii,
myarad miwas minajaWv,
TvaliTa cremls vscrii.

msoflio kultura

facxa

imeruli oda

saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba sainteresod aisaxeba sacxovrisis

tipebSi. tradiciulad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi sacxovrebeli saxli qviTkirisa
iyo, umetesad kramitiT gadaxuruli, win Ria aivani hqonda. dasavleT saqarTvelos
barSi gavrcelebuli iyo oda saxlebi, romlebsac gars didi ezo ekra. ezoSi idga
damxmare nagebobebi _ samzadi (samzareulo), nalia, saqonlis sadgomi da sxva. gurul
da megrul oda saxls, nestiani havis gamo, xis an qvis boZebze dgamdnen. samegreloSi,
oda saxlTan erTad, gavrcelebuli iyo jargvalic _ xis gauTleli morebisgan
ulursmnod nagebi Senoba. afxazeTSi, iseve rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierT
sxva regionSi, agebdnen facxas; es iyo wnulkedliani, TixiT Selesili, miwis iatakiani,
wriuli an oTxkuTxa moyvanilobis sacxovrisi, romelsac isliT an CaliT xuravdnen.
svaneTSi yovel gvars sakuTari koSki hqonda, romelsac TavdacviTi funqcia
ekisreboda. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielebi sipi qvebiT agebul saxlebSi
cxovrobdnen. aseTi sacxovreblebi SemorCenilia, magaliTad, SatilSi, mucoSi,
omaloSi. mTis bevri sofeli mtrisgan kargad daculi erTgvari cixesimagre iyo.
samcxe-javaxeTSi, ZiriTadad, erdoian-gvirgvinian darbazul saxlebs agebdnen.
misi mTavari Tavisebureba safexurebiani gumbaTia, romelic sakvamuriT _ erdoTi
mTavrdeba. centrSi cecxlis dasanTebi adgili, kera iyo. garda amisa, hqondaT
miwisqveSa samalavebi _ daranebi.

svanuri koSkebi

Satili

46. saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba

171

jargvali

mesxuri darbazuli saxlis gvirgvini

saqarTvelos kuTxeebi meurneobis tradiciuli dargebiTac gansxvavdeba.

magaliTad, Cveni samSoblo mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis qveynad iTvleba, maRalmTiani
regionebis garda, mas yvelgan misdeven, Tumca sxvadasxva kuTxeSi yurZnis moyvanisa
da Rvinis dayenebis gansxvavebuli wesi arsebobs, rac ganpirobebulia yurZnis jiSebis
mravalferovnebiT. kaxeTi am mxriv gamorCeuli kuTxea. guriaSi gavrcelebulia
maRlari venaxi, sadac vazi xeebs auyveba; mis dasakrefad sagangebo kalaTs - gidels
iyeneben. raWa-leCxumi cnobilia unikaluri RvinoebiT, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia xvanWkara (raWaSi) da usaxelauri (leCxumSi).
saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva
kuTxis
warmomadgenlebi
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian ara mxolod yofiT, aramed
qceviT, metyvelebis maneriT, Tavazianobisa da maspinZlobis
formiT da sxva maxasiaTeblebiT. es gansxvavebebi TvalSisacemi
xdeba, rodesac erTi romelime kuTxis warmomadgeneli meoreSi
aRmoCndeba da misTvis uCveulo garemoSi amoyofs Tavs. eTno
grafiuli Taviseburebebi araerTi stereotipuli Sexedulebis
safuZveli gaxda, magaliTad, miCneulia, rom raWveli nelia,
guruli _ ficxi, megreli _ moxerxebuli, imereli _ mkvircxli,
kaxeli _ dinji da a. S. stereotipebi yvelaze cxadad saxaliso gideli
istoriebsa da anegdotebSi gamovlinda.

davaleba
1. yurZnis ra jiSebia gavrcelebuli Sens regionSi? gamoikvlie, gvxvdeba Tu ara isini
saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi.
2. qarTul literaturaSi moiZie saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovnebis
amsaxveli magaliTebi _ ama Tu im kuTxis warmomadgenelTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
metyveleba, Cacmuloba, kerZebi, yoveldRiuri yofis Taviseburebebi da a.S. imsjele
maT Soris msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebze.
3. naxe qarTuli mxatvruli filmebi _ imeruli eskizebi (reJisori nana mWedliZe),
siyvaruli yvelas unda (reJisori giorgi Sengelaia) da `memkvidreoba~ (reJisori
gela babluani). imsjele filmebSi asaxul kuTxur Taviseburebebze.
saxaliso TamaSi socialur qselze: http://apps.facebook.com/chemi_sakhli/

172

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saqarTvelos kulturuli mravalferovneba

qalaquri ezo

47

saRamos mTeli soxumi portSi iyo gamosuli.

iyo bevri yvavilebi, orkestric, taS-fanduric,
cxvirsaxocebis frialic, madloba, naxvamdis,
mSvidobiT, magram yvelaferze meti mainc
cremli iyo. soxumis moqalaqeni Tavisi sxeulis
nawils, Tavis sisxls da xorcs _ berZnebs
acilebdnen. berZnebi ukve asuliyvnen gemze,
RrubeliviT TeTr da qaTqaTa poseidonze da
iqidan gviyvirodnen xelebis qneviT raRacas,
zogs berZnulad, zogs rusulad, zogs
afxazurad, zogs somxurad, zogs qarTulad...
nodar dumbaZe, Hellados

es citata nodar dumbaZis cnobili

moTxrobidan kargad asaxavs saqarTvelos
qalaqebis mravalkulturul garemos,
romelic saukuneebis manZilze yalib
deboda. albaT, gsmenia qalaquri ezos
Sesaxeb.
qalaqis
centrSi,
quCidan
alayafiT gamoyofil ezoSi, or an
samsarTulian
saxlSi
erTad
cxov
robdnen qarTvelebi, azerbaijanelebi,
somxebi, ebraelebi, qurTebi, rusebi, somexi memusikeni tfilisSi. d. ermakovis foto
ukrainelebi... maTi binis kari arasdros
iketeboda; mezoblebs yoveldRiuri yofa aerTianebda: ezos centrSi, onkanTan,
dRisiT diasaxlisebi saqmianobdnen - recxavdnen sarecxs, xarSavdnen murabebs,
saRamos mamakacebi ikribebodnen, TamaSobdnen nards da dominos, arCevdnen politikis
ambebs, iSleboda saxeldaxelo sufra. bavSvebi erTad izrdebodnen da ramdenime
enaze saubrobdnen, erTi sityviT, erT did ojaxad cxovrobdnen, kargad icodnen
erTmaneTis wes-Cveulebebi da tradiciebi, icnobdnen mezoblebis naTesavebsa da
megobrebs.
Svili mezrdeba pirdapir sagareo saqmeTa ministri. somxuri icis? _ icis,
qarTulad laparakobs? _ TavisTavad, inglisurze dadis? _ dadis, Cveni meezovis,
fizulis gogo cota qurTuls aswavlis? _ aswavlis...
nodar dumbaZe, maradisobis kanoni

47. saqarTvelos kulturuli mravalferovneba

173

qalaqis calkeuli ubnebi gansakuTrebuli

siWreliT gamoirCeoda, magaliTad, TbilisSi
_ avlabari, orTaWala, sololaki, quTaisSi _
yofili Saumianis quCa. swored amitom Sendeboda
aseT ubnebSi, erTmaneTis siaxloves, sxvadasxva
sarwmunoebis aRmsarebelTa salocavebi.
mravalkulturuloba,
rogorc
wesi,
qalaqebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca
saqarTveloSi bevria iseTi daba Tu sofelic,
sadac gansxvavebuli erovnebisa da religiis
adamianebi cxovroben.
xangrZlivma Tanacxovrebam gavlena iqonia
sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis cxovrebis wesze,
sameurneo yofaze. maT gaiTavises qarTuli
kulturis rigi elementebi da, Tavis mxriv, gavlena
ebraeli qalebi.
a. roiniSvilis foto
moaxdines masze. es naTlad Cans sacxovrebeli
Tu sameurneo nagebobebis, qorwinebis, glovis,
dakrZalvis ritualebis magaliTze. eTnikuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebi monawileoben
erTmaneTis tradiciul dResaswaulebSi. urTierTgavlenis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi
macxovrebelma TiToeulma eTnikurma jgufma SeinarCuna TviTmyofadoba.
mravalkulturul sazogadoebaSi cxovreba ar aris dazRveuli sirTuleebisa
da problemebisagan, rac SeiZleba gamoiwvios ara imdenad kulturaTaSorisma
gansxvavebebma, ramdenadac maTma arasworma aRqmam da gagebam. qveynis mSvidobiani
arseboba mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli sxvadasxva eTnikuri, religiuri da
kulturuli jgufebis harmoniul urTierTobaze.

