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Matematike
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Rang matrice
Dijagonalne i trougaone
matrice
0 0 ... 0
0 ... 0
1
a) Matrice oblike D = .. ..
.. zovemo dijagonalne matrice i cesto
. .
.
0 0 ... d
ih oznacavamo sa diag(0 , 1 , ..., d ).
b) Glavna dijagonala kvadratne matrice su elementi koji se nalaze na
dijagonalnoj liniji koja pocinje u gornjem lijevom uglu matrice a zavrsava u
donjem desnom uglu. Za kvadratnu matricu kazemo da je trougaona matrica
ako su svi elementi iznad glavne dijagonale ili ispod glavne dijagonale jednaki
nula. Za kavadratnu matricu kazemo da je gornje-trougaona matrica ako su
svi elementi ispod glavne dijagonale jednaki nula. Za kvadratnu matricu
kazemo da je donje-trougaona matrica ako su svi elementi iznad glavne
dijagonale jednaki nuli.
Inverzna matrica
Za datu kvadratnu matricu Ann , matricu Bnn koja zadovoljava uslov
AB = I
Ekvivalencija
(i) Kadgod matricu B mozemo dobiti iz matrice A kombinacijom
elementarnih red ili kolona operacija, pisemo A B, i kazemo da su A i B
ekvivalentne matrice. S obzirom da su elementarne red i kolona operacije u
stvari mnozenje redom sa lijeve i desne strane elementarnim matricama moze
se dokazati da
A B P AQ = B za nesingularne P i Q
(ii) Kadgod se matrica B moze dobiti iz matrice A primjenjujuci samo red
red
operacije, pisemo A B, i kazemo da su matrice A i B red ekvivalentne.
Drugim rijecima
red
A B P A = B za nesingularnu P.
(iii) Kad god se matrica B moze dobiti iz matrice A primjenjujuci samo niz
kol
uzastopnih kolona operacija, pisemo A B, i kazemo da su matrice A i B
kolona ekvivalentne. Drugim rijecima
kol
A B AQ = B za nesingularnu Q.
BA = I
Red e
selon oblik
Za m n matricu E, sa redovima Ei i kolonama Ej , kazemo da je u red
eselon obliku ako sljedeca dva uslova vrijede:
(a) Ako su svi elementi reda Ei jenaki nuli, tada su i svi elementi u
redovima ispod Ei jednaki nuli, tj. svi nula redovi su na dnu matrice.
(b) Ako se prvi nenula elemenat u Ei nalazi na jtoj poziciji, tada su svi
elementi ispod i-te pozicije u kolonama E1 , E2 ,...,Ej nule.
Ova dva uslova kazu da nenula elementi u eselon obliku moraju lezati na ili
iznad glavne linije stepenica ciji je pocetak u gornjem lijevom uglu matrice i
postepeno pada prema dole desno. Pivoti su prvi nenula elementi u eselon
redovima. Tipicna struktura za matricu koja je u red eselon obliku je
ilustrirana ispod, gdje su pivoti zaokruzeni.
