Macedonia (Greece)

For other uses, see Macedonia (disambiguation).

Macedonia lies at the crossroads of human development
between the Aegean and the Balkans. The earliest signs
of human habitation date back to the palaeolithic period,
notably with the Petralona cave in which was found the
oldest European humanoid, Archanthropus europaeus petraloniensis. In the Late Neolithic period (c. 4500 to
3500 BC), trade took place from quite distant regions,
indicate rapid socio-economic changes. One of the most
important changes was the start of copper working.

Coordinates: 4045N 2254E / 40.750N 22.900E

Macedonia ( i /msdoni/; Greek: ,
Makedona [maceonia]) is a geographic and historical
region of Greece in the southern Balkans. Macedonia
is the largest and second most populous Greek region,
dominated by mountains in the interior and the port cities
of Thessaloniki (or Salonika) and Kavala on its southern coastline. Macedonia is part of Northern Greece, together with Thrace and sometimes Thessaly and Epirus.

It incorporates most of the territories of ancient 1.2 Ancient History

Macedon, a kingdom ruled by the Argeads whose most
celebrated members were Alexander the Great and his For more details on this topic, see Macedonia (ancient
father Philip II. The name Macedonia was later ap- kingdom).
plied to identify various administrative areas in the RoAccording to Herodotus, the history of Macedonia
man/Byzantine Empire with widely diering borders (see
Macedonia (region) for details).
Even before the establishment of the modern Greek state
in 1830, it was identied as a Greek province, albeit without clearly dened geographical borders[7][8][9][10][11] By
the mid 19th century, the name was becoming consolidated informally, dening more of a distinct geographical, rather than political, region in the southern Balkans.
At the end of the Ottoman Empire most of the region
known as Rumelia (from Ottoman Turkish:
Rumeli, Land of the Romans) was divided by the Treaty of
Bucharest of 1913, following the Ottoman defeat in the
Balkan Wars of 191213. Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria each
took control of portions of the Macedonian region, with
Greece obtaining the largest portion; a small section went
to Albania. The region was an administrative subdivision
of Greece until the administrative reform of 1987, when
the region was divided into the regions of West Macedonia and Central Macedonia and part of the region of
East Macedonia and Thrace, the latter containing also the
whole of the region of Thrace.[12] Central Macedonia is
the most popular tourist destination in Greece with more
than 3.6 million tourists in 2009 (18% of the total number
of tourists who visited Greece that year).

1
1.1

History
The golden larnax and the golden grave crown of Phillip II,
Vergina.

Prehistory

For more details on this topic, see Macedonia (region), began with the Makednoi tribe, among the rst to use
'History'.
the name, migrating to the region from Histiaeotis in the
1

The expansion of ancient Macedonian kingdom up to the death

of Phillip II.

HISTORY

of the Dorian invasion. For centuries the Macedonian

tribes were organized in independent kingdoms, in what
is now Central Macedonia, and their role in internal
Hellenic politics was minimal, even before the rise of
Athens. The Macedonians may have belonged to the Dorian branch of Greeks, while there were many Ionians
in the coastal regions. The rest of the region was inhabited by various Thracian and Illyrian tribes as well
as mostly coastal colonies of other Greek states such as
Amphipolis, Olynthos, Potidea, Stageira and many others, and to the north another tribe dwelt, called the Paeonians. During the late 6th and early 5th century BC, the
region came under Persian rule until the destruction of
Xerxes at Plataea. During the Peloponnesian War, Macedonia became the theatre of many military actions by the
Peloponnesian League and the Athenians, and saw incursions of Thracians and Illyrians, as attested by Thucidydes. Many Macedonian cities were allied to the Spartans (both the Spartans and the Macedonians were Dorian, while the Athenians were Ionian), but Athens maintained the colony of Amphipolis under her control for
many years. The kingdom of Macedon, was reorganised
by Philip II and achieved the union of Greek states by
forming the League of Corinth. After his assassination,
his son Alexander succeeded to the throne of Macedon
and carrying the title of Hegemon of League of Corinth
started his long campaign towards the east.

1.3 Roman period

See also: Macedonian Wars and Macedonia (Roman
province)
Macedonia remained an important and powerful king-

Statue of Alexander the Great in Thessaloniki, capital of the region of Macedonia.

Archaeological site of Pella, capital of ancient Macedonia.

south. There they lived near Thracian tribes such as the

Bryges who would later leave Macedonia for Asia Minor and become known as Phrygians. Macedonia was
named after the Makednoi. Accounts of other toponyms
such as Emathia are attested to have been in use before that. A branch of the Macedonians may have invaded Southern Greece towards the end of the second
millennium B.C. Upon reaching the Peloponnese the invaders were renamed Dorians, triggering the accounts

dom until the Battle of Pydna (June 22, 168 BC), in

which the Roman general Aemilius Paulus defeated King
Perseus of Macedon, ending the reign of the Antigonid
dynasty over Macedonia. For a brief period a Macedonian republic called the Koinon of the Macedonians
was established. It was divided into four administrative
districts. That period ended in 148 BC, when Macedonia was fully annexed by the Romans.[13] The northern

1.4

Medieval history

3
the 6-7th centuries devastated both provinces [17] with
only parts of Macedonia Prima in the coastal areas and
nearer Thrace remaining in Byzantine hands, while most
of the hinterland was disputed between the Byzantium
and Bulgaria. The Macedonian regions under Byzantine
control passed under the tourma of Macedonia to the
province of Thrace.

View of the archaeological site of Philippi.