azerbaijaneli moswavleebi qarTul da azerbaijanul samosSi

174

msoflio kultura

kiTxva
l

Seni azriT, ratom aris damaxasiaTebeli mravalkulturuloba ufro metad

qalaqebisaTvis, vidre soflebisTvis?

davaleba
1. airCie saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi romelime eTnikuri umciresoba (somxebi,
azerbaijanelebi, rusebi, ebraelebi, berZnebi, osebi, qurTebi, asirielebi...) da
CamoTvale misTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciebi, dResaswaulebi, saWmeli, samosi
da sxva niSnebi. Seni azriT, ra elementebi aerTianebs dRes saqarTveloSi mcxovreb
sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebs?
2. imsjele, ra sirTuleebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios kulturuli gansxvavebebis arasworma
aRqmam da gagebam?

47. saqarTvelos kulturuli mravalferovneba

175

48

kulturuli Soki

gasuli
saukunis
50-ian
wlebSi
saharis udabnoSi dakargul patara
oazisSi kinodanadgari Caitanes da
adgilobriv
mcxovreblebs
filmi
aCvenes. moZravma suraTebma, cxadia,
gakvirveba da aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia,
magram kidev ufro didi STabeWdileba
udabnos binadrebze filmis Sinaarsma
moaxdina _ moqmedeba didi mdinaris
maxloblad mimdinareobda. mayureblebma
ver daijeres, rom am raodenobiT wyali sadme SeiZleba arsebobdes. jer gaocdnen,
Semdeg ki RimiliT gadaxedes erTmaneTs _ ver mogvatyuebT, raRac fandia, amdeni
wyali mTels dedamiwaze ar ariso... oazisis mkvidrebma kulturuli Soki ganicades.
termini kulturuli Soki me-20
saukunis 60-iani wlebidan
damkvidrda. ase uwodeben
Zlier, ZiriTadad, damTrgunvel
grZnobebs, romelsac aRZravs sxva
kulturis uCveulo Semadgenel
nawilebTan Sexeba. es SeiZleba
iyos gaoceba, gaRizianeba, Suri da
agresiac ki.

SeiZleba vinmes kiTxva gauCndes: mdinare xom bunebis nawilia da ara kulturis?
marTalia, magram mxolod nawilobriv: udabnos mcxovrebTa mier gancdili Soki
mainc kulturuli xasiaTisaa, vinaidan maTi cxovrebis wesis Taviseburebebs,
mniSvnelovanwilad, wylis nakleboba gansazRvravs; mdinare ki ara marto bunebis,
aramed kulturis nawilicaa _ igi aTvisebulia, masze gemebi moZraoben, mdinareze
Txzaven leqsebs da iReben filmebs.
kulturul Soks, rogorc wesi,
ganicdis emigranti, saswavleblad wasuli
axalgazrda, ucxo qveyanaSi samuSaos
maZiebeli, mogzauri; zogi iTrguneba
da didi xniT kargavs sicocxlis xaliss
(rogorc mecnierebi amboben, depresia
eufleba); zogi qedmaRlobiT iaraRdeba
_ es raa, samagierod Cven iseTi mTebi
gvaqvs, amaT rom arc daesizmrebaT;

kulturuli Soki

zogsac uCndeba survili gaigos, Seimecnos,

Seisisxlxorcos sxva kulturis miRwevebi.
erTi sityviT, kulturuli Soki adamianze
sxvadasxvagvar gavlenas axdens.

176

msoflio kultura

gamoyofen kulturuli Sokis 5 safexurs:

1. Taflobis Tve _ garSemo yvelaferi axali, gansxvavebuli da dadebiTia.
xalxi sasiamovno STabeWdilebas tovebs, adamiani enTuziazmiTaa ganwyobili
siaxleebisadmi.
2. dezorientacia/dabneuloba _ nacnobi da Cveuli araferia, axal kulturasTan
Segueba metismetad did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. siaxlis SegrZneba TandaTan
qreba da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis siZneleebi iCens Tavs. adamiani dabneulia,
mas nostalgia eufleba; SesaZlebelia, janmrTelobis problemebic Seeqmnas
_ uZiloba, ucxo sakvebTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi. es reaqciebi droTa
ganmavlobaSi qreba.
3. imedgacrueba da mtruli ganwyoba _ adamiani Tavs jer kidev daucvelad
da daTrgunulad grZnobs, raSic sxvebs adanaSaulebs; uaryofs axal
kulturas. SesaZloa, imaze fiqric daiwyos, rom samSobloSi yvelaferi
bevrad ukeTesad iyo, vidre iq, sadac axla imyofeba.
4. avtonomiis done/Seguebis dasawyisi _ adamiani ufro imedianadaa ganwyobili,
rwmundeba, rom SeuZlia axal situaciasTan Segueba.
5. damoukideblobis done _ axal kulturasTan adaptaciis
gadalaxulia. adamiani Tavs komfortulad grZnobs.

safexuri

kulturuli Sokis es safexurebi pirobiTia da yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi

zustad aseTi saxiT ar gvxvdeba.
SeiZleba Tu ara gavumklavdeT kulturuli Soks?
diax, SeiZleba, da ai, ramdenime rCeva:
ucxo qveyanaSi gamgzavrebis win gaecani mis tradiciebs, normebs, naxe fotoebi,
filmebi, daiswavle ramdenime sityva da winadadeba;
Tu Soki mainc ganicade, icode _ es kulturuli Sokia, romelic droTa
ganmavlobaSi gaivlis;
Seecade moToko SiSi da CarTo cnobismoyvareoba;
daamyare kontaqti adgilobriv mcxovreblebTan.
kulturuli Soki sakuTar kulturul garemocvaSic SeiZleba ganicado, maga
liTad, sxva skolaSi, qalaqSi, soflidan qalaqSi, ojaxSi, organizaciaSi moxvedris
dros, aseve maSin, rodesac sazogadoebaSi xdeba swrafi cvlilebebi _ Semodis axali
teqnologiebi (magaliTad, kompiuteri), icvleba politikuri reJimi (magaliTad,
sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg), an, sulac, Cndeba axali moda. zogierT adamianSi
es iwvevs dabneulobas, miuReblobas, gaRizianebas, undoblobas... ras izam, bevr
adamians uWirs ZvelTan, CveulTan ganSoreba da axal garemosTan Segueba. swored
isini ganicdian kulturul Soks, Sin Tu ucxoeTSi.

