EngineeringMechanics by J L Meriam 6th Solutions by Khalid Yousaf

Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of Lahore.
Cell#03338189587
By
Khalid Yousaf
BS(Continue)Civil Engineering
The University of Lahore.
Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of Lahore.fb:khalid03456496268@yahoo.com
Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of Lahore. Cell#03338189587
What is Mechanics?
Mechanics is the physical science which deals with the effects of forces on objects.
The subject of mechanics is logically divided into two parts: statics,which concerns the
equilibrium of bodies under action of forces, and dynamics, which concerns the motion of
bodies.
BASIC CONCEPTS
The following concepts and definitions are basic to the study of mechanics, and they should
be understood at the outset.
Space is the geometric region occupied by bodies whose positions are described by linear
and angular measurements relative to a coordinate system. For three-dimensional problems,
three independent coordinates are needed. For two-dimensional problems, only two
coordinates are required.
Time is the measure of the succession of events and is a basic quantity in dynamics. Time is
not directly involved in the analysis of statics problems.
Mass is a measure of the inertia of a body, which is its resistance to a change of velocity.
Mass can also be thought of as the quantity of matter in a body. The mass of a body affects
the gravitational attraction force between it and other bodies. This force appears in many
applications in statics.
Force is the action of one body on another. A force tends to move a body in the direction of
its action. The action of a force is characterized by its magnitude, by the direction of its
action, and by its point of application. Thus force is a vector quantity..
A particle is a body of negligible dimensions. In the mathematical sense, a particle is a body
whose dimensions are considered to be near zero so that we may analyze it as a mass
concentrated at a point. We often choose a particle as a differential element of a body. We
may treat a body as a particle when its dimensions are irrelevant to the description
of its position or the action of forces applied to it.
Rigid body. A body is considered rigid when the change in distance between any two of its
points is negligible for the purpose at hand. For instance, the calculation of the tension in the
cable which supports the boom of a mobile crane under load is essentially unaffected by the
small internal deformations in the structural members of the boom. For the purpose, then, of
determining the external forces which act on the boom, we may treat it as a rigid body.
Statics deals primarily with the calculation of external forces which act on rigid bodies in
equilibrium. Determination of the internal deformations belongs to the study of the
mechanics of deformable bodies, which normally follows statics in the curriculum.
of the unit vectors i and j. Identify both

the scalar and vector components of F.
PROBLEMS
Introductory Problems
2/1 The force F has a magnitude of
800 N. Express F as a vector in terms
of the unit vectors i and j. Identify the x
and y scalar components of F.
Soln.
Step1:MagnitudeofforceF=600lb
Step2:Freebodydiagram
Soln.
Step1: Free body Diagram
Step3:Forcevector
Step2:Magnitudeofforce800N
xcomponentofforce,Fx=Fsin35o
Fx=800sin35o
Fx=459N
ycomponentofforce,Fy=Fcos35o
Fy=800cos35o
Fy=655N
Forcevector,F=(459i655j)N
2/2 The magnitude of the force F is

600 N. Express F as a vector in terms
F=600cos30i600sin30j
F=520i300j
Step4:Scalarcomponentsofforce
Alongxaxis
Fx=520lb
Alongyaxis
Fy=300lb
Step5:Vectorcomponentsofforce
Alongxaxis
Fx=520ilb
Alongyaxis
Fy=300jlb
2/3 The slope of the 4.8-kN force F is

specified as shown in the figure. Express F
as a vector in terms of the
unit vectors i and j.
Soln.
Step1:
Magnitude of force F=4800 lb
Position of point A= -15i-20j
Position of point B=30i+10j
Step2: Free body diagram
Soln.
Stpe3:
Position vector of AB, AB=OB OA
AB=45i+30j
Magnitude of AB, AB =45
30
= 54.08 in
Unit vector of AB,
Step2:
Magnitudeofforce,F=4.8kN
Unit vector of force, n= -
i- j
Force vector F= F n
F=4.8(-
n=
i- j)
=(-2.88i-3.84j)kN
2/4 The line of action of the 9.6-kN force
F runs through the points A and B as
shown in the figure. Determine the x and y
scalar components of F.
2/5 A cable stretched between the fixed

supports A and B is under a tension T of
900 lb. Express the tension as a vector
using the unit vectors i and j, first, as a
forceTA acting on A and second, as a force
TB acting on B.
Soln.
Force vector F= F n
F=1800(-
i- j)
=-1080iN-1440jN
2/7 The two structural members, one
of which is in tension and the other in
compression, exert the indicated
forces on joint O. Determine the
magnitude of the resultant R of the two
forces and the angle which R makes
with the positive x-axis.
Step2:
MagnitudeoftensionincableAB,T=
900lb
Unit vector of AB=nAB=
j
nAB = 0.832i - 0.55j
TA= TA nAB
TA=900(0.832i -
0.55j)
TA=(749i-499j)lb
But TA= - TB
=-(749i-499j)lb
=(-749i+499j)lb
Soln.
2/6 The 1800-N force F is applied to the

end of the I beam. Express F as a vector
using the unit vectors i and j.
x-components of resultant force

Rx= Fx
Rx= -3cos60o-2cos30o
Rx= -3.23 kN
y-components of resultant force
Ry= Fy
Ry= 3sin60o+2 sin30o
Ry= -1.598 kN
Magnitudeoftheresultantforce
Soln.
Stpe1:
Magnitude of force F=1800 N
i- j
R=
R=
3.23
1.598
R=3.6 kN
Step3:
Angle made by R
=tan-1(
=tan-1(
=26o
)
.
.
Angle made by R with positive x-axis

=180o+26o
=206o
2/8 Two forces are applied to the
construction bracket as shown.
Determine the angle which makes
the resultant of the two forces vertical.
Determine the magnitude R of the
resultant.
800 70
425
Cos=
=49.90
Ry= Fy
Ry= -425sin49.9-800 sin70o
Ry= -1070 lb
R=
R= 0
R=1077lb
R
1077
Representative Problems
2/9 In the design of a control
mechanism, it is determined that rod
AB transmits a 260-N force P to the
crank BC. Determine the x and y
scalar components of P.
Soln.
Soln.
Step1:FreebodyDiagram
Step2:Magnitude of force P=260 N

i-
Force vector P= P n
P=260(-
Step2:
F1=800 lb
F2=425 lb
Given that the resultant force is normal to
x-axis.Therefore the x-component of
resultant force is zero.
Rx= Fx = 0
Rx= -425cos+800cos70o = 0
i-
j)
=-240iN-100jN
Scalar component of P along x
Px=-240 N
Scalar component of P along y
Py=-100 N
2/10 For the mechanism of Prob. 2/9,
determine the scalar components Pt and Pn
of P which are tangent and normal,
respectively, to crank BC.
Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram
(1)
Ft=Fcos40o
Fn=-Fsin
(2)
Dividing equation (2) by (1)
=-tan40o
Step2:magnitudeofforceF=260N
tan1( )
=22.6o
ScalarcomponentsofforcePalongn
Pn=260cos(30o22.6o)
Pn=258N
ScalarcomponentsofforcePalongt
Pt=260sin(30o22.6o)
Pt=33.5N
2/11 The t-component of the force F is
known to be 75N. Determine the ncomponent and the magnitude of F.
Fn=-Ft tan40o
Fn=-75 tan40o
Fn=-62.9o
By equation (1)
Ft=Fcos40o
75=F cos40o
F=97.9 N
2/12 A force F of magnitude 800 N is
applied to point C of the bar AB as
shown. Determine both the x-y and the
n-t components of F.
Step1:
Freebodydiagram
Soln.
Step2: The t-component of the force

F,Ft=75 N.Let Fn be the n-component
of the force F
Step2:
ComponentsofforceFalongx
Fx=800cos200
Rx= 7cos45o-3cos30o
Rx= 2.35 kips
Ry= Fy
Ry= -7sin60o+3 sin30o
Ry= -3.45 kips
Theresultantofthetwoforcesis
R=Rxi+Ryj
Fx=752lb
ComponentsofforceFalongy
Fy=800sin200
Fy=274lb
Step3:
Componentsofforcealongt
Ft=800cos400
Ft=613lb
Componentsofforcealongn
Fn=800sin400
Fn=514lb
R= (2.35i-3.45j)kips
2/13 The two forces shown act at point A

of the bent bar. Determine the resultant R
of the two forces.
2/14 To satisfy design limitations it is

necessary to determine the effect of the 2kN tension in the cable on the shear,
tension, and bending of the fixed I-beam.
For this purpose replace this force by its
equivalent of two forces at A, Ft parallel
and Fn perpendicular to the beam.
Determine Ft and Fn.
Soln.
Step1:
Freebodydiagram
Step2:
Componentsofforcealongt
Ft=2cos(200+300)
Ft=1.286kN
Componentsofforcealongn
Fn=2sin(200+300)
Fn=1.532kN
Step2:
Rx= Fx
2/15 Determine the magnitude Fs of

the tensile spring force in order that
the resultant of Fs and F is a vertical
force. Determine the magnitude R of
this vertical resultant force.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Lift force L=50 lb
Ratio of the lift force to drag force
Step2:Magnitude of force F=120 lb
Tensile spring force be Fs