A new system of administration came into place in 789802 AD, following the Byzantine empires recovery from
these invasions. The new system was based on administrative divisions called Themata. The region of Macedonia Prima (the territory of modern Greek administrative
district of Macedonia) was divided between the Thema
of Thessalonica and the Thema of Strymon, so that only
the region of the area from Nestos eastwards continued
to carry the name Macedonia, referred to as the Thema
of Macedonia or the Thema of Macedonia in Thrace.
The Thema of Macedonia in Thrace had its capital in
Adrianople.[18][19][20]

boundary at that time ended at Lake Ohrid and Bylazora,

a Paeonian city near the modern city of Veles. Strabo,
writing in the rst century AD places the border of Macedonia on that part at Lychnidos,[14] Byzantine Achris
and presently Ochrid. Therefore ancient Macedonia did
not signicantly extend beyond its current borders (in
Greece). This is stressed by 370 academics in their letter 1.4 Medieval history
to US president Barack Obama.[15] To the east, Macedonia ended according to Strabo at the river Strymon, al- See also: Strymon (theme), Thessalonica (theme) and
though he mentions that other writers placed Macedonias Kingdom of Thessalonica
border with Thrace at the river Nestos,[16] which is also Familiarity with the Slavic element in the area led two
the present geographical boundary between the two administrative districts of Greece.
Subsequently the provinces of Epirus and Thessaly as well
as other regions to the north were incorporated into a new
Provincia Macedonia, but in 297 AD under a Diocletian
reform many of these regions were removed and two new
provinces were created: Macedonia Prima and Macedonia Salutaris (from 479-482 AD Macedonia Secunda).
Macedonia Prima coincided approximately with Strabos
denition of Macedonia and with the modern administrative district of Greece[13] and had Thessalonica as its
capital, while Macedonia Secunda had the Paeonian city
of Stobi (near Gradsko) as its capital. This subdivision is
mentioned in Hierocles Synecdemon (527-528) and remained through the reign of emperor Justinian.

Saints Cyril and Methodius.

brothers from Thessaloniki, Saints Cyril and Methodius, to be chosen to convert the Slavs to Christianity.
Following the campaigns of Basil II, all of Macedonia
The medieval Castle of Platamon, Pieria.
returned to the Byzantine state. Following the Fourth
The Slavic, Avar, Bulgarian and Magyar invasions in Crusade 12031204, a short-lived Crusader realm, the

HISTORY

Kingdom of Thessalonica, was established in the region.

to smell, full of perfume. The sultan was so
It was subdued by the co-founder of the Greek Despotate
amazed by its beauty that he begged God to
of Epirus, Theodore Komnenos Doukas in 1224, when
give it to him. God replied, This rose, MuGreek Macedonia and the city of Thessalonica were at
rad, is Thessalonica. Know that it is to you
the heart of the short-lived Empire of Thessalonica. Regranted by heaven to enjoy it. Do not waste
turning to the restored Byzantine Empire shortly theretime; go and take it. Complying with this exafter, Greek Macedonia remained in Byzantine hands unhortation from , Murad marched against Thestil the 1340s, when all of Macedonia (except Thessasalonica and, as it has been written, captured
loniki, and possibly Veria) was conquered by the Serit.
bian ruler Stefan Duan.[21] Divided between Serbia and
Bulgaria after Duans death, the region fell quickly to the
advancing Ottomans, with Thessaloniki alone holding out 1.5 Ottoman Rule
until 1387. After a brief Byzantine interval in 14031430
(during the last seven years of which the city was handed Main article: Ottoman Greece
over to the Venetians), Thessalonica and its immediate
surrounding area returned to the Ottomans.[22]
Thessaloniki became a centre of Ottoman administration
in the Balkans. While most of Macedonia was ruled by
the Ottomans, in Mount Athos the monastic community
continued to exist in a state of autonomy. The remainder
of the Chalkidiki peninsula also enjoyed an autonomous
status: the Koinon of Mademochoria was governed by
a locally appointed council due to privileges obtained on
account of its wealth, coming from the gold and silver
mines in the area.
There were several uprisings in Macedonia during
Ottoman rule, including an uprising after the Battle of
Lepanto that ended in massacres of the Greek population, the uprising in Naousa of the armatolos Zisis Karademos in 1705, a rebellion in the area of Grevena by a
Klepht called Ziakas (17301810) and the Greek Declaration of Independence in Macedonia by Emmanuel Pappas in 1821, during the Greek War of Independence. In
1854 Theodoros Ziakas, the son of the klepht Ziakas, together with Tsamis Karatasos, who had been among the
captains at the siege of Naousa in 1821, led another uprising in Western Macedonia that has been profusely commemorated in Greek folk song.

1.6 Modern history

Metrophanes Kritopoulos; theologian, monk and Patriarch of

Alexandria who was born in Veria[23] in 1589.

The capture of Thessalonica threw the Greek world into

consternation, being regarded as the prelude to the fall of
Constantinople itself. The memory of the event has survived through folk traditions containing fact and myths.
Apostolos Vacalopoulos records the following Turkish
tradition connected with the capture of Thessalonica:[24]
While Murad was asleep in his palace at
Yenitsa, the story has it that, God appeared
to him in a dream and gave him a lovely rose

Main articles: Greek War of Independence, Greek Struggle for Macedonia and Macedonian Question
Greece gained the southern parts of region with Thessaloniki from the Ottoman Empire after the First Balkan
War, and expanded its share in the Second Balkan War
against Bulgaria. The boundaries of Greek Macedonia
were nalized in the Treaty of Bucharest. In World War I,
Macedonia became a battleeld. The Greek Prime Minister, Eleftherios Venizelos, favoured entering the war on
the side of the Entente, while the Germanophile King
Constantine I favoured neutrality. Invited by Venizelos,
in autumn 1915, the Allies landed forces in Thessaloniki
to aid Serbia in its war against Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, but their intervention came too late to prevent the
Serbian collapse. The Macedonian Front was established,
with Thessaloniki at its heart, while in summer 1916 the
Bulgarians took over Greek eastern Macedonia without

5
ing tall, slim. It was traditionally derived from the
Indo-European root *mak-, meaning 'long' or 'slender',
but according to modern research by Robert Beekes both
terms are of Pre-Greek substrate origin and cannot be
explained in terms of Indo-European morphology.[31]

3 Local government

Greece following the Balkan Wars, the province of Macedonia

can be seen written at the bottom.

opposition. This provoked a military uprising among proVenizelist ocers in Thessaloniki, resulting in the establishment of a "Provisional Government of National Defence" in the city, headed by Venizelos, which entered the
war alongside the Allies. After intense diplomatic negotiations and an armed confrontation in Athens between
Entente and royalist forces the King abdicated, and his
second son Alexander took his place. Venizelos returned
to Athens in June 1917 and Greece, now unied, ocially
joined the war on the side of the Allies.

