Toan A1 QTKD

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
===== =====
GII TCH 1
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa ngnh QTKD)
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2007
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
GII TCH 1
Bin son :
TS. V GIA T
LI NI U
Gii tch (Ton cao cp A1) l hc phn u tin ca chng trnh ton dnh cho sinh vin
cc nhm ngnh Qun tr kinh doanh. hc tt mn Ton cao cp theo phng thc o to t
xa, bn cnh cc hc liu: sch, gio trnh in, bng a hnh,..., sch hng dn cho ngi hc
ton cao cp l rt cn thit. Tp sch hng dn ny c bin son l nhm mc ch trn. Tp
sch c bin son theo chng trnh qui nh nm 2001 ca B Gio dc o to v theo
cng chng trnh c Hc vin Cng ngh BC-VT thng qua nm 2007.
Sch hng dn hc ton cao cp A1 bm st cc gio trnh ca cc trng i hc ang
ging dy chuyn ngnh Qun tr kinh doanh, gio trnh dnh cho h chnh qui ca Hc vin
Cng ngh BC-VT bin son nm 2001 v kinh nghim ging dy nhiu nm ca tc gi. Chnh
v th, ti liu ny c th dng hc tp v tham kho cho sinh vin ca tt c cc trng, cc
ngnh i hc v cao ng.
Cch trnh by trong sch thch hp cho ngi t hc, c bit phc v c lc trong cng
tc o to t xa. Trc khi nghin cu cc ni dung chi tit, ngi c nn xem phn gii thiu
ca mi chng thy c mc ch, yu cu chnh ca chng . Trong mi chng, mi
ni dung, ngi c c th t c v hiu c thng qua cc v d minh ho. Sau cc chng,
ngi c phi t tr li c cc cu hi n tp di dng trc nghim. Nh cc v d minh ho
c a ra t n gin n phc tp, ngi c c th coi l bi tp mu t gii cc bi
tp c trong ti liu. Ngi c c th t kim tra, nh gi kin thc, kh nng thu nhn da
vo phn hng dn v p s c cung cp nhng trang cui sch.
Cng cn nhn mnh rng, ni dung chnh ca ton cao cp l php tnh vi phn v php
tnh tch phn m nn tng ca n l php tnh gii hn ca hm s. Chnh v th chng ti trnh
by kh t m hai chng u ca ti liu ngi hc t c cng c th c c cc kin thc
vng vng c tip cc chng sau. Trong qu trnh t c v hc qua mng, tu theo kh
nng tip thu, hc vin c th ch cn nh cc nh l v b qua phn chng minh ca n.
Nhn y tc gi cng lu rng bc trung hc ph thng ca nc ta, chng trnh
ton cng bao hm cc kin thc v vi, tch phn. Tuy nhin cc ni dung ch mang tnh
cht gii thiu do lng thi gian hn ch, do cu to chng trnh. V th nu khng t c mt
cch nghim tc cc nh ngha, nh l cng s vn ch nm c mt cch hi ht v nh vy
rt gp kh khn trong vic gii cc bi tp ton cao cp.
Sch gm 5 chng tng ng vi hc phn gm 45 n 60 tit:
Chng I: Hm s v gii hn
Chng II: o hm v vi phn.
Chng III: Hm s nhiu bin s
Chng IV: Php tnh tch phn.
Chng V: Phng trnh vi phn
Tuy rng tc gi c gng rt nhiu, song thi gian b hn hp.V vy cc thiu st cn

tn ti trong cun sch l iu kh trnh khi. Tc gi chn thnh ch n s ng gp kin
ca cc bn ng nghip, hc vin xa gn v xin cm n v iu .
Chng ti by t s cm n i vi Ban Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh BC-VT, Trung
tm o to BC-VT1, Phng o to i hc t xa v cc bn ng nghip trong B mn Ton
ca Hc vin Cng ngh BC-VT khuyn khch ng vin, to iu kin cho ra tp ti liu ny
H Ni, ngy 7 thng 6 nm 2006
Tc gi
Chng 1: Hm s mt bin s
CHNG I: HM S V GII HN
MC CH, YU CU
Mi vt xung quanh ta u bin i theo thi gian. Chng ta c th nhn thy iu qua
s chuyn ng c hc ca cc vt th: t, my bay; s thay i ca cc i lng vt l: nhit
, tc , gia tc; s bin ng kinh t trong mt x hi: Gi c phiu, li sut tit kim,.... Tt
c cc loi hnh c gn mt tn chung l i lng hay hm s, n ph thuc vo i s
no , chng hn l thi gian. Xem xt hm s tc l quan tm n gi tr, tnh cht v bin
thin ca n. Vic t ra nh mt nhu cu khch quan ca con ngi v x hi.
Trong chng ny, chng ta cn nm c cc ni dung sau:
1. M t nh tnh v nh lng cc hm s s cp c bn. Nhn bit hm s s cp, tnh
cht gii hn v lin tc ca n.
2. Khi nim gii hn ca hm s trong cc qu trnh khc nhau, cc tnh cht v gii hn
v thnh tho cc phng php kh cc dng bt nh da trn php thay th cc VCB, VCL
tng ng, c bit cc gii hn ng nh:
x
sin x
x
1
1
= lim
= 1 , lim 1 + = lim 1 + = e
x +
x
x 0
x 0 sin x
x
x
x
lim
3. Khi nim lin tc, gin on ca mt hm s. Cc tnh cht hm s lin tc trn mt

on kn.
4. Cc hm s thng dng trong phn tch kinh t.
NI DUNG
1.1. CC KHI NIM C BN V HM S
1.1.1. Cc nh ngha c bn
A. nh ngha hm s
Cho X l tp khng rng ca
. Mt nh x f t X vo
gi l mt hm s mt bin s
f :X
x 6 f ( x)
X gi l tp xc nh ca f , f ( X ) gi l tp gi tr ca f . i khi k hiu
y = f ( x ), x X , x gi l i s ( bin c lp), y gi l hm s (bin ph thuc)

B. Hm s chn, hm s l
Cho X i xng vi 0 tc l x X , x X
Hm s f (x) chn khi v ch khi
Hm s f (x) l khi v ch khi
f ( x) = f ( x) .
f ( x) = f ( x).
C. Hm s tun hon
7
Hm s f (x) gi l tun hon trn X nu tn ti
*
+
,(
*
+
c k hiu l tp cc s
dng) sao cho x X th

x+ X v f (x+ )= f (x).
S T dng b nht trong cc s gi l chu k ca hm s tun hon f(x).
D. Hm s n iu
Cho f (x) vi x X .
1.
Ni rng f (x) tng nu x1 , x 2 X , x1 x 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .

v f (x) tng ngt nu
2.
Ni rng f (x) gim nu x1 , x 2 X , x1 x 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .

v f (x) gim ngt nu
3.
x1 , x 2 X , x1 < x 2 f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) .
x1 , x 2 X , x1 < x 2 f ( x1 ) > f ( x 2 ) .
Ni rng f (x) n iu nu n tng hoc gim.

Ni rng f (x) n iu ngt nu n tng ngt hoc gim ngt.
E. Hm s b chn
1. Hm s f (x) b chn trn trong X nu tn ti s A sao cho :
x X , f ( x ) A .
2. Hm s f (x) b chn di trong X nu tn ti s B sao cho:
x X , B f ( x) .
3. Hm s f (x) b chn trong X nu tn ti cc s A,B sao cho:
x X , B f ( x ) A .
F. Hm s hp
Cho f : X
v g: Y
vi f ( X ) Y gi nh x
g0 f : X
x 6 g ( f ( x))
Hay y = g( f (x)) l hm s hp ca hai hm f v g.
G. Hm s ngc
Cho song nh
f : X Y,
X ,Y
nh x ngc f 1 : Y X gi l hm s ngc ca f
y 6 x = f 1 ( y )
Thng thng i s k hiu l x, hm s k hiu l y, vy hm ngc ca y = f (x ) l
hm s y = f 1 ( x ) . V th trn cng mt phng to Oxy, th ca hai hm s f v f 1 l
i xng nhau qua ng phn gic ca gc phn t th I v III.
1.1.2. Cc hm s s cp c bn
A. Hm lu tha
Cho . Hm lu tha vi s m ,c k hiu l P , l nh x t
nh nh sau x
*
+
, P ( x) = x
8
*
+
vo
, xc
Nu > 0 , coi rng P (0) = 0 .
Nu = 0 , coi rng P0 (0) = 1
th ca P ( x ) cho bi h.1.1
y
>1
=1
0 < <1
=0
<0
O
1
H.1.1
B. Hm m c s a
Xt a
*
+
\{1} . Hm m c s a, k hiu l exp a x , l nh x t
vo
*
+
, xc nh nh
sau: x , exp a x = a x . th ca y = a x cho bi h.1.2.

C. Hm lgarit c s a
Xt a
*
+
\{1} . Hm lgarit c s a, k hiu l log a ,l nh x ngc vi nh x expa ,
nh vy ( x, y )
*
+
y = log a x x = a y
th ca hm s y = log a x cho bi hnh h.1.3.

Ch : Hm lu tha c th m rng khi min xc nh l
y
logax, a>1
ax, a>1
ax, 0 < a < 1

x
H.1.2
logax, 0<a<1
H.1.3
Tnh cht ca hm s lgarit

1.
log a 1 = 0
log a xy = log a x + log a y

2. x, y
*
+
log a
x
= log a x log a y
y
log a x = log a x

3.
a, b
4.
*
+
*
+
log b x = log b a.log a x
log 1 x = log a x
a
Ch : Sau ny ngi ta thng ly c s a l s e v gi l lgarit Npe hay lgarit t

ln x
, e = 2,718281828459045,
nhin ca x, k hiu y = lnx v suy ra log a x =
ln a
lg e =
1
= 0, 434294...
ln10
D. Cc hm s lng gic
Cc hm s lng gic: sinx, cosx, tgx, cotgx c xt k trong chng trnh ph thng
trung hc. Di y chng ta ch nhc li mt s tnh cht c bn ca chng.
Tnh cht:
1. sinx xc nh trn
, l hm s l, tun hon vi chu k T = 2 v b chn:
1 sin x 1, x
2. cosx xc nh trn
, l hm s chn, tun hon vi chu k T = 2 v b chn:
1 cos x 1, x
3. tgx xc nh trn
\{
2
nhn gi tr trn khong (,+) .
4. cotgx xc nh trn
+ k , k
\{ k , k
}, l hm s l, tun hon vi chu k T = v
}, l hm s l, tun hon vi chu k T = v nhn
gi tr trn khong (,+) .

E. Cc hm s lng gic ngc

1. Hm arcsin (c l c-sin) l nh x ngc ca sin: , [ 1,1]
2 2

K hiu l arcsin: [ 1,1] , .
2 2

Vy ta c: x [ 1,1], y , ,
2 2
y = arcsin x x = sin y
th ca y = arcsinx cho trn hnh 1.4
10
y
arccosx
arcsinx
2 -1
O
H.1.4
H.1.5
2. Hm arccosin (c l c- c- sin) l nh x ngc ca cos : [0, ] [ 1,1] k hiu:
arccos : [ 1,1] [0, ]
x [ 1,1], y [0, ], y = arccos x x = cos y
th hm s y = arccosx cho trn hnh 1.5
arcsin x [0, ] cos arcsin x = sin(arcsin x) = x

2
2
Vy
arccos x + arcsin x =

3. Hm arctang (c l c-tang) l nh x ngc ca tg : , , k hiu:
2 2

arctg : ,
2 2

Vy ta c x , y ,
2 2
y = arctgx x = tgy
th ca y = arctgx cho trn hnh 1.6.

4. Hm arcctang (c l c-c-tang) l nh x ngc ca cotg : (0, )

arc cot g : 0,
2
Vy ta c

x , y 0,
2
y = arc cot gx x = cot gy
th hm y = arccotgx cho trn hnh 1.7

11
k hiu:
y
tg
2
arctg
H.1.6
arccotg
0
H.1.7
12
x ,
cot g (arc cot gx) = x

arctgx + arc cot gx =
Vy
Ngi ta gi hm s lu tha, hm s m, hm s lgarit, cc hm s lng gic v cc

hm s lng gic ngc l cc hm s s cp c bn.
H. a thc, hm hu t.
c gi l a thc khi v ch khi tn ti n
1. nh x P: X
(a0 , a1 ,..., an )
n +1
P ( x ) = ai x i
sao cho x X ,
i =0
Nu an 0 , gi n l bc ca a thc, k hiu degP(x) = n

2.
nh x f :
P, Q:
Gi f ( x ) =
3.
c gi l hm hu t khi v ch khi tn ti hai a thc
sao cho x X , Q( x ) 0,
f ( x) =
P( x )
Q( x )
P( x )
l hm hu t thc s khi v ch khi: degP(x) < degQ(x)
Q( x )
Hm hu t ti gin l cc phn thc c dng:
A
Bx + C
hoc
k
2
( x a)
( x + px + q) k
Trong k
, a, p, q, A, B , C l cc s thc v
p 2 4q <0
Di y ta a ra cc nh l c chng minh trong l thuyt i s

nh l 1.1: Mi a thc bc n vi cc h s thc u c th phn tch ra tha s trong dng:
P( x ) = an ( x 1 ) k1 ...( x l ) k l ( x 2 + p1 x + q1 ) 1 ...( x 2 + pm x + qm ) m
trong i (i = 1, l ) l cc nghim thc bi ki ca a thc, cn p j , q j , j
vi j = 1,2,..., m v
i =1
j =1
ki + 2 j = n ,
p j 4q j < 0 ; j = 1, m
nh l 1.2: Mi hm hu t thc s u c th phn tch thnh tng hu hn cc hm hu t ti

gin.
1.1.3. Hm s s cp
nh ngha: Hm s s cp l nhng hm s c to thnh bi mt s hu hn cc php
tnh cng, tr, nhn, chia v cc php ly hm hp i vi cc hm s s cp c bn v cc hng
s, chng hn f ( x) = e cosx ln x 2 x3arcsinx 2 l mt hm s s cp.
1.1.4. Cc hm s trong phn tch kinh t
A. Hm cung v hm cu
Khi phn tch th trng hng ha v dch v, cc nh kinh t s dng khi nim hm cung
(supply function) v hm cu (demand function) biu din s ph thuc ca lng cung v
lng cu ca mt loi hng ha vo gi tr ca hng ha . Hm cung v hm cu biu din
13
tng ng l: Qs = S ( p ), Qd = D( p ) , trong : p l gi hng ha, Qs l lng cung (quantity

supplied), tc l lng hng ha m ngi bn bng lng bn mi mc gi; Qd l lng cu
(quantity demanded), tc l lng hng ha m ngi mua bng lng mua mi mc gi.
Tt nhin, lng cung v lng cu hng ha khng ch ph thuc vo gi c ca hng ha
, m cn chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t khc, chng hn nh thu nhp v gi ca cc hng
ha lin quan. Khi xem xt cc m hnh hm cung v hm cu dng nu trn ngi ta gi thit
rng cc yu t khc khng thay i. Quy lut th trng trong kinh t hc ni rng, i vi cc
hng ha thng thng, hm cung l hm n iu tng, cn hm cu l n iu gim. iu
ny c ngha l, vi cc yu t khc gi nguyn, khi gi hng ha tng ln th ngi bn s mun
bn nhiu hn v ngi mua s mua t i. Cc nh kinh t gi th ca hm cung v hm cu l
ng cung v ng cu. Giao im ca ng cung v ng cu gi l im cn bng ca th
trng. mc gi cn bng p ta c Qs = Qd = Q, tc l ngi bn bn ht v ngi mua mua
, th trng khng c hin tng d tha hoc khan him hng ha.
Ch : Trong cc ti liu kinh t ngi ta thng s dng trc honh biu din lng Q, trc
tung biu din gi p. Cch biu din nh vy tng ng vi vic biu din hm ngc ca
hm cung v hm cu: p = S 1 (Qs ), p = D 1 (Qd ) . Trong kinh t hc nhiu khi ngi ta vn gi
cc hm ny l hm cung v hm cu. th ca chng c cho trn H.1.8.
B. Hm sn xut ngn hn
Cc nh kinh t hc s dng khi nim hm sn xut m t s thuc ca sn lng hng
ha (tng s lng sn phm hin vt) ca mt nh sn xut vo cc yu t u vo ca sn xut,
nh vn v lao ng v,v
p = S 1 (Qs )
p = D 1 (Qs )
H.1.8
Trong kinh t hc khi nim ngn hn v di hn khng c xc nh bng mt khong thi
gian c th, m c hiu theo ngha nh sau:
Ngn hn l khong thi gian m t nht mt trong cc yu t sn xut khng thay i. Di
hn l khong thi gian m tt c cc yu t sn xut c th thay i.
Khi phn tch sn xut, ngi ta thng quan tm n hai yu t sn xut quan trng l vn
(capital) v lao ng (labor), c k hiu tng ng l K v L.
Trong ngn hn th K khng thay i, do hm sn xut ngn hn c dng:
Q = f ( L)
14
trong L l lng lao ng c s dng v Q l mc sn lng tng ng. Ch rng ngi

ta xt hm sn xut sn lng Q v cc yu t sn xut K, L c o theo lung (flow), tc l o
theo nh k (hng ngy, hng tun, hng thng, hng nm v,v)
C. Hm doanh thu, hm chi ph v hm li nhun
Tng doanh thu (total revenue), tng chi ph (total cost) v tng li nhun (total profit) ca
nh sn xut ph thuc vo hng ha. Khi phn tch sn xut, cng vi hm sn xut, cc nh
kinh t hc cn s dnh cc hm s:
1. Hm doanh thu l hm s biu din s ph thuc ca tng doanh thu, k hiu TR vo sn
lng Q:
TR = TR(Q)
Chng hn, tng doanh thu ca nh sn xut cnh tranh l hm bc nht:
TR = pQ
trong p l gi sn phm trn th trng.
2. Hm chi ph l hm s biu din s ph thuc ca tng chi ph, k hiu TC vo sn lng Q:
TC = TC(Q)
. 3. Hm li nhun l hm s biu din s ph thuc ca tng li nhun, k hiu vo sn
lng Q:
= (Q)
Hm li nhun c th xc nh thng qua hm doanh thu v hm chi ph:
= TR(Q) TC(Q).
D. Hm tiu dng
Lng tin m ngi tiu dng dnh mua sm hng ha v dch v ph thuc vo thu nhp.
Cc nh kinh t s dng hm tiu dng biu din s ph thuc ca bin tiu dng, k hiu C
(consumption) vo bin thu nhp Y (income):
C = f(Y)
Theo qui lut chung, khi thu nhp tng, ngi ta c xu hng tiu dng nhiu hn, do hm
tiu dng l hm ng bin.
1.2.GII HN CA HM S
1.2.1. Khi nim v gii hn
A. nh ngha gii hn
Ta gi ln cn ca im a
l tp (a) = (a , a + )
Gi A- ln cn ca + l tp A (+) = ( A,+) vi A>0 v kh ln.