Since the horizontal component of R
is zero
F=Fs cos60o
F=120 cos60o
F=60 lb
The resultant force
R=Fsin60o
R=120sin60o
R=103.9 lb
2/16 The ratio of the lift force L to the
drag force D for the simple airfoil is L/D
=10. If the lift force on a short section of
the airfoil is 200 N, compute the
magnitude of the resultant force R and the
angle which it makes with the
horizontal.
=10
=10

D=5 lb
Magnitude of resultant force R =
R=5
50
R=50.2lb
Step3:
Angle made by the resultant with D
tan-1(
tan-1(
84.3
)
)
2/17 Determine the components of the

2-kN force along the oblique axes a
and b. Determine the projections of F
onto the a- and b-axes.
Soln.
Step2:
By the law of sines
Soln.
=
2
Fa=
Fa=0.598 kN
=
Fb=
Fb=1.633 kN
Step3:
Step2:
By the law of sine
= 40
Rb= 622 N
= 40
110
Ra= 1170 N
Step3:Let Pa be the orthogonal
projection of P onto a-axis
30
Let Pa and Pb be the projections of

force P along a and b.
Pa=2 cos45o
Pa=1.414 kN
Pb=2 cos15o
Pb=1.932 kN
2/18 Determine the scalar components Ra
and Rb of the force R along the non rectan
-gular axes a and b. Also determine the
orthogonal projection Pa of R onto axis a.
Step4:
Pa=R cos300
=800 cos300
=693 N
2/19 Determine the resultant R of the
two forces shown by (a) applying the
parallelogram rule for vector addition
and (b) summing scalar components.
R= 520
700
R=872 N
Angle made by R
=tan-1(
=tan-1(
Soln.
Step2:(a)
From the law of cosines
R2=4002+6002 2(400)(600)cos1202
R2=760000
R2=872 N
Let be the angle made with the
vertical,then by the law of sines
)
)
=53.4o
So the angle made by resultant with the
vertical
=90o-53.4o
=36.6o
2/20 It is desired to remove the spike from
the timber by applying force along its
horizontal axis. An obstruction A prevents
direct access, so that two forces, one 1.6
kN and the other P, are applied by cables
as shown. Compute the magnitude of P
necessary to ensure a resultant T directed
along the spike. Also find T.
Soln.
=36.6o
Step3:(b)
Rx= Fx
Rx=600cos30o
Rx=520 N

Ry= Fy
Ry= -400-600sin30o
Ry=-700 N
R=
Step2: From figure

1=tan-1( )
1=26.57o
2=tan-1( )
2=36.87o
=180o (1+2)
=180o (26.57o+36.87o)
=116.56o
By the law of sine
=R
=
P= 537 lb
T= 800.541 lb
2/21 At what angle must the 800-N
force be applied in order that the
resultant R of the two forces has a
magnitude of 2000 N? For this
condition, determine the angle
between R and the vertical.
Soln.
=18.19o
2/22 The unstretched length of the
spring of modulus k =1.2 kN/m is 100
mm.When pin P is in the position
=30o determine the x- and ycomponents of the force which the
spring exerts on the pin. (The force in
a spring is given by F=kx, where x is
the deflection from the unstretched
length.)
Soln.
Step2:
MagnitudeoftheresultantforceR=2000
lb
20002=14002+8002
2(1400)(800)cos(180o-)
Butcos(180o)=cos
Therefore
20002=14002+8002 +
2(1400)(800)cos
=51.3o
From the law of sines
Step2: Givent hat spring modulus k=1.2

kN/m
Unstretched length of spring l =0.1m
Position of point A=0.06i+0.04j
Position of point P=0.08sin30i-0.08cos30j
P=0.04i-0.0693j
Position vector PA=OA-OP
PA=(0.06-0.04)i-[(0.04)-(-0.0693)]j
PA=0.02i+0.1093j
0.1093
Magnitude of PA=0.02
PA=0.1111m
Unit vector nPA=
0.02 0.1093
PA=
0.02 2
0.1093 2
PA=0.18i+0.984j
Magnitude of spring force F= Kx

Where x is change in length.
x=PA- l
x =0.1111-0.1
x=0.0111m
F=1.2 kN0.0111
F=13.32 N
Step3:
Spring force vector
F=F
PA
=13.32(0.18i+0.984j)
=(2.4i+13.1j) N
x and y components of force are

Fx=2.4 N
Fy=13.1 N
2/23 Refer to the statement and figure
of Prob. 2/22. When pin P is in the
position =20o,determine the n- and tcomponents of the force F which the
spring of modulus k =1.2 kN/m exerts
on the pin.
Step1:Given that
Spring constant of the spring k=1.2
kN/m
Unstrectched length of the spring,
l=0.1m
The angle made by the pin with the
vertical =20o
Let the centre of the coordinate system
be positioned at 0.
Step2:The arrangement of the spring
system at the present instant is as
shown by the free body diagram
Step3:
The coordinates of points A and P are
A=(0.06i,0.04j)
P=(0.08 sin20oi-0.08cos20oj)
P=(0.0274i-0.0752j)
Hence the position vector PA is given
by
PA=OA-OP
PA=(0.06-0.0274)i + [0.04-(-0.0752]j
PA=0.0326i+0.1152j
The magnitude of the vector is given
by
PA= 0.0326
0.1152
PA=0.1197m
The magnitude of the spring force is
given by
F=kx
Where x=PA - 0.01
x=0.1197-0.01
x=0.0197m
F=1.20.0197
F=0.0237 kN
F=23.7 kN
2/24 The cable AB prevents bar OA from
rotating clockwise about the pivot O. If the
cable tension is 750N.Determine the nand t-components of this force acting on
point A of the bar.
ComponentsofforceTalongt
Tt=Tcos
Tn=750cos26.37
Tn=672N
2/25 At what angle must the 400-N
force be applied in order that the
resultant R of the two forces have a
magnitude of 1000 N? For this
condition what will be the angle
between R and the horizontal?
Soln.
Step2:
Tension in the cable T=750 N
Let Tn and Tt be the components of force
T along n and taxes respectively
By the cosine law
AB=
OA
OB
2 OA OB cos120
AB=
1.2
2 1.5 1.2
0.866
1.5
AB=2.34 m
Step3:
ApplyingsinerulefortriangleBOA
.
Sin =
o
1.2
=26.37
Step3:
ComponentsofforceTalongn
Tn=TSin
Tn=750Sin26.37
Tn=333.12N
Step2:
Magnitude of the resultant force
R=1000 lb
Let be the angle between the
resultant force R and horizontal force
700 lb.
10002=4002+7002
2(400)(700)cos(180o-)
cos=0.625
=51.32o
By the law of sines
=400
=18.19o
2/26 In the design of the robot to insert the

small cylindrical part into a close-fitting
circular hole, the robot arm must exert a
90-N force P on the part parallel to the
axis of the hole as shown. Determine the
components of the force which the part
exerts on the robot along axes (a) parallel
and perpendicular to the arm AB, and (b)
parallel and perpendicular to the arm BC.
Soln.
Step1: Given
Force exerted by robot P=90 N
Let parallel force = Pt
Letperpendicularforce=Pn
Step2:
(a) Components of force which the part
exerts on the robot along parallel and
perpendiculartotheanglearmAB.
Byresolvingforces
Pt=90sin45
Pt=63.6N(parallelforce)
Pn=90cos45
Pn=63.6N(perpendicularforce)
2/27 The guy cables AB and AC are
attached to the top of the transmission
tower. The tension in cable AC is 8 kN.
Determine the required tension T in
cable AB such that the net effect of the
two cable tensions is a downward
force at point A. Determine the
magnitude R of this downward force.
Soln.
Byresolvingforces,
Pt=90cos30
Pt=77.9N(parallelforce)
Pn=90sin30
Pn=45N(perpendicularforce)
Step3:
(b) Parallel and perpendicular forces to
thearmBC.
Step2:
Tension in the cable AC,Tac=8 kN

Let the tension in the cable AB be Tab
Let the magnitude of the resultant
force be R
From the figure
1=tan-1(
Soln.
Step1:Geometric solution
1=51.3o
2=tan-1(
2=37.3o
3=180o - 1 - 2
3=95o
Bythelawofsine
Tab=400
.
Tab=400
Tab=5.68kN
=
R=8
R=8
Step2:
Let Fx and Fa be the forces along x
and a-axes respectively.
Let R be the resultant force.
From law of cosine
R2=9002+8002-2(900)(800)cos75o
R2=1077300.575
R=1037.93
Step3:
Bythelawofsine
R=10.21 kN
2/28 The gusset plate is subjected to the
two forces shown. Replace them by two
equivalent forces, Fx in the x-direction and
Fa in the a-direction. Determine the
magnitudes of Fx and Fa. Solve
geometrically or graphically.
=0.744
=48.12o.
FromtriangleOCD
180o=+45o+65o+
180o=+45o+65o+48.12o
=21.88o
Bythelawofsine
Fx=547.02N
Step3:
NowconsideringtriangleOCa
By the law of sine

=
.
=
.
.
.
Fa=1349.963N
PROBLEMS
Step3:Considering similar triangles
2/29 The 10 kN force is applied atpoint
A. Determine the moment of F about
point O. Determine the points on the xand y-axes about which the moment of
F is zero.
=
4+x=
x=2.67 m
=
y=2.67
Soln.
Step2:
The magnitude of force F=10 kN
Let B and C be the points on y and xaxes respectively.
Components of force along x and yaxes.
y=2 m
point B(0,2)
C(2.67,0)
2/30 Determine the moment of the
800-N force about point A and about
point O.
Soln.
Fx=10
Fx=8 kN
Fy=10
Fy=6 kN
Taking moment about O (CW +)
Mo=Fx5 - Fy4
Mo=85 - 65
Mo=10 kNm
Step2:Magnitude of force F=200 lb
Taking moment about A