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f (x)
Nreka su
g( x )
xa
xa
xa
x a
f (x )
lim g ( x ) =
x a
lim f ( x ) A
xa
=
lim g ( x ) B
xa
k
k
k
lim (a n ) = lim a n = a k
n +
n +
lim k a n = k lim a n = k a k
n +
lim k
n +
an
n +
1
lim (1 + x ) x
x 0
lim an
= k n + = k a k
sin x
=1
x
lim
=e
x 0
lim
x0
ax 1
= ln a
x
ZADACI
1. Nai:
Nai:
x
lim
x +
x+ x+ x
Rjeenje
x
lim
x +
x+ x+ x
1
lim
x +
1+
101
x+ x
x2
= lim
x +
= lim
x +
x
x
x+ x+ x
x
1
x
1
+
1+
x x2
= lim
x +
= lim
1
x+ x+ x
x
1
x +
1+
102
1
+
x
1
x3
= lim
x +
1+
=1
x+ x
x
2. Nai:
x
+x
sin 3
2 2 sin
+ 3x
3x
+
2
2
sin
4 sin
4 sin
6
6
6 = 3
= lim
=
lim
3
3x
6
3
x
x
6
3
3
6
x (a + 1) x + a
x3 a3
2
lim
x a
Rjeenje
x 2 (a + 1) x + a
x 2 ax x + a
x( x a ) ( x a )
= lim
= lim
=
3
3
x a
x a ( x a ) x 2 + ax + a 2
x a ( x a ) x 2 + ax + a 2
x a
x 1
a 1
=
lim 2
x a x + ax + a 2
3a 2
lim
6. Nai
cos
lim
x 1 1
2
x
Rjeenje
3. Nai:
3
lim 4
x 1
cos
x 1
x 1
2 = 0 = lim
lim
x1 1
x 0 x1
Rjeenje
3
x 1
x 1 3 x2 + 3 x + 1 4 x + 1 x + 1
x 1
= lim
4
lim 4
= lim 4
x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1 3
x 2 + 3 x + 1 x + 1 x + 1 x 1 x 1
4
x +1 x +1 4
=
lim
x 1 3 2
3
x + 3 x +1
3
)(
4
3
x +1
)(
x +1
x2 + 3 x + 1
sin (1 x ) 1 +
2
lim
2
x1
(1 x )
2
)=
x3
x2 2x + 6 x2 + 2x 6
x2 4x + 3
1+ x
lim
x + 2 + x
x2 2 x + 6 x2 + 2 x 6
=
x2 4x + 3
x2 2 x + 6 x2 + 2 x 6
x2 2 x + 6 + x2 + 2 x 6
=
lim
x3
( x 3)( x 1)
x2 2 x + 6 + x2 + 2 x 6
4 x + 12
4
= lim
=
lim
x3
( x 3)( x 1) x 2 2 x + 6 + x 2 + 2 x 6 x 3 ( x 1) x 2 2 x + 6 + x 2 + 2 x 6
4
1
=
2(3 + 3 )
3
lim
x
1 2 cos x
3x
Rjeenje
2 cos x
2 cos cos x
1 2 cos x 0
2
3
= lim
=
lim
= = lim
3x
3x
3x
0 x
x
x
3
xx x
1 x
2+ x 1
= lim
x + 2 + x
xx x
1 x
2+ x 2+ x
1
lim 1
x +
2 + x
8. Nai
)(
x 1 x 1 + x
1 x
x+ x
x+ x
lim
e 1 x + 2+ x
( )
= lim 1
x +
2+ x
1
1+
x
1 lim
e x + 1+ 2
x
( )
x 1+ x
= e 1
1 + tgx sin x
lim
x 0 1 + sin x
Rjeenje
1
x 0 1 + sin x
x 0
x
0
1 + sin x
1 + sin x
1+ sin x
lim 1
x 0
1 + sin x
sin x tgx 1
.
1+ sin x sin x
lim
= e x0
sin x tgx 1
.
1+ sin x sin x
lim
= e x0
1
cos x
1+ sin x
103
sin (1 x ) 1 +
2
1 x
1 2
=
2
5. Nai
x
= lim
x x1
1+ x
lim
x + 2 + x
Rjeenje
Rjeenje
lim
x3
x
sin
2 1+
2
1 x
1+
7. Nai:
4. Nai:
lim
104
= e0 = 1
x 2 3x 1
225. lim
x of 2 x 2 x
3 1
1 2
x x
lim
x of
1
2
x
( x 2 3 x 1) / x 2
lim
x of (2 x 2 x ) / x 2
f
f
3x 4 5 x 2 7 x
x of
x 4 x3 5
5 7
3 2 3
x
x
lim
x of
1 5
1 4
x x
(3 x 4 5 x 2 7 x) / x 4
x of
( x 4 x 3 5) / x 4
f
f
226. lim
1
.