Gi B- ln cn ca l tp B () = (, B ) vi B>0 v kh ln.
Cho f xc nh ln cn im a (c th khng xc nh ti a )
1. Ni rng f c gii hn l
l khi x dn n a (gi tt: c gii hn l l ti a) nu
> 0, (a) X , x (a) \ {a} f ( x ) l <

2. Ni rng f c gii hn l + ti a nu
A > 0, (a) X , x (a) \ {a} f ( x ) > A .

15
3. Ni rng f c gii hn l ti a nu f c gii hn l + ti a

l ti + nu
> 0, A (+) X , x A (+) f ( x ) l < .

l ti nu
> 0, B () X , x B () f ( x ) l < .
6. Ni rng f c gii hn l + ti + nu
A > 0, M (+) X , x M (+) f ( x ) > A .

7. Ni rng f c gii hn l ti + nu v ch nu f c gii hn l + ti
+
8. Ni rng f c gii hn l + ti nu
A > 0, M () X , x M () f ( x) > A .
9. Ni rng f c gii hn l ti khi v ch khi f c gii hn l + ti
Khi f ( x ) c gii hn l l ti a hoc ti ni rng f ( x ) c gii hn hu hn ti a hoc ti
. Ngc li f ( x ) c gii hn l , ni rng n c gii hn v hn.

B. nh ngha gii hn mt pha.
1. Ni rng f c gii hn tri ti a l l1 nu
> 0, > 0 ( (a) X ), x ,0 < a x < f ( x ) l1 < .

2. Ni rng f c gii hn phi ti a l l2 nu
> 0, > 0 , x , 0 < x a < f ( x ) l2 < .

K hiu f c gii hn l l ti a thng l:
lim f ( x ) = l
x a
f ( x) l
hoc
x a
Tng t c cc k hiu: lim f ( x) = +, ;

x a
K hiu f c gii hn tri ti a l l1 , thng dng

Tng t
lim f ( x) = l , +,
( )
lim f ( x ) = f a + = l2
x a +
H qu: iu kin cn v lim f ( x ) = l l f (a ) = f (a + ) = l.

x a
1.2.2. Tnh cht ca hm c gii hn.

A. Tnh duy nht ca gii hn
nh l 1.3: Nu lim f ( x ) = l th l l duy nht.
x a
B. Tnh b chn
nh l 1.4: Nu lim f ( x ) = l th f (x ) b chn trong mt ln cn ca a.
x a
Chng minh:
16
( )
lim f ( x ) = f a = l1
x a
Ly = 1, > 0, x (a) \ {a} f ( x ) l < 1.

Hay f ( x ) = f ( x ) l + l f ( x ) l + l 1 + l
Ch :
Trng hp a = +, a = cng chng minh tng t.
nh l o: Hm f (x ) khng b chn trong ln cn ca a th khng c gii hn hu hn
ti a.
Chng hn f ( x ) =
1
1
sin khng c gii hn hu hn ti 0.
x
x
C. Tnh cht th t ca gii hn v nguyn l kp.

nh l 1.5: Cho lim f ( x ) = l . Khi :
x a
1. Nu
c < l th trong ln cn b ca a : c < f ( x )
2. Nu
l < d th trong ln cn b ca a : f ( x ) < d
3. Nu
c < l < d th trong ln cn b ca a : c < f ( x ) < d
Chng minh:
1. = l c > 0, 1 , x 1 (a) \ {a} f ( x ) l < l c c < f ( x )
2. = d l
, 2 , x 2 (a) \ {a} f ( x ) l < d l f ( x ) < d
3. = Min(1,2 ), x (a) \ {a} c < f ( x ) < d

Ch : nh l trn khng cn ng khi thay cc bt ng thc ngt bng cc bt ng thc
khng ngt.
nh l 1.6: Cho lim f ( x ) = l, khi
x a
1. Nu c f (x ) trong ln cn ca a th c l
2. Nu f ( x ) d trong ln cn ca a th l d
3. Nu c f ( x ) d trong ln cn ca a th c l d
Nh vo lp lun phn chng, chng ta thy nh l trn thc cht l h qu ca nh l 1.
nh l 1.7( Nguyn l kp): Cho ba hm s f , g, h tho mn: f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x ) trn X; v
lim f ( x ) = lim h( x ) = l Khi

x a
x a
Chng minh:
lim g ( x ) = l
x a
> 0, 1 ,2 , x :
0 < x a < 1 f ( x ) l <
0 < x a < 2 h( x) l <

Ly = Min(1 ,2 ) th
x X :
f ( x) l <
0 < x a <
h( x) l <
< f ( x ) l g ( x ) l h( x ) l < . Tc l lim g ( x ) = l

x a
Ch : nh l ng vi cc trng hp a = +, a =
17
nh l 1.8: Nu trong ln cn ca a c f ( x ) g ( x ) v lim f ( x ) = + th:

x a
lim g ( x ) = +
x a
Chng minh:
A > 0, 1 , x :
0 < x a < 1 f ( x ) > A
Mt khc 2 , x :
0 < x a < 2 f ( x ) g ( x )
Ly = Min(1 ,2 ), x : 0 < x a < g ( x ) > A chng t g ( x)

x a
Ch :
nh l ng vi trng hp a = +, a =
Tng t c nh l khi f ( x)
xa
D. Cc php tnh i s ca hm s c gii hn

nh l 1.9: (Trng hp gii hn hu hn):
1. f ( x) l f ( x) l
x a
xa
2. f ( x) 0 f ( x) 0
xa
xa
3. f ( x) l1 v g ( x) l2 f ( x) + g ( x) l1 + l2
xa
xa
xa
4. f ( x) l . f ( x) l ,
xa
xa
5. f ( x) 0 v g ( x ) b chn trong ln cn ca a f ( x).g ( x) 0

xa
xa
6. f ( x) l1 v g ( x) l2 f ( x).g ( x) l1.l2
xa
xa
xa
7. f ( x) l1 v g ( x) l2 0
x a
xa
l
f ( x)
1
g ( x ) x a l2
nh l 1.10 (Trng hp gii hn v hn):

1. Nu f ( x) + v g ( x) m trong ln cn ca a th f ( x) + g ( x) +
xa
xa
2. Nu f ( x) + v g ( x) m > 0 trong ln cn ca a th f ( x).g ( x) +

xa
x a
E. Gii hn ca hm hp
Cho f :
nh l 1.11: Nu
X , g:
f (X ) Y
f ( x) b v g ( y ) l th g ( f ( x)) l
x a
y b
xa
Chng minh:
> 0, , y :
, x :
0 < y b < g ( y) l <

0 < x a < f ( x) b <
x : 0 < x a < g ( f ( x)) l < , vy
g ( f ( x)) l
xa
18
F. Gii hn ca hm n iu
nh l 1.12: Cho f :
( a, b) ,
a, b hoc a, b
v l hm tng.
1. Nu f b chn trn bi M th lim f ( x) = M * M

x b
2. Nu f khng b chn trn th lim f ( x) = +

x b
nh l 1.12 c th suy din cho trng hp f ( x) gim trn (a,b).Kt qu cho trn hnh 1.9
f : ( a, b)
Kt lun
Tng v b
f (x) Sup f (x)

xb (ab
,)
chn trn
th
Gim v b
chn di
f (x) Inf f (x)

xb ( a,b)
Gim v b
chn trn
f (x) + Sup f (x)
Tng v b
f ( x) + Inf f ( x)
xa (a,b)
x a
chn di
Tng v khng
b chn trn
f ( x) +
x b
Gim v khng
b chn di
f ( x)
x b
Gim v khng f ( x) + +
xa
b chn trn
Tng v khng f ( x) +
x a
b chn di
H.1.9
19
nh l 1.13: Nu f (x) xc nh ti a v tng ln cn ca a th lun tn ti mt gii hn tri

v mt gii hn phi hu hn ti a ng thi c h bt ng thc:
lim f ( x) f (a ) lim+ f ( x)
xa
xa
Chng minh:
R rng: f (x) tng v b chn trn bi f (a) ln cn bn tri ca a.
f (x) tng v b chn di bi f (a) ln cn bn phi ca a.

Theo nh l 1.12, chng ta nhn c kt qu cn chng minh. Ta c kt qu
tng t khi f gim. Hnh 1.10. m t nh l 1.13.
y
f (a + )
f (a)
f (a )
0
H.1.10
1.2.3. Cc gii hn ng nh
lim
A.
x 0
sin x
x
= lim
=1
x
0
sin x
x
(1.1)

Chng minh: D dng thy c x , \ {0}
2 2
th c bt ng thc kp: cos x <
sin x
< 1.
x
Dng nh ngha chng minh c lim cos x = 1 . Vy suy ra cng thc (1.1)
x 0
1
1
lim 1 + = lim 1 + = e
x +
x
x
x
B.
C.
lim ln x = +,
lim ln x =
x 0 +
x +
Chng minh: V lnx tng trn

Gi s c gii hn hu hn
(1.2)
*
+
nn ti + hm s c gii hn hu hn hoc l + .
l th lim ln x = l = lim ln 2 x.
x +
Tuy nhin ln 2 x = ln 2 + ln x l = l + ln 2 v l.
Vy ln x + .
x +
(1.3)
*
+
ln x = ln
1

x x o+
20
V d 1: Chng minh: lim+ sin x = 0,

x 0
lim
1
=0
x
Gii:
> 0 ( b) x (0) \ {0} c sin x < x .

Ly = , x :
1
1
< x > = A
> 0
Vy A
0 < x < sin x <
*
+
, x :
x > A
2x + 1 3
,
x+2 2
V d 2: Tnh lim
x4
lim
1
1
< . Chng t
0
x x
x
(x
+ 1 x2 1
Gii:
2 x + 1 3 2( x 4).( x 2 + 2)
2.2 2 2
=
= . 2
x
4
2.3
3
x2 2
( x 4).( 2 x + 1 + 3)
2
x2 + 1 x2 1 =
0
2
x + 1 + x 2 1 x
V d 3: Tnh lim
x0
cos x cos 3 x
x2
Gii:
cos x cos 3 x (cos x 1) + (1 cos 3x)

=
=
x2
x2
2 sin 2
x
3x
+ 2 sin 2
2
2
2
x
x
3x
sin 2
sin 2
1
9
2+
2 1 + 9 = 4
=
2
2 x
2 3 x 2 x 0 2 2

2
2
x2
x2 1
V d 4: Tnh lim 2
,
x x + 1
lim (1 + sin x ) x
x 0
Gii:
1+ x 2 2 x 2
2 x 2 +1
x2
x2 1
2
1
=
2
1+ x
x +1
1
(1 + sin x ) x = (1 + sin x ) sin x
e-2
sin x
x
x 0
D. S tn ti gii hn ca cc hm s cp
nh l 1.14: Hm s s cp xc nh ti x0 th lim f ( x) = f ( x0 )
x x0
21
1.3. I LNG V CNG B(VCB) V I LNG V CNG LN(VCL)

1.3.1. i lng VCB
A. nh ngha:
Hm s :
X , gi l i lng VCB ti a nu nh ( x) 0 , a c th l +
x a
hoc -
H qu: tn ti lim f ( x) = l iu kin cn v l hm s ( x) = f ( x) l l VCB ti a.
xa
B. Tnh cht i s ca VCB

Da vo tnh cht i s ca hm c gii hn, nhn c tnh cht i s ca cc VCB
sau y:
1. Nu i ( x), i = 1,2,..., n l cc VCB ti
a th tng
( x) , tch ( x) cng
i
i =1
i =1
VCB ti a
2. Nu (x) l VCB ti a, f (x) b chn trong ln cn ca a th ( x). f ( x) l VCB ti a.
C. So snh cc VCB
Cho ( x), ( x) l cc VCB ti a.
1. Nu
0 th ni rng l VCB cp cao hn ti a, k hiu = o( ) ti a,

xa
cng ni rng l VCB cp thp hn ti a.

2. Nu
c 0 th ni rng , l cc VCB ngang cp ti a.

xa
c bit c = 1 th ni rng , l cc VCB tng ng ti a. Khi k hiu ~ ti a.

R rng nu , ngang cp ti a th tn ti hng s c khc khng : ~ c ti a.
3. Nu = o( k ) th ni rng l VCB c cp cao hn k so vi VCB ti a
4. Nu ~ c k
(c 0) th ni rng l VCB c cp k so vi VCB ti a
= lim 1
xa
xa
1
H qu 1: Nu ~ 1 , ~ 1 ti a th lim
H qu 2: Nu = o( ) ti a th + ~ ti a .
H qu 3: Qui tc ngt b VCB cp cao:
Nu * l VCB cp thp nht trong s cc VCB i , i = 1, m
v * l VCB cp thp nht trong s cc VCB i , i = 1, n ti a . Khi :

m
i =1
xa n
lim
j =1
*
xa *
= lim
Ch : Cc VCB ng nh l:
22
1.
x 0, > 0
2.
a x 0, ( a > 1)
3.
sinx 0,
4.
arctg 0
x 0
a x 0, ( 0 < a < 1)
x 0
x +
tgx 0,
x 0
arcsin x 0
x0
x 0
1.3.2. i lng VCL

A. nh ngha
Hm s A: X
gi l i lng VCL ti a nu nh A( x) + hoc

xa
(a c th l + hoc ).
H qu: A(x) l VCL ti a th cn v l ( x) =
1
l VCB ti a.
A( x)
B. Tnh cht ca VCL

1. Nu Ai ( x), i = 1,2,..., n l cc VCL cng du
(+ )
hay
( )
ti a th tng
A ( x) l VCL mang du ti a.
i =1
Nu Bi ( x), i = 1,2,..., n l cc VCL ti a th tch
B ( x) l VCL ti a
i
i =1
2. Nu A(x) l VCL ti a v f (x) gi nguyn du ti a v ln cn ca n th
A( x). f ( x) l VCL ti a.
C. So snh cc VCL
Cho A( x), B( x) l cc VCL ti a
1. Nu
A( x)
th ni rng A(x) l VCL cp cao hn B(x) ti a, hay B l
B ( x) x a
VCL c cp thp hn A ti a
2. Nu
A( x)
c 0 th ni rng A, B l VCL ngang cp ti a.
B ( x) x a
c bit c = 1 th ni rng A, B l cc VCL tng ng ti a, k hiu A ~ B ti a.

H qu 1: Nu A ~ A1 , B ~ B1 ti a th lim
xa
A( x)
A ( x)
= lim 1
x
a
B( x)
B1 ( x)
H qu 2: Nu A(x) l VCL cp cao hn B(x) ti a th A + B ~ A .