MA=200cos30o35
MA=6062.2 lb-in (CW)
Taking moment about O
MO = 200cos30o35 200sin30o35
MO = 6062.2 2500
MO = 3562.2 lb in (CW)
2/31 Determine the moment of the 50N
force (a) about point O by Varignons
theorem and (b) about point C by a
vector approach.
Soln.
F=50[
F=43.89i+23.94j
Step3:(a)
TakingmomentaboutO
Mo=OAF
Mo=(15i20j)(43.89i+23.94j)
Mo=(1523.94)k+(2043.89)(k)
Mo=518.7k
MagnitudeofmomentaboutOis
Mo=518.7Nmm(CCW)
Step4:(b)
MomentaboutC
Mc=CAF
PositionvectorofCA,CA=OAOC
CA=15i+(2025)j
CA=15i45j
Mc=(15i+(2025)j)(43.89i+23.94j)
Mc=(1523.94)k+(4543.89)(k)
Mc=1615.95k
MagnitudeofmomentaboutCis
Mc=1615.95Nmm(CCW)
2/32 The force of magnitude F acts along
the edge of the triangular plate. Determine
the moment of F about point O.
Soln.
Step2:Giventhat
ForceactingalonglineAB,F=50kN
Fromfigure.
PositionvectorofA,OA=15i20j
PositionvectorofB,OB=40i+10j
PositionvectorofC,OC=25j
VectorformofAB,AB=OBOA
AB=(40+15)i+(10+20)j
AB=55i+30j
ForcevectoralonglineAB,F=F
F=F[
Step2:
PointA(0,h)
PointB(b,0)
VectorAB=bihj
UnitVectorAB=
AB=
VectorOA=hj
MomentaboutOMO=OAF
MO=hj[
MO=
MO=
k
(CW)
2/33 In steadily turning the water

pump,a person exerts the 120N force
on the handle as shown. Determine
the moment of this force about point O.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Moment of force about O (CW +)
Mo=F cos(20o+15o)0.15
Mo=120cos35o0.15
Mo=14.74 Nm
2/34 The throttle-control sector pivots
freely at O. If an internal torsional spring
exerts a return moment M =1.8 on the
sector when in the position shown, for
design purposes determine the necessary
throttle-cable tension T so that the net
moment about O is zero. Note that when T
is zero, the sectorrests against the idlecontrol adjustment screw at R.
Step2:
Let the tension required be T
(Anticlock wise +) MO=0
1.8 - T0.05=0
.
T=
.
T=36 N
applied to the gear. Determine the
moment of F about point O.
Soln.
Step1: Freebodydiagram
Step2:Given
MagnitudeofforceF=250N
x and y components of force F
Fy=250 cos15o
Fy=241.48 N
Fx=250 sin15o
Fx=64.7 N
Step3:
Mo Fy(0.2)+Fx(0.03)=0
Mo 241.48(0.2)+64.7(0.03)=0
Mo - 48.296+1.92 =0
Mo=46.36 Nm
2/37 A mechanic pulls on the 13-mm
combination wrench with the 140-N
force shown. Determine the moment of
this force about the bolt center O.
Step2:
Fy=F cos cos20o
Fy=60 cos cos20o
Fy=56.38 N
Taking moment about O (CW+)
Mo=Fy0.1
Mo=56.380.1
Mo=5.64 Nm
2/36 Calculate the moment of the 250-N
force on the handle of the monkey wrench
about the center of the bolt.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Taking moment about O (CCW+)

Mo=Fcos0.095
Mo=Fcos(25o-10o)0.095
Mo=140cos10o0.095
Mo=13.1 Nm
2/38 As a trailer is towed in the forward
direction, the force F =500 N is applied as
shown to the ball of the trailer hitch.
Determine the moment of this force about
point O.
triangular portion pivots clockwise, and

the pennies roll into the left collection
column. Determine the moment about
O of the weight of the penny in terms
of the slant distance s in millimeters.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:GiventhatforceF=120lb
Let Fx and Fy be the components of force
alongxandyaxesrespectively.
TakingmomentaboutO
(Anticlock wise +) MO=Fx 1.5+Fy 11
Mo= 120 sin30o 1.5+120cos30o 11
Mo=90+1143.15
Mo=1233.15 lb-in (CW)
2/39 A portion of a mechanical coin
sorter works as follows:Pennies and
dimes roll down the 20o incline,the last
triangular portion of which pivots freely
about a horizontal axis through O.
Dimes are light enough (2.28 grams
each) so that the triangular portion
remains stationary, and the dimes roll
into theright collection column.
Pennies, on the other hand, are heavy
enough (3.06 grams each) so that the
Step2:
mgcos200
and
mgsin200
are
components of weight perpendicular
parallel
to
the
inclined
plane
respectively.
Taking moment about pivot O (CW +)
Mo=mgcos200s+ mgsin200(9.5+3.5)
Mo=3.061039.81cos200s+3.06103
9.81sin200(9.5+3.5)
Mo=(0.0282s+0.1335)Nmm(sinmm)
2/40 Elements of the lower arm are shown
in the figure.The mass of the forearm is 2.3
kg with mass center at G. Determine the
combined moment about the elbow pivot
O of the weights of the forearm and the
3.6kg homogeneous sphere. What must the
biceps tension force be so that the overall
moment about O is zero?
the moment of T about the drum

center C. At what angle should T be
applied so that the moment about the
contact point P is zero?
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:Giventhat
WeightoftheforearmW1=5lb
WeightofthesphereW2=8lb
LetTbethetensioninthebicep.
MomentaboutOduetotheweights5lb
and8lb.
(Clock wise +) Mo=813+56sin55o
Mo=104+24.57
Mo=128.57lbin(CW)
Thecombinedmomentduetotheall
forcesiszero.
(Clock wise +) Mo=0
128.57-T2=0
T=64.29 lb
Step2:
Magnitude of force T=32 lb
Taking moment about C(CW+)
Mc=T5
Mc=325
Mc=160 lb-in
For the moment about the contact
point P to be zero,the applied force
should pass through point P.
Let be the angle of T with the
horizontal such that
From the triangle PCB

Cos=
2/41 A 32 lb pull T is applied to a

cord,which is wound securely around
the inner hub of the drum.Determine
Cos=
=51.3o
2/42 A force of 200 N is applied to the

end of the wrench to tighten a flange
bolt which holds the wheel to the axle.
Determine the moment M produced by
this force about the center O of the
wheel for the position of the wrench
shown.
Soln.
Step2: Magnitude of force F=200 N

OA=450-62.5 cos20
OA=391.27 mm
MomentaboutO
(Clock wise +) Mo=FOA
Mo=200391.27
Mo=78253.84 Nmm
2/43 In order to raise the flagpole OC,
a light frame OAB is attached to the
pole and a tension of 780 lb is
developed in the hoisting cable by the
power winch D. Calculate the moment
Mo of this tension about thehinge point
O.
Soln.
Step2:
Magnitude of tenion T=780 lb
Taking moment about O (CCW +)
Mo=780cos20o10cos30o-780sin20o5
Mo=6347.62-1333.88
Mo=5013.74 lb-ft
2/44 The uniform work platform, which
has a mass per unit length of 28 kg/m,
is simply supported by cross rods A
and B. The 90-kg construction worker
starts from point B and walks to the
right. At what location s will the
combined moment of the weights of
the man and platform about point B be
zero?
Soln.
Step2: Given that

Mass of the platform M=28 kg/m
Mass of the worker m=90 kg
Weight of the platform
W=28(1+4+3)9.81
W=2197.44 N
Moment of all force at B is zero.
MB=0
mgS -W1=0
mgS=W
S=
S=
x=15 m
Now considering triangle ABC
tan=
.
tan=
.
.
S=2.49 m
2/45 In raising the pole from the
position shown, the tension T in the
cable must supply a moment about O
of 72kNm . Determine T.
Soln.
tan=
=tan-10.9622
=43.897o
From OAC
1800=++120o
1800=+43.897o +120o
=16.103o
Step3:

Mo=0
Mo-Tsin30=0
Tsin16.103o30=72
T=8.653 kN
2/46 The force exerted by the plunger of
cylinder AB on the door is 40 N directed
along the line AB, and this force tends to
keep the door closed. Compute the
moment of this force about the hinge O.
What force FC normal to the plane of the
door must the door stop at C exert on the
door so that the combined moment about
O of the two forces is zero?
Step2:
Given,moment about O Mo=72 kN
Let T be the tension in the cable
Considering triable OBC
sin60o=
h=25.98 m
cos60o=
Soln.
Step2: Given that

