Professional Documents
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M3-C1
M3-C2
M3-C3
a) List out the factors that influence the toxicity/damaging effect of substances on the body.
1.) Method of exposure to chemical determined the rate of absorption and its target organ.
2.) Type of chemical entering the body determine the different toxic effects.
3.) Chemical and physical characteristics of the material determine its absorption rate. This include the molecule size, volatility, solubility
etc.
4.) Intensity of exposure. This includes the dosage, frequency and
duration of exposure. A higher does most likely
have a more hazardous effect than a lower dose.
5.) Interaction of various materials. Simultaneous exposure to various
chemicals may increase or decrease
its toxicity effect.
6.) Age. Elderly person has a different physiology and metabolic rate than
younger individuals.
7.) Gender.
8.) Genetics, immunity, hormones and diet
2.
Describe the main processes upon chemical entered the human body.
Refer to textbook module 3 page 55
Chemicals goes through 4 main processes upon entering to disposal from the human body:
- Absorption: Process where toxic chemical entering the body. Most common route of entry is through
1) Inhalation: gasses enter through inhalation and are absorbed into the lungs
2) Skin absorption: absorbed if the skin is damaged or torn.
- Distribution: Process where the chemical and its metabolites are distributed into the body.
- Metabolism: Process in which the absorbed chemical takes another form
1) Bio activation: Non-toxic materials changed to toxic
2) Detoxification: Toxic materials changed to non-toxic
- Excretion: Process of disposing the absorbed material and its metabolite from the body.
3.
4.
Acute exposure: usually occurs for a short duration (second/minutes), usually in high doses. Eg, spillage or chemical release. The effect
()
2.)
Chronic exposure: is long term exposure is small doses. It happens daily, weekly and at times, throughout whole duration of working
()
5.
in a certain factory. The effect is known as chronic effect. Eg. Exposure to asbestos or tobacco smoke.
True statement about PEL (boundary between safe & unsafe dose)
Permissible exposure limit means:
- A ceiling limit
- Maximum exposure limit
- An eight-hour time-weighted average airborne concentration (TWA), TWA levels are usually lower than ceiling values.
Most toxic materials have a certain level which if exposed does not cause any harmful effects. This does is known as threshold dose, also
known as No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL). NOAEL is the basis for the determination of the Permissible exposure limit.
M3-C4
internet
Refer
textbook
module 3
page116
M3-C5
Discuss the safe procedures of chemicals that should be carried out during receiving, handling, storing and disposal.
1.)
Receiving of chemicals at
workplace
2.)
Chemical storage
3.)
Handling
1.) The employer must train the employee to understand the risk: CSDS, label. before using chemicals
and how to handle chemical spills
2.) Proper training and be informed of the potential risks and the safety measures required
Disposal
1.) Label the chemical waste according to the EQA (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 1989
2.) Temporary waste storage area to protect the chemicals from the weather and spill control
3.) Safe work procedures and use of PPE when handling waste
4.) Safe disposal according to DOE guidelines
M3-C6
Chemical Monitoring
1.
The requirements for employee exposure monitoring or personal monitoring had been incorporated in the Factories and Machinery Lead
Regulations (1984), Asbestos Process Regulations (1986), Noise Exposure Regulation (1989) and Mineral Dust Regulations (1989).
a.) What is meant by the term personal monitoring?
Personal monitoring use to determine if there is compliance with the exposure limits of the standard and to monitor the exposure level
of a worker to a specific hazard. A sampling devices/equipment is placed on the worker where the sensor of sample collector is
positioned close to the route of entry of the hazard.
b) Why is it particularly important in the occupational environment?
1) To monitor the level of contaminants (living or non-living) in the work environment
2) To prevent occupational disease by identifying the potential for excessive inhalation and absorption of toxic chemicals before any
significant adverse health effects occur;
3) To assess the risk to employees health; and evaluate the effectiveness of workplace controls, such as personal protective
equipment and engineering control methods.
c) Outline the various steps involved in a personal monitoring program for exposure to hazardous substance such as lead.
1. Determine who exposure to the hazardous substances above the action level.
2. Take representative samples of exposed employees who is exposed to the greatest airborne concentration level in the
workplace. This is the basis for initial determination
3. If the initial determination shows employees exposure to the hazardous substances is above the action level, employer shall
conduct employee exposure monitoring.
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4. If the initial determination show no employee is exposed to the concentration above action level, tehe employer make a written
record of such determination.
5. If the employee exposure at or above the action level but below PEL, monitoring is repeated at least every 6 months until at
least 2 consecutive measurements taken at least 7 days apart, are below the action level at which time the employer may
discontinue monitoring for the employee
6. If the employee exposure is above the PEL, monitoring is repeated at quarterly until at least 2 consecutive measurements taken at
least 7 days apart, are below PEL but at or above the action level at which time the employer may repeat
M3-C8
2.
a)
b)
Provide input towards the development of strategies and recommendations for safety in the use of hazardous chemicals
CPL 1997 regulation state 4 important information from CSDS and each give 2 examples
(i)
Chemical product and company identification - Product information (product name, trade name, chemical name),
identification ( manufacturer name and address)
company
M3-C9
List the four classification of hazardous chemicals based on their physico-chemical properties and five classification based on their health
effects.