Macedonia is divided into three regions (Greek: ) comprising fourteen regional units (Greek: ). The regional units are further
divided into municipalities (Greek: ) or communities (Greek: roughly equivalent to British
or Australian shires). They are overseen by the Ministry
for the Interior, while the Ministry of Macedonia and
Thrace is responsible for the coordination and application of the governments policies in the region.[32] Prior
to the Kallikratis Reform in 2010, Greeces regional units
were called prefectures, and Thasos was part of the prefecture of Kavala.
Macedonia borders the neighboring regions of Thessaly
to the south, Thrace (part of the East Macedonia and
Thrace region) to the east and Epirus to the west. It also
borders Albania to the north-west, the Republic of Macedonia to the north and Bulgaria to the north-east. The
three Macedonian regions and their subdivisions are:

In World War II Macedonia was occupied by the Axis

(194144), with Germany taking western and central The geographical region of Macedonia also includes the
Macedonia with Thessaloniki and Bulgaria occupying male-only autonomous monastic state of Mount Athos,
but this is not part of the Macedonia precincts. Mount
and annexing eastern Macedonia.
Athos is under the spiritual jurisdiction of the Ecumenical
From the 1870s, Slavic [25] speaking communities of Patriarchate of Constantinople, and enjoys a special stanorthern Greece split into two hostile and opposed tus: it is inaccessible to women;[34] its territory is a selfgroups with two dierent national identities - Greek governed part of Greece, and the powers of the state are
and Bulgarian.[26] By the Second World War and fol- exercised through a governor. The European Union takes
lowing the defeat of Bulgaria, another further split be- this special status into consideration, particularly on mattween the Slavic group occurred. Conservatives departed ters of taxation exemption and rights of installation.[35]
with the occupying Bulgarian Army to Bulgaria. Left- The governor of Mount Athos is appointed by the Greek
ists began identifying as Macedonians (Slavic), joining Foreign Ministry.
the communist-dominated rebel Democratic Army of
Greece.[27] At the conclusion of the Greek Civil War
(194649), most Macedonians of Slavic background left
Greece and settled in the Yugoslav Socialist Repub- 4 Economy and transport
lic of Macedonia. Some also migrated to Canada or
Australia.[28]

Etymology

Main article: Macedonia (terminology) Etymology

The name Macedonia derives from the Greek
(Makedona),[29][30] a kingdom (later,
region) named after the ancient Macedonians. Their
name, (Makednes), is cognate to the The port of Thessaloniki, major economic and industrial center.
Ancient Greek adjective (makedns), mean-

6 DEMOGRAPHICS

5 Culture
Main article: Culture of Greece
See also: List of Greeks and List of Macedonians (Greek)

5.1 Macedonian cuisine

Main article: Macedonian cuisine (Greek)

Marble quarry, Thasos island.

The arrival of Greek refugees from Asia Minor and Constantinople in the 20th century popularised Ottoman and
Constantinopolitan recipes.
A continuation from ancient days is dishes such as lamb
cooked with quince or various vegetables and fruits, goat
boiled or fried in olive oil: modern recipes from Kavala
to Kastoria and Kozani oer lamb with quince, pork with
celery or leeks.
Some current specialties are trahana with crackling,
phyllo-based pies (cheese, leek, spinach) and wild boar.
Favourites are tyrokafteri (Macedonian spicy cheese
spread), soupies krasates (cuttlesh in wine), mydia yiachni (mussel stew). Unlike Athens, the traditional pita
bread for the popular souvlaki (kebab) is not grilled but
fried. The variety of sweets has been particularly enriched with the arrival of the refugees. (Information included from 'Greek Gastronomy', GNTO, 2004)

View of Egnatia Odos (modern road).

5.2 Macedonian music

Main article: Music of Macedonia (Greece)
See also: Famous Macedonia

Macedonia possesses some of the richest farmland in

Greece in the plains of Veria, Thessaloniki, Serres and
Drama. A wide variety of agricultural products and cash
crops are grown, including rice, wheat, beans, olives,
cotton, tobacco, fruit, grapes, Florina peppers; there is
also production of wine and other alcoholic beverages.
Food processing and textile weaving constitute the principal manufacturing industries. Tourism is a major industry along the coast, particularly in the Chalcidice peninsula, the island of Thasos and the northern approaches
to Mount Olympus. Many tourists originate from Germany and Eastern Europe. Thessaloniki is a major port
city and industrial center; Kavala is the second harbor of Macedonia. Apart from the principal airport at
Thessaloniki (Makedonia Airport), airports also exist in
Kavala (M.Alexandros Airport), Kozani (Filippos Airport), and Kastoria (Aristotelis Airport). The "Via Egnatia" motorway crosses the full distance of Macedonia,[36]
linking most of its main cities. It also has a train system;
it is usually criticized for being underfunded, and there
has been much anger directed against OSE, the national
railway company.

Music of Macedonia is the music of the geographic

region of Macedonia in Greece, which is a part of the
music of whole region of Macedonia. Folk dances
in Macedonia include Makedonia (dance), chasapiko,
leventikos, zeibekiko, zonaradiko, endeka Kozanis,
Samarinas, stankena, Akritikos, baidouska, Macedonikos
antikristos, mikri Eleni, partalos, kleftikos Makedonikos,
mpougatsas, Kastorianos, o Nikolos and sirtos Macedonias. In Macedonia, there are also patriotic songs sung by
the Greek army and local citizens like: famous Macedonia.