Force exerted by the plunger F=40 N
tan=
=14.036o
Taking moment about point O
Mo=40cos14.036o(75)+ 40sin14.036o(425)
Mo=2910.43+4123.035
Mo=7033.465 Nmm (CCW)
Let Fc be the reaction force at C
Taking moment about point O
Mo=0
Fc(825)Mo=0
Fc(825)7033.465 =0
Fc(825)=7033.465
Fc=8.525N
2/47 The 2lb force is applied to the
handle of the hydraulic control valve as
shown. Calculate the moment of this
force about point O.
Step2:
Given,applied force F=2 lb
Taking moment about O (CCW +)
Mo=-2cos20o(10sin60o+1.5)2sin20o(1ocos60o)
Mo=-19.095-3.42
Mo=-22.5 lb-in
2/48 Calculate the moment MA of the 200N force about point A by using three scalar
methods and one vector method.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:Method1
TakingmomentaboutA
MA=Fcos15o280+Fsin15o400
MA=200cos15o280+200sin15o400
MA=74797.4Nm(CW)
Step3:Method2
ConsideringtheforceappliedatD
CD=400tan15o
CD=107.18mm
DA=AC+CD
DA=280+107.18
DA=387.18mm
TakingmomentaboutA
MA=200cos15oDA
MA=200cos15o387.18
MA=74797.4Nm(CW)
Step4:Method3
FindingtheperpendiculardistanceAE
DA=387.18mm
DE=DAsin15o
DE=387.18sin15o
DE=100.21mm
AE=
100.21
AE=387.18
AE=374mm
TakingmomentaboutA
MA=200374
MA=74797.4Nm
Step5:Vectormethod
r=200i+480j
F=200cos15oi+200sin15oj
MA=rF
MA=(200i+480j)(=200cos15oi+200
sin15oj)
MA=74797.4k Nm
2/50 (a) Calculate the moment of the
90-N force about point O for the
condition =15o. Also, determinethe
value of for which the moment about
O is (b) zero and (c) a maximum.
Soln.
Step2:
Elasticmodulusofbandk=60N/m
Unstretchedlengthofbandxo=0.74m
OC=OA+AC
OC=0.635+0.74
OC=1.375 m
.
=tan-1
.
=65.2o
Step3:
Change in the length of band x=BC-xo
x=1.515-0.74
Deflection of spring
x=0.775m
Spring force
F=kx
F=600.775
F=46.5 N
Mo=FsinOB
Mo=46.5sin62.5o0.535
Mo=26.8 Nm
2/50 (a) Calculate the moment of the 90-N
force about point O for the condition
=15o. Also, determine the value of for
which the moment about O is (b) zero and
(c) a maximum.
c) For the moment to be maximum the

applied force should be perpendicular.
.
tan=
.
Soln.Giventhat
AppliedforceF=90N
a) =15o
Step2:
(Anticlock wise +)
Mo=Fcos0.6 - Fsin 0.8
Mo=90cos15o0.6+90sin15o0.8
Mo=33.52Nm
Step3:
b)MomentoftheforceaboutOiszero.
Mo=0
Fcos0.6 - Fsin 0.8=0
cos0.6=sin 0.8
.
tan=
.
=36.9o
=90+
=90+36.9o
=126.9o
2/51 The small crane is mounted along
the side of a pickup bed and facilitates
the handling of heavy loads. When the
boom elevation angle is =40o,the
force in the hydraulic cylinder BC is 4.5
kN, and this force applied at point C is
in the direction from B toC (the cylinder
is in compression). Determine the
moment of this 4.5-kN force about the
boom pivotpoint O.
Soln.
=36.9o
Step4:
Step2:
Let the angle made by the force F with
the horizontal be
tan=
tan=
.
.
=56.2o
Mo=FcosOB
Mo=4.5cos56.2o 0.36
Mo=0.902 kNm
2/52 Design criteria require that the robot
exert the 90-N force on the part as shown
while inserting a cylindrical part into the
circular hole. Determine the moment about
points A, B, and C of the force which the
part exerts on the robot.
MB=0
MBP(EF+FB)=0
MB=P(EF+FB)
MB=90(150+450sin30o)
MB=90(375)
MB=33750Nmm
MB=33.75Nm
Step3:
TakingmomentaboutA
MA=0
MAP(EF+FB+BG)=0
MA=P(EF+FB+BG)
MA=90(150+450sin30o+550sin45o)
MA=90(3763.91)
MA=68751.9Nmm
MA =68.752 Nm
2/53 The masthead fitting supports the
two forces shown. Determine the
magnitude of T which will cause no
bending of the mast (zero moment) at
point O.
Soln.
Step2:
Let T be the tension in the string.
Mo=0
5cos30o90+5sin30o90T
Step2:Giventhat
ForceexertedbytherobotatDP=90N
TakingmomentaboutC
MC=0
MCP(150)=0
MC=13500Nmm
MC=13.5Nm
TakingmomentaboutB
120- T
=0
389.71+150-11.42T-22.28T=0
133.7T=539.71
T=4.04 kN
2/54 The piston, connecting rod, and
crankshaft of a diesel engine are shown in
the figure. The crank throw OA is half the
stroke of 8in, and the length AB of the rod
is 14in. For the position indicated, the rod
is under a compression along AB of
3550lb. Determine the moment M of this
force about the crankshaft axis O.
(Clockwise +) Mo=FsinOB
Mo=3550sin14.33o15.56
Mo=13671.81lbin
Mo=1139 lb-ft
2/55 The 120-N force is applied as
shown to one end of the curved
wrench. If
=30o, calculate the
moment of F about the center O of the
bolt. Determine thevalue of which
would maximize the moment about O;
state the value of this maximum
moment.
Soln.
Step2:
OA=8in
AB=14in
CompressionintherodAB,T=3550lb.
AD=OA cos30o
AD=4(0.866)
AD=3.464 in
OD=OA sin30o
OD=4 sin30
OD=2 in
BD=
3.464
BD=14
BD=13.56 in
OB=BD+OD
OB=13.56+2
OB=15.56 in
=tan-1
=tan-1
=14.33o
Step3:
Soln.
Step2:AppliedforceF=120N
Taking moment about O(CW+)
Mo=120cos30o(70+150+70)+
120cos30o(25+70+70+25)
Mo=41537.68Nmm
Step3:
For maximum moment Mo the force F
should be perpendicular to the line
joining AB.
tan=
=33.2o
Step4:For this condition
OA=
25
70
25
70
70
150
70
OA=346.7mm
Mo=120346.7
Mo=41603.84 Nmm
2/56 If the combined moment of the two
forces about point C is zero, determine
(a) the magnitude of the force P.
(b) the magnitude R of the resultant of the
two forces.
(c) the coordinates x and y of the point A
on the rim of the wheel about which the
combined moment of the two forces is a
maximum.
(d) the combined moment MA of the two
forces about A.
Step2:
a) Taking moment about C.
MC=0
P8+100cos60o4-100sin60o8=0
P=61.6 lb
Step3:
b) Fx=Rx
Rx= - 100cos60o-61.6
Rx=-111.6 lb
Fy=Ry
Ry=100 sin60o
Ry=86.6 lb
R=
R=
111.6
R=141.3 lb
Step3:
86.6
c) =tan-1
=tan-1
=37.81o
Step4:
.
.
Soln.
x=8sin
x=8sin37.81o
x=4.9 in
y=8cos
x=8cos37.81o
x=6.32 in
Step5:
Moment about A
MA=RBA
BA=OA+OB
BA=8+4 cos
BA=8+4cos37.81o
BA=11.61 in
Since MA=RBA
MA=143.311.61
MA=15771 lb-in (CW)
PROBLEMS
2/57 The caster unit is subjected to the
pair of 400-Nforces shown. Determine
the moment associated with these
forces.
2/60 The indicated forcecouple

system is applied to a small shaft at
the center of the plate.Replace this
system by a single force and specify
the coordinate of the point on the xaxis through which the line of action
of this resultalt force passes.
2/58 A force F=60 N acts along the line
AB. Determine the equivalent force
couple system at point C.
2/61 The bracket is spot welded to the

end of the shaft at point O.To show the
effect of the 900-N force on the weld,
replace the force by its equivalent of a
force and couple M at O. Express M in
vector notation.
2/59 The top view of a revolving
entrance door is shown. Two persons
simultaneously approach the door and
exert force of equal magnitudes as
shown. If the resulting moment about
the door pivot axis at O is 25 Nm,
determine the force magnitude F.

.
2/62 As part of a test, the two aircraft

engines are revved up and the
propeller pitches are adjusted so as to
result in the fore and aft thrusts shown.
What force F must be exerted by the
ground on each of the main braked
wheels at A and B to counteract the
turning effect of the two propeller
thrusts? Neglect any effects of the
nose wheel C, which is turned 90N
and unbraked.
2/64 Each propeller of the twin-screw

ship develops a fullspeed thrust of 300
kN. In maneuvering the ship,one
propeller is turning full speed ahead
and the other full speed in reverse.
What thrust P must each tug exert on
the ship to counteract the effect of the
ships propellers?
2/65 A lug wrench is used to tighten a
square-head bolt. If 250-N forces are
applied to the wrench as shown,
determine the magnitude F of the
equal forces exerted on the four
contact points on the 25-mm bolt head
so that their external effect on the bolt
is equivalent to that of the two 250-N
forces. Assume that the forces are
perpendicular to the flats of the bolt
head.
2/63 Replace the 10-kN force acting

on the steel column by an equivalent
forcecouple system at point O.This
replacement is frequently done in the
design of structures.

.
2/66 During a steady right turn, a

person exerts the forces shown on the
steering wheel. Note that each force
consists of a tangential component
and a radiallyinward component.
Determine the moment exerted about
the steering column at O.

exerted on the automobile parking brake lever at the position x =250mm.
Replace the force by an equivalent
forcecouple system at the pivot point
O.
2/69 The tie-rod AB exerts the 250-N

force on the steering knuckle AO as
shown. Replace this force by an
equivalent forcecouple system at O.
2/67 The 180-N force is applied to the
end of body OAB. If = 50o, determine
the equivalent forcecouple system at
the shaft axis O.