1.) Based on the Physicochemical properties:
Comparing test data on Physicochemical characteristics vs Physicochemical Criteria in CPL Schedule 1, Part A:
I.
II.
Oxidising: highly exothermic reaction with other chemicals, particularly flammable chemicals.
III.
IV.
V.
Flammable: Flash point < 21c, ignite when contact with air ambient temperature.
Very Toxic: Substances and preparations which if inhaled/ingested/penetrated into skin may involve extremely serious acute or
chronic health risks or even death.
LD-50 (oral) <25mg/kg
Toxic: Substances and preparations which if inhaled/ingested/penetrated into skin may involve extremely serious acute or chronic
health risks or even death.
LD-50 (oral) 25-200mg/kg
Harmful: Substances and preparations which if inhaled/ingested/penetrated into skin may involve limited health risks.
LD-50 (oral) 200-500mg/kg
Corrosive: Substances and preparations which may, on contact with living tissues, destroy them.
Irritant: Non-corrosive substances and preparations which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or
mucous membrane, can cause inflammation.
2.
List down the key information that must be included on the label of container containing a hazardous chemical. Describe why this
information are necessary
(a) The name of the hazardous chemical and supplier details (name, address, contact number).
(b) Danger symbols and indication of danger as specified in Schedule II;
(c) Specific risk properties as specified in Schedule III (Risk phrases)
(d) Safety precautionary measures as specified in Schedule IV. (Safety phrases)
The above information are necessary, because required by legislation:
1.) OSH (Classification, Packaging and Labelling of hazardous chemicals) regulations 1997, Reg. 7. A supplier shall ensure that every
packaging is labelled clearly and indelibly with the above information.
2.) OSHA 1994, Sec 66.
M3-C10
Chemical Hazard
1.
Toxic substances may cause health problem if it enters the bloodstream. Name four (4) types of entry routes and give example for each of
the routes.
a. Direct contact: Direct contact with corrosive chemical such as acid or alkaline will burn the skin or body.
b. Inhalation: Chemicals that spread in the air (dust, mist, fume, gas, vapour), example: Asbestos, mineral dust, lead, organic solvent.
c. Skin Absorption: Mostly chemical in liquid form are easily absorbed into the skin. Example organic solvents, pesticides.
d. Ingestion: Hand, food, cigarettes polluted with chemicals digested into the stomach unconsciously.
e. Injection: Sharp object (e.g., needle) punctures the skin and injects a chemical (or virus) directly into the bloodstream
M3-C11
Ventilation
1.
a)
acceptable level of exposure. It is used to discard low concentration of non-toxic and low toxic
substances generated from a small source that is non-central. To create air flow, control pollution and
control of heat and humidity
2.
Air movement is necessary to assist the bodys natural cooling mechanism. ASHRAE recommend air movement between _______ and
_______
3.
a)
Purpose of LEV
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a)
and
suitable
provision
shall
be made
for securing
and
maintaining
adequate
ventilation
by
the circulation of fresh air in every part of a factory and for rendering harmless, so far as practicable, all gases, fumes, dust
and other impurities that may be injurious to health arising in the course of any process or work carried on in a factory
2)
FMA (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations 1970, Regulation 25. Ventilation.
FMA (Lead) Regulations 1984, Regulation 18. Mechanical ventilation and recirculation of air.
FMA (Asbestos Process) Regulations 1986, Regulation 6. Exhaust equipment to be provided.
FMA (Mineral Dust) Regulations 1989, Regulation 14. Control equipment
c)
Advantage of LEV
c)
M3-C12
due to lack of air supply in the HVAC system, cause dead zones
What are the 4 types of monitoring system used in occupational health surveillance/
Outline the type of health surveillance that can be carried out for workers?
1.) Biological monitoring such as measuring and evaluating the hazardous substances or the metabolites in the blood ,urine and air
2.) Medical tests
3.) Medical examinations / assessment
4.) Review of medical record and occupational history
5.) Review of medical records and exposure due to work activities
2.
3.
4.
M3-C14
Biological Hazard
M3-C15
Report Writing
M3-C16
Ergonomic
1.
M3-C17
M3-C18
Shift Work
1.
Mental Workload
M3-C20
2.) Slow down or Reducing reactions on stress: Such as meditation, yoga, relaxation methods (breathing exercise and relaxing the
progressive muscles) and leading a healthy lifestyle (exercising and balanced diet)
3.) Monitoring stress symptoms using stress diary method: Employee to note down all the stress symptoms faced daily in a diary. Before
going to bed, employee is required to read the diary and evaluate themselves
and make the effort not to repeat the same symptoms the next day.
-Cognitive action method: Reaction towards stress is from our mind. Alter the way of thinking or mindset on a particular matter that is
considered to be stressful to non-stressful.
M3-C21
2.
What is the purpose of noise monitoring and what is the commonly used unit to measure sound? How would you conduct a noise
monitoring program at your workplace?