6 Demographics
See also: Demographic history of Macedonia
The inhabitants of Greek Macedonia are overwhelmingly ethnic Greeks and most are Greek Orthodox
Christians. In East Macedonia and Thrace there is also
a sizable Muslim minority consisting mainly of Pomaks
and Western Thrace Turks, although almost all Greek

Naousa, Imathia.

Panorama of Serres.

Kastoria.
Panoramic view of Kavala.

Panorama of Veria.

Muslim communities of Western Macedonia such as the

Vallahades left the region as part of the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey of 1922-23. Most
Pontic Greeks and Caucasus Greeks who came to Greece
during or shortly before the 1922-23 population exchange with Turkey were resettled in Greek Macedonia rather than other parts Greece, mainly in towns
and villages that had had large Muslim populations until 1922. From the Middle Ages to the early 20th century, the ethnic composition of the region of Macedonia is characterized by uncertainty both about numbers

and identication. The 1904 Ottoman census of Hilmi

Pasha recorded 373,227 Greeks and 204,317 Bulgarians
in the vilayet of Selnik (Thessaloniki) alone. According to the same census, Greeks were also dominant in
the vilayet of Monastir (Bitola), counting 261,283 Greeks
and 178,412 Bulgarians. Hugh Poulton, in his Who Are
the Macedonians, notes that assessing population gures
is problematic[37] for the territory of Greek Macedonia
before its incorporation into the Greek state in 1913.[37]
The areas remaining population was principally composed of Ottoman Turks (including non-Turkish Muslims
of mainly Bulgarian and Greek Macedonian convert origin) and also a sizeable community of mainly Sephardic
Jews (centred in Thessaloniki), and smaller numbers of
Romani, Albanians and Vlachs.
During the rst half of the twentieth century, major demographic shifts took place, which resulted in
the regions population becoming overwhelmingly ethnic
Greek. In 1919, after Greek victory in World War I,
Bulgaria and Greece signed the Treaty of Neuilly, which
called for an exchange of populations between the two
countries. According to the treaty, Bulgaria was considered to be the parent state of all ethnic Slavs living
in Greece. Most ethnic Greeks from Bulgaria were resettled in Greek Macedonia; most Slavs were resettled
in Bulgaria but a number remained, most of them by
changing or adapting their surnames and declaring themselves to be Greek so as to be exempt from the exchange.
In 1923 Greece and Turkey signed the Treaty of Lau-

8
sanne in the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War (1919
1922), and in total 776,000 Greek refugees from Turkey
(674,000), Bulgaria (33,000), Russia (61,000), Serbia
(5,000), Albania (3,000) were resettled in the region.[38]
They replaced between 300,000 and 400,000 Macedonian Turks and other Muslims (of Albanian, Roma,
Slavic and Vlach ethnicity) who were sent to Turkey under similar terms.[39]

6 DEMOGRAPHICS

6.1 Macedonian dialect

Greek is by far the most widely spoken and the only ocial language of public life and education in Macedonia.
The local Macedonian dialect is spoken alongside dialects
from other parts of Greece and Pontic Greek still spoken
by some Greeks of Pontic descent. Macedonian Slavic dialects are the most widely spoken minority language while
Aromanian, Arvanitic, Megleno-Romanian, Turkish and
Macedonian cities during Ottoman rule were often known
Romani are also spoken. Ladino is still spoken by some
by multiple names (Greek, Slavic or Ottoman Turkish by
Jews in Thessaloniki.
the respective populations). After the partition of Ottoman Europe, most cities in Greece either became of- The Macedonian dialect of Greek is based on variations
cially known by their Greek names or adopted Greek of vocabulary and pronunciation.
names; likewise most cities in Bulgaria and the Kingdom
of Yugoslavia became ocially known or adopted names
in the languages of their respective states. After the pop- 6.2 Population of largest towns
ulation exchanges, many locations were renamed to the
6.3 Regional identity
languages of their new occupants.
After the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine ten thousands of Main article: Macedonians (Greeks)
Bulgarians left and after the Population exchange be- Macedonians (Greek: , Makednes) is the
tween Greece and Turkey almost all Muslims left the region, while hundreds of thousands of Greek refugees settled in the region thus changing the demography of the
province.
The 1928 Greek Census collected data on the religion as
well as on the language.[40]
The population was badly aected by the Second World
War through starvation, executions, massacres and deportations. Central Macedonia, including Thessaloniki, was
occupied by the Germans, and in the east Nazi-aligned
Bulgarian occupation forces persecuted the local Greek
population and settled Bulgarian colonists in their occupation zone in eastern Macedonia and western Thrace,
deporting all Jews from the region. Total civilian deaths
in Macedonia are estimated at over 400,000, including
up to 55,000 Greek Jews. Further heavy ghting aected
the region during the Greek Civil War which drove many
inhabitants of rural Macedonia to emigrate to the towns
and cities, or abroad, during the late 1940s and 1950s.

Apogevmatini headline quoting Kostas Karamanlis:

I myself am a Macedonian, just as 2.5 million Greeks are
Macedonians.

Mount Falakro, Drama Prefecture, eastern Greek Macedonia

term by which ethnic Greeks originating from the region are known. Macedonians came to be of particular importance during the Balkan Wars when they were
a minority population inside the Ottoman province of
Macedonia. The Macedonians now have a strong regional identity, manifested both in Greece[41] and by
emigrant groups in the Greek diaspora.[42] This sense
of identity has been highlighted in the context of the
Macedonian naming dispute after the break-up of Yugoslavia, in which Greece objects to its northern neighbour calling itself the "Republic of Macedonia", since