.
2/72 Calculate the moment MB of the

900-N force about the bolt at B.
Simplify your work by first replacing
the force by its equivalent force-couple
system at A.
2/70 The combined drive wheels of a

front-wheel-drive automobile are acted
on by a 7000-N normal reaction force
and a friction force F, both of which are
exerted by the road surface. If it is
known that the resultant of these two
forces makes a 15o angle with the
vertical, determine the equivalent
forcecouple system at the car mass
center G. Treat this as a two
dimensional problem.
2/73 The bracket is fastened to the

girder by means of the two rivets A
and B and supports the 2-kN force.
Replace this force by a force acting
along the centreline between the rivets
and a couple. Then redistribute this
force and couple by replacing it by two
forces,one at A and the other at B, and
ascertain the forces supported by the
rivets.
2/71 The system consisting of the bar

OA,two identicalpulleys, and a section
of thin tape is subjected to the two
180N tensile forces shown in the
figure. Determine the equivalent force
couple system at point O.

.
2/76 The device shown is a part of an

automobile seatback-release mechanism. The part is subjected to the 4-N
force exerted at A and a restoring
moment exerted by a hidden torsional
spring. Determine the y-intercept of the
line of action of the single equivalent
force.
2/74 The angle plate is subjected to

the two 250-N forces shown. It is
desired to replace these forces by an
equivalent set consisting of the 200-N
force applied at A and a second force
applied at B. Determine the ycoordinate of B.
2/75 The weld at O can support a

maximum of 2500 N of force along
each of the n- and t-directions and a
maximum of 1400 Nm of moment.
Determine the allowable range for the
direction of the 2700-N force applied
at A. The angle is restricted to 0
90o.

.
Resultant

.
PROBLEMS
2/77 Calculate the magnitude of the
tension T and the angle for which the
eye bolt will be under a resultant
downward force of 15 kN.
2/80 Determine the height h above the
base B at which the resultant of the
three forces acts.

four forces acting on the gusset plate.
Also find the magnitude of R and the
angle x which the resultant makes
with the x-axis.
2/81 Where does the resultant of the

two forces act?
2/82 Under nonuniform and slippery

road conditions, thetwo forces shown
are exerted on the two rear-drive
wheels of the pickup truck, which has
a
limited-slip
rear
differential.
Determine the y-intercept of the
resultant of this force system.
2/79 Determine the equivalent force

couple system at the origin O for each
of the three cases of forces being
applied to the edge of a circular disk. If
the resultant can be so expressed,
replace this forcecouple system with
a stand-alone force.

.
2/83 If the resultant of the two forces

and couple M passes through point O,
determine M.
2/84 Determine the magnitude of the

force F applied to the handle which will
make the resultant of the three forces
pass through O.
2/86 A commercial airliner with four jet

engines, each producing 90 kN of
forward thrust, is in a steady, level
cruise when engine number 3suddenly
fails.Determine
and
locate
the
resultant of the three remaining engine
thrust vectors. Treat this as a
twodimensional problem.
2/87 Replace the three forces acting

on the bent pipe by a single equivalent
force R. Specify the distance x from
point O to the point on the x-axis
through which the line of action of R
passes.
2/85 Determine and locate the

resultant R of the two forces and one
couple acting on the I-beam.

.
2/88 The directions of the two thrust

vectors of an experimental aircraft can
be independently changed from the
conventional forward direction within
limits. For the thrust configuration
shown, determine the equivalent
forcecouple system at point O. Then
replace this forcecouple system by a
single force and specify the point on
the x-axis through which the line of
action of this resultant passes. These
results are vital to assessing design
performance.

three forces acting on the simple truss.
Specify the points on the x- and y-axes
through which R must pass.
2/91 The design specifications for the

attachment at A for this beam depend
on the magnitude and location of the
applied loads. Represent the resultant
of the three forces and couple by a
single force R at A and a couple M.
Specify the magnitude of R.
2/92 In the equilibrium position shown,

the resultant of the three forces acting
on the bell crank passes through the
bearing O. Determine the vertical force
P. Does the result depend on ?
2/90 The gear and attached V-belt

pulley are turning counterclockwise
and are subjected to the tooth load of
1600 N and the 800-N and 450-N
tensions in the V-belt. Represent the
action of these three forces by a
resultant force R at O and a couple of
magnitude M. Is the unit slowing down
or speeding up?

.
2/93Two integral pulleys are subjected

to the belt tensions shown.If the
resultant R of these forces passes
through the center O, determine T and
the magnitude of R and the
counterclockwise angle it makes
with the x-axis.
2/96 The rolling rear wheel of a frontwheel-drive automobile which is

accelerating to the right is subjected to
the five forces and one momentshown.
The forces Ax =240 N and Ay= 2000 N
are forces transmitted from the axle to
the wheel, F =160 N is the friction
force exerted by the road surface on
the tire, N =2400 N is the normal
reaction force exerted by the road
surface, and W = 400 N is the weight
of the wheel/tire unit. The couple M=3
Nm is the bearing friction moment.
Determine and locate the resultant of
the system.
2/94 While sliding a desk toward the

doorway, three students exert the
forces shown in the overhead view.
Determine the equivalent forcecouple
system at point A. Then determine the
equation of the line of action of the
resultant force.
2/97 A rear-wheel-drive car is stuck in

the snow between other parked cars
as shown. In an attempt to free the
car, three students exert forces on the
car at points A, B, and C while the
drivers actions result in a forward
thrust of 200 N acting parallel to the
plane of rotation of each rear wheel.
Treating the problem as twodimensional, determine the equivalent
2/95 Under nonuniform and slippery

road conditions, the four forces shown
are exerted on the four drive wheels of
the all-wheel-drive vehicle. Determine
the resultant of this system and the xand y-intercepts of its line of action.
Note that the front and rear tracks are
equal (i.e.AB=CD).

.
forcecouple system at the car center

of mass G and locate the position x of
the point on the car centreline through
which the resultant passes. Neglect all
forces not shown.
2/98 An exhaust system for a pickup

truck is shown in the figure. The
weights Wh, Wm, and Wt of the
headpipe,muffler, and tailpipe are 10,
100, and 50 N, respectively, and act at
the indicated points. If the exhaustpipe hanger at point A is adjusted so
that its tension FA is 50 N, determine
the required forces in the hangers at
points B, C, and D so that the force
couple system at point O is zero. Why
is a zero forcecouple system at O
desirable?

.
Ch#3 Equilibrium
Step2:
Step3:
Step4:
Step5:
1.5'

.
PROBLEMS
= tan-1
=75o
Step3:
Applying sines law
3/1 Determine the force P required to

maintain the 200-kg engine in the
position for which =30o. The diameter
of the pulley at B is negligible.
P=1962
P=1759 N
3/2 The mass center G of the 1400-kg
rear-engine car is located as shown in
the figure. Determine the normal force
under each tire when the car is in
equilibrium.State any assumptions.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Mass of car
Weight
m=1400kg
W=14009.81
W=13734 N
Fy=0
Since there are two front and two rear
tyres of a car,therefore
2RA+2RB-13734=0
(i)
MA=0
2RB(1.386+0.964)-137341.386=0
4.7RB=19035.324
RB=4050 N
(ii)
Using the value of RB in (i)
2RA+2(4050)-13734=0
2RA=2817 N
Step2:
Mass
m=200kg
Weight W=2009.81
=1962 N
DC=2sin30o
DC=1 m
AD=2cos30o
AD=1.732 m
BD=2-AD
BD=0.27 m
=tan-1

.
3/3 A carpenter carries a 12 lb uniform

board as shown.What downward force
does he feel on his shoulder at A?
Soln.
Step2:Weight of the board W=12 lb

Let NA and NB be the reactions at
points A and B respectively.Taking
moment about B,
MB=0
W(2+1)-NA2=0
123-2NA=0
2NA=36
NA=18 lb
Step2:
Weight of TV,
W1=709.81
W1=686.7 N
Weight of the cabinet
W2=249.81
W2=235.44 N
Taking moment about A,
MA=0
NB 0.7-W10.6-W20.35=0
0.7NB -686.70.6-235.440.35=0
0.7NB-412.02-82.404=0
0.7NB=706 N
Now
Fy=0
NA+NB-W1-W2=0
NA+706-686.7-235.44=0
NA=216 N
3/4 In the side view of a 70kg

television resting on a24kg cabinet, the
mass centers are labeled G1 and G2.
Determine the force reactions at A and
B. (Note that the mass center of most
televisions is located well forward
because of the heavy nature of the
front portion of picture tubes.)