-Purpose of noise monitoring to determine if any employee may be exposed to noise level at or above the action level
-Common used unit to measure sound : Frequency (# of vibrations per second , measured in Hertz), Amplitude (peak magnitude or
maximum movement of the sound waves, in uN/M2)
- Noise monitoring program: Basically, there are two different instruments to measure noise exposures: the sound level meter and the
dosimeter. A sound level meter is a device that measures the intensity of sound at a given moment. Since sound
level meters provide a measure of sound intensity at only one point in time, it is generally necessary to take a
number of measurements at different times during the day to estimate noise exposure over a workday. If noise
levels fluctuate, the amount of time noise remains at each of the various measured levels must be determined.
To estimate employee noise exposures with a sound level meter it is also generally necessary to take several
measurements at different locations within the workplace. After appropriate sound level meter readings are
obtained, people sometimes draw "maps" of the sound levels within different areas of the workplace. By using
a sound level "map" and information on employee locations throughout the day, estimates of individual
exposure levels can be developed. This measurement method is generally referred to as "area" noise
monitoring.
A dosimeter is like a sound level meter except that it stores sound level measurements and integrates these
measurements over time, providing an average noise exposure reading for a given period of time, such as an
8-hour workday. With a dosimeter, a microphone is attached to the employee's clothing and the exposure
measurement is simply read at the end of the desired time period. A reader may be used to read-out the
dosimeter's measurements. Since the dosimeter is worn by the employee, it measures noise levels in those
locations in which the employee travels. A sound level meter can also be positioned within the immediate
vicinity of the exposed worker to obtain an individual exposure estimate. Such procedures are generally
referred to as "personal" noise monitoring.
Area monitoring can be used to estimate noise exposure when the noise levels are relatively constant and
employees are not mobile. In workplaces where employees move about in different areas or where the noise
intensity tends to fluctuate over time, noise exposure is generally more accurately estimated by the personal
monitoring approach.
In situations where personal monitoring is appropriate, proper positioning of the microphone is necessary to
obtain accurate measurements. With a dosimeter, the microphone is generally located on the shoulder and
remains in that position for the entire workday. With a sound level meter, the microphone is stationed near the
employee's head, and the instrument is usually held by an individual who follows the employee as he or she
moves about.
Manufacturer's instructions, contained in dosimeter and sound level meter operating manuals, should be
followed for calibration and maintenance. To ensure accurate results, it is considered good professional
practice to calibrate instruments before and after each use.
HOW OFTEN IS IT NECESSARY TO MONITOR NOISE LEVELS?
The amendment requires that when there are significant changes in machinery or production processes that
may result in increased noise levels, remonitoring must be conducted to determine whether additional
employees need to be included in the hearing conservation program. Many companies choose to remonitor
periodically (once every year or two) to ensure that all exposed employees are included in their hearing
conservation programs.
3.
due to damage to the hair follicles in the inner ear. Due to overexposure to loud noise, in most cases both ears
Training and information that ensures the workers are aware of the hazard from excessive noise exposures and how to properly
use the protective equipment that has been provided.
5.
Data management of and worker access to records regarding monitoring and noise sampling.
6.
a. What is the different between ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation? List 3 (three) example for each radiation
Radiation that has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons, is
referred to as "non-ionizing radiation." Examples of this kind of radiation are ultraviolet, visible rays, laser , infra-red ,radio waves and
microwaves.
Radiation that falls within the ionizing radiation" range has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, thus creating
ions. This is the type of radiation that people usually think of as 'radiation.' We take advantage of its properties to generate electric power,
to kill cancer cells, and in many manufacturing processes. Examples, alpha, beta, gamma, X-ray, radioactive waste, nuclear energy test
risk communication
Engineering control minimizing exposure at the optimum level. i.e minimizing exposure duration, working at the furthest distance,
shielding, isolation and enclosure
Health monitoring radiation protection survey , exposure monitoring (personal monitoring using film badge, area monitoring using
survey meter) , review medical history, occupational history
7.
8.
B)X-rays
C)Gamma rays
D)Neutrons
E) Alpha particles
9.
Optimial protection ALARA as low as reasanoble achievable , base on shielding, time and distance
3. Sievert (Sv) is the unit of derived unit of ionizing radiation, dose times the quality factor of the radiation as compared to
gamma-radiation. It is equal to the ________ times the quality factor and is equivalent to _____________.
10.
110 dBA. Worker exposure time? (1 hr / 15 min / 8 hrs / 30 min / none at all)
11.
E) Dehydrating of textiles, paper, leather, meat, vegetables, pottery ware and sand molds
12.
Name 3 types of ionizing radiation which are commonly found in industrial applications and describe their characteristics that influence
the hazard that they may cause to the exposed person.
3 types of ionizing radiation : alpha , beta, gamma
Heath effects (ionized radiation) depend on (i) intensity of the absorbed dose,
dangerous that photon x-rays (iii) organ sensitivities (reproduce tissues are more sensitive then thyroids)
13.
14.
a. Explain a work process that can pose health hazards to workers at your workplace. Identify n describe 4 types of those hazards, its
location and source of generation
b. Which of the above hazards identified pose the most significant risk to your fellow workers and why
c. give your recommendations as to how the hazards in the questions can be controlled
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