6.4

Minority populations

explicit self-identication as Macedonian is a matter of

national pride for many Greeks.[43] A characteristic expression of this attitude could be seen when Greek newspapers headlined a declaration by Prime Minister Kostas
Karamanlis at a meeting of the Council of Europe in
Strasbourg in January 2007, saying that "I myself am a
Macedonian, and another two and a half million Greeks
are Macedonians.
The distinct regional identity of Greek Macedonians is
also the product of the fact that it was closer to the centres
of power in both the Byzantine and Ottoman period, was
considered culturally, politically, and strategically more
important than other parts of Greece during these two
periods, and also the fact that the region had a far more
ethnically and religiously diverse population in both the
medieval and Ottoman periods. In the late Byzantine period Greek Macedonia had also been the centre of significant Byzantine successor states, such as the Kingdom of
Thessalonica, the short-lived state established by the rival
Byzantine emperor, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, and in parts of western Macedonia - the Despotate of Epirus,
all of which helped promote a distinct Greek Macedonian
identity. In the contemporary period this is reinforced
by Greek Macedonias proximity to other states in the
southern Balkans, the continuing existence of ethnic and
religious minorities in East Macedonia and Thrace not
found in southern Greece, and the fact that migrants and
refugees from elsewhere in the Balkans, southern Russia, and Georgia (including Pontic Greeks and Caucasus
Greeks from northeastern Anatolia and the south Caucasus) have usually gravitated to Greek Macedonia rather
than southern Greece.

Distribution of the Slavic Macedonian language in Florina Prefecture and Aridaia regions (1993).

those of an ethnic Macedonian national conscienceness

number between 10,00030,000.[44]
6.4.2 Aromanians
See also:
Aromanians in Greece and
Aromanian speakers of Greece
Aromanians form a minority population throughout much
of Macedonia. They largely identify as Greeks and most
belong to the Greek Orthodox Church. In the 1951 census they numbered 39,855 in all Greece (the number in
Macedonia proper is unknown). Many Aromanians villages can be found along the slopes of the Vermion Mountains and Mount Olympus. Smaller numbers can be found
in the Prespes region and near the Gramos mountains.
6.4.3 Megleno-Romanians

6.4

Minority populations

Main article: Megleno-Romanians

For more details on this topic, see Minorities in Greece.

The exact size of the linguistic and ethnic minority groups
of Macedonia is ocially unknown, as Greece has not
conducted a census on the question of mother tongue
since 1951. The main minority groups in Macedonia are:
6.4.1

Slavic-speakers

Main articles: Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia and

Macedonians (Bulgarians)
Slavic-speakers are concentrated in the Florina, Kastoria,
Edessa, Giannitsa, Ptolemaida and Naousa regions. Their
dialects are linguistically classied variously either as
Macedonian or Bulgarian, depending on the region and on
political orientation. The exact number of the minority is
dicult to know, and its members choice of ethnic identication is dicult to ascertain (since some people are
cautious in the replies that they give when surveys are conducted). The Greek branch of the former International
Helsinki Federation for Human Rights has estimated that

Megleno-Romanians can be found in the Moglena region

of Macedonia. The Megleno-Romanian language is traditionally spoken in the 11 Vlach villages, Archangelos,
Notia, Karpi, Koupa, Lagkadia, Perikleia, Skra and
Kastaneri (the other three are found in the Republic of
Macedonia). They are generally adherents to the Orthodox Church while the former majority in Notia was Muslim.
6.4.4 Arvanites
Main article: Arvanites
See also: Albanian-speakers of Western Thrace
Arvanites communities can be found in Greek Macedonia. Five Arvanite communities exist in Serres regional
unit while many can be found in the capital, Thessaloniki.
There are three Arvanites villages in the Florina regional
unit (Drosopigi, Lechovo and Flampouro) with others located in Kilkis and Thessaloniki regional units.[45]

10
6.4.5

6 DEMOGRAPHICS
The Jews of Thessaloniki

Main article: History of the Jews of Thessaloniki

The Jewish population in Greece was the oldest in main-

Sabbatai Zevi

Jewish woman of Thessaloniki, gravour of late 19th century.

land Europe, and was mostly Sephardic. Thessaloniki became the largest center of the Sephardic Jews, who nicknamed the city la madre de Israel (Israels mother)[46] and
Jerusalem of the Balkans.[47] It also included the histor- Jewish workers of the Socialist Workers Federation march
(1908-1909).
ically signicant and ancient Greek-speaking Romaniote
community. During the Ottoman era, Thessalonikis
Sephardic community comprised more than half the
citys population; the Jews were dominant in commerce
until the ethnic Greek population increased after independence in 1912. By the 1680s, about 300 families
of Sephardic Jews, followers of Sabbatai Zevi, had converted to Islam, becoming a sect known as the Dnmeh
(convert), and migrated to Salonika, whose population
was majority Jewish. They established an active community that thrived for about 250 years. Many of their
descendants later became prominent in trade.[48] Many
Jewish inhabitants of Thessaloniki spoke Ladino, the
Romance language of the Sephardic Jews.[49]
The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 burned much of the
center of the city and left 50,000 Jews homeless of the Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki.
total of 72,000 residents who were burned out.[50] Having
lost homes and their businesses, many Jews emigrated: to
the United States, Palestine, and Paris. They could not

7.1

Portals

11

wait for the government to create a new urban plan for 7.1
rebuilding, which was eventually done.[51]