.
Let RA and RB be the reactions at A

and B.
MA=0 (CCW+)
RD0.355-250.235=0
RD=16.55 N
Now
Fy=0
RA+RD-25=0
RA+16.55-25=0
RA=8.45 N
3/6 The 450-kg uniform I-beam
supports the load shown.Determine
the reactions at the supports.
3/5 The roller stand is used to support

portions of long boards as they are
being cut on a table saw. If the board
exerts a 25-N downward force on the
roller C, determine the vertical
reactions at A and D. Note that the
connection at B is rigid, and that the
feet A and D are fairly lengthy
horizontal tubes with a nonslip coating.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight of the I-beam W1=4509.81
W1=4414.5 N
Weight of the drum W2=2209.81
W2=2158.2 N
RA+RB=4414.5+2158.2
RA+RB=6572.7
(i)
MA=0 (CW+)
4414.54+2158.25.6-RB8=0
RB=3718 N
Putting this value in (i)
RA+3718=6572.7
RA=2854.7 N
Step2:
Downward force at C is 25N

.
3/7 Calculate the force and moment

reactions at the bolted base O of the
overhead traffic-signal assembly. Each
traffic signal has a mass of 36 kg,while
the masses of members OC and AC
are 50 kg and 55 kg, respectively.
3/8 The 20-kg homogeneous smooth

sphere rests on the two inclines as
shown.Determine the contact forces at
A and B.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Mass of the sphere, m=20kg
Weight of sphere, W=209.81
W=196.2 N
Step2:
Considering
forces
along x-axis
Weight of each traffic signal is 80 lb.
F
=0
x
Weight of members OC and AC are
RA cos150-RB sin30o=0
110 lb and 120 lb respectively.
0.966NA-0.5NB=0
(i)
Let Ox,Oy and Mo=0 be the reactions
Considering
forces
along
y-axis
and
reactive
moment
at
O
Fy=0
respectively.
RA sin150+RB cos30o-196.2=0
Considering forces along x-axis
0.966NA+0.5NB=196.2
Fx=0
0.259NA=196.2-0.866NB
Ox =0
N
(ii)
A=758.06-3.344NB
Considering forces along y-axis
Putting
above
value
in
(i)
Fy=0
0.966(758.06-3.344NB)-0.5NB=0
Oy-80-80-110-120=0
732.29-3.23NB-0.5NB=0
Oy=390 lb
3.73NB=732.29
N
B=196.3
Mo=0 (CCW+)
Using this value in (i)
80(15+3+12)+80(3+12)+12012-Mo=0
0.966NA-0.5(196.3)=0
Mo=5040 lb-ft (CW)
0.966NA=98.15
NA=101.6 N
.
necessary to reduce the normal force

at A to onehalf its nominal (F = 0)
value.
3/9 A 120 lb crate resets on the 60 lb

pickup tailgate. Calculate the tension T
in each of the two restraining cables,
one of which is shown. The centers of
gravity are at G1 and G2. The crate is
located midway between the two
cables.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight of the generator W=1609.81
W=1569.6 N
Let F be the force required.
Let RA and RO be the reactions at A
and O respectively.
For F=0
Mo=0 (CCW+)
-RA0.46+1596.60.135=0
RA=460.64 N
Step2:
Weight of the crate
W1=120 lb
Weight of the tailgate W2=60 lb
tan=
=tan-10.9796
=44.4o
Mo=0 (CCW+)
For RA=230.32 N
120(14)+60(9.5)-2Tsin44.4o(12.25)=0
1680+570-17.14T=0
Mo=0 (CCW+)
T=131.27 lb
1569.6(0.135)-230.32(0.46)-F(0.7)=0
3/10 A portable electric generator has
-0.7F=-105.95
a mass of 160 kg with mass center at
F=151.36 N
G. Determine the upward force F
.
3/11 With what force magnitude T must

the person pull on the cable in order to
cause the scale A to read 2000 N? The
weights of the pulleys and cables are
negligible. State any assumptions.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Force applied F=40 N
Let the tension in portion BC be T
Let Ro be reaction at O
Mo=0 (CCW+)
Tcos45o(32)+Tsin45o(36) 40cos10o(78+32)-40sin10o(27)=0
T=94.06 N
3/13 A woodcutter wishes to cause the
tree trunk to fall uphill, even though the
trunk is leaning downhill.With the aid of
the winch W, what tension T in the cable
will be required? The 1200lb trunk has a
center of gravity at G. The felling notch at
O is sufficiently large so that the resisting
moment there is negligible.
Step2:
Weight of the block is 1000 lb and reading
is 500 lb.
Let T be the tension in the cable.
Fy=0
5T+500-1000=0
T=100 lb
3/12 The device shown is designed to aid
in the removal of pull-tab tops from cans. If
the user exerts a 40-N force at A,
determine the tension T in the portionBC
of the pull tab.

.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight of the trunk
W=1200 lb
Let T be the tension in the cable
Mo=0 (CCW+)
1200(12sin5o)-T(10+4)cos15o=0
T=81.21 lb
3/14 To facilitate shifting the position of a
lifting hook when it is not under load, the
sliding hanger shown is used. The
projections at A and B engage the flanges
of a box beam when a load is supported,
and the hook projects through a horizontal
slot in the beam. Compute the forces at A
and B when the hook supports a 300-kg
mass.
Step2:
Weight of the block W=3009.81
W=2943 N
Let RA and RB be reactions at A and B.
MA=0 (CCW+)
29430.4 - RB0.6=0
RB=1962 N
Fy=0
RA-RB-W=0
RA=1962+2923
RA=4905 N
3/15 Three cables are joined at the
junction ring C. Determine the tensions in
cables AC and BC caused by the weight
of the 30-kg cylinder.

.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Let TAC,TAB and TDC be the tension in the

cables AB,BC and CD respectively.
Weight of the cylinder W=309.81
W=294.3 N
Here
TDC=294.3 N
Fx=0
Step2:
Total axial force F requires is 700N
Since two prybars are acting at both
sides of the pully,the axial force by
each prybar would be 350N.
Taking moment about E
-TACcos45o+294.3cos15o-TBCcos60o=0
0.707TAC+0.5TBC=284.27
(i)
Fy=0
TACsin45o+294.3sin15o-TBCsin60o=0
0.707TAC=0.866TBC-76.17
TAC=1.225 TBC-107.74
(ii)
Using (ii) in (i)
ME=0 (CCW+)
- 0.038+Fcos5(0.25)+Fsin5(0.031)=0
-13.3+0.249F+0.0027F=0
0.252F=13.3
F=52.84N
3/17 The uniform beam has a mass of 50
kg per meter of length. Compute the
reactions at the support O.The force loads
shown lie in a vertical plane.
0.707(1.225TBC-107.74)+0.5TBC=284.27
0.866TBC-76.17+0.5TBC=284.27
1.366TBC=360.44
TBC=263.87 N
Using above value in (ii)
TAC=1.225(263.87)-107.74
TAC=215.49 N
3/16 A 700-N axial force is required to
remove the pulley from its shaft. What
force F must be exerted on the handle of
each of the two prybars? Friction at the
contact points B and E is sufficient to
prevent slipping;friction at the pulley
contact points C and F is negligible.
Soln.

.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Let Ox and Oy be the reactions at O along
x and y directions respectively.
Let Mo,be the reaction moment at O
Self load of the beam portions.i.e
F1=509.81(1.8+0.6)
F1=1177.2 N
F1=1.117 kN
F2=509.81(0.6+0.6)
F2=588.6 N
F2=0.589 kN
Step3:
Mo=0
Mo-F11.2-32.8-F2(2.4+0.6cos30o)+4
1.4(2.4cos30o+1.2)=0
Mo-1.1771.2-5.4-0.5892.916+41.43.278=0
Mo-1.41-5.4-1.72+4-4.59=0
Mo=9.12 kNm
Fx=0
Ox+1.4sin30o=0
Ox+0.7=0
Ox=-0.7 kN
Fy=0
Oy-F1-F2-3-1.4cos30o=0
Oy-1.177-0.589-3-1.21=0
Oy=5.98 kN
Step2:
Applied force 24 kN
Let RA and RB be the reactions at A and B.
Here RA=RB
Fy=0
24-RAcos15o-RBcos15o=0
2RAcos15o=24
RA=12.42 kN
RA= RB=12.42 kN
3/19 The uniform 15m pole has a mass of
150 kg and is supported by its smooth
ends against the vertical walls and by the
tension T in the vertical cable.Compute
the reactions at A and B.
3/18 A pipe P is being bent by the pipe
bender as shown. If the hydraulic cylinder
applies a force of magnitude F = 24 kN to
the pipe at C, determine the magnitude of
the roller reactions at A and B.
Soln.
Step2:
Length of the pole, L=15m
Weight of the pole, W=1509.8
W=1471.5 N

.
Let T be the tension in the cable.

Let RA and RB be the horizental reactions
at A and B respectively.
OB2+122=152
OB=15
12
OB=9 m
Fx=0
RA=RB
Fy=0
T-1471.5=0
T=1471.5 N
Step3:
Soln.
Step2:
Let Ax,Ay and Ex be the reactions at A and
E respectively.
Fx=0
Ax+Ex-4000sin30o=0
(i)
Ax+Ex=2000
Fy=0
Ay-4000cos30o+500=0
Ay=3464.1-500=0
Ay=2964.1 N
MA=0
5008+Ex3-4000cos30o(4)=0
3Ex=16000cos30o-4000
Ex=3285.46 N
Using above value in (i)
Ax+3285.46=2000
Ax=-1285.46 N
For maximum P, Ex=0
From similar triangles ADC and ABO
=
=
AC=4 m
Now consider trianglesAFE and ABO
=
.
AE=6 m
Taking moment about A (CCW+)
MA=0
RB9-1471.56+1471.54=0
RB=327 N
RA=RB=327 N
3/20 Determine the reactions at A and E if
P = 500 N. What is the maximum value
which P may have for static equilibrium?
Neglect the weight of the structure
compared with the applied loads.