H qu 3: Qui tc ngt b cc VCL cp thp:
Nu A* l cc VCL cp cao nht trong s cc VCL Ai ( x), i = 1,2,..., m v B* l VCL
cp cao nht trong s cc VCL B j ( x), j = 1,2,..., n ti a th ta c
23
m
A ( x)
i =1
xa n
lim
B ( x)
j =1
A* ( x)
= lim *
x a B ( x)
Ch : Cc VCL sau y thng hay dng:

1. x + ,
x +
( > 0 )
2. a x + , ( a > 1)
a x + , ( 0 < a < 1)
x +
3. log a x + , ( a > 1)
log a x + + , ( 0 < a < 1)
4. log a x + , ( a > 1)
log a x , ( 0 < a < 1)
x +
x 0
x +
x 0
V d 5: Tnh lim sin x. cos ,

x0
x
lim
sin x
x
1
1
1 lim sin x.cos = 0
x 0
x 0
x
x
1
sin x
0, sin x 1 lim
=0
x
x x
x
sinx 0, cos
Gii:
tg 2 x x 3
x 0 sin 2 x
sin 2 x
,
x 0 sin 4 x
V d 6: Tnh lim
Gii:
lim
sin 2 x ~ 2 x
sin 2 x
2x 1
= lim
=
lim
x 0 sin 4 x
x 0 4 x
sin 4 x ~ 4 x
2
tg 2 x x 3
x2
tg 2 x ~ x 2 , sin 2 x ~ x 2 lim
=
lim
=1
x 0 sin 2 x
x0 x2
x2 + x 1
,
x 2 x 2 2
V d 7: Tm lim
Gii:
x2 + x + 1
,
x
x3 + 2
x2 + 1
x x2 1
lim
lim
1
x2 + x 1
x2
lim
=
=
x 2 x 2 2
x 2 x2
2
lim
x2 + 1
x2
=
lim
=1
x x 2 1
x x 2
x2 + x + 1
x2
1
=
lim
= lim = 0
3
3
x
x x
x x
x +2
lim
lim
1.4. S LIN TC CA HM S
1.4.1. Cc khi nim c bn
A. Hm lin tc ti mt im
Cho f :
v a X . Ni rng f (x) lin tc ti a nu
lim f ( x) = f (a ) hay lim f ( x) = f ( lim x)

xa
Tc l > 0, > 0, x :
xa
xa
x a < f ( x) f (a) <
B. Hm lin tc mt pha ti a
Cho f :
X , a X . Ni rng hm f lin tc bn tri ti a nu

24
lim f ( x) = f (a ) = f (a )
xa
Hm f lin tc bn phi ti a nu
lim f ( x) = f (a + ) = f (a )
xa +
H qu: hm f ( x) lin tc ti a iu kin cn v l:
f (a ) = f (a + ) = f (a)
C. Hm lin tc trn mt khong
1. Hm f ( x) lin tc ti mi im x X th ni rng n lin tc trn tp X .
2. Hm f ( x) lin tc trn khong m (a,b) v lin tc tri ti b, lin tc phi ti a ni rng
n lin tc trn [a,b]
D. im gin on ca hm s
1. Nu f (x) khng lin tc ti a, ni rng f (x) c im gin on ti x = a .
2. Nu a l im gin on v f (a ), f (a + ) l cc s hu hn th gi x = a l im gin
on loi 1 ca hm s v gi h f (a ) = f (a + ) f (a ) l bc nhy ca f (x) ti a.
H qu: Nu f ( x) tng (gim) ln cn im a khi f ( x) lin tc ti a khi v ch khi
h f (a ) = 0 . iu ny suy ra t nh l 1.13 ca hm s n iu.

3. Nu a l im gin on ca f ( x) v khng phi l im gin on loi 1 th ni rng
f ( x) c im gin on loi 2 ti x = a .
Cc nh ngha trn c m t trn hnh 1.11.
y
a1
a2
loi 1
a3
a4
loi 2
a1
a2
a3
lin tc tng khc

H.1.11
E. Hm lin tc tng khc

Hm f :
[ a, b ]
a, b .
Ni rng hm f lin tc tng khc trn [a, b] nu nh ch c mt s hu hn cc im

gin on loi 1 ca hm s trn on .
25
1.4.2. Cc php ton i s ca hm lin tc
a X ,
X ,
nh l 1.15: Cho f , g :
1. Nu f ( x) lin tc ti a th f ( x) lin tc ti a.
2. Nu f ( x), g ( x) cng lin tc ti a th f ( x) + g ( x) lin tc ti a.
3. Nu f (x) lin tc ti a th f (x) lin tc ti a.
4. Nu f ( x), g ( x) lin tc ti a th f ( x).g ( x) lin tc ti a.
5. Nu f ( x), g ( x) lin tc ti a v g ( x) 0 th
f ( x)
lin tc ti a.
g ( x)
X
a X,
g:
Y v f ( X ) Y . Nu f (x) lin
tc ti a v g ( y ) lin tc ti b = f (a ) th hm hp g ( f ( x)) lin tc ti a.
nh l 1.16: Cho f :
Chng minh tng t nh chng minh nh l v gii hn ca hm hp.

Ch :
nh l 1.16 cng c pht biu tng t cho f lin tc trn X v g lin tc trn Y.
S dng nh l 1.16, nhn c cc gii hn quan trng di y:
V khi tha mn nh l 1.16 th lim g ( f ( x)) = g (lim f ( x)) do :

xa
lim
log a (1 + x)
= log a e
x
(1.4)
lim
ln(1 + x)
=1
x
(1.5)
x 0
c bit
xa
x 0
ax 1
= ln a,
x 0
x
lim
(0 < a 1)
(1.6)
Tht vy gi y = a x 1 x = log a ( y + 1) . Theo (1.4) s c:
ax 1
y
1
lim
= lim
=
= ln a
0
x 0
y
x
log a (1 + y ) log a e
lim
x 0
(1 + x ) 1 =
(1.7)
Gi y = ( x + 1) 1 ln(1 + x) = ln(1 + y )
(
y ( x)
1 + x) 1
lim
= lim
= lim
x0
x 0
y
ln( x + 1)
=
x 0 ln( y + 1)
x
T trn d dng nhn c nh l sau:

nh l 1.17: Mi hm s s cp xc nh ti x = a th lin tc ti a.
1.4.3. Tnh cht ca hm s lin tc trn mt on
Cho f :
[ a, b ]
l lin tc, a < b .
A.Tnh tr mt ca hm s lin tc
nh l 1.18: Nu f (x) lin tc trn [a, b] v f (a ). f (b) < 0 th tn ti c (a, b ) f (c) = 0
26
Chng minh: Thc hin phng php chia i on [a, b] . Nu trong qu trnh chia i tm
c im c s dng li. Nu khng tm c c th nhn c dy cc on lng nhau ([an , bn ])
trong f (an ) < 0, f (bn ) > 0 v bn an =
ba
.
2n
Suy ra lim f (an ) = f ( lim an ) = f (c) 0 v lim f (bn ) = f ( lim bn ) = f (c) 0

n
trong c (a, b) . Vy f (c) = 0 .

nh l 1.19: Nu f (x) lin tc trn [a, b] khi f (x) nhn gi tr trung gian
gia f (a) v f (b) , ngha l: [ f ( a ), f (b)], c [a, b], f (c) =
Chng minh :
nh l ng vi = f (a ) hoc = f (b) .
Gi s f (a ) < f (b) v xt f (a ) < < f (b). t g ( x) = f ( x) lin tc trn [a, b] v
g (a) < 0, g (b) > 0 . Theo nh l 1.18 th tn ti c (a, b) g (c) = 0 hay f (c) = .
B.Tnh b chn ca hm s lin tc
nh l 1.20: Hm s f (x) lin tc trn [a, b] th t c gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn
[a, b] , ngha l:
xm , xM [a, b],
x [a, b] c f ( xm ) f ( x) f ( xM )
Chng ta khng chng minh nh l ny.
TM TT NI DUNG CHNG I
Cc khi nim v tnh cht c bn v hm s: nh ngha hm s, hm s tun hon,
hm s chn, l, hm s hp, hm s ngc, hm s cho di dang tng minh, dng n,
dng tham s. Tnh cht c bn ca hm s: n iu, b chn.
Cc hm s s cp c bn: hm s ly tha, hm s m, hm s lgarit, hm s lng
gic, hm s lng gic ngc, a thc, hm hu t. Hm s s cp.
Cc hm s c dng trong phn tch kinh t
nh ngha gii hn ca hm s tng ng vi cc qu trnh
Chng hn, f c gii hn l
l khi x dn n a (gi tt: c gii hn l l ti a) nu
> 0, (a) X , x (a) \ {a} f ( x ) l <
Tnh cht ca hm c gii hn.

A. Tnh duy nht ca gii hn
Nu lim f ( x ) = l th l l duy nht.
x a
B. Tnh b chn
Nu lim f ( x ) = l th f ( x ) b chn trong mt ln cn ca a.
x a
C. Tnh cht th t ca gii hn v nguyn l kp.

27
Cho lim f ( x ) = l . Khi :

x a
1. Nu
c < l th trong ln cn b ca a : c < f ( x )
2. Nu
l < d th trong ln cn b ca a : f ( x ) < d
3. Nu
c < l < d th trong ln cn b ca a : c < f ( x ) < d
4. Nu c f ( x ) trong ln cn ca a th c l
5. Nu f ( x ) d trong ln cn ca a th l d
6. Nu c f ( x ) d trong ln cn ca a th c l d
Cho ba hm s f , g, h tho mn: f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x ) trn X; lim f ( x ) = lim h( x ) = l
xa
x a
lim g ( x ) = l
khi
x a
7. Nu trong ln cn ca a c f ( x ) g ( x ) v lim f ( x ) = + th:

x a
lim g ( x ) = +
x a
D. Cc php tnh i s ca hm s c gii hn

(Trng hp gii hn hu hn):
1. f ( x) l f ( x) l
xa
xa
2. f ( x) 0 f ( x) 0
xa
xa
3. f ( x) l1 v g ( x) l2 f ( x) + g ( x) l1 + l2
xa
x a
x a
4. f ( x) l . f ( x) l ,
x a
xa
5. f ( x) 0 v g (x ) b chn trong ln cn ca a f ( x).g ( x) 0

x a
xa
6. f ( x) l1 v g ( x) l2 f ( x).g ( x) l1.l2
xa
x a
x a
7. f ( x) l1 v g ( x) l2 0
xa
xa
l
f ( x)
1
x
a
g ( x)
l2
(Trng hp gii hn v hn):

1 .Nu f ( x) + v g ( x) m trong ln cn ca a th f ( x) + g ( x) +
xa
xa
2. Nu f ( x) + v g ( x) m > 0 trong ln cn ca a th f ( x).g ( x) +

xa
xa
E. Gii hn ca hm s hp
Nu
f ( x) b v g ( y ) l th g ( f ( x)) l
x a
xa
y b
F. Gii hn ca hm s b chn
Cho f :
( a, b) ,
a, b hoc a, b
v l hm tng.
3. Nu f b chn trn bi M th lim f ( x) = M * M

x b
28
4. Nu f khng b chn trn th lim f ( x) = +

x b
G. Gii hn ca hm s s cp
Hm s s cp xc nh ti x0 th lim f ( x) = f ( x0 )
x x0
Cc gii hn ng nh
x
sin x
= lim
=1
x
0
x
sin x
1.
lim
2.
1
1
lim 1 + = lim 1 + = e
x +
x
x
x
x0
lim ln x = +,
3.
lim ln x =
x 0 +
x +
log a (1 + x)
= log a e
x0
x
4.
lim
5.
ax 1
lim
= ln a,
x0
x
c bit
ln(1 + x)
=1
x0
x
lim
(0 < a 1)
i lng VCB
A. nh ngha:
nh x :
X , gi l i lng VCB ti a (trong qu trnh x dn v a) nu nh
( x) 0 , a c th l + ( hoc - )
x a
tn ti lim f ( x) = l iu kin cn v l hm s ( x) = f ( x) l l VCB ti a.

xa
B. Tnh cht i s ca VCB

1. Nu i ( x), i = 1,2,..., n l cc VCB ti
a th tng
i ( x) , tch
i =1
( x) cng
i
i =1
VCB ti a
2. Nu (x) l VCB ti a, f (x) b chn trong ln cn ca a th ( x). f ( x) l VCB ti a.
C. So snh cc VCB
1. Nu
0 th ni rng l VCB cp cao hn ti a, k hiu = o( ) ti a, cng

xa
ni rng l VCB cp thp hn ti a.

2 .Nu
c 0 th ni rng , l cc VCB ngang cp ti a.

xa
c = 1 th ni rng , l cc VCB tng ng ti a. Khi k hiu ~ ti a.

R rng nu , ngang cp ti a th tn ti hng s c khc khng ~ c ti a.
3. Nu = o( k ) th ni rng l VCB c cp cao hn k so vi VCB ti a
4. Nu ~ c k
(c 0) th ni rng l VCB c cp k so vi VCB ti a
29
5. Nu ~ 1 , ~ 1 ti a th lim
xa
= lim 1
x
6. Nu = o( ) ti a th + ~ ti a .
7. Qui tc ngt b VCB cp cao:
Nu * l VCB cp thp nht trong s cc VCB i , i = 1, m
v * l VCB cp thp nht trong s cc VCB i , i = 1, n ti a . Khi :

m
i =1
xa n
lim
j =1
*
= lim *
xa
i lng VCL
A. nh ngha
nh x A: X
gi l i lng VCL ti a (trong qu trnh x dn v a)nu nh
A( x) + hoc ,(a c th l + hoc ).

xa
A( x) l VCL ti a th cn v l ( x) =
1
l VCB ti a.
A( x)
B. Tnh cht ca VCL

1. Nu Ai ( x), i = 1,2,..., n l cc VCL cng du (+ ) hay ( ) ti a th tng
n
A ( x) l VCL mang du ti a.
i =1
2. Nu Bi ( x), i = 1,2,..., n l cc VCL ti a th tch
B ( x) l VCL ti a
i
i =1
3. Nu A(x) l VCL ti a v f (x) gi nguyn du ti a v ln cn ca n th
A( x). f ( x) l VCL ti a.
C. So snh cc VCL
Cho A( x), B( x) l cc VCL ti a
1. Nu
A( x)
th ni rng A( x) l VCL cp cao hn B( x) ti a, hay B l
B ( x) x a
VCL c cp thp hn A ti a
2. Nu
A( x)
c 0 th ni rng A, B l VCL ngang cp ti a.
B ( x) x a
c = 1 th ni rng A, B l cc VCL tng ng ti a, k hiu A ~ B ti a.
A( x)
A ( x)
= lim 1
x a B( x)
x a B ( x)
1
3. Nu A ~ A1 , B ~ B1 ti a th lim
4. Nu A(x) l VCL cp cao hn B(x) ti a th A + B ~ A .

30
5. Qui tc ngt b cc VCL cp thp:

Nu A* l cc VCL cp cao nht trong s cc VCL Ai ( x), i = 1,2,..., m v B* l VCL
cp cao nht trong s cc VCL B j ( x), j = 1,2,..., n ti a th ta c
m
A ( x)
i =1
xa n
lim
B ( x)
j =1
A* ( x)
x a B* ( x)
= lim
Cc khi nim c bn v s lien tc ca hm s

A. Hm lin tc ti mt im
Cho f :
v a X . Ni rng f (x) lin tc ti a nu
lim f ( x) = f (a ) hay lim f ( x) = f ( lim x)

xa
xa
Tc l > 0, > 0, x :
xa
x a < f ( x) f (a) <
B. Hm lin tc mt pha ti a
Cho f :
X , a X . Ni rng hm f lin tc bn tri ti a nu

lim f ( x) = f (a ) = f (a )
xa
Hm f lin tc bn phi ti a nu
lim f ( x) = f (a + ) = f (a )
xa +
hm f (x) lin tc ti a iu kin cn v l:
f (a ) = f (a + ) = f (a)
C. im gin on ca hm s
1.Nu f (x) khng lin tc ti a, ni rng f (x) c im gin on ti x = a .
2.Nu a l im gin on v f (a ), f (a + ) l cc s hu hn th gi x = a l im gin on
loi 1 ca hm s v gi h f (a ) = f (a + ) f (a ) l bc nhy ca f (x) ti a.
Nu f (x) tng (gim) ln cn im a khi f (x) lin tc ti a khi v ch khi h f (a ) = 0 .
D. Cc php ton i s ca hm lin tc
2 Nu f ( x), g ( x) cng lin tc ti a th f ( x) + g ( x) lin tc ti a.
4. Nu f ( x), g ( x) lin tc ti a th f ( x).g ( x) lin tc ti a.
5. Nu f ( x), g ( x) lin tc ti a v g ( x) 0 th
6. Cho f :
a X,
g:
f ( x)
lin tc ti a.
g ( x)
Y
31
v f ( X ) Y . Nu f (x) lin tc ti a
v g ( y ) lin tc ti b = f (a ) th hm hp g ( f ( x)) lin tc ti a.