48. kulturuli Soki

177

qarTveli studentis monaTxrobi

maxsovs Cemi aRfrTovaneba, roca TviTmfrinavSi Cavjeqi axal universitetSi
gasamgzavreblad. CrdiloeT evropis erT-erT qveyanaSi mivdiodi, swavla im
universitetSi unda gamegrZelebina, romelzec vocnebobdi. axali nacnoboba,
axali megobrebis SeZena meloda.
pirveli kvira praqtikuli problemebiT iyo aRsavse: unda momeZebna bina,
amerCia sagnebi, SemeZina wignebi. met daxmarebas velodi, magram Cemi xelmZRvaneli
sul dakavebuli iyo: xan sadme miemgzavreboda, xan Sexvedraze eCqareboda, xan
_ leqciaze. momdevno ramdenime kviris manZilze vfiqrobdi, rom aq Zalian civi
xalxi cxovrobda. dRis ganmavlobaSi maT arafrisTvis ecalaT, samuSaos garda.
mezoblebTan oficialuri da zedapiruli urTierToba mqonda. sul vfiqrobdi,
rogorc SeiZleboda yovelive amis Secvla. kviris saukeTeso dRe SabaTi iyo, roca
saRamoobiT saxlSi vrekavdi da Cemianebs vesaubrebodi.
Semdeg erT-erTi studenti daqorwinda da wveulebaze dampatiJa. es
araCveulebrivi iyo! gavicani axali adamianebi, bevri vimxiaruleT, isini TavianT
cekvebs maswavlidnen, me _ Cemsas. Sinisken mimavali, vfiqrobdi: axla ukve vici,
rogor SeviZino megobrebi am qveyanaSi.
magram orSabaTs yvelaferi ise gagrZelda, TiTqos araferi momxdariyos. isini,
visTanac ase kargad vgrZnobdi Tavs wina saRamos, derefanSi mokle gamarjobiT
an xelis aweviT ifarglebodnen da TavianT saqmeebze miiCqarodnen. isev marto
davrCi. ra ar gavakeTe sworad? rogorc Cans, es yvelaferi mxolod imas niSnavs,
rom me ucxoeli da, maSasadame, gareSe piri var?
Cemi gancdebi, albaT, saxeze mewera, imitom rom ramdenime dRis Semdeg erTerTi studenti, romelTan erTad im saRamos vcekvavdi, CemTan movida da mkiTxa,
ra xdeboda. Cven visaubreT; man amixsna, rom yvelaferi Cveulebrivad iyo, da
rom adamianebi aq mkafiod ganasxvavebdnen erTmaneTisagan samuSao da Tavisufal
dros. Tavi ukeT vigrZeni. amis Semdeg Cven vsaubrobdiT xolme, es gogona da kidev
ramdenime adamiani Cemi megobrebi gaxdnen. axla kargad var. muSaobis organizacia
aq araCveulebrivia, amitom me aSkarad vgrZnob winsvlas Cem saqmeSi. adamianebi
pouloben dros Cemi samuSaos Sesaxeb sasaubrod, Tu maT amas vTxov. miuxedavad
amisa, Zalian maklia Cemi qveynis Cveuli siTbo.

davaleba
1. studentis monaTxrobSi gamoyavi kulturuli Sokis safexurebi (1-4), romelic
axalgazrdam gaiara.
2. rogor fiqrob, SeiZleba kulturuli Soki iqces marginalobis (ix. gakveTili 15)
safuZvlad?
3. moiZie informacia `stendalis sindromis~, `parizis sindromis~ da `ierusalimis
sindromis~ Sesaxeb. imsjele, ramdenad SesaZlebelia maTi dakavSireba kulturul
SokTan.

178

msoflio kultura

stereotipi

49

kulturaTa
Soris
urTierTobis
stereotipi (berZn. stereos _ myari,
damabrkolebel
faqtorTagan
erTtipos _ anabeWdi) _ iTargmneba
erTi yvelaze mTavari stereotipebia.
rogorc myari anabeWdi.
xSirad Cveni warmodgena adamianebze
ganpirobebulia zogadi codniTa da
damkvidrebuli SexedulebebiT im jgufebis Sesaxeb, romelsac isini miekuTvnebian.
magaliTad, vTvliT, rom yvela germaneli punqtualuria, warmatebuli mZleosnebi
Savkanianebi arian, iseve rogorc jazis Semsruleblebi. am winaswari warmodgenebidan
gamomdinare, xSirad vxedavT imas, rac gvinda rom davinaxoT, an ris danaxvis molodinic
gvaqvs da uarvyofT yvela sxva SesaZlo informacias, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba am
molodins. Cven gvjera ara imis, rasac vxedavT, aramed vxedavT imas, risac gvjera.
Tu veliT, rom romelime qveynis warmomadgeneli arakeTilganwyobilia ucxoelebis
mimarT, maTi moqmedebac, savaraudod,
winaswari molodinis Sesabamisad iqneba
aRqmuli.
stereotipi aris farTod gaziarebuli, standartizebuli, gamartivebuli da
winaswar arsebuli warmodgena ama Tu im jgufis Tvisebebisa da maxasiaTeblebis
Sesaxeb.
stereotipuli damokidebuleba gulisxmobs individis Sefasebas eTnikuri,
rasobrivi, socialuri, asakobrivi, religiuri, genderuli da sxva nebismieri jgufisadmi
kuTvnilebis niSniT. ama Tu im jgufisaTvis miwerili myari maxasiaTeblebi jgufis
yvela wevrze vrceldeba. es niSnebi moicavs rogorc fizikur, ise inteleqtualur
da zneobriv mxares. stereotipi SeiZleba iyos rogorc pozitiuri, aseve negatiuri
(yvela amerikeli mdidaria, yvela frangi Zunwia).
stereotipebs or jgufad yofen: avtostereotipebad da heterostereotipebad.
avtostereotipi gulisxmobs adamianTa jgufis warmodgenas sakuTar Tavze, xolo
heterostereotipi aRniSnavs erTi jgufis warmomadgelebis Sexedulebas sxva
jgufebze.

49. stereotipi

179

irlandielebi xSirad miiCneodnen ficx CxubisTavebad da loTebad. me-19

saukunis erT-erT britanul karikaturaze irlandieli imigranti gamosaxulia
rogorc maimunis msgavsi arseba, rasobrivad gansxvavebuli anglosaqsuri tipisagan.
amerikul JurnalSi Harpers Weekly dabeWdil ilustraciaze irlandieli
negroiduli rasis warmomadgenlis msgavsad aris gamosaxuli da orive maTgani
maimuns aris mimsgavsebuli.
meore ilustracia aseve upirispirebs erTmaneTs anglosaqsuri warmoSobis
qals da irlandieli qalis stereotipul saxes (New Physiognomy, New York, 1866).

ebraeli warmodgenili iyo rogorc mdidari,

xarbi, Zunwi
adamiani.
is xSirad gamoisaxeboda
rogorc vaWari, romelic fuls iTvlis da Zvirfas
qvebs agrovebs. karikaturebze stereotipizebuli iyo
maTi garegnobac: muqi kanis feri, xveuli Tma, grZeli
kexiani cxviri, Txeli tuCebi da didi muqi Tvalebi.
ebraelebis stereotipizacia evropaSi saukuneebis
manZilze mimdinareobda. socialuri problemebis
wamoWris SemTxvevaSi isini xSirad gantevebis vacis
rols TamaSobdnen. nacistur germaniaSi (me-20 saukunis
30-40-ian wlebi) periodSi antisemitizmma yvelaze mZafri
forma miiRo.

nacisturi
propaganda miznad
isaxavda ebraeli xalxis
negatiuri stereotipis
gamyarebas. suraTze
dapirispirebulia
mdidrulad Cacmuli
ebraelebis wyvili
(marjvniv) da Raribi
ojaxi (marcxniv).
xazgasmulia
ebraelTa garegnobis
stereotipuli niSnebi.

180

msoflio kultura

rogor gadavlaxoT stereotipebi

l

gavacnobieroT Cveni sakuTari winaswari warmodgenebi da stereotipebi sxva

kulturasTan mimarTebaSi;

meti viswavloT da gavigoT sxva kulturis Sesaxeb.

davaleba
1. moiyvane fizikuri, inteleqtualuri da zneobrivi stereotipebis magaliTebi.
2. romeli avtostereotipebis dasaxeleba SegiZlia? daajgufe isini pozitiur da
negatiur stereotipebad.
3. daakvirdi karikaturaze warmodgenil saxeebs da imsjele, ra ganwyoba SeiZleba
Seiqmnas maT safuZvelze?
4. gaixsene SenTvis cnobili literaturuli nawarmoebebi (Tomas main ridis,
mark tvenis, jeims fenimor kuperis, hariet biCer stous da sxva) da moiyvane
stereotipebis magaliTebi.

diskusia
l

imsjele Cvens sazogadoebaSi arsebul stereotipebze. daasaxele magaliTebi,

isaubre, ra safrTxeebs Seicavs stereotipebi da ra SeiZleba gakeTdes maTi Tavidan
asacileblad.