2
lim
x of
f
f
x 3 4 x 2 3x 1
231. lim
x of
f
f
2 x 4 x 5
4
x x 2 3x
x of
2x 1
(5 x 2 x 3) / x3
lim
x of (3 x 3 2 x 4) / x 3
3 4
3 1
1 2
x
x x
lim
x of
4
5
2 1 4 1 2
x
x
1
lim
[2 x 4 x 5] / x
4
2
.
3
f.
232. lim
x of
x 2 x 4 (3x 4)
3
4 x 2 x 10
.
x of x 3 x 2 1
2x 1 x2 x
3x x 2 7
x of
x x 4 x 1
3
2 4
4
5 3
2
x
x
x
lim
x of
1
4
1
3 1
1 2
x x3
x
5
1
f
f
lim
[ x 2 x 4 (3 x 4)] / x
x of
3x x 2 7
[ 3 x 3 x 2 4 x 2 1] / x
3
x of
1 3
11
4
2
x3 2 x 4 x 1
2 x 2 3x x
2.
241. lim
x of
105
x3 2 x 4 x 1
2 x 2 3x x
x of
240. lim
2x 1 x2 x
x of
[ x x 2 3x ] / x
lim
x of
[2 x 1] / x
236. lim
238. lim
( x) ( x) 2 3( x)
x of
2( x) 1
| x o ( x) | lim
f
f
2 x3 x 2 1
.
x of x 3 2 x 2 4
237. lim
x of
x2 2 x
x 1
1.
235. lim
2
x
lim
x of
1
1
x
lim
1
ZADACI ZA VJEBU
239. lim
5
x of
x x 2 3x
lim
x of
2 x 1
[ x 3 4 x 2 3 x 1] / x
x of
11
2 1
234. lim
( x) 2 2( x )
x 1
| x o ( x) | lim
f
f
( x2 2x ) / x
lim
x of
( x 1) / x
3.
5 1 3
2 3
0
x
lim x x
0.
x of
2 4
3 2 3 3
x
x
2 1
6 2
6 x 4 2 x3 x 2 f
(6 x 4 2 x3 x 2 ) / x 4
6
x x
228. lim
lim
lim
f
x of 2 x 3 x 2 3
x of (2 x 3 x 2 3) / x 4
x of 2
1 3 0
x x2 x4
2
1
( x2 2 x ) / x
x2 2x f
x 1.
229. lim
lim
lim
f
x of
x of
x of
1
( x 1) / x
x 1
1
x
1
1 1
( x x2 x ) / x
x x2 x f
x 1 1 1.
230. lim
lim
lim
f
x of
x of
x of
3
2x 3
(2 x 3) / x
2
2
x
5x2 x 3
227. lim 3
x of 3 x 2 x 4
x2 2x
x 1
233. lim
4 x 2 5 x 1 3 x3 x 2 7
3x 4 x 2 2 x 5
106
1 1
lim
x of
1
2
x
3
x
1 1
1.
2
242. lim
4 x 2 5 x 1 3 x3 x 2 7
3x 4 x 2 2 x 5
x of
245. lim( x 2 4 x 2 2 x 5)
x of
RJEENJA
R 236. 0. R 237.
R 241.
lim
x2 4 x2 2 x 5
(2 x 9) / x
f
f
x2 4 x2 2 x 5
x 4 x 2x 5
[ x 4 x 2 2 x 5] / x
9
2
2
x
lim
1.
x of
4
2 5 11
1 2 1 2
x
x x
x of
R 235. 2.
x of
x 4 x 2x 5
2
lim
lim( x 2 4 x 2 2 x 5)
3
1
5
. R 238.
. R 239.
. R 240. 5.
4
2
3
x of
5
3
. R 242. .