7. Mi hm s s cp xc nh ti x = a th lin tc ti a.
E.Tnh cht ca hm s lin tc trn mt on
1 .Nu f (x) lin tc trn [a, b] v f (a). f (b) < 0 th tn ti c (a, b ) f (c) = 0
2. Nu f (x) lin tc trn [a, b] khi f (x) nhn gi tr trung gian gia f (a ) v f (b) ,
ngha l:
[ f (a ), f (b)], c [a, b], f (c) =
3. Hm s f (x) lin tc trn [a, b] th t c gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn [a, b] ,

ngha l:
xm , xM [a, b],
x [a, b] c f ( xm ) f ( x) f ( xM )
CU HI V BI TP CHNG I
1.1. Hm s khng xc nh ti a th khng c gii hn ti a?
ng
Sai
1.2. Hm s b chn ti ln cn im a th c gii hn ti a?

ng
Sai
1.3. Hm s khng b chn ti ln cn im a th c gii hn ti a l v cng?

ng
Sai
1.4. Tng hoc tch v hn cc hm s c gii hn hu hn ti a l hm c gii hn ti a?

ng
Sai
1.5. Tng hoc tch hai hm s khng c gii hn hu hn ti a l hm khng c gii hn ti a?

ng
Sai
1.6. Hm s c gii hn tri v phi ti im a th c gii hn ti a ?

ng
Sai
1.7. Tch v hn cc VCB cng l mt VCB?

ng
Sai
1.8. Tng v hn cc VCB cng l mt VCB?

ng
Sai
1.9. Tng hu hn cc VCL cng l mt VCL?

ng
Sai
1.10. Hm s lin tc ti im a th c gii hn ti a?

ng
Sai
32
1.11. Hm s lin tc tri v phi ti im a th lin tc ti a?

ng
Sai
1.12. Hm s xc nh ti im a th lin tc ti a?
ng
Sai
1.13. Hm s lin tc trn khong m (a,b) th b chn trn khong ?

ng
Sai
1.14. Hm s lin tc trn khong m (a,b) th khng th c GTNN, GTLN trn khong ?
ng
Sai
1.15. Hm s lin tc trn khong (a,b) v f (a) f (b) > 0 th v nghim trn khong ?
ng
Sai
1
), f (1), f (10) .
10
f ( x) = arccos(lgx) . Tnh f (
1.16. Cho hm s
1.17. Tm min xc nh v min gi tr ca cc hm s:

a. f ( x) = 2 x ,
b. g ( x) =
c. h( x) =
d. k ( x ) =
x2 x ,
1
,
x +1
2
2 x .
1.18. Xt xem hm s c chn hoc l khng v phc ho th ca n.

a. f ( x ) =
b. g ( x) =
x ,
1
c. h( x ) =
4 x2
x 2 2x + 1 ,
d. k ( x ) = x + x 2 .
1.19. Xt xem hm s no tun hon v tm chu k ca n

a. f ( x ) = 10 sin 3 x ,
b. g ( x) = sin x ,
c. h( x) =
d.
tgx ,
k ( x) = sin x .
1.20. Tm hm ngc ca cc hm s sau:

a. y = 2 x + 3 ,
b.
c. y = 1 x ,
d. y = ln
1.21.
y = x 2 1, x < 0 ,
x
,
2
Tm cc gii hn
a. lim
x2
(x
(x
x2
20
12 x + 16
10
x + x 2 + ... + x n n
,
x 1
x 1
b. lim
33
x100 2 x + 1
,
x 1 x 50 2 x + 1
c. lim
1.22.
xa
x+ x+ x
,
x +1
x +
x +
b. lim
1 + x .n 1 + x 1
.
x
sin x sin a
,
xa
xa
b. lim
1 + tgx 1 + sin x
,
x3
1 cos x. cos 2 x. cos 3x

,
x0
1 cos x
d. lim
cos x 3 cos x
.
sin 2 x
m
x 0
1 + x n 1 + x
,
x
x 2
,
x4 x 5x + 4
b. lim
x +
x3 + x 2 1 x .
Tm cc gii hn
3x x + 1
a. lim 2
x + 2 x + x + 1
x2
1 x
x 1
c. lim(1 2 x ) x ,
x 2 1 x +1
,
b. lim 2
x x + 1
d. lim cos x x .
x0
x0
Tnh gii hn cc hm s sau

a. lim (sin x )
tgx
b. lim [sin ln( x + 1) sin ln x ],
x +
ex e x
,
x 0 sin x sin x
c. lim
1.28.
x0
Tm cc gii hn
a. lim
1.27.
x0
x0
c. lim
1.26.
Tm cc gii hn
a. lim
1.25.
x +3 x +4 x
.
2x + 1
b. lim
Tm cc gii hn
a. lim
1.24.
a n na n 1 ( x a )
.
( x a) 2
Tm cc gii hn
a. lim
1.23.
(x
d. lim
d. lim n 2
n
x n +1 x ,
x > 0.
Tnh gii hn cc hm s sau
a. lim 1 + x
x0
2
2 cot g x
(
(
)
)
1 + tgx sin x
b. lim
,
x 0 1 + sin x
ln 2 + e3 x
.
c. lim
x ln 3 + e 2 x
1.29.
Xt s lin tc ca cc hm s sau:
a. f ( x) = x ,
( x 2 4 ) ( x 2 )
b. f ( x) =
A
34
x2
x=2
1 1
1.30. Hm f (x) lin tc trn [0,1] v ch nhn gi tr hu t v f = .
2 2
Hy tnh
1.31. Chng minh rng mi phng trnh i s bc l c t nht mt nghim thc.
35
Chng2: Php tnh vi phn hm s mt bin s
CHNG II: O HM V VI PHN

MC CH, YU CU
Php tnh vi phn ca hm mt bin s gn lin vi php tnh o hm ca hm s. Khi
nim o hm l mt trong nhng t tng quan trng nht ca gii tch. Trong chng I, chng
ta t vn xem xt hm s, nhng vn ct li ca hm s l tc bin thin ca n
cha c xt n. Nh vo khi nim o hm ngi ta c th kho st ton din mt i lng
bin thin. Khi nim o hm gn lin vi cc i lng vt l: vn tc ti thi im t ca mt
vt chuyn ng, nhit dung ca vt th nhit to, cng dng in,v.v...; gn lin vi cc
hin tng ho hc: tc phn ng ho hc thi im t; gn lin vi cc bi ton kinh t x
hi: tc tng trng kinh t, phng n ti u trong giao thng, trong sn xut kinh doanh,
v.v....
Cc ni dung c bn cn nm vng gm:
1. Phn bit cc khi nim: o hm, vi phn, tnh kh vi ca hm s. ngha ca chng.
2. Nm vng cc qui tc tnh o hm, vi phn ca hm s da vo: bng o hm cc hm s
s cp c bn; cc tnh cht ca hm s kh vi, c bit cng thc o hm ca hm s hp.
3. Cng thc o hm v vi phn cp cao ca cc hm s s cp c bn, t nhn c cng
thc Taylor ca chng. ngha ca cng thc Taylor.
4. ng dng o hm: kh cc dng bt nh (qui tc Lpitan), xt s bin thin ca hm s,
tm cc tr ca hm s, tm im un v xt tnh li hoc lm ca hm s.
NI DUNG
2.1. O HM
T nay v sau ta coi rng f : X , X v X khng thu v mt im, tc l X l
khong no trn , v X l tp cc nh x ni trn, cn C f l th ca hm s f .
2.1.1. o hm ti mt im
2.1.1.1. nh ngha o hm ti mt im
Cho a X , a + h X , f X . Ni rng f kh vi ti a nu tn ti gii hn hu hn
lim
h 0
f ( a + h) f ( a )
h
Gii hn ny thng k hiu f ' (a) hay
df
(a ) gi l o hm ca f ti a.
dx
Nu cho hm y = f ( x) th o hm ca hm s ti a cn c k hiu y '(a)

36
T s
f (a + h) f (a ) f (a)
gi l t s ca cc s gia hm s v s gia i s.
=
h
x
2.1.1.2. nh ngha o hm mt pha

Cho a X , a + h X . Ni rng f kh vi phi ti a nu tn ti gii hn hu hn
1.
lim+
h 0
f ( a + h) f ( a )
h
Gii hn ny k hiu l f p ' (a ) , gi l o hm phi ca f ti a.

Cho a X , a + h X . Ni rng f kh vi tri ti a nu tn ti gii hn hu hn
2.
lim
h 0
f ( a + h) f ( a )
h
Gii hn ny k hiu l f t ' (a ) , gi l o hm tri ca f ti a.

H qu 1: f kh vi ti a iu kin cn v l f kh vi tri v phi ti a ng thi
f t ' (a ) = f p ' (a ) = f ' (a )

H qu 2: (iu kin cn ca hm kh vi): Nu f kh vi ti a th f lin tc ti a
Chng minh: Ly h * a + h X , ( * c k hiu tp cc s thc khc khng)
r rng f (a + h) = f (a ) + h.
m
f (a + h) f (a )
h
f ( a + h) f ( a )
f '(a ) f (a + h) f (a) . Chng t f lin tc ti a.
h 0
h0
h
Ch :
1. f c th lin tc ti a nhng khng kh vi ti a chng hn cc hm di y v th ca
chng trn hnh 2.1. m t iu
f cho bi f ( x) = x . lin tc ti 0 nhng khng kh vi ti 0 v
h
h
khng c
gii hn khi h 0 , y ta thy: f t ' (0) = 1 1 = f p ' (0)
f + cho bi f ( x) =
x lin tc ti 0 nhng khng kh vi ti 0 v vi h *+
h
1
=
+ ( + c k hiu tp cc s khng m)
h
h h 0+
x.sin ,
f cho bi f ( x) =
x
0

x0
x=0
37
lin tc ti 0 v f ( x) x 0 = f (0) nhng khng kh vi v

x 0
1
h = sin 1
h
h
h.sin
khng c gii hn khi h 0
x
x
f (x)
H.2.1
1. Nu f kh vi phi (hoc tri) ti a th f lin tc phi (hoc tri) ti a.
2. Nu f kh vi phi v tri ti a th f lin tc ti a.
2.1.1.3. ngha hnh hc ca o hm
Nu f kh vi ti a th tn ti tip tuyn ca th C f ti im A(a, f (a)) . Tip tuyn
ny khng song song vi trc 0y v c h s gc l f ' (a) .
Trng hp f khng kh vi ti a m tn ti f t ' (a ) v f p ' (a ) . Lc gi im
A(a, f (a)) C f l im gc ca C f ,v hai bn tip tuyn ti A khng song song vi nhau.

Trng hp f khng kh vi ti a nhng c
f ( a + h) f ( a )
+ hoc
h 0+
h
f ( a + h) f ( a )
+ hoc th ti A(a, f (a)) ng cong C f c mt
h 0
h
bn tip tuyn song song vi Oy. Hnh 2.2. m t cc ni dung trn.
hoc
38
Cf
Cf
f (a )
f (a )
H.2.2
2.1.1.4. ngha c hc ca o hm
Cho cht im chuyn ng ti thi im t c nh v bi vc t bn knh r (t )
(Xem hnh 2.3.)
z
G
r (t )
O
y
H.2.3
Gi r = r (t ) l phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im.

Gi s ti thi im t1 ,t2 vc t bn knh ca cht im l r (t1 ), r (t2 )
Gi vTB =
r
t2 t1
r (t2 ) r (t1 )
l vn tc trung bnh t thi im t1 n t2
t2 t1
39
Vn tc tc thi v(t1 ) ca cht im ti thi im t1 s l gii hn ca t s trn khi
t2 t1 0
G
G
G
r (t2 ) r (t1 ) G
v(t1 ) = lim
= r (t1 )
t2 t1
t2 t1
Vy vn tc tc thi ca cht im chnh bng o hm ca vc t bn knh theo thi gian t.
2.1.1.5. ngha ca o hm i vi cc bi ton kinh t
Xt m hnh hm s:
y = f ( x)
Trong x v y l cc bin s kinh t (ta coi bin c lp x l bin s u vo v bin s ph
thuc y l bin s u ra). Trong kinh t hc ngi ta quan tm n xu hng bin thin ca bin
ph thuc y ti mt im x0 khi bin c lp x thay i mt lng nh. Chng hn, khi xt m
hnh sn xut Q = f ( L) ngi ta thng quan tm n s lng sn phm hin vt tng thm khi
s dng thm mt n v lao ng
Khi hm s kh vi ti x0 v khi x = 1 suy ra y f / ( x0 ) . Nh vy, o hm f / ( x0 ) biu din
xp x lng thay i gi tr ca bin s y khi bin s x tng thm mt n v. Trong kinh t hc,
cc nh kinh t gi f / ( x0 ) l gi tr y cn bin ca x ti im x0 . i vi mi hm kinh t, gi
tr cn bin c tn gi c th nh sau:
i vi m hnh hm sn xut Q = f ( L) th f / ( L0 ) c gi l sn phm hin vt cn bin

ca lao ng ti L0 . Sn phm hin vt cn bin ca lao ng c k MPPL (hiu l Marginal
Physical Product of labor):
MPPL = f / ( L) . Ti mi im L, MPPL cho bit xp x lng sn
phm hin vt gia tng khi s dng thm mt n v lao ng.
i vi m hnh hm doanh thu TR = TR(Q) th TR / (Q0 ) gi l doanh thu cn bin ti im

Q0 . Doanh thu cn bin c k hiu l MR (Marginal Revenue): MR = TR / (Q ) . Ti mi mc
sn lng Q, MR cho bit xp x lng doanh thu tng thm khi xut thm mt n v sn phm.
i vi doanh nghip cnh tranh ta c: TR = pQ MR = p (p l gi sn phm trn th trng).
i vi m hnh hm chi ph TC = TC (Q) th TC / (Q0 ) c gi l chi ph cn bin ti im

Q0 . Chi ph cn bin c k hiu l MC (Marginal Ccst)): MC = TC / (Q ) . Ti mi mc sn
lng Q, MC cho bit xp x lng chi ph tng thm khi sn xut thm mt n v sn phm
i vi hm tiu dng C = C (Y ) th C / (Y0 ) c gi l xu hng tiu dng cn bin ti Y0 .