49. stereotipi

181

50

kulturaTSorisi urTierTobis barierebi:

rasizmi da qsenofobia

mravali saukunis manZilze sxvadasxva

kulturis warmomadgenlebi qedmaRlurad
uyurebdnen
da
arasrulfasovnad
miiCnevdnen erTmaneTs gansxvavebuli enis,
religiis, tradiciebis, Cacmulobis, kanis
feris da sxva maxasiaTebelTa gamo. bevr enaSi ucxos, gansxvavebulis aRmniSvneli
sityvebi, xSirad, damakninebel, uaryofiT ganwyobas gamoxatavs, xazs usvams sakuTar
upiratesobas sxvasTan SedarebiT. amis yvelaze cnobili magaliTia barbarosi,
romelsac Zveli berZnebi sxva, maTTvis gaugebar enaze metyvel xalxs uwodebdnen,
amave dros, aRniSnavdnen maT arakulturulobas, aracivilizebulobas da
CamorCenilobas.
rasa _ biologiuri/genetikuri
maxasiaTeblebiT gansazRvruli
adamianTa didi jgufi.

gansxvavebuli kulturis, eTnosis

an rasisadmi mtruli damokidebuleba
rasizmisa da qsenofobiis safuZvelia,
rac, Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva saxis
diskriminaciisa da konfliqtis mizezs warmoadgens. gansxvavebulis mimarT
Seuwynarebloba umTavresi dabrkolebaa sxvadasxva kulturis adamianTa mSvidobiani
TanaarsebobisaTvis.
segregacia _ gamoyofa, izolacia,
gancalkeveba.

rasizmi emyareba Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, genetikuri faqtorebi adamianis

gonebrivi da fizikuri SesaZleblobebis mTavari ganmsazRvrelia. warmodgena rasebis
uTanasworobis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad, uflebriv gansxvavebebSi vlindeba. rasobrivi
kuTvnileba xSirad kulturasTan, eTnikurobasa da socialur-ekonomikur sta
tusTan
kavSirSi
ganixileba.
rasobriv da eTnikur safuZvelze
adamianis uflebebis SezRudvas
rasobrivi diskriminacia ewodeba.
mis sxvadasxva formas Soris
erT-erTi rasobrivi segregaciaa,
rac
yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi
sxvadasxva rasobrivi jgufebis
erTmaneTisagan gamijvniT gamo
ixateba.
sxvadasxva rasis adamianTa
erTmaneTisagan gamoyofa zogierT
qveyanaSi saxelmwifos mier iyo
dakanonebuli da gulisxmobda
erTi rasis uflebriv upiratesobas moswavleebi plakatebiT: `Cven ar gvinda zangebi Cvens
skolaSi~, `Cven ar vivliT skolaSi zangebTan erTad~,
meoresTan SedarebiT.
`gaficva integraciis winaaRmdeg~.

182

msoflio kultura

termini rasobrivi diskriminacia niSnavs gansxvavebas, gandevnas, SezRudvas

an upiratesobis miniWebas rasis, feris, warmomavlobis, nacionaluri Tu eTnikuri
kuTvnilebis safuZvelze, romlis mizani an Sedegia ... adamianis uflebebisa da
fundamenturi Tavisuflebebis SezRudva politikur, ekonomikur, socialur,
kulturul da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva nebismier sferoSi.
gaeros saerTaSoriso konvencia yvela saxis rasobrivi diskriminaciis
aRmofxvris Sesaxeb. niu iorki, 7 marti, 1966

qsenofobia ucxoelebisa da maTi

qsenofobia _ berZn. qsenos _ ucxo,
kulturis usafuZvlo da gauazrebeli
ucxoeli, fobos _ SiSi
SiSi,
undobloba
da
siZulvilia.
qsenofobiis SemTxvevebi dResac bevria.
Tanamedrove konfliqtebSi CarTuli mxareebi xSirad ganicdian dapirispirebuli
eTnikuri Tu religiuri jgufis mimarT siZulvils.
umetesad, negatiuri damokidebuleba
ar aris ganpirobebuli konkretuli
mizeziT, sxva eTnikur Tu religiur
jgufTan urTierTobis gamocdilebiT,
aramed
gauazrebel,
stereotipul
winaswar ganwyobas warmoadgens.

niSanze aRniSnulia, rom sacurao adgili

gankuTvnilia mxolod TeTri rasis
warmomadgenlebisTvis

kiTxva
l

ra sityvebiT aRiniSneb(od)a sxva, ucxo qarTul da sxva enebSi? ra saxis gansxvavebebs

usvams xazs es sityvebi? gamoxatavs Tu ara isini sakuTar upiratesobas sxvebTan
SedarebiT?

50. kulturaTSorisi urTierTobis barierebi: rasizmi da qsenofobia

183

51

istoriis gakveTilebi

warwera abraze: `vemsaxurebiT mxolod TeTrebs,

espanelebi da meqsikelebi ar daiSvebian~.

Teatris abra warweriT: `feradkanianTa Teatri~.

1876-1965 wlebSi amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi moqmedebda e. w. jim qrous1
kanonebi, romlebic rasobrivi segre
gaciis iuriduli safuZveli iyo. es
kanonebi Savkanian amerikelebs statusiT
TeTrkanianebis Tanaswor, magram gancal
kevebul jgufad aRiarebda. miuxedavad
amisa, maTi socialuri da ekonomikuri
uflebebi mniSvnelovnad izRudeboda.
kanonis Tanaxmad, rasobrivi niSniT
gamijnuli iyo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
yvela sfero _ skolebi, transporti,
sapirfareSoebi, restornebi, sasmeli
Sadrevnebi da sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris
yvela sxva adgili.

aSS. 1950 weli. gancalkevebuli onkanebi TeTr- da

feradkanianTaTvis (eliot urvitis foto).

alabamas Statis qalaq montgomeriSi moqmedi kanonis Tanaxmad, avtobusSi

gamoyofili iyo TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa seqciebi, romlebic moZravi niSniT
imijneboda. mZRols SeeZlo gadaeadgilebina feradkanianTa seqciis aRmniSvneli
niSani, an saerTod aeRo is. TeTkanianebi avtobusis wina rigebSi sxdebodnen da
TandaTan avsebdnen mas ukana rigebisaken, Savkanianebi piriqiT, ukana adgilebs
ikavebdnen da TandaTan avsebdnen wina rigebs. Savkanianebs SeeZloT msxdariyvnen
Sua rigebSi, sanam TeTrkanianTa seqcia gaivseboda. Tu orive seqcia Sevsebuli
iyo da avtobusSi Savkaniani mgzavri amovidoda, is fexze unda mdgariyo, xolo
Tu TeTrkaniani amovidoda, maSin TeTrkanianTa seqciasTan mdebare uaxloes
rigSi msxdomi yvela Savkaniani mgzavri valdebuli iyo, gaeTavisuflebina adgili
jim qrou - afro-amerikelebis damamcirebeli saxeli, aSS-Si damkvidrda 1830-iani wlebidan.

184

msoflio kultura

TeTrkanianTa axali rigis Sesaqmnelad.

Tu adgili aRar rCeboda, maT unda
daetovebinaT avtobusi.

avtobusi TeTrkaniani da Savkaniani

mgzavrebisTvis gamijnuli seqciebiT

holokosti. nacisturi ideologiis

Tanaxmad, erTmaneTisagan uflebrivad
imijnebodnen
germanelebi,
rogorc
umaRlesi, ariuli rasis warmomadgenlebi
da ebraelebi, romlebic arasrulfasovan
rasad miiCneodnen.