MA=0
P8-4000cos30o(4)=0
8P=13856.4
P=1732 N
3/21 While digging a small hole prior to
planting a tree, a homeowner encounters
rocks. If he exerts a horizontal 225-N force
on the prybar as shown, what is the
horizontal force exerted on rock C? Note
that a small ledge on rock C supports a
vertical force reaction there. Neglect
friction at B. Complete solutions (a)
including and(b)excluding the weight of
the 18kg prybar.

.
3/22 Determine the force P required to

begin rolling the uniform cylinder of mass
m over the obstruction of height h.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Let (Fc)x and (Fc)y be the horizontal and
vertical reactions at C.
Let FB be the force exerted by rock at B
(a) Considering the weight of the prybar.
Taking moment about C
MC=0
=0
5068+4034tan20o-FB
3400+495-8.51FB=0
8.51FB=3895
FB=457.7 lb
Taking force along x-axis
(Fc)x+50- FBcos20o=0
(Fc)x= 457.7cos20o-50
(Fc)x=380 lb
Step3:
(b) Excluding the weight of the prybar.
MC=0
=0
5068-FB
FB=399 lb
Taking forces along x-axis.
Fx=0
FC- FBcos20o+50=0
FC- 399cos20o+50=0
FC=325 lb
Step2:considering the triangle ABC
BC=
BC=
BC=2
sin=
sin=
MC=0
P(r-h)-mgrsin=0
P(r-h)-mgr
P=mg
=0

.
3/23 A 35-N axial force at B is required to

open the springloaded plunger of the
water nozzle. Determine the required force
F applied to the handle at A and the
magnitude of the pin reaction at O. Note
that the plunger passes through a
vertically-elongated hole in the handle at
B, so that negligible vertical force is
transmitted there.
3/24 A person holds a 30-kg suitcase by

its handle as indicated in the figure.
Determine the tension in each of the four
identical links AB.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight of the suitcase W=60 lb
Number of links is 4.
Let T be the tension in each link,so there
are 2T force in the left and right.
Fy=0
60-4Tsin35o=0
Tsin35o=60
T=26.15 lb
3/25 A block placed under the head of the
claw hammer as shown greatly facilitates
the extraction of the nail. If a 200-N pull on
the handle is required to pull the nail,
calculate the tension T in the nail and the
magnitude A of the force exerted by the
hammer head on the block. The
contacting surfaces at A are sufficiently
rough to prevent slipping.
Step2:
Let F be the force applied at handle.
Let Ox and Oy be the horizontal and
vertical reactions at point O.
Given that 35N of force is the reactive
force at B
Mo=0
3518-Fcos10o(38)- Fsin10o(44)=0
45.06F=630
F=13.98 N
Ste3:
Fx=0
Ox-Fcos10o-35=0
Ox-13.98cos10o-35=0
Ox=48.8 N
Fy=0
Oy-Fsin10o=0
Oy=2.43 N
Magnitude of reaction at O
=48.8
O=
2.43
O=48.86 N

.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Force applied on the handle F=50 lb
Let T be the tension in the nail.
Let Ax and Ay be the horizontal and
vertical reactions at A respectively.
MA=0
508-2T=0
T=200 lb
Fx=0
Fcos20o -Ax=0
Ax = 50cos20o
Ax = 46.98 lb
Fy=0
Fsin20o +Ay-T=0
Ay =T- 50sin20o
Ay =200- 50sin20o
Ay =182.9 lb
The magnitude of the force A exerted by
the hammer head of the block.
Step2:
Let the load weight be WL
Weight of the truck
W=3600 lb
Let the normal forces at A and B be RA
and RB respectively.
Given that the normal forces under the
front and rear wheels are equal.
RA=RB
MA=0
3600(45)+ WL(45+67+16)- RB(45+67)=0
(i)
162000+ 128WL-112RB =0
Considering forces along y-axis.
Fy=0
RA+RB-3600-WL=0
(ii)
2RB =3600+ WL
Using (ii) in (i)
162000+ 128WL-56(3600+WL) =0
162000+128WL-210600-56WL=0
72WL=39600
WL=550 lb
Putting above value in (ii)
2RB =3600+550
2RB =4150
RA=RB=2075 lb
3/27 The wall-mounted 2.5-kg light fixture
has its mass center at G. Determine the
reactions at A and B and also calculate
the moment supported by the adjustment
thumbscrew at C. (Note that the
lightweight frame ABC has about 250 mm
of horizontal tubing, directed into and out
of the paper, at both A and B.)
A=
182.9
A=46.98
A=188.8 lb
3/26 The indicated location of the center of
mass of the 3600 lb pickup truck is for the
unladen condition. If a load whose center
of mass is x = 400 mm behind the rear
axle is added to the truck, determine the
mass mL for which the normal forces under
the front and rear wheels are equal.

.
MC=24.53100
MC=2453 Nmm
MC=24.53 Nm
3/28To test the validity ofaerodynamic
assumptions made in the design of the
aircraft, its model is being tested in a wind
tunnel. The support bracket is connected
to a force and moment balance, which is
zeroed when there is no airflow. Under
test conditions,the lift L, drag D, and
pitching moment MG act as shown. The
force balance records the lift, drag, and a
moment MP. Determine MG in terms ofL,
D, and MP.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight of the light W=2.59.81
W=24.53 N
Let Ax,Ay and Bx be the reactions at A and
B respectively.
MA=0 (CW+)
Bx230-24.53300=0
Bx=32 N
Considering fores along x-axis
Fx=0
Ax-Bx=0
Ax-32=0
Ax=32 N
Step3:Free body diagram of fixture only
Step2:
Taking moment about P
MP=0
MP-MG-Ld-Dh=0
MG=MP-Ld-Dh=0
3/29 The chain binder is used to secure
loads of logs,lumber, pipe, and the like. If
the tension T1 is 2 kN when =30o,
determine the force P required on the
lever and the corresponding tension T2 for
this position.Assume that the surface
under A is perfectly smooth.
Taking moment about Cdue to weight W

MC=0

.
Soln.
Step2:
Tension T1=2 kN
=30o
Let Ay be the reaction at support A
MA=0 (CW+)
P600-2100sin30o=0
P=0.1667 kN
Fx=0
T2-T1+P sin30o=0
T2-25+0.16670.5=0
T2=1.92 kN
3/30 The device shown is designed to
apply pressure when bonding laminate to
each side of a countertop near an edge. If
a 120-N force is applied to the handle,
determine the force which each roller
exerts on its corresponding surface.
Step2:
Force applied at handle F=30 lb
Let the reaction forces at B and C are RB
and RC respectively.
Considering triangle BCO
OB=3.5tan45o
OB=3.5
BC=
3.5
BC=3.5
BC=4.95
MC=0
B3.5-305.5cos45o=0
3.5B=116.67
B=33.43 lb
Considering fores along y-axis
Fy=0
C-B-30=0
C-33.34-30=0
C=63.34 lb
3/31 The two light pulleys are fastened
together and form an integral unit.They
are prevented from turning about their
bearing at O by a cable wound securely
around the smaller pulley and fastened to
point A.Calculate the magnitude R of the
force supported by
the bearing O for the applied 2kN load.
Soln.

.
Ry=3.23 kN
Magnitude of the reaction force R
R=
3.23
R=
2.95
R=4.37 kN
3/32 In a procedure to evaluate the
strength of the triceps muscle, a person
pushes down on a load cell with the palm
of his hand as indicated in the figure. If the
load-cell reading is 160 N, determine the
vertical tensile force F generated by the
triceps muscle. The mass of the lower arm
is 1.5 kg with mass center at G. State any
assumptions.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight acting on the pulley W=2 kN
Let T be the tension in the cable at A
Let Rx and Ry be the reactions at O
Considering the triangle
Soln.
sin=
=22.62o
Mo=0 (CCW+)
2200-T125=0
T=3.2 kN
Fx=0
3.2cos22.62o+Rx=0
Rx=-2.95 kN
Fy=0
Ry-2-3.2sin22.62o=0
Step2:
Weight of the lower arm is 3.2 lb
Let F be the force in the triceps muscle
load at the palm is 35 lb
Mo=0 (CCW+)
35(6+6)-3.26-F1=0
-F= - 401
F=401 lb

.
3/33 A person is performing slow arm

curls with a 10-kg weight as indicated in
the figure. The brachialis muscle group
(consisting of the biceps and brachialis
muscles) is the major factor in this
exercise. Determine the magnitude F of
the brachialis-musclegroup force and the
magnitude E of the elbow joint reaction at
point E for the forearm position shown in
the figure. Take the dimensions shown to
locate the effective points of application of
the two muscle groups; these points are
200 mm directly above E and 50 mm
directly to the right of E. Include the effect
of the 1.5-kg forearm mass with mass
center at point G. State any assumptions.
1.94F-3.26-280=0
F=154.23 lb
Fx=0
Ex-Fsin14.04o=0
Ex-154.23sin14.04o=0
Ex=37.4 lb
Fy=0
Ey-3.2-20+Fcos14.04o=0
Ey=-126.4 lb
Resultant force at E
E=
126.4
E= 37.4
E=131.82 lb
3/34 A woman is holding a 3.6-kg sphere
in her hand with the entire arm held
horizontally as shown in the figure. A
tensile force in the deltoid muscle prevents
the arm from rotating about the shoulder
joint O; this force acts at the 21o angle
shown.Determine the force exerted by the
deltoid muscle on the upper arm at A and
the x- and y-components of the force
reaction at the shoulder joint O. The mass
of the upper arm is mU =1.9 kg, the mass
of the lower arm is mL = 1.1 kg, and the
mass of the hand is mH = 0.4 kg; all the
corresponding weights act at the locations
shown in the figure.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight of the lower arm is 3.2 lb
Let F be the force is the Brichiates
muscle load in the palm is 20 lb.
tan=28
=14.04o
Taking moment about E
ME=0 (CCW+)
Fcos14.04o(2)-G6-2014=0