4
2
1
x ( x 3 x 4)
246. lim
x of
x 3 x 4
x ( x 3 x 4)
lim
x of
1
x 3 x 4
lim
7 x of
x
lim
U ovoj toki emo raunati limese funkcija kod kojih se nakon uvrtavanja x f pojavljuje
neodreeni oblik f f . U tom sluaju je potrebno danu funkciju transformirati raznim
trikovima (racionaliziranje, faktoriziranje, itd.) na oblik ff , te nastaviti u smislu prelaza sa
beskonano velikih na konane i proizvoljno male veliine (dijeljenje brojnika i nazivnika sa
najveom potencijom), to je objanjeno u prethodnom poglavlju.
1
[ x 3 x 4] / x
lim
x
of
7
x/ x
x of
247. lim ( x x 2 x 2)
x of
| x o ( x) |
lim [( x) ( x) 2 ( x) 2]
x of
x x2 x 2
lim[ x x 2 x 2] lim[ x x 2 x 2]
( x 2) / x
f
lim
f
x of
x x2 x 2
[ x x 2 x 2] / x
2
1
1
1
x
lim
.
x of
1 2 11 2
1 1 2
x x
lim
243. lim( x x 3)
x of
lim
x of
x of
3
x x 3
244. lim( x x 2 3 x 4)
x of
= lim
x of
x 2 x 2 3x 4
x x 3x 4
2
x x 3
x x3
lim( x x 3)
lim
x of
0.
lim( x x 2 3 x 4)
x of
f
f
lim
x of
x2 x2 x 2
x x2 3x 4
x x2 3x 4
(3x 4) / x
[ x x 3 x 4] / x
2
x of
x of
x x3
x x3
4
x
lim
x of
3 4
1 1 2
x x
3
ZADACI ZA VJEBU
3
.
2
250. lim( x 2 x 1 x 2 5 x ).
x of
107
f
f
1
3
4
2
lim[ 1 1 ] .
x
of
7
x
x
7
RJEENI PRIMJERI
x of
x 3 x 4
x3 x 4
1
x ( x 3 x 4)
108
x x2 x 2
x
255. lim
x of x 4
x
256. lim
x of x a
1f
lim
1f
lim
x of
252. lim( x x 2 x x 3 x ).
4
x of
x of
RJEENJA
R 248.
3
.
2
3
R 249. .
2
2
R 250. 2. R 251. .
3
R 252.
1
.
4
x2 5
257. lim 2
x of
x
x 3
258. lim
x of x 1
1
lim (1 ) x
x of
x
x4
x 1 ( 4 x )
x 1
4
1
lim 1 x 1
x of
4
lim x41x
e xof
x 2
260. lim
x of
x 1
xa
254. lim
x of
x
3
lim 1
x of
x
1f
a
lim 1 1
x
x of
a
a
lim 1
x of
x
1f
x2
1
lim 1 x
x of
3
1
lim 1 x
x of
a
ea .
1
lim 1 x
x of
3
x3
3
1
lim 1 x
x of
a
e3 .
xa
a
x3 x
261. lim 3
x of x 4
x
xof x b
( b a ) lim
x2
x2 5
1
lim 1 x2
x of
5
4
lim 1
x of
x
1
ba
lim 1
x of
x b
eb a .
3 x2
.
x
x2 x
262. lim 2
.
x of x 3 x 1
109
e a .
e 4 .
2 x
x2 x 3
263. lim
.
x of
x x 1
1
ea
1
lim 1 x2
x of
5
ZADACI ZA VJEBU
RJEENI PRIMJERI
x3
253. lim
x of
x
f ( x)
b a
1
lim 1 x b
x of
ba
e 4 .
xa
lim
x of
x
xa
1
lim 1
x of
x b
1f
1
e4
x3
lim 1
1
x of
x 1
1f
x4
lim
x of
x
xa
x b ( ( b a ) x )
x b
g ( x)
1
x
lim 1 2
x of
x
xa
259. lim
x of x b
e.
x2
110
e5 .
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
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121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
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134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
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154
155
156
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160
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162
163
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165
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