Xu hng tiu dng cn bin c k hiu l MPC (Marginal Propensity to Consume):
MPC = C / (Y ) . Ti mi mc thu nhp Y, MPC l s o xp x lng tiu dng gia tng khi c
thm $1 thu nhp.
40
Chng hn, hm sn xut ca mt doanh nghip l Q = 5 L . mc s dng L = 100 n v

lao ng (chng hn 100 gi lao ng mt tun), mc sn lng tng ng l Q = 50 sn phm.
Sn phm cn bin ca lao ng ti im L = 100 s l:
MPPL = Q / =
5
2 L
= 0, 25 (khi L = 100)
iu ny c ngha l khi tng mc s dng lao ng hng tun t 100 ln 101 th sn lng hng
tun s tng thm khong 0,25 n v hin vt.
2.1.2. Cc php tnh i s ca cc hm kh vi ti mt im
nh l 2.1: Cho f v g kh vi ti a khi :
1. f + g kh vi ti a v ( f + g )' (a ) = f ' (a ) + g ' (a )
2. , f kh vi ti a v (f )' (a ) = . f ' (a )
3. f .g kh vi ti a v ( f .g )' (a) = f ' (a).g (a) + f (a).g ' (a)
f
4. Nu g (a ) 0 th
kh vi ti a v
g
'
f
f ' (a).g (a) f (a).g ' (a)
( a) =
.
g 2 (a)
g
nh l 2.2: (o hm ca hm hp).
Cho a X , f : X , g : Y vi f ( X ) Y . Nu f kh vi ti a v g kh vi ti
f (a) th hm hp gof kh vi ti a v
( gof )' (a) = g ' ( f (a) ). f ' (a).
(2.1)
nh l 2.3: (o hm ca hm ngc).
Gi s f : X n iu ngt v lin tc trn X kh vi ti a X v f ' (a) 0
Khi hm ngc ca f l f 1 : f ( X ) kh vi ti f (a ) v
( f ) ( f (a ) ) =
1 '
1
f ' (a)
(2.2)
Nu gi C f 1 l th ca hm f 1 th cc tip tuyn ti A(a, f (a ) ) C f v
A' ( f (a), a ) C f 1 i xng vi nhau qua ng phn gic ca gc phn t th I v III

Hnh 2.4. m t iu
41
C f 1
Cf
f ' (a) 0
f ' (a ) = 0
H.2.4
2.1.3. o hm trn mt khong (nh x o hm)

A.nh ngha: Cho f X kh vi ti mi im x (a, b)
K hiu nh x f ' : (a, b)
x 6 f ' ( x)
l nh x o hm hay o hm ca f (x) trn (a,b) thng k hiu f ' ( x) hay
df
( x), x (a, b) . Cng ni rng f ( x) kh vi trn (a, b) X
dx
B.Cc tnh cht
Cc nh l di y suy ra mt cch d dng t cc nh l mc 3.12.
nh l 2.4: Cho f , g : X kh vi trn X , (tc l (a, b) = X ) khi .
1. f + g kh vi trn X v ( f + g )' = f '+ g '
2. , f kh vi trn X v (f )' = f '
(2.3)
3. f .g kh vi trn X v ( f .g )' = f ' g + fg '

'
f
f
f ' g fg '
4. g ( x) 0 trn X th
kh vi trn X v =
g
g2
g
Bng mt php qui np n gin, nhn c:
Nu n * v f1 , f 2 ,..., f n kh vi trn X th
n
i =1
'
n
n
f i kh vi trn X v f i = f i '
i =1 i =1
42

'
f
X
kh
vi
trn
v
f
=
f1 ... f k 1 f k' f k +1 ... f n
i
i
i =1
i =1 k =1
n
nh l 2.5: Cho f X v g Y . Nu f kh vi trn X v g kh vi trn f ( X ) th gof kh

vi trn X v
( gof )' = ( g ' of ) f '
(2.1)
M rng (hogof )' = (h' ogof )( g ' of ) f '

nh l 2.6: Cho f X n iu ngt trn X , kh vi trn X v f ' ( x) 0 trn X khi
f 1 kh vi trn f ( X ) v
( f 1 )' =
1
f'
(2.2)
2.1.4. o hm ca cc hm s thng thng

A. Hm s m
Cho f ( x) = a x ,
f :
h
f ( x + h) f ( x ) a x + h a x
x a 1
=
=a
a x ln a (nh vo cng thc (1.6))
h
h
h
Vy hm m kh vi trn . c bit (e x )' = e x
(2.4)
B. Hm s lgarit
*
Cho f ( x) = log a x = y, f + . Hm ngc x = a y
x' = a y ln a y ' =
c bit y = ln x th y '=
1
1
=
a ln a x ln a
(2.5)
1
x
C. Hm lu tha
*
Cho f ( x) = x = y, , f + ly logarit c 2 v s c
ln y = ln x
S dng o hm ca hm hp ta c
1
y'
= y ' = x 1
y
x
(2.6)
Trng hp x 0 tu theo biu thc x 1 xc nh th ta vn c y ' = x 1

43
D. Hm lng gic
Cho f ( x) = sin x, f [ 1,1]
sin( x + h) sin x
cosh 1
sinh
+ cos x
= sin x
h
h
h
h
2 + cos x sinh
h
h
2 sin 2
= sin x
2sin 2
sinh
Theo cng thc (1.1) suy ra
1,
h h 0
Vy
h
2 0
h 0
(sin x) ' = cos x, x
(2.7)
Tng t c th ch ra f ( x) = cos x cng kh vi trn
v cos x = sin x + (cos x)' = cos x + = sin x

2
2
(2.8)
suy ra tgx kh vi trn \ + k , k v

2
'
2
2
1
sin x cos x + sin x
(tgx)' =
=
= 1 + tg 2 x
=
2
2
cos x
cos x
cos x
(2.9)
cotgx kh vi trn \ {k , k } v
(cot gx)' =
1
= (1 + cot g 2 x) .
sin 2 x
(2.10)
E. Hm lng gic ngc

Cho f ( x) = arccos x = y, f [0, ]
[1,1]
ta s chng minh f ( x) kh vi trn (1,1) .
Tht vy hm ngc ca n x = cos y . x' = sin y = 1 cos 2 y v y (0, )

Vy (arccos x)' =
1
1 cos y
2
Tng t (arcsin x)' =
(arctgx)' =
1
1 x2
(2.12)
1 x2
1
1 + x2
(arc cot gx)' =
(2.11)
(2.13)
1
1 + x2
(2.14)
44
F. Hm cho theo tham s

Cho f X di dng tham s
x : ( , ) X ,
x = (t )
C th
y = (t )
y : ( , )
vi t ( , ) = T
Nu x, y kh vi trn T, tn ti hm ngc t = 1 ( x) kh vi v ' (t ) khc khng trn T,

th theo cng thc tnh o hm ca hm s ngc v hm s hp s nhn c
dy ' (t )
=
dx ' (t )
(2.15)
G. o hm lgarit
Nu f c dng tch ca cc nhn t vi s m c nh hoc f ( x) = u v , u = u ( x) > 0, v = v( x)
th ta c th xt o hm logarit ca f tng t nh hm lu tha trong mc C hoc hm s m
trong mc A. Sau s dng nh l o hm ca hm hp.
Tht vy f ( x) = u v trong , , cn cc hm u ( x), v( x), ( x) kh vi trn
X v lun dng trn X . Khi .

ln f ( x) = ln u + ln v + ln
f'
u'
v'
'
= + + .
f
u
v
v'
'
u'
f ' ( x) = + + f ( x)
v
(2.16)
Hoc c th biu din
f ( x) = e ln u + ln v + ln w
Cc cch tnh o hm thng qua cng thc o hm ca hm lgarit gi l o hm lga.
H. Bng cc o hm ca cc hm s thng dng
y = C = const
x
y'= 0
y = x ,
x X
y ' = x 1
x X 1 X
y = sin x
x
y ' = cos x
x
y = cos x
x
y ' = sin x
x
y = tgx
x
x \ + k , k , y ' =
= 1 + tg 2 x x \ + k , k
2
cos x
2
45
y = cot gx, x \ {k , k } , y ' =

y = ax
x
y = log a x
x *+
y = arcsin x
y ' = a x ln a
y'=
x [ 1,1]
y'=
y = arc cot gx x
x *+
x (1,1)
1 x2
y' =
x
x
1
x ln a
y' =
x [ 1,1]
y = arccos x
y = arctgx
1
= (1 + cot g 2 x) x \ {k , k }
2
sin x
1
1 + x2
y'=
x (1,1)
1 x2
1
1 + x2
x
x
V d 1: Hy tnh o hm ti 0 ca cc hm s sau (nu c)

1.
2.
3.
1
2
x sin
f1 ( x) =
x
0
f 2 ( x) = x
f3 ( x) = x
x0
x=0
1
3
2
3
Gii:
f (h) f1 (0)
1. 1
=
h
1
h = h sin 1 0 = f '(0)
h
h h 0
h 2 sin
f (h) f 2 (0) h 3
1
2. 2
=
= 2 + , f 2 ( x) khng kh vi ti 0
h 0
h
h
h3
2
f (h) f3 (0) h 3
1
3. 3
=
= 1 + +
h 0
h
h
h3
, f 3 ( x) khng kh vi ti 0
h 0
V d 2: Tnh o hm, v th ca hm s v o hm ca n cc hm sau y.

1.
y= xx
46
y = ln x
2.
Gii:
Trc ht ta hy tnh y ' ( x)
x 2 , x 0
2 x,
1. y = x x = 2
y'=
x0
x ,
2 x,
yt ' (0) = lim
x 0
x2
=0 ,
x
x<0
x>0
y p ' (0) = 0 . yt ' (0) = y p ' (0) = 0 y ' = 2 x trn
ln( x) x < 0
2. y = ln x =
x>0
ln x
1
x (1) x < 0
1
y' =
y '= vi x *
x
1
x>0
x
Hnh 2.5. m t cc th ca y v y
y
y'
2
1
-1
1
-1
-1
-1
y'
H.2.5
V d 3 : Tnh o hm y x ' ca hm s
x = ln(1 + t 2 )
y = t arctgt
1
dy d (t arctgt )
1+ t2 = t
=
=
yx '=
2t
2
dx
d ln(1 + t 2 )
2
1+ t
1
Gii:
47
2.2. VI PHN CA HM S
2.2.1. nh ngha vi phn ti mt im
Cho f X , f kh vi ti a X . Vi phn ca f ti a k hiu df (a ) xc nh bi cng
thc
df (a ) = f ' (a).h
vi h
(2.17)
Vy df (a ) l mt hm tuyn tnh ca h
Xt hm s f ( x) = x trn R , f '( x) = 1, x vy dx = 1.h
T cng thng k hiu df (a ) = f ' (a ).dx hoc dy (a ) = f '(a ).dx
H qu: f (x) kh vi ti a iu kin cn v l tn ti hng s v mt
VCB (h) ti 0 sao cho
f (a + h) f (a) = h + h (h) ng thi = f ' (a) .

Tht vy f ( x) kh vi ti a khi v ch khi tn ti f ' (a)
ngha l lim
h0
hay
f ( a + h) f ( a )
= f ' (a)
h
f ( a + h) f ( a )
f '(a) = (h) 0
h 0
h
f (a + h) f (a ) = f ' (a).h + h (h)

Vy
f ' (a) =
Tng t nh o hm ti mt im, ta nhn c tnh cht i s ca vi phn.

nh l 2.7: Nu f , g X v kh vi ti a X th
1. d ( f + g )(a) = df (a) + dg (a)
2. d (f )(a) = df (a) vi
3. d ( f D g )(a) = f (a)dg (a) + g (a)df (a)
f
1
(g (a)df (a) f (a)dg (a) ) khi g (a) 0
4. d (a ) = 2
g
g
(
a
)

Ch :
f (a + h) f (a) = f (a ) l s gia ca hm s ng vi s gia i s x = h . Vy nu

f ( x) kh vi ti a th vi h kh b s c cng thc tnh gn ng s gia ca hm s
f (a) df (a) . T nhn c f (a + h) f (a ) + df (a)
48
Xt hm hp gof . Nu f kh vi ti a v g kh vi ti f (a ) theo nh l 2 th gof kh vi

ti a. Tc l
d ( gof ) (a ) = ( gof ) '(a )h = g ' ( f (a ) ) f '(a )h = g ' ( f (a ) ) df (a ) .

Nh vy d x l bin c lp hay bin ph thuc th dng vi phn u ging nhau.
Ngi ta ni vi phn cp 1 c tnh bt bin.
2.2.2. Vi phn trn mt khong
Cho f X kh vi trn (a, b) X . Vi phn ca hm s trn (a, b) c xc nh theo
cng thc
df ( x) = f ' ( x).h vi x (a, b) .

Tng t nh nh l trn, ta nhn c nh l sau y.
nh l 2.8: Nu f , g kh vi trn (a, b) th trn khong cng tho mn cc h thc sau.
1. d ( f + g )( x) = df ( x) + dg ( x)
2. d (f )( x) = df ( x)
3. d ( f D g )( x) = f ( x)dg ( x) + g ( x)df ( x)
f
1
(g ( x)df ( x) f ( x)dg ( x) ) khi g ( x) 0
4. d ( x) = 2
g ( x)
g
V d 4: Tnh gn ng sin 60 o 40'
Gii:
t f ( x) = sin x , ta c f ' ( x) = cos x
Chn x o = 60 o =
, khi h = 40' =
40.
=
60.180 270
Theo cng thc xp x ta c:
sin 60 o 40' sin 60 o + cos 60 o .
270
3 1
+ .
= 0,866 + 0,006 = 0,872
2
2 270
V d 5: Mt hnh cu bng kim loi bn knh R , khi nng ln bn knh n thm mt on R .

Tnh th tch mi ca hnh cu mt cch chnh xc v gn ng.
p dng bng s R = 5cm, R = 0,1cm
Gii:
Cng thc tnh th tch V ca hnh cu l:
49
4
V = R 3
3
Sau khi gin n, bn knh hnh cu l R + R , th tch mi ca hnh cu tnh chnh xc
l:
4
4
V + V = ( R + R) 3 = (5 + 0,1) 3 = 176,868 cm 3
3
3
Nu tnh gn ng, ta xem : V dV ( S gia ca th tch gn bng vi phn) v khi
4 3
th tch V =
R xem nh hm s ca i s R . Vy:
3
dV = V R '.R = 4R 2 .R
= 4 .5 2 .0,1 = 10 cm 3
Th tch ban u ca hnh cu:
V=
4 3 4 3
R = 5 = 166,666 cm 3
3
3
Vy th tch mi ca hnh cu tnh gn ng l:
V + V V + dV = 176,666 cm 3
Sai s tuyt i trong bi ton ny l:
176,868 cm 3 176,666 cm 3 = 0,202 cm 3

Nh vy sai s tng i l:
0,202
= 0,0011
176,868
2.3. O HM V VI PHN CP CAO

2.3.1. o hm cp cao
A.nh ngha
1. Cho f kh vi trn X , nu f ' ( x) kh vi ti a X th ni rng f c o hm cp 2 ti
a v k hiu o hm l f " (a ) . Tng t o hm cp n ca f (x) ti a, k hiu l f ( n ) (a )
chnh l o hm ca hm f ( n 1) ( x) ti a.
2. Ni rng f ( x) kh vi n cp n (hay n ln) trn X khi v ch khi tn ti f ( n ) ( x) trn
X , n * trong f ( n ) ( x) l o hm ca f ( n 1) ( x)
3. Ni rng f (x) kh vi v hn ln trn X khi v ch khi f (x) kh vi mi cp trn X , .
Sau y thng k hiu f ( 0) ( x) = f ( x)
Ch :
50
Nu f kh vi n cp n trn X th p, q sao cho p + q n ta c
(f )
( p) (q)
= f ( p + q)
Tp xc nh ca f (n ) thng cha trong tp xc nh ca f ( n 1)
B.nh l 2.9:
Cho , f , g X , n * kh vi n ln trn X , khi trn X c cc h thc sau y
1.
(f
+ g)
( n)
2. (f )
(n)
= f (n) + g (n)
= f ( n )
n
3.
( fg )( n ) = Cnk f ( k ) g ( n k ) gi l cng thc Leibnitz

k =0
f
kh vi n ln trn X
g
2.3.2. Vi phn cp cao

A.nh ngha
1. Nu f kh vi n cp n ti a X th biu thc f ( n ) (a ).h n gi l vi phn cp n ti a k
hiu l d n f (a ) . Vy l d n f (a ) = f ( n ) (a )h n hay d n f ( a) = f ( n ) (a )dx n
2. Nu f kh vi n cp n trn X th vi phn cp n ca f trn X c k hiu l
d n f ( x), x X v xc nh theo cng thc sau

x X , d n f ( x) = f ( n ) ( x)h n = f ( n ) ( x)dx n hoc d n y ( x) = f ( n ) ( x)dx n
B.Cng thc tnh vi phn cp cao
T nh l v o hm cp cao, trc tip nhn c cc cng thc tnh vi phn cp cao
di y
nh l 2.10: Nu f , g kh vi n cp n trn X th khi
1. d n ( f + g ) = d n f + d n g
2. Vi , d n ( f ) = d n f
n
3. d ( f .g ) = Cnk d k f .d n k g
n
k =0
4. Nu g ( x) 0 th
f
c vi phn n cp n.
g
Ch :
51
f
Khng c cng thc tng qut cho
g
( n)
cng nh d n
f
.
g
Tnh bt bin ca vi phn b ph v khi ly vi phn cp cao (t 2 tr ln), V d sau s

chng t iu . Cho hm hp gof , trong
f ( x) = x 3 , g ( f ) = f 2 g ( f ( x) ) = x 6
dg ( f ( x) ) = 6 x 5 dx d 2 g ( f ( x) ) = 30 x 4 dx 2
Mt khc dg ( f ) = 2 fdf d 2 g ( f ) = 2(df ) 2
m
df = 3x 2 dx d 2 g ( f ) = 18 x 4 dx 2 30 x 4 dx 2
V d 6: Cho f ( x) = x m , x , m
Tnh f ( n ) ( x) vi n
Gii:
f ' ( x) = mx m 1 ,
f " ( x) = m(m 1) x m 2 , ...
f ( k ) ( x) = m(m 1)...(m k + 1) x m k
Chng t
m(m 1)...(m n + 1) x m n
f ( n ) ( x) = m!
0
nu n < m
nu n = m
nu n > m
V d 7: Chng minh nu f ( x) = sin x th
x ,
f ( n ) ( x) = sin x + n , n *
2
Gii:
Trng hp n =1. ng (sin x)' = cos x = sin x +

2
Gi s cng thc ng vi n
f ( n ) ( x) = sin x + n f ( n +1) ( x) = cos x + n = sin x + (n + 1)

2
2
2
Tng t cng nhn c
(cos x)( n ) = cos x + n ,

2
x, n
52
V d 8: Tnh o hm cp 100 ca hm s f ( x) = x 2 sin x

Gii: p dng cng thc Leibnitz
100
k
f (100) ( x) = C100
( x 2 )( k ) (sin x) (100 k )
k =0
0
1
2
f (100) ( x) = C100
x 2 (sin x) (100 ) + C100
( x 2 )' (sin x)( 99) + C100
( x 2 )" (sin x)( 98)
99
= x 2 sin( x + 50 ) + 200 x sin x +