Portals

After the Greco-Turkish War in 1922 and the expulsion 8 References

of Greeks from Turkey, many refugees came to Greece.
Nearly 100,000 ethnic Greeks resettled in Thessaloniki,
8.1 Bibliography
reducing the proportion of Jews in the total community.
After this, Jews made up about 20% of the citys popu Council of Europe, Steering Committee on Local
lation. During the interwar period, Greece granted the
and Regional Democracy (2001). Special ReguJews the same civil rights as other Greek citizens.[50] In
lations for Particular Areas the Legal Status of
March 1926, Greece re-emphasized that all citizens of
Aghion Oros. Structure and operation of Local and
Greece enjoyed equal rights, and a considerable proporRegional Democracy. Council of Europe. ISBN 92tion of the citys Jews decided to stay.
871-4644-6.
World War II brought a disaster for the Jewish Greeks,
Elster, Ernestine S.; Renfrew, Colin, ed. (2003).
since in 1941 the Germans occupied Greece and began
Prehistoric Sitagroi: Excavations in Northeast
actions against the Jewish population. Greeks of the ReGreece, 19681970. Monumenta Archaeologica
sistance and Italian forces (before 1943) tried to protect
20 2. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. ISBN 1[46]
By the 1940s,
the Jews and managed to save some.
931745-03-X.
the great majority of the Jewish Greek community rmly
identied as both Greek and Jewish. According to Misha
Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). Serbian ParticGlenny, such Greek Jews had largely not encountered
ipation in the Byzantine Civil War. The Late Meanti-Semitism as in its North European form.[52]
dieval Balkans. University of Michigan Press. ISBN
In 1943 the Nazis began actions against the Jews in Thessaloniki, forcing them into a ghetto near the railroad
lines and beginning deportation to concentration and labor camps. They deported and exterminated approximately 96% of Thessalonikis Jews of all ages during
the Holocaust.[46] Today, a community of around 1200
remains in the city.[46] Communities of descendants of
Thessaloniki Jews both Sephardic and Romaniote live
in other areas, mainly the United States and Israel.[46]
Israeli singer Yehuda Poliker recorded a song about the
Jews of Thessaloniki, called Wait for me, Thessaloniki.

6.4.6

Others

Other minority groups include Romaniotes, Armenians

and Romani. Romani communities are concentrated
mainly around the city of Thessaloniki. An uncertain
number of them live in Macedonia from the total of about
200,000-300,000 that live scattered on all the regions of
Greece.[53]

See also
Macedonians (Greeks)
Macedonia (region)
Macedonia (terminology)
List of Macedonians (Greek)
Modern regions of Greece

0-472-08260-4.
Renfrew, Colin; Gimbutas, Marija; Elster, Ernestine
S., ed. (1986). Excavations at Sitagroi: a Prehistoric
Village in Northeast Greece. Monumenta Archaeologica 13 2. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. ISBN
0-917956-51-6.
Renfrew, Colin. The Autonomy of the South-east
European Copper Age. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 35: 1247. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
Rodden, R.J.; Wardle, K.A., ed. (1996). Nea
Nikomedeia: the Excavation of an Early Neolithic
Village in Northern Greece 1961-1963. Supplementary series 25 1. Athens: British School of Athens.
Samsaris, Dimitrios C. Historical Geography of
Eastern Macedonia during the Antiquity (in Greek),
Thessaloniki 1976 and Historical Geography of
Western Macedonia (in Greek), Thessaloniki 1989
(publisher=Society for Macedonian Studies)
Souvatzi, Stella G. (2008). A Social Archaeology of
Households in Neolithic Greece : an Anthropological
Approach. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780-521-83689-0.
Treadgold, Warren (1995). The Roman Armys
Second Millenium. Byzantium and Its Army, 284
1081. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-80473163-2. [sic]
Vacalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1973). History of
Macedonia, 13541833 (translated by P. Megann).
Zeno Publishers. ISBN 0-900834-89-7.
Wardle, K.A. (1997). The Prehistory of Northern
Greece: a Geographical Perspective. Aeroma to

12

8
N.G.L. Hammond. Society of Macedonian Studies.
ISBN 9-607-26536-X.

8.2

Notes

[1] Macedonia.
Encyclopaedia
Britannica.
www.britannica.com. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
[2] .. 51/87 "
...
" (Determination of the Regions of the Country
for the planning etc. of the development of the regions).
Government Gazette. 1987.
[3] Announcement of the results of the 2011 Population
Census for the Resident Population (PDF). Hellenic Statistical Authority. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
[4] Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices
at NUTS level 3. Eurostat. Retrieved 12 September
2014.
[5] According to the United States Internal Revenue Service,
the average exchange rate of the United States Dollar to
the Euro in 2011 was 0.748.
[6] World Intellectual Property Organization: 1st variety, 2nd
variety, 3rd variety
[7] Grigoriou, Alexandros Ch.; Chekimoglou, Evangelos A. (2008).
1430-1930[The Thessaloniki of Explorers 1430-1930]
(in Greek). Thessaloniki:
. p. 43. ISBN 960-7265-91-2. Retrieved 2
August 2011. From Robert de Dreuxs personal journals,
1669: Leaving a village named Baicui, we reached Thessaloniki, which is one of the most splendid cities of Macedonia and the whole of Greece.
[8] The whole of Greece is divided into four great pashaliks; Tripolizza, Egripo or Neropont, Yanina, and Salonica. The pashalik of [] Salonica [comprises], the
southern divisions of Macedonia. The north of Macedonia is governed by beys; Quoted from: Thomas Thornton, The Present State of Turkey, London 1807, Vol. 2,
p. 10, http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/
thornton/t2c5.shtml
[9] http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/
thornton/page_images/t2c5_p010.jpg
[10] The most fertile districts of Greece are Macedonia, Thessaly, and the eastern parts of Phocis and Boeotia. Quoted
from: Conder, Josiah: The Modern Traveller, Volume the
Fifteenth: Greece. London : J.Duncan, 1830, Vol. 1, p.
12. Archive.org
[11] There is some diculty in prescribing the exact boundaries of the country properly called Greece. Formerly
it included Macedonia, Peloponnesus, the Ionian Islands,
Crete and a part of what is now called Albania. [...]
The present divisions of Greece, adopted by the [1829]
provisional government, are the following: Eastern Hellas, Western Hellas, Morea, Epirus, Thessaly, Macedonia,
Crete, and the Islands. [] What proportion of Macedonia is considered as coming within the boundaries of

REFERENCES

Greece, we have no means of deciding Quoted from:

