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R
R
MgBr
OH
KMnO4
H3O(+)
R
N
R
O
R1
OR2
OH(-),
R1
H2O
R1
R2
OH
OR2
R1
Cl
O
R1
OH conc. H(+)
R2
OR2
O(-)
R1
O
R
SOCl2
or
PCl5
OH
R2
HNR1R2
R
R2
R1
Synthesis of ANILINES
R2
NO2
OR2
OH
R1
2 HNR1R2
R1
R2 OH
OH
conc. H(+)
R
H2O
R1
O
O
OH
R1
Cl
R1
R2 OH
KMnO4 , H3O(+)
or
O3, H2O2
R1
2) H3O(+)
R
OH
O
1) CO2
Synthesis of AMIDES
Synthesis of ESTERS
Jones
Cl
Fe, HCl
or
SnCl2
or
H2, Pd/C
NH2
Synthesis of NITRILES
R
M(+)CN(-)
Lv
O
SOCl2
Synthesis of ANHYDRIDES
R
R
CN
O
R
CN
Cl
HO
NH2
Reactions of Monosaccharides
HO
HO
HO
CH2OH
H
HO
H
H
Alditol
KillianiFischer
H
H
H
HO
H
H
OH
H
OH
OH
CH2OH
O
OH
OH
H
OH
OH
O
OR
OH
or
H3C O
CH3 H3C
2) HBr
3) ROH, Ag2O
4) OH(-), H2O
NaBH4
1) HCN
2) Lindlar
3) H3O(+)
Ph 3 H2NNPh,
AcOH
N NH
H
H
C
N Ph
N
CH2OH
H3CO
H
HO
H
OH
Osazone
H3CO
H
OH
H3CO
CH2OH
1)
H
H
HO
H
H
Cl
HO
HNO3
OH
H
OH
OH
O
C
H
HO
H
H
OH
H
OH
OH
Aldaric
Acid
C
HO
Br2, H2O
pH = 6
CH2OH
1) H2NOH
2) (AcO)2, AcO(-)
3) H3CO(-)
Ag2O
CH3I
Wohl H
HO
O
OCH3
OCH3
O
C
H
OH
OH
CH2OH
HO
H
HO
H
H
O
C
OH
H
OH
OH
Aldonic
Acid
CH2OH
1) Ca(OH2
2)Fe(3+)
Ruff 30% H2O2