+ 9900 sin( x + 49 )
2
= x 2 sin x 200 x cos x 9900 sin x

V d 9: Cho f : (1,1)
f ( x) =
2x + 3
hy tnh f ( n ) ( x)
( x 1) 2 ( x + 1)
Gii: Phn tch f (x) thnh cc phn thc ti gin
1 1
1
1 1
5
f ( x) = .
.
+ .
2
4 x 1 4 x +1
2 ( x 1)
n!
n!
1
(n + 1)! 1
5
.(1) n
+ .(1) n
f ( n ) ( x) = .(1) n .
2+ n
n +1
( x + 1) n
( x 1)
4
( x 1)
4
2
2.4. CC NH L V GI TR TRUNG BNH

2.4.1. nh l Phc ma (Fermat)
A. im cc tr ca hm s
Cho f X . Gi hm s t cc tr a phng ti a X khi v ch khi tn ti (a ) X
f ( x) f (a ) 0 hoc f ( x) f (a ) 0 x (a ) .
Trng hp th nht xy ra ni rng f t cc tiu a phng ti a, trng hp sau ni
rng f t cc i a phng ti a.
Nu ch c f ( x) f (a ) > 0 hoc f ( x) f (a) < 0 ni rng hm s t cc tr a
phng ngt ti a.
B. nh l Fermat
nh l 2.11: Nu f (x) kh vi ti a v t cc tr a phng ti a th f ' (a ) = 0
Chng minh: Theo gi thit tn ti (a ) sao cho x (a ) ta c f ( x) f (a) 0
(Ta gi thit hm t cc i a phng)
h * sao cho a + h (a) s c

53
f ( a + h) f ( a )
0
h > 0
h
h < 0 f ( a + h ) f ( a ) 0
h
Chuyn qua gii hn khi h 0 s c
f ' (a) 0
f ' (a) = 0
f ' (a) 0
Hm t cc tiu a phng cng c chng minh tng t
Ch :
Sau ny thng ni rng hm t cc tr ti a theo ngha l t cc tr a phng ti a.
Nu hm t cc tr ti a th a phi l im trong ca X . Nh vy nu f ( x) xc nh
trn [a, b] th khng c khi nim t cc tr ti u mt a v b, c chng ch ni v cc

o hm tri ti b v phi ti a.
nh l Fermat c th pht biu tng qut hn: Nu f ( x) kh vi phi v tri ti a v
t cc i (cc tiu) ti a th
f t ' (a ) 0 v f p ' (a ) 0
( f t ' (a ) 0 v f p ' (a ) 0 )
Hm s c cc tr ti a cha chc kh vi ti a
Chng hn f ( x) = x c cc tiu cht ti 0 v 0 < x , x 0, f ( 0 ) = 0, .

Tuy nhin khng kh vi ti 0 v
f (h) f (0) h
=
h
h
khng c gii hn khi h 0
Hm s kh vi ti a v f ' (a ) = 0 cha chc t cc tr ti a, chng hn
x 3 0 vi x 0
f ( x) = x 3 c f ' (0) = 0 tuy nhin 3
Vy n khng c cc tr ti 0.
x 0 vi x 0
2.4.2. nh l Rn (Rolle)
a ,b
nh l 2.12: Cho f [ ] tho mn.
1. f lin tc trn [a, b]

2. f kh vi trn (a, b)
3. f (a ) = f (b) . Khi tn ti c (a, b) sao cho f ' (c) = 0
54

y
f (a) = f (b)
H.2.6
Chng minh:
Theo tnh cht ca hm lin tc trn [a, b] th f (x) s t gi tr nh nht m v ln
nht M trn [a, b]
m = Min f ( x) = Inf f ( x) ;
[a , b ]
[a , b ]
M = Max f ( x) = Sup f ( x)
[a , b ]
[a , b ]
Nu m = M th f ( x) = const f ' ( x) = 0 x (a, b)

Nu m < M, v f (a) = f (b) nn khng c ng thi M = f (a) v m = f (b) hoc
m = f (a) v M = f (b) . Chng t hm t gi tr nh nht m hoc ln nht M ti im

c (a, b) Tc l f (c) f ( x) hoc f (c) f ( x) theo nh l Fermat th f ' (c) = 0
Ch :
nh l Rolle c th minh ho hnh hc nh sau :
Tn ti t nht mt im M (c, f (c) ) C f vi c (a, b) ti tip tuyn ca C f song

song vi trc 0x. Xem hnh 3.6.
im c (a, b) tng ng s (0,1) sao cho c = a + (b a )
2.4.3. nh l s gia hu hn. (nh l Lagrng (Lagrange))

a ,b
nh l 2.13: Cho f [ ] tho mn:
1. lin tc trn [a, b]

2. kh vi trn (a, b). Khi tn ti c (a, b) c
f (b) f (a) = (b a) f ' (c)
(2.18)
Chng minh:
55
f (b) f (a )
a ,b
Xt hm [ ] xc nh bi ( x) = f ( x)
( x a ) R rng (x) lin
ba
tc trn [a, b], kh vi trn (a, b) v (a ) = (b) = f (a ) . Theo nh l Rolle tn ti c (a, b) sao
cho ' (c) = 0
' (c ) = f ' (c )
f ' (c ) =
Suy ra
Nh vy
f (b) f (a )
=0
ba
f (b) f (a)
hay f (b) f (a) = f ' (c)(b a)
ba
f (a) = f ' (c).h trong h + a = b

(0,1), c = a + h
Ch :
nh l Lagrange c th minh ho hnh hc nh sau :
Tn ti t nht mt im M (c, f (c) ) C f vi c (a, b) m tip tuyn ti song song
vi ng thng AB, trong A(a, f (a ) ) , B(b, f (b) ) . Xem hnh 2.7.
H qu 1: (nh l gii hn ca o hm )
Cho x0 (a, b), f ( a ,b ) tho mn:
1. f ( x) lin tc ti x0
2. f (x) kh vi trn (a, b) \ {x0 }
3. lim f ' ( x) = l . Khi f kh vi ti x0 v f ' ( x) lin tc ti x0
x x0
Chng minh:
V lim f ' ( x) = l nn > 0, > 0 sao cho
x x0
x (a, b) \ {x0 } :
0 < x x0 < f ' ( x) l <
p dng nh l Lagrange trn [x, x0 ] , nh vy tn ti cx ( x, x0 ) sao cho
f ( x) f ( x0 ) = ( x x0 ) f ' (cx ) v ng nhin

cx x0 < x x0 <
T suy ra
f ( x) f ( x0 )
l = f ' (c x ) l <
x x0
iu ny chng t f ' ( x0 ) = l v t iu kin ca nh l suy ra f ' ( x) lin tc ti x0 .
56

y
B
f (b )
C
f (a)
H.2.7
Ch :
Chng ta nhn c nh l tng t i vi o hm tri hoc phi
a ,b
H qu 2: Cho f [ ] tho mn:
1. f lin tc phi ti a
2. f kh vi trn (a,b)
3. lim+ f ' ( x) = l khi c f p ' (a ) = lim+
xa
h0
f ( a + h) f ( a )
=l
h
H qu 3: Cho f ( a ,b ) tho mn.

1. f lin tc ti x0 (a, b)
2. f kh vi trn (a, b) \ {x0 }
3. lim f ' ( x) = +, () khi lim
x x0
x x0
f ( x) f ( x0 )
= +, ()
x x0
2.4.4. nh l s gia hu hn suy rng (nh l Csi(Cauchy))

a ,b
nh l 2.14: Cho f , g [ ] tho mn:
1. f , g lin tc trn [a, b]

2. f , g kh vi trn (a, b)
(2.19)
3. g ' ( x) 0 x (a, b) . Khi tn ti c (a, b) c

Chng minh:
57
f (b) f (a) f ' (c)

=
g (b) g (a) g ' (c)
Trc ht thy ngay g (a ) g (b) , v nu g (a ) = g (b) , theo nh l Rolle suy ra tn ti
c (a, b) g ' (c) = 0 , v l theo gi thit.

a ,b
Xt hm s [ ] cho bi
( x) = f ( x) f (a )
f (b) f (a )
(g ( x) g (a) )
g (b) g (a )
Hm tho mn cc iu kin ca nh l Rolle nn tn ti c (a, b) ' (c) = 0 ,

tc l
f ' (c )
f (b) f (a) f ' (c)

f (b) f (a )
=
g ' (c) = 0 hay
g (b) g (a) g ' (c)
g (b) g (a)
Ch :
Thy ngay rng nh l Lagrange l trng hp ring ca nh l Cauchy

(ly g ( x) = x trn [a, b] )
nh l Rolle l trng hp ring ca nh l Lagrange (cho f (a ) = f (b) ).
2.5. NG DNG CC NH L V GI TR TRUNG BNH

2.5.1. Cng thc Taylo (Taylor), cng thc Maclranh (McLaurin)
A.nh ngha
1. Cho hm f kh vi n cp (n + 1) ti a X . Gi a thc Pn (x) vi deg Pn ( x) n
tho mn iu kin
Pn( k ) (a ) = f ( k ) (a )
k = 0, n
l a thc Taylor ca f (x) ti ln cn im a, hay l phn chnh qui ca khai trin hu

hn bc n ti a ca f (x)
2. Nu a = 0 th Pn (x) gi l a thc McLaurin ca f ( x)
B.nh l 2.15:
Nu Pn (x) l a thc Taylor ca f (x) ti ln cn ca a th n l duy nht v c dng
Pn ( x) = f (a) +
f ' (a)
f ( n ) (a)
( x a) n
( x a) + ... +
n!
1!
Chng minh:
Gi s tn ti a thc th hai l Qn (x) khi hiu Pn ( x) Qn ( x) l a thc c
bc khng vt qu n v c nghim x = a bi n + 1, chng t Pn ( x) = Qn ( x)
t Pn ( x) = A0 + A1 ( x a ) + ... + An ( x a ) n
58
Pn( k ) (a ) = k! Ak = f ( k ) (a) Ak =
n
Chng t
Pn ( x) =
k =0
f ( k ) (a)
k!
(k = 0,1,..., n)
f ( k ) (a)
( x a) n
k!
C.Cng thc Taylor

Cho Pn (x) l a thc Taylor ca f (x) ti ln cn ca a
1. Gi rn ( x) = f ( x) Pn ( x) l phn d Taylor bc n ti a ca f (x)
H qu: Phn d rn (x) c dng:
f ( n +1) (c)
( x a) n +1 vi c (a, x)
rn ( x) =
(n + 1)!
(2.20)
tc l c = a + ( x a ), 0 < < 1 , gi l phn d trong dng Lagrange

Chng minh:
R rng rn (a ) = rn ' (a ) = ... = rn( n ) (a ) = 0
t G ( x) = ( x a ) n +1 G (a ) = G ' (a ) = ... = G ( n ) (a ) = 0 v G ( n +1) (a ) = (n + 1)!
Vi x a v x (a ) , theo nh l Cauchy s c
rn ( x) rn ( x) rn (a) rn' (c1 )

=
, c1 (a, x)
=
G ( x) G ( x) G (a) G ' (c1 )
rn' (c1 )
rn' (c1 ) rn' (a) rn "(c2 )
, c2 (a, c1 )
=
=
G ' (c1 ) G '(c1 ) G '(a) G "(c2 )
Sau (n +1) ln p dng nh l Cauchy, kt qu s l
rn ( x) rn( n +1) (c)

=
vi c (a, cn ) (a, cn 1 ) ... (a, x)
G ( x) G ( n +1) (c)
m rn( n +1) (c) = f ( n +1) (c), G ( n +1) (c) = (n + 1)!
f ( n +1) (c)
( x a ) n +1 .
(n + 1)!
Suy ra rn ( x) =
n
2.
f ( x) =
k =0
f ( n +1) (a + ( x a))
f ( k ) (a)
( x a) n +1
( x a)k +
(n + 1)!
k!
(2.21)
c gi l cng thc Taylor bc n, hay khai trin hu hn bc n hm f ( x) ti ln cn ca a

n
3.
f ( x) =
k =0
f ( k ) (0) k f ( n +1) (x) n +1

x
x +
(n + 1)!
k!
(2.22)
59
c gi l cng thc McLaurin bc n, hay khai trin hu hn bc n ca f (x) ti ln cn ca 0.

Ch :
Nu f ( n +1) b chn ln cn ca a th r rng
x a ngha l rn ( x) = 0 ( x a ) n
rn ( x)
f ( n +1) (c)
=
( x a) dn n 0 khi
( x a)n
(n + 1)!
Vi gi thit f ( n +1) b chn ln cn ca a th c th ly gn ng f (x) ln cn ca a
bng a thc Pn (x) vi sai s l rn ( x) = 0 ( x a ) n .
Ngi ta chng minh phn d vit trong dng khc, gi l dng Cauchy:
rn ( x) =
f ( n +1) (x)
(1 ) n x n +1
n!
D.Cng thc McLaurin ca cc hm thng dng
f ( x) = e x , x .
1.
Ta c f ( k ) (0) = 1, k
Suy ra
2.
xk
e = + 0( x n )
k = 0 k!
n
f ( x) = sin x,
(2.23)
x ,
k = 2m
k 0 ,
f ( k ) ( x) = sin x + k f ( k ) (0) = sin

=
, m
m
2
2 (1) , k = 2m + 1
sin x =
(1)m
m=0
Tng t cos x =
(1)m
m =0
x 2 m +1
+ 0( x 2 n + 2 )
(2m + 1)!
(2.24)
x2m
+ 0( x 2 n +1 ) .
(2m)!
(2.25)
f ( x) = (1 + x) , , x X , X ph thuc . Vi x ln cn ca 0, k ta c
f ( k ) ( x) = ( 1)...( k + 1)(1 + x) k
f ( k ) (0) = ( 1)...( k + 1)
n
( 1)...( k + 1)
k =1
k!
Suy ra (1 + x) = 1 +
Cc trng hp c bit:
Vi = 1
60
x k + 0( x n ) .
(2.26)
1
= 1 x + x 2 ... + (1) n x n + 0( x n )
1+ x
1
= 1 + x + x 2 + ... + x n + 0( x n )
1 x
Vi =
1
2
1+ x = 1+
Vi =
1
1
x x 2 + 0( x 2 )
2
8
1
2
1
3
1
= 1 x + x 2 + 0( x 2 )
2
8
1+ x
3. f ( x) = ln(1 + x) . Trong ln cn 0 th
f ( n +1) ( x) = (1) n
n!
f ( n +1) (0) = (1) n .n !, n
n +1
( x + 1)
n
x2
n 1 x
ln(1 + x) = x + ... + (1)
+ 0( x n )
2
n
4. f ( x) = tgx.
(2.27)
Trong ln cn ca 0 hm kh vi mi cp
x3 x5
+ + ...
x3
sin x
3!
5!
Ta biu din tgx =
=
= x + + 0( x 3 )
2
4
x
x
cos x
3
1 + + ...
2! 4!
x
2.5.2. Qui tc Lpitan (LHospital)

Cho a X , f , g X tho mn cc iu kin sau:
1.
lin tc ti a v kh vi ln cn (a ) \ {a}
2.
g ' ( x) 0
3.
lim
xa
Khi lim
xa
x (a) \ {a}
f ' ( x)
=l
g ' ( x)
f ( x) f (a)
= l.
g ( x) g (a)
Chng minh:
> 0, > 0, x : 0 < x a <
f ' ( x)
l <
g ' ( x)
61
(2.28)
Ly x (a ) \ {a} sao cho 0 < x a < . Theo nh l Cauchy s tn ti
cx (a) \ {a} sao cho 0 < cx a < x a c