John L. Comstock, History of the Greek Revolution compiled from ocial documents of the Greek government,
New York 1829, pages 5 and 6, Google Books
[12] .. 51/87
...
(Determination of the Regions of the
Country for the planning etc. of the development of the
regions, Emeris tis Kyverniseos A 26/06.03.1987
[13] N. K. Moutsopoulos,
.
, 22 1994, .
101.
[14] Strabo, Geography, BOOK VII., CHAPTER VII..
[15] Macedonia Evidence.
[16] D. C. Samsaris, Historical Geography of Eastern Macedonia during the Antiquity (in Greek), Thessaloniki 1976, p.
88-97
[17] John Julius Norwich A short history of Byzantium, Penguin 1998
[18] ,

,

[19] Warren Treadgold, Byzantium and Its Army 284-1081,
Stanford University Press, 1995
[20] George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, Rutgers University Press 1986
[21] Fine, The Late Medieval Balkans, 301302
[22] Vacalopoulos, History of Macedonia 13541833, 8997
[23] Metrophanes Kritopoulos.. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2009-08-31. Metrophanes Kritopoulos Greek patriarch and theologian - born 1589, Beroea, Macedonia,
Ottoman Empire died May 30, 1639, Walachia
[24] Vacalopoulos, History of Macedonia 13541833, 97
[25] nashi meaning ours is the name speakers give to their
unique dialect, spoken largely in the mountain prefectures
of Florina (Lerin) and Kastoria (Kostur) in north western
Macedonia.
[26] " - , ".
- , .
[27] The Truman Doctrine Brings Death to our people in
Aegean Macedonia Makedonska Iskra January 1947,
page 3
[28] Panayiotis Diamadis et al (1995) A Childs Grief. A Nations Lament Sydney: Stentor Press.
[29] Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English
Lexicon, ".
[30] Online Etymology Dictionary.

13

[31] Beekes, Robert (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek

II, Leiden, Boston: Brill, p. 894

[46] http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/greece/
nonflash/eng/salonika.htm

[32] The Role of the Ministry (in Greek). Greek Ministry of

Macedonia and Thrace. Retrieved 2009-05-08.

[47] Abrams, Dennis (2009). Nicolas Sarkozy (Modern World

Leaders). Chelsea House Publishers. p. 26, Library Binding edition. ISBN 1-60413-081-4.

[33] National Statistical Service of Greece. NSSG. statistics.gr. 2001. Retrieved 2007-12-26. 2001 census
(PDF).
[34] Greek laws provide for a penalty of incarceration up to
twelve months for women that violate this rule. For criticisms of this provision, see European Parliament Adopts
Report on Fundamental Rights in the EU Mt Athos Status. Embassy of Greece in the US. 5 September 2003.
Retrieved 2009-05-08.
[35] Council of Europe, Structure and Operation of Local and
Regional Democracy, 8. See also the article 105 of the
Constitution of Greece and the Common Declaration on
Mount Athos attached to the Treaty of Entry of Greece to
the EEC (1 January 1981).

[48] Kirsch, Adam (15 February 2010). The Other Secret

Jews. Review of Marc David Baers The Dnme: Jewish Converts, Muslim Revolutionaries, and Secular Turks.
The New Republic. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
[49] Kushner, Aviya. Is the language of Sephardic Jews, undergoing a revival?". My Jewish Learning. Ladino Today.
Retrieved 9 April 2011.
[50] Yakov Benmayor. History of Jews in Thessaloniki.
Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
[51] The Great Fire in Salonica. Greece History. Hellenica
Website. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
[52] Misha Glenny, The Balkans, p. 512.

[36] http://www.egnatia.gr/files/images/Project_Status_
ENG.jpg

[53] http://www.nchr.gr/category.php?category_id=99

[37] Poulton, Hugh (2000). Greece. In Second. Who Are

the Macedonians?. Indiana University Press. pp. 8586.
ISBN 0-253-21359-2.

9 External links

[38] The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and Its Impact on

Greece, Dimitri Pentzopoulos, page 134, 2002
[39] "
(Catalogue of Refugee Communities in
Greek Macedonia, includung changes in Macedonian
place-names.
[40] "
15-16 1928 - -
- - ]
, 1935 . '" (PDf).
[41] Liotta, P. H.; Simons, A. Thicker than Water? Kin, Religion, and Conict in the Balkans. Parameters (Winter
1998). pp. 1127.
[42] Jupp, J. The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the
Nation, Its People and Their Origins, Cambridge University Press, October 1, 2001. ISBN 0-521-80789-1, p.
147.
[43] Floudas, Demetrius Andreas; A Name for a Conict or
a Conict for a Name? An Analysis of Greeces Dispute
with FYROM,". 24 (1996) Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 285. 1996. Retrieved 2008-02-11.

Macedonian Press Agency

Museums of Macedonia
Nikolaos Martis - Macedonias Hellenism: Empirical documents and sources
An online review of Macedonian aairs, history and
culture
EMS.name
University of Macedonia
University of Western Macedonia
Macedonia, The Historical Prole of Northern
Greece
Map of Makedonia
Technological Educational Institution of Serres
Department of Physical Education Science & Athletics of Serres

[44] Greece Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection
of National Minorities (along guidelines for state reports according to Article 25.1 of the Convention)".
Greek Helsinki Monitor (GHM) & Minority Rights Group
Greece (MRG-G). 1999-09-18. Retrieved 2009-01-12.

Roman province of Macedonia

[45] Euromosaic (1996): L'arvanite / albanais en Grce. Report published by the Institut de Sociolingstica Catalana.