.
Step2:
Weight of the upper arm Wu=1.99.81 N
Weight of the lower arm Wl=1.19.81 N
Weight of the hand
Wh=0.49.81 N
Weight of the sphere
W=3.69.81 N
Let T be the tensile force acting in the
deltoid muscle.
Let Ox and Oy be the reactions at joint O
Mo=0 (CCW+)
Fsin21o(125)-1.99.81130-1.19.81
412- (3.6+0.4) 9.816.35=0
.
F=
F=710 N
Fx=0
Ox-Fcos21o=0
Ox =662.8 N
Fy=0
Oy+710sin21o-1.99.81-1.19.810.49.81-3.69.81=0
Oy=-185.7 N
3/35 With his weight W equally distributed
on both feet, a man begins to slowly rise
from a squatting position as indicated in
the figure. Determine the tensile force F in
the patellar tendon and the magnitude of
the force reaction at point O, which is the
contact area between the tibia and the
femur. Note that the line of action of the
patellar tendon force is along its midline.
Neglect the weight of the lower leg.
Step2:
Let F be the force in the patellar tendon.
Let Ox and Oy be the reactions at O.
Let 2 be the weighton one leg.
Mo=0 (CCW+)
F50 - 225=0

F=2.25W
Fx=0
Fcos55o-Ox=0
2.25cos55o-Ox=0
Ox=1.29W
Fy=0
Fsin55o+ +Oy=0

2.25sin55o+ 0.5W+Oy=0
Oy=-2.34W
Magnitude of the reaction at O
O=
O= 1.29
2.34
O=2.67W
3/36 The elements of an on-off
mechanism for a table lamp are shown in
the figure. The electrical switch S requires
a 4N force in order to depress it.
Whatcorresponding force F must be
exerted on the handleat A?
Soln.

.
1.8-2.318-3.477F=0
F=0.186 lb
3/37 The uniform 18-kg bar OA is held in
the position shown by the smooth pin at O
and the cable AB. Determine the tension T
in the cable and the magnitude and
direction of the external pin reaction at O.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
The force at S is 0.9 lb
The force has been replaced by a forcecouple system at B.
Sstep2:
Weight of the bar OA W=189.81
Let T be the tension in the cable AB
tan=
.
.
.
tan=
.
=33.7o
Mo=0 (CW+)
Tsin33.7o1.5cos60o-Tcos33.7o1.5sin60o
.
+ 189.81 cos60o=0
0.42T-1.08T+66.22=0
0.66T=66.22
T=100 N
Step3:
Fx=0
Ox-100c0s33.7o=0
Ox=83.45 N
Where M=F(2.4cos15o)
Mo=0 (CW+)
0.91.2- F(2.4cos15o)-F(3.6cos15o)=0

.

Fy=0
Oy-189.81-100sin33.7o=0
Oy=232 N
Magnitude of the reaction at O
3/39 The exercise machine is designed

with a lightweight cart which is mounted
on small rollers so that it is
free to move along the inclined ramp. Two
cables are attached to the cart-one for
each hand. If the hands are together so
that the cables are parallel and if each
cable lies essentially in a vertical plane,
determine the force P which each hand
must exert on its cable in order to maintain
equilibrium position.The mass of the
person is 70 kg, the ramp angle is 15o,
and the angle is 18o. In addition,
calculate the force R which the ramp
exerts on the cart.
O=
232
O= 83.45
O=246 N
3/38 A person attempts to move a 20-kg
shop vacuum by pulling on the hose as
indicated. What force F will cause the unit
to tip clockwise if wheel A is against an
obstruction?
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight of the person W=709.81 N
Inclination of the ramp =15o
Let R be the force exerted by the ramp
on the cart.
Let P be the force exerted by each hand.
Considering the forces along the inclined
plane.
Fx=0
709.81sin15o-2P-2Pcos18o=0
177.73-3.90P=0
P=45.6 N
Considering the forces perpendicular to
the plane.
R-709.81sin15o-2Psin18o=0
R=663.3+245.6 sin18o
R=691N
3/40 The device shown is used to test
automobile-engine valve springs. The
Step2:
Weight of the cart W=40 lb
Let Ax and Ay be the horizontal and
vertical reactions at A respectively.
Let F be the extended force.
The reaction R at B is zero at the point
trepping.
MA=0
407-Fcos15o(15+8)+Fsin15o3=0
280-21.44F=0
F=13.06 lb

.
torque wrench is directly connected to arm

OB. The specification for the automotive
intake-valve spring is that 370 N of force
should reduce its length from 50 mm
(unstressed length) to 42 mm. What is the
corresponding reading M on the torque
wrench, and what force F exerted on the
torque-wrench handle is required to
produce this reading? Neglect the small
effects of changes in the angular position
of arm OB.
Taking moment at O
M=Fcos20o15
498=14.095F
F=35.3 lb
Soln.
Step2:
Force exerted by the spring on OB=83 lb
Mo=0
M-836=0
M=498 l.in
Considering free body diagram of OA

.
Truss:A framework composed of members

joined at their ends to form arigid structure
is called a truss. e.g;
Trusses of roofing system, bridge trusses,
transmission towers etc.
Types of trusses: There are two types of
trusses.
i) Plane truss
ii) Space truss
Plane Truss: When the members of the
truss lie essentially in a single plane, the
truss is called a plane truss.
Space Truss: When the members of the
truss do not lie in the same plane, the

truss is called space truss.
Type of plane trusses depending upon
the arrangement of members.
SimpleTruss:A truss which is constructed

from a basic triangular structure to such a
manner that to increase new elements,
two members and one joint is added, is
known as simple truss.
Compound Truss: A compound truss is
formed by connecting two or more simple
trusses.
Complex Truss: It is a truss which cannot
be classified as simple or compound.
Assumptions in the analysis and design of
trusses.
1-Members are joined together by smooth
pins, although the members are riveted,
bolted and welded.
2-The centre line of all the members are
concurrent at the joint.
3-All the loads are only applied at the
joints and the weight of the members is
assumed negligible so there will be only
axial forces (tension or compression).
Commonly used bridge trusses.
Stability and Determinacy of Trusses.

Stability:
External Stability: A truss will be external
unstable if all the reactions are concurrent
or parallel.

.
Internal Stability: A truss will be internally

stable if it is not liable to collapse. A
simple truss is always internally stable.
Indeterminacy:A truss will be indeterminate in which all support reactions and
internal forces cannot be calculated only
by available equilibrium equations for a
given system of forces.
Degree of indeterminacy: The access of
total number of reactive components or
access of members over the available
equilibrium equations is known as degree
of determinacy.
It is convenient to consider stability and
determinacy as follows:
1-With respect to reactions. e.g; external
stability and determinacy.
2-With respect to members. e.g; internal
stability and determinacy.
3-The combination of internal and external
conditions.
External Determinacy: A determinate
structure should have at least three
reactions.
Ne=r-N
Where
r=number of reactions
N=number of equilibrium equations
available.
Soln.
Step2:
Taking moment about E,
ME=0
5T-20(5)-30(10)=0
5T=400
T=80 kN
FX=0
80cos30o-EX=0
EX=69.3 kN
FY=0
80sin30o+EY-30-20=0
EY=10 kN
Step3: Considering the joint A
Internal Determinacy: It can be checked

if
minimum
number
of
reacting
components necessary for the external
determinacy and stability are known.
m+r=2j
where
m=number of members
r=
j=
The structure will be stable and
determinate if
m+r > 2j
Sample Problem 4/1
Compute the force in each member of the
loaded cantilever truss by the method of
joints.

.
FY=0
AB Sin60o-30=0
0.866AB=30
AB=34.6 kN (T)
FX=0
-AC+AB cos60o=0
-AC+34.6(0.5)=0
AC=17.32 kN (C)
Step4: Considering joint B
FY=0
-DE Sin60o+10=0
0.866DE=10
DE=11.55 kN
FX=0
DE cos60o+63.5-69.3=0
11.55(0.5)-5.8=0
0=0 checks
FY=0
BC Sin60o-AB Sin60o=0
0.866BC-34.6(0.866)=0
BC=34.6 kN(C)
FX=0
BD-AB cos600-BC cos60o=0
BD-34.6(0.5)-34.6(0.5)=0
BD=34.6 kN (T)
Step5: Considering joint C
FY=0
CD Sin60o-BC Sin60o-20=0
CD(0.866)-34.6(0.866)-20=0
0.866CD-30-20=0
0.866CD=50
CD=57.7 kN (T)
FX=0
BC cos60o-CD cos60o-AC-CE=0
34.6(0.5)-57.7(0.5)-17.32-CE=0
CE=63.5 kN (C)
Step6: Finally consider joint E

.

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