Chng t > 0, > 0, x (a )
ngha l lim
xa
f ( x ) f ( a ) f ' (c x )
=
g ( x ) g ( a ) g ' (c x )
f ( x) f (a)
l <
g ( x) g (a )
f ( x) f (a)
=l
g ( x) g (a )
Ch :
Nu f (a ) = g (a ) = 0 th r rng qui tc LHospital cho ta iu kin tm gii hn
dng
0
0
lim
xa
f ( x)
f ' ( x)
= lim
=l
g ( x) x a g ' ( x)
Nu lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = , th bng cch xt cc hm s

xa
xa
cng nhn c iu kin tm gii hn dng
1
1
v
v nh vy
f ( x)
g ( x)
Nhn thy rng trong php chng minh qui tc LHospital nu a = hoc l = kt
qu vn ng.
Cn lu rng qui tc LHospital ch cho iu kin tm gii hn. Bi v khi khng
f ' ( x)
f ( x)
vn c th tn ti lim
. Chng hn :
tn ti lim
x a g ' ( x )
x a g ( x )
lim
x + cos x 1
1 sin x
( x + cos x)'
= lim
khng tn ti
= . Tuy nhin lim
x
2x
2
2
(2 x)'
tm lim
x a
f ' ( x)
ng nhin c th p dng qui tc LHospital trong f v g thay
g ' ( x)
bi f ' v g ' . Nh vy, trong mt bi ton tm gii hn , c th lp li qui tc LHospital mt s

ln.
V d 10: Tnh lim
x0
x sin x
x(1 cos x)
Gii:
p dng cc cng thc khai trin hu hn s nhn c
1 3
x + 0( x 4 )
x sin x
1
lim
=
= lim 6 2
x 0 x (1 cos x )
x 0 x
3
x + 0( x 3 )
2
62
V d 11: Tnh lim+

x0
1 e x 1 cos x
sin x
Gii:
1 e x = 1 (1 x + 0( x) ) =
x + 0( x) =
x2
1 cos x = 1 1
+ 0( x 3 ) =
2
sin x =
Vy lim+
1 e
x 0
V d 12:
x3
+ 0( x 4 ) =
6
x + 0( x )
x2
x
+ 0( x 3 ) =
+ 0( x )
2
2
x + 0( x )
x
0( x)
2
= lim+
x 0
x + 0( x )
x + 0( x )
1 cos x
= lim+
x 0
sin x
x
=1
x
Tm
a. lim
x 0
ln(1 + x)
,
x
b.
lim+ x ln x, ( > 0)
x 0
Gii:
(ln(1 + x)) '
ln(1 + x)
= lim 1 + x = lim
=
a. Nhn xt lim
x 0
x 0
x 0
( x) '
b. lim+ x ln x = lim+
x 0
V d 13:
x 0
(ln x)'
x
ln x
= lim+
= 0 .Vy I = 0.
= I , lim+
x 0
x 0
1
1
( )'
x
x
Tnh
x
ln x
,
(
>
0
)
,
b.
lim
, (a > 1, > 0)
x + a x
x + x
a. lim
Gii:
1
(ln x)'
1
ln x
= x 1 = 0 khi x + chng t lim = 0
a.
x + x
( x )' x
x
b.
( x )' x 1
=
, ly o hm hu hn n ln sao cho n 0 . Khi
(a x )' a x ln a
( 1)...( n + 1) x n
a x ln n a
x
0 chng t lim x = 0
x + a
x +
63
Vy ta so snh c cc VCL ln x, x , a x ti .
V d 14: Bng phng php lga hy tnh cc gii hn sau y
1
sin x 1cos x
, I 3 = lim+ (cot gx) ln x
I 1 = lim+ x x , I 2 = lim
x 0
x 0 x
x 0
Gii:
ln x x = x ln x + 0 (theo v d 4)
x 0
I1 = e 0 = 1
1
sin x ln sin x ln x
1
sin x 1cos x
=
ln
=
ln
x
1 cos x
1 cos x
x
(ln sin x ln x )'

(1 cos x)'
x cos x sin x
x sin 2 x
1
( x cos x sin x)'
1
x sin x
=
=
2
2
x 0 3
( x sin x)'
sin x + 2 x sin x cos x sin x
+ 2 cos x
x
I2 = e
ln(cot gx)
1
3
1
ln x
1
ln cot gx
ln x
1
1
( 2 )
x
(ln cot gx)' cot gx sin x
=
=
1
1
sin x cos x x0+
(ln x)'
x
I 3 = e 1
2.6. S BIN THIN CA HM S

2.6.1. Tnh n iu ca hm kh vi
a ,b
nh l 2.16: Cho f [ ] tha mn:
1. f lin tc trn on [a, b]

2. f kh vi trn khong (a, b)
3. f ' ( x) = 0, x (a, b) khi f(x) khng i trn [a, b]
Chng minh:
64
Ly bt k x1 , x 2 [a, b] . Theo nh l Lagrange tn ti c ( x1 , x 2 ) sao cho
f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) = f ' (c)( x 2 x1 ) = 0 f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) v x1 , x1 ty vy f(x) khng i trn

on [a, b], tc l f(x) = const trn [a, b]
nh l 2.17: Cho f lin tc trn [a, b], kh vi trn (a, b). f tng trn [a, b] th cn v l
f ' ( x) 0, x (a, b)
Chng minh:
*
Gi s f tng trn [a, b]. Cho x0 (a, b), h * sao cho x0 + h (a, b) , ta c:
f ( x 0 + h) f ( x 0 )
0
h
Qua gii hn khi h 0 nhn c f ' ( x 0 ) 0
*
Ngc li, gi s x (a, b), f ' ( x) 0 . Ly ty x1 , x 2 [a, b] . p dng nh l
Lagrange trn [ x1 , x 2 ] s c c ( x1 , x 2 ) sao cho:
f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) = ( x 2 x1 ) f ' (c)
( x 2 x1 )( f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 )) 0 f ( x) tng trn [a, b]
Thay f bi f s nhn c nh l trong trng hp hm gim.
2.6.2. iu kin hm s t cc tr
nh l 2.18: Cho
f X . Nu tn ti ln cn (a) X v f ' ( x) 0 trn (a , a) v
f ' ( x) 0 trn (a + , a) th f c mt cc i ti a.
nh l ny suy trc tip t nh l 2.17 trong mc 2.6.1 v nh ngha cc tr ca hm s.
nh l 2.19: Cho c o hm lin tc n cp n ti ln cn (a ) v tha mn iu kin:
f ' (a) = ... = f ( n 1) (a ) = 0, f ( n ) (a ) 0

Khi :
a. Nu n chn th f(x) t cc tr ti a: t cc tiu nu f
(n)
(a ) > 0 , t cc i nu
f ( n ) (a) < 0 .
b. Nu n l th f(x) khng t cc tr ti a.
Chng minh:
Trong ln cn b ca a, ta c cng thc Taylor ti ln cn :
f ( x ) = f (a ) +
f ( n ) ( )
f ' (a)
f ( n 1) (a )
( x a ) n 1 +
( x a) n
( x a ) + ... +
n
(n 1)!
1!
f ( x) = f (a ) +
f ( n ) ( )
( x a) n ,
n!
( a, x )
65
a. Nu n chn th ( x a ) n 0
Gi s f(n)(a) > 0, do tnh lin tc ca f(n)(x) ln cn a nn f
(n)
( ) > 0 trong (a ) .
Vy f t cc tiu ti a.
Gi s f(n)(a) > 0, khi f ( x) f (a ) chng t f t cc i ti a.
b. Nu n l, (x a ) i du ln cn (a ) trong khi f
n
(n)
(a ) 0 . Gi s
f ( n ) (a) = f 0 > 0 do tnh lin tc ca f(n)(x) nn f ( n ) ( ) > 0 ln cn kh b ca a. Lc

f ( n ) ( )( x a ) n c du thay i khi x i qua a. Vy
f ( x) < f (a ) nu x < a
f ( x) > f (a) nu x > a
Suy ra f(x) khng t cc tr ti a.
.
2
3
V d 15: Tm cc khong tng, gim v cc tr ca hm s: y = x + ( x 1)
2
3
Gii: Hm s xc nh x v kh vi trn \ {0;1}
2 1
1 /
y/ = 3 + 3
, y = 0 khi
3 x
x 1
x = 3 x 1 .Gii phng trnh ny nhn c x =
T biu thc ca y / ta c bng bin thin ca hm s:

x
+
y
1
2
0
3
1
Vy hm s gim trong cc khong (;0), ( ;1)
2
1
hm s tng trong cc khong (0; ), (1;+)
2
y min = y (0) = y (1) = 1
66
1
2
1
y max = y ( ) = 3 2
2
2.7. BI TON TM GI TR LN NHT, GI TR B NHT

Bi ton: Cho hm s f (x) xc nh trn tp X . Tm gi tr b nht (GTBN) , gi tr
ln nht (GTLN) ca hm s trn tp .
Ni rng hm f (x) t GTBN l m ti x1 X khi v ch khi :
m = f ( x1 ) f ( x), x X
Ni rng hm f ( x) t GTLN l M ti x 2 X khi v ch khi :
M = f ( x 2 ) f ( x), x X
2.7.1. Hm lin tc trn on kn [a, b]
Theo tnh cht lin tc ca hm s trn mt on kn bao gi cng tn ti m,M. Theo
nh l Fermat nu hm kh vi ti x0 v t cc tr ti th f(x0) = 0. V cc tr c tnh a
phng nn cc im ti hm t GTBN, GTLN ch c th l hoc cc im ti hm s
khng kh vi hoc cc im lm o hm trit tiu hoc cc im a, b. T cc quy tc tm m,
M tng ng x1, x2 nh sau:
a. Tm cc gi tr f(a), f(b).
b. Tm cc gi tr ca hm s ti cc im hm s khng kh vi.
c. Tm gi tr ca hm s ti cc im lm trit tiu o hm f(x).
d. So snh cc gi tr tm c trn tm ra gi tr b nht, l m, tm ra gi tr ln
nht, l M.
2.7.2. Hm lin tc trn khong m, khong v hn
Trong trng hp ny, thay v tnh f(a), f(b), ta tm gii hn ca hm s khi x dn ti a,
dn n b, hoc dn n . Tuy nhin phi xem xt hm s c t c gii hn ny khng. Cc
bc tip theo thc hin nh mc trn.
V d 16: Tm GTBN, GTLN ca hm s y = 3 ( x 2 2 x) 2 ,
Gii:
y (0) = 0, y (3) = 3 9
Hm s kh vi trn khong (0, 3) \ {2}. y (2) = 0 .
y' =
4
3
x 1
3
x( x 2)
= 0 khi x = 1 , y (1) = 1
{ }
M = max{0,1, 9 }=
m = min 0,1, 3 9 = 0 t c ti x = 0, x = 2
3
9 t c ti x = 3
67
0 x3
V d 17: Tm GTBN, GTLN ca hm s y = x x , 0,1 x < +

Gii:
Hm s kh vi trn khong (0,1;+) .
y (0,1) = 10
1
10
, lim y = lim x x = +
x +
x +
y ' = x x (ln x + 1) = 0 khi x = e 1

y (e 1 ) = e
1
e
1 1
1
1
Vy m = min 1 ,
= 1 t c ti x = e
10
10
e e
ee
Hm s khng c GTLN.
2.8. HM LI
2.8.1. Khi nim v hm li, hm lm v im un
A. nh ngha
1. nh x f : X c gi l li nu
x1 , x 2 X , [0,1], f (x1 + (1 ) x 2 ) f ( x1 ) + (1 ) f ( x 2 )
(2.29)
Ni rng f l lm khi v ch khi f l li.

th ca hm li f trn (a, b) c m t trn hnh 2.8.
t
x = x1 + (1 ) x 2 , M 1 ( x1 , f ( x1 )), M 2 ( x 2 , f ( x 2 )), C f l th ca hm s f
y
f ( x2 )
M2
f ( x1 ) + (1 ) f ( x 2 )
M1
f ( x1 )
f (x)
x1
H.2.8
68
x2
Nh vy nh x f li khi v ch khi vi bt k cp im ( M 1 , M 2 ) ca C f , mi im
M C f c honh nm gia cc honh ca M1 v M2 u nm pha di on M1M2 . Ni

cch khc ng cong nm di mi dy cung tng ng
2. Cho f X . Gi s X = [a, b] [b, c] m f li (lm) trn [a, b], f lm (li) trn [b, c]
Khi im U(b, f(b)) gi l im un ca th Cf ca hm s. Nh vy im un l im
phn bit gia cc cung li v cung lm ca th hm s.
B. nh l
nh l 2.20: f l li trn X iu kin cn v l a X , t s gia ti a ca f tng trn
X \ {a} , tc l
a ( x) =
f ( x) f (a)
tng trn X \ {a} .
xa
Chng minh:
Ly ty a, b, c X sao cho a <b <c . Gi A(a, f(a)), B(b, f(b)), C(c, f(c)) v P(AB),
P(AC), P(BC) l cc h s gc ca cc ng AB, AC, BC.
Nh vy a (b) = P ( AB), a (c) = P( AC ) . Do vy nh l c chng minh khi ta ch ra
P( AB) P( AC ) l iu kin cn v ca hm li.

t b = a + (1 )c , trong =
cb
[0,1]
ca
f li c ngha l:
f (a + (1 )c) f (a) + (1 ) f (c)

(c a) f (b) (c b) f (a ) + (b a) f (c)
f (b) f (a) f (c) f (a)
ba
ca
hay P ( AB) P( AC )
2.8.2. iu kin hm li
nh l 2.21: Gi s f l li trn X khi f kh vi phi v tri ti mi im trong ca X v
a, b, c X sao cho a < b < c, ta c

f (c) f (b)
f (b) f (a)
f t ' (b) f p ' (b)
cb
ba
nh l 2.22: Cho f X kh vi. f li trn X iu kin cn v l f tng trn X
Chng minh:
Gi s f li trn X , ly a, b X sao cho a < b . Theo nh l 1 ta c:
69
f ' (a)
f (b) f (a )
f ' (b) f ' ( x) tng trn X
ba
Ngc li cho f(x) tng trn X, cho a, b X sao cho a < b v [0,1] , t
x = a + (1 )b ( cc trng hp a = b hoc = 0, = 1 l tm thng). p dng nh l

Lagrange cho f trn [a, x], [x, b] th tn ti c (a, x), d ( x, b) sao cho
f ( x) f (a) = ( x a) f ' (c) = (1 )(b a ) f ' (c)
f (b) f ( x) = (b x) f ' (d ) = (b a) f ' (d )
V f tng nn f ' (c) f ' (d ) ( f ( x) f (a )) (1 )( f (b) f ( x)) . Ngha l
f ( x) f (a ) + (1 ) f (b)
Chng t f li trn X.
H qu 1: Cho f kh vi hai ln trn X. f l li iu kin cn v l f " ( x) 0
H qu 2: u(a, f(a)) l im un ca th hm f X vi a X , f kh vi hai ln trn X ,
iu kin cn v l f(a) = 0 v f(x) i du khi x i qua im a.
V d 18: Xt tnh li, lm v tm im un ca th hm s y =
a a
ln , a > 0
x x
Gii:
Hm s kh vi mi cp khi x > 0 .
y' =
y" =
a
a
(1 + ln )
2
x
x
a
a
(3 + 2 ln )
3
x
x
3
y"= 0 khi 3 + 2 ln
a
= 0 hay x = ae 2
x
3
2
3
2
Ta c y" < 0 khi x > a.e v y"> 0 khi x < ae .

3
Vy hm s lm trong khong 0, ae 2 , li trong khong
3
32
ae ,+ vy xU = ae 2
3
yU = ae 2
2
TM TT NI DUNG CHNG II
nh ngha o hm ti mt im
Cho a X , a + h X , f X . Ni rng f kh vi ti a nu tn ti gii hn hu hn
70
lim
h 0
f ( a + h) f ( a )
h
df
(a ) gi l o hm ca f ti a.
dx
Gii hn ny thng k hiu f ' (a) hay
nh ngha o hm mt pha
1. Cho a X , a + h X . Ni rng f kh vi phi ti a nu tn ti gii hn hu hn
lim+
h 0
f ( a + h) f ( a )
h
Gii hn ny k hiu l f p ' (a ) , gi l o hm phi ca f ti a.