Lake Kerkini in Serres - Kerkini Wetland (Ramsar

& Natura 2000 Protected)

Macedonia, Greece - History And Politics - eBook

Greek Language (ISBN 960-6-0337-5)
Alistrati Cave in Serres

14

9.1

Ocial links

Macedonia and Thrace region site

Ministry for MacedoniaThrace (Greek)
Region of Central Macedonia
Region of Western Macedonia
Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
Municipality of Pella
Serres Prefecture
City of Thessaloniki
City of Edessa
City of Serres
Map of Macedonia

EXTERNAL LINKS

15

10
10.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Macedonia (Greece) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia%20(Greece)?oldid=648654322 Contributors: Vicki Rosenzweig,

Andre Engels, XJaM, Rmhermen, PierreAbbat, William Avery, Zoe, Liftarn, MartinHarper, Wapcaplet, Mic, Delirium, Ahoerstemeier,
Stan Shebs, Jiang, Efghij, Raven in Orbit, Adam Bishop, RickK, Lfh, Morwen, Head, MiLo28, Joy, Geraki, Optim, AnonMoos, Vergina,
Adam Carr, Dimadick, Robbot, Pigsonthewing, ChrisO, Altenmann, Romanm, Mirv, Academic Challenger, Der Eberswalder, Bkonrad,
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Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Vary, KirkEN, Ev, Rui Silva, Miskin, CDThieme, Latka, Vladko, SouthernNights, Hottentot, Odysseas, Mark83,
Darlene4, ViriiK, Pevernagie, Valentinian, Chobot, E Pluribus Anthony, Roboto de Ajvol, RobotE, Sceptre, Hairy Dude, TodorBozhinov,
RussBot, Richjkl, Theathenae, CambridgeBayWeather, Rsrikanth05, Megistias, NawlinWiki, Matia.gr, Aeusoes1, Howcheng, Michalis
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Kungfuadam, E-mail adress, Makedonas, Luk, SmackBot, Cubs Fan, KnowledgeOfSelf, Bggoldie, Lagalag, Tony164, Pgk, Grandmaster,
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Edwy, JorisvS, Mgiganteus1, Needlenose, FreshBulletTime, Gjakova, Frokor, Makyen, Plxstic Orgasms, Invisifan, Macedonian876, Maksim L., Fangfufu, Ryulong, Serlin, Condem, Dr.K., Hectorian, Andreworkney, Hu12, Tamino, Lakers, Basicdesign, Greier, Kamikazi2,
Feta, Avg, Dycedarg, HarryP2511, Moreschi, Neelix, Lordmaster913, Cydebot, Filip M, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Fukutu, Alrin,
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Dalahst, James086, Solun1986, Vlachul, EdJohnston, Nick Number, AntiVandalBot, Seaphoto, Chronisgr, Deective, Barek, Andonic,
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Philippos, Tekleni, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, AAA!, Clown57, Peccay, Elkost,
LordAnubisBOT, Austin512, Internationalhistory, Ditirambo, Student7, Vanished user 39948282, Rburkwist, Idioma-bot, Gambolputty,
Dimanovski, VolkovBot, Macedonian, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Zurrr, Maximillion Pegasus, Kritikos99, Miranda, Laveol, Damf1,
Ocolon, Clarince63, Seraphim, Icesarimak, Pulsar06, LeaveSleaves, Seb az86556, Domitius, Icekovski, Billinghurst, Jabuuti, Insanity
Incarnate, Brianga, AlleborgoBot, Ynnojk, Candrax, CT Cooper, Xenovatis, Pilipinischer, Kiswahili, The Random Editor, SieBot, Ivan
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Silas Maxeld, Dance With The Devil, Tommg, Nikola MK, Local hero, Jonomgf, XLinkBot, Emmette Hernandez Coleman, Macedon23,
Avoided, Mifter, Alexius08, WikiDao, Polibiush, Bacis 2005, HexaChord, Wyatt915, Addbot, Xp54321, Man with one red shoe, Giorgos
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Makedonija84, Luckas Blade, Josifoski, Zorrobot, Sparklechick24, Jurukovski, Megaman en m, Ale66, Stefan177, Legobot, Drpickem,
Silanthaler, Luckas-bot, Yobot, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Numbers0123456789, Mickeymouse0107, AnomieBOT, VX, IRP, Piano non
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Boriskuzman, FrescoBot, Macedonian Citizen, Makedonija97, BenzolBot, AlexZeko, Citation bot 1, Redrose64, Karts6735, HRoestBot,
Jack.543, Crombiemoose2009, Damjan creative, Jschnur, Vinicanec, Philly boy92, Mane avent, Jeppiz, Greco22, TobeBot, Lotje, Avienath, Antipastor, LawBot, Underlying lk, ItsMeAthan, DraganKitanoski, RjwilmsiBot, Hajatvrc, Ptolion, NDKilla, Lucas377, EmausBot,
John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Nuujinn, Wantmebi, Minimacs Clone, Stefo3, Tommy2010, Smoovce, K6ka, Chocolatetoe, Suigenerius,
ZroBot, Ida Shaw, Duskodolgousko, Josve05a, DragonTiger23, MithrandirAgain, rico Jnior Wouters, Can You Prove That You're Human, , NGPriest, TeChuva, RoseAphro, Tot12, Ivanamicevska, ClueBot NG, Gareth Grith-Jones, Dvajcabeztrojca, SilentResident, Macedon-40, My NAME IS smammy, Helpful Pixie Bot, Ramaksoud2000, BG19bot, Jord.sheehy, Ebriceno, Lunch for Two, Davidiad, Anastomoses, Evilemperorzorg, Christos200, Klilidiplomus, AllenZh, Pratyya Ghosh, Eachanglefgs, Joker004, Carmakedonec, Webclient101, Ihate greece, TaniaWhite, Anderson, Stickface97, Vadgt, Sowlos, N.bonaparte5, Kenan 999, Tonimicho, Getback42, Nikostrd,
A Gounaris, Captain Conundrum, Greg mangos, Trafalgar sam, Sayu101, Frenzie23, GoldenClockCar, Goran Popovski, Gts-tg, EternalJimmies, Monkbot, Balls and Sack, Stephaniekitanovski, Ze.doctor, Damko10, Freedomghterrs, Dani0987 lop, BlueFenixReborn,
Mkd4eva, Oconobo44 and Anonymous: 675

10.2

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File:Apogevmatini_Macedonians.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/72/Apogevmatini_Macedonians.gif License:

Fair use Contributors:
Apogevmatini Original artist: ?
File:Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e13_783-0.jpg Source:
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16

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