Tu wina rigebi ukve dakavebuli

iyo TeTrkanianTa mier, Savkanianebi
jer wina karidan adiodnen avtobusSi
mgzavrobis safasuris gadasaxdelad,
Semdeg isev Cadiodnen da ukana karidan
xelaxla adiodnen avtobusSi. xSirad
xdeboda ise, rom avtobusi iZvreboda
da
safasuris
gadaxdis
Semdeg
Savkaniani mgzavri veRar aswrebda
SavkanianTaTvis gankuTvnili karidan
asvlas.

holokosti (berZn. holos _ mTeli,

kostos _ damwvari) _ ebraelTa
genocidi meore msoflio omis dros
germaniasa da mis mier okupirebul
qveynebSi.

es fotoebi 1940 wels aris gadaRebuli. pirvel maTganze miTiTebulia, rom bavSvTa saTamaSo
moedanze ebraelebi ar daiSvebian, xolo meoreze igive akrZalvaa kinoTeatrSi SesvlasTan
dakavSirebiT. suraTebi daculia praRis ebraul muzeumSi.

51. istoriis gakveTilebi

185

1935 wels nacistur germaniaSi SemoiRes antisemituri (ebraelTa winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli) kanonebi, romlebic niurnbergis kanonebis saxeliTaa cnobili. am
kanonebiT dadginda sqema, romlis safuZvelze unda garkveuliyo rasobrivi
kuTvnileba, uaxloesi winaprebis eTnikuri warmomavlobis mixedviT. wminda
ebraelad iTvleboda adamiani, romelsac ori Taobis winaprebidan sami an oTxi
ebraeli hyavda. naxevrad ebraelad miiCneoda is, vinc iudaizmis mimdevari iyo da
Sereul qorwinebaSi imyofeboda. maT mimarT kanoni gansakuTrebiT mkacri iyo.
germanuli sisxlis siwmindisa da pativis dacvisaTvis, kanoni krZalavda Sereul
qorwinebas germanelebsa da ebraelebs Soris da ebraelebs germaniis moqalaqeobas
arTmevda.
ebraelTa uflebebis SezRudva gavrcelda nacisturi germaniis mier okupirebul
yvela qveyanaSi. Seiqmna sakoncentracio banakebi (sikvdilis banakebi), sadac dabali
rasis warmomadgenlebs _ ebraelebsa da boSebs _ fizikurad anadgurebdnen. garda
amisa, maTze sxvadasxva samedicino eqsperiments atarebdnen, iyenebdnen iZulebiTi
samuSaoebisaTvis. istoriaSi arnaxuli gegmazomieri masobrivi ganadgurebis Sedegad,
daaxloebiT 6 milioni ebraeli daiRupa.

aparteidi (holand.
apartheid) _ gamoyofa,
gancalkeveba.

niSanze aRniSnulia, rom

sacurao adgili gankuTvnilia
mxolod TeTri rasis
warmomadgenlebisTvis

186

1948-1993 wlebSi samxreT afrikis respublikaSi

gabatonebuli iyo rasobrivi segregaciis samarTlebrivi
sistema _ aparteidi. aparteidis periodSi samxreT
afrikis mosaxleobis umravlesobis _ feradkanianebis
_ uflebebi SezRuduli iyo mmarTveli TeTrkanianebis
mier, romlebic Tavad umciresobas warmoadgendnen.
rasobrivi segregacia samxreT afrikaSi koloniuri
periodidan arsebobda, magram nacionaluri partiis
mier misi dakanoneba 1948 wels moxda.

niSanze aRniSnulia, rom sapirfareSo gankuTvnilia mxolod

SavkanianebisaTvis, feradkanianTa da azielebisTvis

msoflio kultura

samxreT afrikis respublikis kanonmdebloba mosaxleobas oTx rasobriv

jgufad yofda: Savkanianebi, TeTrkanianebi, feradkanianebi da azielebi. 1950
wels SemoiRes piradobis mowmobebi, sadac miTiTebuli iyo rasa. Seiqmna sagangebo
komisiebi im adamianTa mikuTvnebulobis gansasazRvrad, romelTa rasa mkafio
ar gaxldaT. gancalkevebuli iyo sxvadasxva rasis sacxovrebeli adgilebi, rac
xSirad Zaladobrivi gziT xdeboda. es gansakuTrebiT mtkivneuli iyo maTTvis, visi
ojaxis wevrebi, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva rasisaTvis miekuTvnebinaT da erTmaneTisagan
daeSorebinaT. kanoniT ikrZaleboda rasebs Soris Sereuli qorwinebebi. mTavrobam
ganacalkeva saganmanaTleblo, samedicino da samoqalaqo momsaxurebis sferoebi.
SavkanianTaTvis gankuTvnili momsaxureba xarisxiT gacilebiT CamorCeboda
TeTrkanianebisas. gancalkevda plaJebi, avtobusebi, TavSeyris nebismieri sxva
adgili. niSnebi warweriT mxolod TeTrebisaTvis parkebSi skamebTanac ki
iyo dadgmuli. segregacia ganaTlebis sferoSi gamoixateboda ara mxolod
gancalkevebuli skolebis arsebobiT, aramed SavkanianTaTvis calke saganmanaTleblo
sistemis SeqmniT. gansazRvruli iyo, rom Savkanian moswavleebs muSaTa rigebi
unda SeevsoT. rac Seexeba universitetebs, ukve arsebul umaRles saswavleblebSi
feradkanianebi ar daiSvebodnen, maTTvis Seiqmna axali universitetebi.

kiTxva
l

Cven miCveulebi varT qarTul tolerantobaze saubars, axla axali ucxoelebi

gvyavs (Savkanianebi, samxreT-aRmosavleT azielebi, Cinelebi, Turqebi...), rogoria
sazogadoebis damokidebuleba maT mimarT?

davaleba
l

rasizmi da qsenofobia _ ara mxolod istoriuli fenomenebi, aramed

yoveldRiurobis nawilia. klasSi moawyeT situaciuri TamaSi: me ar var rasisti,
magram... (transportiT mgzavrobisas Sens gverdiT dajda Savkaniani, sxva eTnikuri
an religiuri jgufis warmomadgeneli damaxasiaTebeli CacmulobiT da a.S.).

51. istoriis gakveTilebi

187

damatebiTi informacia

ana franki

ana franki ebraeli gogona iyo. igi 1929 wels daibada

germaniaSi, mainis frankfurtSi. 1933 wels, xelisuflebaSi
nacional-socialistebi movidnen. maTi antisemituri
politikis
gamo,
frankebis
ojaxi
holandiaSi,
emigraciaSi wavida. 1940 wels, germaniis mier holandiis
okupirebis Semdeg, ebraelebis devna holandiaSic
daiwyo, amitom 1942 wels frankebi iZulebuli gaxdnen,
saidumlo TavSesafarSi gadasuliyvnen sacxovreblad
da ase aecilebinaT Tavidan mosalodneli saSiSroeba.
magram 1944 wels nacistebma TavSesafari aRmoaCines
da misi mcxovrebni sxvadasxva sakoncentracio banakSi
gadaiyvanes. 1945 wels ana franki bergen-belsenis
banakSi tifiT gardaicvala.

dRiuri, romelSic gogona TavSesafarSi cxovrebas aRwerda, meore msoflio omis

Semdeg maleve gamoica. mas Semdeg ana frankis dRiuri yvela Taobis sakiTxavi wigni
gaxda.

fragmenti ana frankis dRiuridan
Cven ebraelebi varT da amitom 1933 wels, rogorc emigrantebi, holandiaSi
wamovediT... sxvebiviT Cvenc ar gamogvelia sadardebeli cxovrebaSi. 1940 wlidan
... jer omi dagvatyda Tavs, mere kapitulacia, ... axla ki daiwyo Cveni sacodaoba.
diqtatoris2 brZanebas brZaneba mosdevda. gansakuTrebiT ebraelTa mdgomareoba
gauaresda. ebraelebs unda etarebinaT yviTeli varskvlavi, CaebarebinaT velosipedebi,
ekrZalebodaT tramvaiT mgzavroba, avtomobilze xom laparakic zedmetia. raimes
yidva mxolod samidan xuTamde SeeZloT _ isic mxolod ebraelTa savaWroebSi.
saRamos rva saaTis Semdeg ara marto quCaSi gamosvlis, aramed baRSi da aivanze
gaCerebis uflebac aRar hqondaT. ebraelebs aukrZales Teatrsa da kinoSi siaruli,
verc sxva gasarTob adgilebSi Sedgamdnen fexs. maT ekrZalebodaT curva, CogburTisa
da hokeis TamaSi, saerTod sportis yvela saxeoba. ebraelebs aRar hqondaT ufleba
qristianebs swveodnen... amieridan mTeli Cveni cxovreba amgvari Zaldatanebis qveS
moeqca.

igulisxmeba adolf hitleri, germaniis kancleri 1933-45 wlebSi

188

msoflio kultura

eTnocentrizmi

52

arsebobs aseTi Zveli xumroba: erTi samxedro piri filosofosTa wreSi

moxvda. usmina maT kamaTs uzogades sakiTxebze da Tqva: Tu aseTi Wkvianebi xarT,
mwyobriT ratom ar dadixarT?...
Cvenma gmirma, romelic, cxadia, WkuiT
eTnocentrizmi niSnavs sakuTari
ar gamoirCeoda, egocentrizmi gamoavlina.
kulturis miCnevas sxvebze
es sityva laTinuridan warmodgeba:
aRmatebulad, sxva kulturebis da
ego niSnavs me, xolo centri yvelam
xalxebis qcevis Tu warmodgenebis
iciT, ra aris. egocentruls uwodeben
Sefasebas sakuTari kulturis
adamians, romelic sakuTar faseulobebs,
poziciidan.
midrekilebebs, warmodgenebs Tu rwmenas
miiCnevs erTaderT sworad da yvelasaTvis aucileblad. Cveni anekdotis personaJi
darwmunebuli iyo, rom is, rasac TviTon Tvlida saSur da, albaT, Znel saqmed,
sxvebisTvisac aseTi unda yofiliyo. anekdoti anekdotad, magram egocentrul
gamonaTqvamebs xSirad gaigonebT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi: ver gavige, rogor
SeiZleba iyo vegetarianeli...; eg mTlad kargad ver aris, markebs agrovebs da sxva
araferi ainteresebs...; amxela wigns ra gakiTxebs! da a.S.
egocentrizmis saxesxvaobas warmoadgens eTnocentrizmi (berZ. eTnos _ tomi,
xalxi) _ roca sakuTari kulturis wesebi da normebi sworad da WeSmaritad miiCneva,
yvelaferi gansxvavebuli ki _ arasworad.
gaxsovs franc boasis kulturis saTvale? sxva kulturas adamianebi afaseben
sakuTari kulturis gadasaxedidan, romelsac nimuSad, sazomad miiCneven. sxva
kulturis adamianebs ki sakuTari saTvale, sakuTari faseulobebi, Sexedulebebi
da normebi aqvT.
adamianebs sjeraT, rom swored maT kulturaSi arsebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi,
Sexedulebebi, zne-Cveulebebi aris marTebuli da zneobrivi. amitom gansxvavebuli
faseulobani aRiqmeba rogorc ucnauri, naklebzneobrivi, CamorCenili da veluric
ki.
eTnocentrizmis magaliTebi mravlad SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT msoflio istoriaSi.

Zveli berZnebis mier kacobriobis dayofa elinebad da barbarosebad swored

eTnocentrizmis gamoxatuleba iyo. berZnebi gamarTlebulad da sworad mxolod
sakuTari cxovrebis wess miiCnevdnen, danarCeni samyaro ki maTTvis barbarosul,
aracivilizebul,
erTgvarovan
sivrces
warmoadgenda.
eTnocentrizmis
gamoxatuleba iyo aseve evropeli misionerebis damokidebuleba amerikis
adgilobrivi mosaxleobisadmi. misionerebis mizani iyo swori rwmenis, zneobis,
codnis, gemovnebis gavrceleba axladaRmoCenil kontinentze, romelic miiCneoda
primitiulad da CamorCenilad.

52. eTnocentrizmi

189

eTnocentrizmis magaliTebi Tanamedrove samyaroSic bevria. erTi kulturis

warmomadgenels SeiZleba uCveulod da miuReblad moeCvenos sxva kulturaSi
arsebuli dakrZalvis wesi: zogierT sazogadoebaSi micvalebuls gardacvalebis
dResve krZalaven, sxvagan ki datirebis mravaldRiani rituali aqvT. SefasebiTi
damokidebuleba mJRavndeba samosisadmic. mraval adamianSi Rimils iwvevs Sotlandiur
kiltSi gamowyobili mamakaci.
ormagi eTnocentrizmis magaliTi
iaponuri kulturisadmi miZRvnil mecadineobaze leqtorma studentebs uambo,
rom iaponiaSi Zalze mkacri wesebi arsebobs saCuqrebTan dakavSirebiT. Tu erTma
iaponelma meores raime aCuqa, aucilebelia sapasuxo saCuqari, magram zustad
igive safasuris! ufro Zvirfasi sapasuxo saCuqari Zalian damamcirebeli da
Seuracxmyofelia _ iTvleba, rom am gziT Sen ambob: me Senze magari da mdidari
var! Sen mxolod iaffasiani nivTebis yidvis Sno gaqvs!
moulodnelad erTma studentma, zazam, Sublze ikra xeli da wamoiZaxa: axla
mivxvdi, rac moxda! gamoirkva, rom saerTaSoriso sazafxulo banakSi yofnisas
zaza daumegobrda iaponel gogonas, romelmac wamosvlis wina dRes mas iaponuri
suveniri aCuqa. zazam qarTuli raindoba gamoiCina, fuli isesxa da ganSorebis
dRes gogonas Zvirfasi saCuqari miarTva. amis mere ki moxda is, rasac leqtori
yveboda _ gogonam zazasTan yovelgvari urTierToba gawyvita, dabloka misi
telefoni da el-fosta, anu CaTvala, rom zazam mas ganzrax miayena Seuracxyofa.
araferia gasakviri imaSi, rom ar mogvwons da miuReblad vTvliT imas, rac
gansxvavebulia da ucxoa CvenTvis. ubralod, unda gvaxsovdes rom, rac normaluria
CvenTvis, swored is SeiZleba gaugebari iyos sxvisTvis. amitom, azrsmoklebulia
mcdeloba, Cveni Sexeduleba sworisa da arasworis, kargisa da cudis, lamazisa
da uSnos Sesaxeb gadavitanoT sxva kulturaze da es gansxvavebebi sakuTari
upiratesobis dasasabuTeblad gamoviyenoT.

mweralma bernard Soum (1856-1950) ki eTnocentrizmi ase

Seafasa: barbarosi isaa, visac sakuTari tomis wesebi bunebis
kanonebi hgonia.

barnard Sou

190

msoflio kultura

damatebiTi informacia
akiremas tomSi gavrcelebuli rituali
akiremas tomis yvela wevri yoveldRiurad asrulebs piris rituals. igi Sedgeba
pirSi Roris jagris konis swrafi da daJinebuli moZraobebisagan. am ritualis
garda, es adamianebi weliwadSi orjer midian wminda piris kacTan. es ukanaskneli
flobs STambeWdavi raodenobis gansakuTrebul mowyobilobebs _ burRebs, qlibebs,
marwuxebs da saxvretebs. am sagnebis gamoyeneba piridan boroti Zalebis gamodevnis
dros adamianis warmoudgenel tanjvas iwvevs. wminda piris kaci muStrebis kbilebSi
avadmyofobisagan warmoqmnil naxvretebs am mowyobilobaTa saSualebiT kidev
ufro afarToebs, Semdeg ki am xvrelebSi jadosnur masalebs debs. Tuki kbilebze
bunebrivad gaCenili xvrelebi ar arsebobs, maSin wminda piris kaci erTi an ramdenime
kbilis mozrdil nawilis amtvrevs zebunebrivi nivTierebebis Casadebad. muStrebis
azriT, mkurnalobis mizani avadmyofobis SeCerebaa. am ritualis Zalze wminda da
tradiciuli xasiaTi naTelia iqidanac, rom adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi kvlav da
kvlav, wlidan wlamde dadian wminda piris kacTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi kbilebi
xrwnas ganagrZobs.
nawyveti horas m. maineris statiidan sxeulis rituali akiremas tomSi

kiTxva
l

arsebobs Tu ara piris rituali da wminda piris kaci Sens kulturaSi? Tu

arsebobs, aRwere msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi. axla waikiTxe akirema marjvnidan
marcxniv. imsjele, ris Cveneba scada amerikelma mecnierma horas m. mainerma?

diskusia
l

imsjele zazasa da iaponeli gogonas qcevaze. romeli maTgani moiqca arasworad? ram
gamoiwvia gaugebroba? rogor SeiZleboda misi Tavidan acileba?

52. eTnocentrizmi

191

53
ing. relative _
SedarebiTi,
SefardebiTi

margaret midi

melvil herskovici

eTnorelativizmi
amboben, rom gemovnebaze ar daoben. SeiZleba, raRac
mogvwondes an ar mogvwondes _ rogorc sakuTar, aseve sxva
kulturaSi. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom rac Cven gvxiblavs,
aucileblad unda moswondes sxvasac da, miT umetes, rac
CvenTvis gaugebari an miuRebelia, is calsaxad cudi, uvargisi,
ugemovnebo an CamorCenilia. magaliTad, sufris etiketi
gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva kulturaSi. zogan miRebulia saerTo
TefSidan xeliT Wama da gansakuTrebul pativad iTvleba,
Tu maspinZeli stumars sakuTari xeliT miarTmevs pirvel
lukmas. zogan sufris yvela wevrs sakuTari TefSi da danaCangali aqvs da, yuradRebis niSnad, maspinZeli araerTxel
da daJinebiT sTavazobs stumars TiToeul kerZs. sxvagan
sufris wevrebi ramdenime kovziT, CangliT, daniTa da WiqiT
arian aRWurvili, kerZebis Tanmimdevroba da TiToeuli
stumrisaTvis gankuTvnili ulufa ki imTaviTve gansazRvrulia.
romeli wesi SeiZleba CaiTvalos ukeTesad da, Sesabamisad,
yvelasaTvis savaldebulod?
me-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebisaTvis mecnierebs daugrovdaT
monacemebi, romlebic cxadyofda, rom dedamiwis sxvadasxva
kuTxeSi adamianTa jgufebi sruliad gansxvavebuli wesiT
cxovrobdnen, gansxvavebulad aRiqvamdnen samyaros, sxvadasxva
warmodgena hqondaT sikeTesa da borotebaze, dasaSvebsa da
akrZalulze, silamazesa da simaxinjeze. TandaTan Camoyalibda
Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad, kulturebi arian gansxvavebuli,
da ara ukeTesi an uaresi, ganviTarebuli an CamorCenili.

me-20 saukunis Sua xanebSi franc

boasi da misi mowafeebi ruT benediqti,
melvil herskovici da margaret midi
aRniSnavdnen, rom adre mkvlevrebi
yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen kulturuli
Taviseburebebis ganmapirobebel faqtorebs. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom isini kulturis aisbergis mxolod xiluli nawilis kvleviT
kmayofildebodnen, romelsac sakuTari kulturis saTvaliT
SeiaraRebulni akvirdebodnen. maTi eTnocentristuli xedva
gulisxmobda dasavluri kulturis aRiarebas etalonad,
romelic yvela danarCenisaTvis misabaZi unda yofiliyo.
eTnorelativizmi _ Sexeduleba,
romelic emyareba yvela kulturis
Tanabari mniSvnelobis aRiarebas.

eTnocentrizmis sapirispirod, Camoyalibda axali Tval

sazrisi _ eTnorelativizmi. romlis Tanaxmad, Tu vTvliT, rom
Cveni rwmena-warmodgenebi, qceva, normebi, samyaros aRqma Cveni
kulturiT aris gansazRvruli, maSin vaRiarebT imasac, rom
sxvaTa Sexedulebebi, warmodgenebi da msoflmxedveloba maTi
ruT benediqti
kulturiT aris ganpirobebuli. eTnorelativizmis sinonimuri

192

msoflio kultura

mniSvnelobiT
gamoiyeneba
kulturuli relativizmi.

termini

modi, davfiqrdeT, arsebobs univer

saluri
sazomi,
romlis
mixedviT
SevafasebdiT, romeli kultura SeiZleba
CaiTvalos etalonad da sxva kulturaTa
Sefasebis safuZvlad?

kulturuli relativizmi _
Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad,
kulturis Taviseburebebis
gaazreba da gageba SesaZlebelia
mxolod missave farglebSi.

eTnorelativizmi gulisxmobs sami mTavari principis gacnobierebas:

l erTi kulturis aRqma da gageba SeuZlebelia meore kulturasTan Sedarebis
gareSe;
l erTi kulturis farglebSi arsebuli wesebi, zne-Cveulebani Tu Sexedulebebi
ar SeiZleba Sefasdes sxva kulturis wesebis, zne-Cveulebebis Tu
warmodgenebis gadasaxedidan;
l konkretuli qceva, norma da Sexeduleba SeiZleba gavigoT da avxsnaT
mxolod im kulturis farglebSi, romelSic is arsebobs. yoveli kultura
rTuli sistemaa, romlis yvela detali erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli.
CvenTvis ucnauri, araswori wesi Tu tradicia savsebiT bunebrivia sxva
kulturisaTvis.
amgvari midgoma aadvilebs urTierTgagebas kulturebs Soris.

diskusia
l

rogorc fiqrob, gulisxmobs Tu ara kulturuli relativizmi, rom sxva an Cveni

sazogadoebis qcevebi (magaliTad, monoba, wameba savaraudo damnaSavisagan Cvenebis
misaRebad da sxva) ar unda ganvsajoT moraluri TvalsazrisiT?

kiTxva
l

veliT, rom Cveni kultura _ xuroTmoZRvreba, mravalxmiani simRera,

mravalferovani samzareulo, stumarTmoyvareoba da sxva _ ucxoelTa interessa
da aRfrTovanebas gamoiwvevs. warmoidgine, rom es ase ar moxda: stumari gulgrili
darCa yovelive imis mimarT, riTac Cven ase viwonebT Tavs, xolo sufraze Tavazianad
aRniSna, rom sacivi _ qarTuli samzareulos mSveneba _ gemrielia, Tumca mavnea
janmrTelobisaTvis, radgan Termulad damuSavebul nigozs Seicavs. ras ifiqreb?
rogor moiqcevi?
warmoidgine: centraluri aziis erT-erT qveyanaSi maspinZelma siamayiT gagacno
sakuTari qveynis kulturuli RirsSesaniSnaobebi, Semdeg iurtaSi migipatiJa, sadac
kumisiTa1 da cxenis xorciT damzadebuli gemrieli kerZiT gagimaspinZlda. ras
ifiqreb? rogor moiqcevi?
imsjele am ori SemTxvevis Sesaxeb. Seni azriT, sad gadis zRvari eTnocentrizmsa da
eTnorelativizms Soris?
1

kumisi - cxenis rZiT damzadebuli Txieri produqti.

53. eTnorelativizmi

193

damatebiTi informacia
adamianis uflebebi da kulturuli relativizmi
axal ambebSi sul ufro xSirad gvesmis imis Sesaxeb, rom mTel msoflioSi
irRveva adamianTa uflebebi. SemTxvevebi uamravia, politikuri Sexedulebebis gamo
dapatimrebiT dawyebuli da eTnikuri wmendiT damTavrebuli. Tumca, dasavleTis
kritikul damokidebulebas am sakiTxisadmi msoflios sxva qveynebi uaryofiTad
xvdebian da acxadeben, rom dasavleTma unda Sewyvitos adamianis uflebebze Tavisi
subieqturi mosazrebebis sxvaTaTvis Tavs moxveva. iqneb marTebulia kulturuli
relativizmis mkacri midgoma, romelic yvela kulturas TanabarmniSvnelovnad
ganixilavs? aseT SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli gaxdeba adamianis uflebebis universaluri
standartebis SemuSaveba.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis miRebas (1948 wels) erTi saintereso
istoria ukavSirdeba: deklaraciis ganxilvis dros mecnierTa erTma jgufma,
kerZod, amerikis anTropologTa asociaciam melvil herskovicis xelmZRvanelobiT,
warmoadgina sakuTari varianti, romlis mixedviTac, saWiro iyo im faqtisaTvis
yuradRebis miqceva, rom yovel sazogadoebaSi Tavisufleba Taviseburad esmiT:
adamiani Tavisufalia im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mas SeuZlia icxovros Tavisuflebis
im gagebiT, romelic mis sazogadoebaSia miRebuli. maTi azriT, yvela kulturas
sakuTari faseulobebi, Tavisuflebis Tu samarTlis sakuTari gageba aqvs, amitom,
Tu deklaracia daemyareboda Tavisuflebis dasavlur princips, igi ver iqneboda
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli.
viciT, rom yvela kulturas Tavisi eTikuri normebi aqvs, magram es normebi
erTnair Rirebulebebs ar eyrdnoba. magaliTad, kulturebi SesamCnevad gansxvavdeba
umciresobaTa da qalTa uflebebis mixedviT. zogierT sazogadoebaSi colebs klaven,
rodesac qmari gardaicvleba; sikvdiliT sjian, Tuki maT mamisadmi an Zmisadmi
daumorCilebloba gamoavlines. rogori iqneba kulturuli relativizmis momxreTa
midgoma amgvari faqtebis mimarT?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis araerTmniSvnelovnebis gamo, kulturul relativizms
bevri kritikosi gamouCnda. maTi azriT, Tuki ar arsebobs moralis universaluri
principebi, maSin arc tolerantobis principi SeiZleba iyos universaluri. da Tu
tolerantoba aris universaluri principi, ratom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sxva msgavsi
universaluri principebic?

194

msoflio kultura

54

interkulturuli komunikacia.
interkulturuli dialogi

interkulturuli komunikacia sxvadasxva

kulturis
warmomadgenelTa
uSualo urTierTobas gulisxmobs. Sen
ukve ici, ramdenad mravalferovania
kulturebi,
ramdenad
gansxvavdebian
adamianebi CacmulobiT, qceviT, kvebis
racioniT, sacxovrebeli garemoTi, Sexe
dulebebiT, erTisa da imave sagnis Tu
movlenis aRqmiT. rogorc naxe, ar aris
ioli sakuTarisagan radikalurad, an
Tundac
umniSvnelod
gansxvavebuli
warmodgenebis da Sexedulebebis mqone
adamianis gageba da miReba, miT ufro,
rodesac cota, an sulac araferi viciT
misi kulturis Sesaxeb.

modi, mokled SevajamoT, ra barierebis

interkulturuli komunikaciis procesSi:

winaSe

SeiZleba

aRmovCndeT

1. enobrivi gansxvaveba. enis Seswavla gacilebiT mets niSnavs, vidre, ubralod,

leqsikisa da gramatikis dauflebas, unda viswavloT _ ra, rogor, rodis, sad
da ratom vTqvaT. erTsa da imave sityvas, SeiZleba, sxvadasxva mniSvneloba
hqondes sxvadasxva situaciaSi.
2. araverbaluri komunikaciis sfero, romelic moicavs Jestebs, pozas, mimikas
da sxva saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac laparakis gareSe gamovxatavT,
Tu ras vgrZnobT da ras vfiqrobT. Cveni kultura gvaswavlis araverbalur
komunikacias, romelic imdenad avtomaturia, rom masze iSviaTad vfiqrobT.
magram sxvaadamianma Seni Jestebi, mimika, Cacmuloba, fizikuri siaxlove
an siSore, pirispir kontaqti (TvalebSi yureba), SeiZleba, sakuTari
kulturidan gamomdinare axsnas da es sruliad gansxvavebuli aRmoCndes
imisagan, ris Tqmac Sen gsurda.
3. stereotipebi _ ganzogadebuli, gamartivebuli da winaswar arsebuli
warmodgena ama Tu im jgufis Tvisebebisa da maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb.
4. eTnocentrizmi _ miswrafeba, SevafasoT sxva kultura rogorc kargi an
cudi, Cveni sakuTari kulturidan gamomdinare.

54.interkulturuli komunikacia. interkulturuli dialogi

195

Sen aseve ici, ra Sedegi SeiZleba

gamoiRos kulturuli Tu rasobrivi
gansxvavebebis safuZvelze erTi jgufis
mier meoris uflebebis ugulebelyofam,
erTis mier meoris arasrulfasovnad
miCnevam.
modi,
vifiqroT
imaze,
ra
alternativa
SeiZleba
hqondes
Seuwynareblobis
am
ukidures
gamoxatulebebs, ra mniSvneloba aqvs
stereotipebis, rasizmis, qsenofobiis
gadalaxvas imisaTvis, rom kulturulma
mravalferovnebam Cveni cxovreba ufro
saitereso gaxados da ar daamZimos is
konfliqtebiTa da dapirispirebiT.
kulturulad mravalferovan msoflioSi sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs sxvadasxva
xalxebsa da jgufebs Soris harmoniuli Tanacxovrebis uzrunvelyofas. amis miRwevis
saSualebaa interkulturuli dialogi.
evropis sabWos gansazRvrebiT, interkulturuli dialogi aris procesi,
romelic gulisxmobs sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenel individebsa da jgufebs
Soris SexedulebaTa Ria, urTierTpativiscemaze dafuZnebul gaziarebas, rasac
gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobisa da cxovrebis wesis gagebasa da gaazrebamde
mivyavarT.

interkulturuli dialogis problema gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

mravalkulturuli da mravaleTnikuri qveynebisa da regionebisaTvis, sadac
sxvasTan kontaqti da masTan dialogi saukuneebis manZilze mimdinareobda da
mTeli istoriis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad iqca. aseT regionTa ricxvs miekuTvneba,
magaliTad, kavkasia, samxreT-aRmosavleT evropa, baltiis qveynebi, centraluri
azia da sxva.
Tanamedrove msoflios calkeuli nawilebi sul ufro mWidrod ukavSirdeba
erTmaneTs. Tu adre garkveuli manZilis dafarvas Tveebs da wlebs andomebdnen, dRes
amis gakeTeba saaTebSia SesaZlebeli. sainformacio teqnologiebi, migracia, turizmi,
romelic individualuridan masobriv movlenad iqca, pirispir gvaxvedreben sxvas,
romelic yvelganaa da masTan Sexvedris Tavidan acileba SeuZlebelia. globalizacia,
erTi mxriv, ganapirobebs sxvadasxva kulturis matarebelTa mWidro kontaqts, meore
mxriv, mkafiod avlens gansxvavebebs. aseT viTarebaSi, interkulturul dialogs
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba.

196

msoflio kultura

interkulturuli dialogis principebis daufleba saSualebas mogcems,

gaiazro kulturaTaSorisi urTierTobis sirTuleebi da Seecado maT gadalaxvas;
gaacnobiero, rom qcevis wesebi, urTierTobani, warmodgenebi sxvadasxva kulturaSi
sxvadasxvagvaria; daayeno sakuTari Tavi ucxo kulturis warmomadgenlis adgilze.

Cven yvelas SegviZlia urTierToba sxva adamianebTan, rogorc

gansxvavdebodnen isini Cvengan, SegviZlia viswavloT maTi gageba.

ar

unda

davaleba
1. dawere Tema: interkulturuli komunikaciisa da dialogis mniSvneloba
saqarTvelosaTvis.
2. waikiTxe Sens mier pirvel gakveTilze Sesrulebuli ese. Secvlidi rames?

197