2. Cho a X , a + h X . Ni rng f kh vi tri ti a nu tn ti gii hn hu hn
lim
h 0
f ( a + h) f ( a )
h
Gii hn ny k hiu l f t ' (a ) , gi l o hm tri ca f ti a.

f kh vi ti a iu kin cn v l f kh vi tri v phi ti a ng thi
f t ' (a ) = f p ' (a ) = f ' (a )

Nu f kh vi ti a th f lin tc ti a
Cc php tnh i s ca o hm ti mt im
Cho f v g kh vi ti a khi :
1. f + g kh vi ti a v ( f + g )' (a ) = f ' (a) + g ' (a)
2. , f kh vi ti a v ( f ) '(a ) = f '(a )
3. f .g kh vi ti a v ( f D g ) '(a) = f '(a) g (a) + f (a) g '(a)
'
f
f
f '(a) g (a) f (a ) g '(a )
kh vi ti a v (a ) =
.
4. Nu g (a ) 0 th
g 2 (a)
g
g
5. o hm ca hm hp:
Cho a X , f : X , g : Y vi f ( X ) Y . Nu f kh vi ti a v g kh vi ti
f (a) th hm hp gof kh vi ti a v
( gof )' (a) = g ' ( f (a) ). f ' (a ).
6. o hm ca hm ngc:
Gi s f : X n iu ngt v lin tc trn X kh vi ti a X v f ' (a) 0
Khi hm ngc ca f l f 1 : f ( X ) kh vi ti f (a ) v
71
( f ) ( f (a ) ) =
1 '
1
f ' (a)
Cc php tnh i s ca cc hm kh vi trn mt khong

Cho f , g : X kh vi trn X , (tc l (a, b) = X ) khi .
1. f + g kh vi trn X v ( f + g )' = f '+ g '
2. , f kh vi trn X v (f )' = f '
3. fg kh vi trn X v ( fg ) ' = f ' g + fg '
'
f
f ' g fg '
f
kh vi trn X v =
g2
g
g
5. Cho f X v g Y . Nu f kh vi trn X v g kh vi trn f ( X ) th gof kh
vi trn v ( gof )' = ( g ' of ) f ' . M rng (hogof )' = (h' ogof )( g ' of ) f '
6 .Cho f X n iu ngt trn X , kh vi trn X v f ' ( x) 0 trn X khi
f 1 kh vi trn f ( X ) v ( f 1 )' =
1
f'
Bng cc o hm ca cc hm s thng dng
nh ngha vi phn ti mt im
Cho f X , f kh vi ti a X . Vi phn ca f ti a k hiu df (a ) xc nh bi cng
thc: df (a) = f '(a).dx
Cc php tnh i s ca vi phn ti mt im

Cho f v g kh vi ti a khi :
1. d ( f + g )(a ) = df (a ) + dg (a )
2. d (f )(a ) = df (a ) vi
3. d ( f .g )(a ) = f (a)dg (a ) + g (a)df (a)
f
1
(g (a)df (a) f (a)dg (a) ) khi g (a) 0
4. d (a ) = 2
g (a)
g
Cc php tnh i s ca vi phn trn mt khong

Cho f , g X kh vi trn (a, b) X . Vi phn ca hm s trn (a, b) c xc nh theo
cng thc: df ( x) = f '( x)dx vi x (a, b) .
1. d ( f + g )( x) = df ( x) + dg ( x)
72
2. d (f )( x) = df ( x)
3. d ( f .g )( x) = f ( x)dg ( x) + g ( x)df ( x)
f
1
(g ( x)df ( x) f ( x)dg ( x) ) khi g ( x) 0
4. d ( x) = 2
g ( x)
g
o hm cp cao
Qui c: f ( 0) ( x) = f ( x) . o hm cp n c k hiu l f ( n ) ( x) v xc nh nh sau:
(n)
df ( n 1) ( x)
( x) =
dx
Nu f kh vi n ln trn X th p, q sao cho p + q n ta c
(f )
( p) (q)
= f ( p + q)
Cc php tnh i s ca o hm cp cao

Cho , f , g X , n * kh vi n ln trn X , khi trn X c cc h thc sau y
1. ( f + g )
( n)
= f (n) + g (n)
2. (f )
= f ( n )
3. ( fg )
= Cnk f ( k ) g ( n k ) gi l cng thc Leibnitz
(n)
(n)
k =0
f
kh vi n ln trn X
g
Vi phn cp cao
d n f (a) = f ( n ) (a)dx n ,
d n f ( x) = f ( n ) ( x)dx n
Cc php tnh i s ca vi phn cp cao

Nu f , g kh vi n cp n trn X th khi
1. d n ( f + g ) = d n f + d n g
2. Vi , d n ( f ) = d n f
n
3. d n ( f .g ) = Cnk d k f .d n k g
k =0
4. Nu g ( x) 0 th
f
c vi phn n cp n.
g
nh l Fermat
73
Nu f (x) kh vi ti a v t cc tr a phng ti a th f ' (a ) = 0
nh l Rn (Rolle)
a ,b
Cho f [ ] tho mn.
1. f lin tc trn [a, b]

2. f kh vi trn (a, b)
3. f (a) = f (b) . Khi tn ti c (a, b) sao cho f ' (c) = 0
im c (a, b) tng ng s (0,1) sao cho c = a + (b a)
nh l s gia hu hn. (nh l Lagrng (Lagrange))

a ,b
Cho f [ ] tho mn:
1. lin tc trn [a, b]

2. kh vi trn (a, b). Khi tn ti c (a, b) c
f (b) f (a) = (b a) f ' (c)

nh l s gia hu hn suy rng (nh l Csi(Cauchy))
a ,b
Cho f , g [ ] tho mn:
1. f , g lin tc trn [a, b]

2. f , g kh vi trn (a, b)
3. g ' ( x) 0 x (a, b) . Khi tn ti c (a, b) c
f (b) f (a) f ' (c)

=
g (b) g (a) g ' (c)
Cng thc Taylo (Taylor), cng thc Maclranh (McLaurin)
1. Cho hm f kh vi n cp (n + 1) ti a X . Gi a thc Pn (x) vi deg Pn ( x) n

tho mn iu kin
Pn( k ) (a) = f ( k ) (a )
k = 0, n
l a thc Taylor ca f (x) ti ln cn im a, hay l phn chnh qui ca khai trin hu

hn bc n ti a ca f (x)
2. Nu a = 0 th Pn (x) gi l a thc McLaurin ca f ( x)
Nu Pn (x) l a thc Taylor ca f (x) ti ln cn ca a th n l duy nht v c dng
Pn ( x) = f (a ) +
f ' (a )
f ( n ) (a )
( x a ) + ... +
( x a) n
1!
n!
74
3. Gi rn ( x) = f ( x) Pn ( x) l phn d Taylor bc n ti a ca f ( x)
Phn d rn (x) c dng:
f ( n +1) (c)
rn ( x) =
( x a) n +1 vi c (a, x)
(n + 1)!
c = a + ( x a ), 0 < < 1 , gi l phn d trong dng Lagrange
Cng thc McLaurin ca cc hm thng dng
xk
1. e = + 0( x n )
k = 0 k!
x
2. sin x =
(1)
m=0
3. cos x =
(1)m
m =0
x 2 m +1
+ 0( x 2 n + 2 )
(2m + 1)!
x2m
+ 0( x 2 n +1 ) .
(2m)!
( 1)...( k + 1)
k =1
k!
4. (1 + x) = 1 +
x k + 0( x n ) .
1
= 1 x + x 2 ... + (1) n x n + 0( x n )
1+ x
1
= 1 + x + x 2 + ... + x n + 0( x n )
1 x
5. ln(1 + x) = x
x2
xn
+ ... + (1) n 1 + 0( x n )
2
n
x3 x5
x +
3
sin x
3! 5! = x + x + 0( x 3 )
=
6. tgx =
x2 x4
3
cos x
1 +
2! 4!
Qui tc Lpitan (LHospital)
Cho a X , f , g X tho mn cc iu kin sau:
1. lin tc ti a v kh vi ln cn (a ) \ {a}
2. g '( x) 0 ,
3. lim
xa
x (a ) \ {a}
f ' ( x)
f ( x) f (a)
= l Khi lim
=l
x a g ( x) g (a)
g ' ( x)
75
Tnh n iu ca hm kh vi
a ,b
Cho f [ ] tha mn:
1. f lin tc trn on [a, b]

2. f kh vi trn khong (a, b)
3. f ' ( x) = 0, x (a, b) . Khi f(x) khng i trn [a, b]
Cho f lin tc trn [a, b], kh vi trn (a, b). f tng trn [a, b] th cn v l
f ' ( x) 0, x (a, b)
iu kin hm s t cc tr
1. Cho f X . Nu tn ti ln cn (a ) X v f ' ( x) 0 trn (a , a) v f ' ( x) 0
trn (a + , a) th f c mt cc i ti a.
2. Cho c o hm lin tc n cp n ti ln cn (a ) v tha mn iu kin:
f ' (a) = ... = f ( n 1) (a) = 0, f ( n ) (a ) 0

Khi :
a Nu n chn th f(x) t cc tr ti a: t cc tiu nu f
(n)
(a) > 0 , t cc i nu
f ( n ) (a) < 0 .
b .Nu n l th f(x) khng t cc tr ti a.
Khi nim v hm li, hm lm v im un

nh x f : X c gi l li nu
x1 , x 2 X , [0,1], f (x1 + (1 ) x 2 ) f ( x1 ) + (1 ) f ( x 2 )
Ni rng f l lm khi v ch khi f l li.
1. Cho f kh vi hai ln trn X. f l li iu kin cn v l f " ( x) 0
2. u(a, f(a)) l im un ca th hm f X vi a X , f kh vi hai ln trn X , iu
kin cn v l f(a) = 0 v f(x) i du khi x i qua im a.
3. Cho f X kh vi. f li trn X iu kin cn v l f tng trn X
CU HI V BI TP CHNG II.
2.1. Hm s lin tc ti x0 th kh vi ti ?
ng
Sai

76

2.2. Hm s kh vi ti x0 th lin tc ti ?
ng
Sai
2.3. Hm s kh vi ti x0 kh v ch khi c o hm ti ?
ng
Sai
2.4. Hm s kh vi ti x0 khi c cc o hm tri v phi ti ?

ng
Sai
2.5. Tng, tch, hai hm s kh vi ti x0 l mt hm kh vi ti ?

ng
Sai
2.6. Tng, tch, thng cc hm s khng kh vi ti x0 l mt hm khng kh vi ti ?

ng
Sai
2.7. Hm s t cc tr ti x0 th c tip tuyn ca th ti im c honh ti x0 ?

ng
Sai
2.8. Hm s t cc tr ti x0 th c o hm cp hai ti im x0 ?
ng
Sai
2.9. Hm s t cc tr ti x0 th t GTLN hoc GTNN ti im x0 ?

ng
Sai
2.10. GTLN hoc GTNN t c ti im x0 l gi tr cc tr ti ?

ng
Sai
2.11. Hm s lin tc trn khong h (a,b) v c o hm trn khong th cc kt lun

ca nh l Rolle, Lagrange vn ng?
ng
Sai
2.12. nh l Rolle, Lagrange, Cauchy khng nh tnh uy nht v gi tr trung bnh?

ng
Sai
2.13. Phn d Taylor, phn d Cauchy ca hm s ti im x0 l a thc ca x?

ng
Sai
2.14. Qui tc Lpitan m t iu kin cn v cho php tnh gii hn?

ng
Sai
2.15. Vi phn cp 3 ca hm s c tnh bt ?
77
ng
Sai
2.16. Dng nh ngha hy tnh cc o hm cc hm s

a. f ( x ) =
2x + 1
b. f ( x) = x +
1
x
c. f ( x) =
1+ x
x
d. f ( x) =
2.17. Tnh o hm ca cc hm s:
x
2
a. y = ln tg
c. y = e
sin 2
x 2 + 1)
b. y = ln( x +
1
x
d. y = arcsin
e. y = 1 +
3 x
f. y =
2x 2
1+ x4
1
2x
arctg
2
1 x2
2.18. Tnh o hm ca cc hm s
a. y = ln
x ln x 1
x ln x + 1
c. y = ln
x2
1 ax 4
b. y =
d. y =
1
2ax x 2
1
(1 + cos 4 x) 5
2.19. Tnh o hm ca cc hm s
a. y = cos
1 x
1+ x
c. y = arcsin
1 x
1+ x
b. y = 1 + tg x +
d. y = log 2 log 3 log 5 x
2.20. Tnh o hm sau bng phng php o hm lga:

a. y = x
x2
b. y = (sin x )
78
cos x
c. y =
( x + 1) 3 4 x 2
5
x
d. y =
1+ x
( x 3) 2
e. y = ( x + 1)
x( x 2 + 1)
f. y = 3
( x 2 1) 2
sin x
2.21. Tnh o hm sau bng phng php o hm lga

a. y =
c. y =
1
xx
xx
ex
b. y = x
( x ln x x 1)
2x x2
d. y = log cos x sin x
2.22. Tnh vi phn ca hm s

a. y =
cos x
1
x
ln tg
2
2 sin x 2
2
b. Cho f ( x ) = x 2 x + 1 . Tnh f (1), df (1)

2
c. Vi x << a chng minh
d. y =
1
3x
1
2
2x
+6
a2 + x a +
x
2a
ti x = 1 v dx = 0,2
2.23. Tnh o hm cp n ca cc hm s:
x
a. y = 2 + 2
c. y =
b. y = ln(ax + b)
ax + b
cx + d
c. y =
2.24. Tnh cc o hm cp cao sau:

2
a. y = ( x + 1) sin x ,
b. y =
ex
x
tnh y(20)
tnh y(10)
tnh y(n)
d. y = sin ax. sin bx ,
tnh y(n)
c. y = e . sin x
2.25. Dng qui tc LHospital tm cc gii hn sau:
79
( a > 0)
( a > 0)
a. lim
x
2
xe
x + ex
tg
d. lim
x1
1 x
b. lim
x 1
1 sin
ln( x a )
xa ln(e x e a )
c. lim
2
ln(1 x)
e. lim+
x 0
ln x
1 + 2 ln sin x
f. lim
x 0
cot g
2.26. Tm cc gii hn sau:
1
1
x
x0 x
e 1
b. lim ln x. ln( x 1)
a. lim
c. lim e
1
x2
x 0
x1
q
p
p
x1 1 x
1 xq
x 100
d. lim
1
1
3
x1 2(1 x ) 3(1 x )
f. lim
2 cos x
x cot gx
e. lim
2.27. Tm cc gii hn sau:

a. lim (1 + x)
ln x
x 0
b. lim (tgx)
x
tgx x
,
x 0 x
d. lim
c. lim ( x +
x 0
1
2x x
e )
2 cos x
e. lim x ln(e
1)
x 0
x 0 b x x ln b
f. lim
2
x ln a x
2.28. Tm cc khong tng, gim v cc tr ca cc hm s sau:

a. y = x(1 +
x)
ex
d. y =
x
b. y = x ln x
c. y = ( x
3
1) 2
e. y = x ax x , ( a > 0)
2.29. Tm cc tr cc hm s sau:
2
a. y = x (1 x x )
d. y = xe
x2
2
b. y = x ( x + 2)
e. y =
1 + ln x
x
80
c. y =
2
x3
+ (x
f. y = 2 cos
2
2) 3
x
x
+ 3 cos
2
3
2.30. Tm gi tr ln nht, b nht ca cc hm s:

a. y =
1 x + x2
1+ x + x2
a2
b2
b. y =
+
,
x 1 x
2
c. y = 2tgx tg x,
d. y = arctg
1 x
,
1+ x
0 x 1
0 < x < 1, a > 0, b > 0
0 x<
0 x 1
81
Chng3: php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s
CHNG III. HM S NHIU BIN S

MC CH, YU CU
Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s l s m rng mt cch t nhin v cn thit ca php
tnh vi phn hm s mt bin s. Cc bi ton thc t thng xut hin s ph thuc mt bin
s vo hai bin s hoc nhiu hn, chng hn nhit T ca mt cht lng bin i theo
su z v thi gian t theo cng thc T = e t z , nhit lng to ra trn dy dn ph thuc vo
in tr ca dy, cng ca dng v thi gian dn in theo cng thc
Q = 0, 24 RI 2t ,v.vV vy, kho st hm s nhiu bin s va mang tnh tng qut va mang
tnh thc tin. hc tt chng ny, ngoi vic nm vng cc php tnh o hm ca hm
mt bin s, ngi hc phi c cc kin thc v hnh hc khng gian (xem [ 2] ).Trong
chng ny, yu cu ngi hc nm vng cc ni dung chnh sau:
1. Cc khi nim chung ca khng gian n (n chiu).
M t c min xc nh v th ca hm hai bin.
2. Php tnh o hm ring v vi phn ton phn.
Nm vng cc qui tc tnh o hm ring trn c s tnh o hm ca hm mt bin. Cng
thc tnh o hm ring ca hm s n. Cng thc vi phn ton phn v bit cch p dng vo
php tnh gn ng.
3. Nm vng khi nim v cch tnh o hm theo hng. Gii thch c o hm ring theo
cc bin x, y, z chnh l o hm theo hng cc trc Ox, Oy, Oz.
4. Bi ton tm cc tr.
Qui tc tm cc tr t do, phng php nhn t Lagrange.
NI DUNG
3.1. CC KHI NIM C BN
3.1.1. Khng gian n chiu
* Ta bit mi im trong khng gian 3 chiu c c trng hon ton bi b 3 s (x, y, z)
l 3 ta Descartes ca n: x l honh , y l tung v z l cao .
Tng qut nh sau: Mi b c th t n s thc ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) gi l mt im n chiu. K
hiu M ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) c ngha l im n chiu M c cc to x1 , x2 ,..., xn . Tp cc im
M ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) gi l khng gian Euclide n chiu. K hiu tp ny l n .
* Cho M ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) n , N ( y1 , y 2 ,..., y n ) n . Gi khong cch gia M v N, k hiu
d(M, N), l s thc tnh theo cng thc:
82
d ( M , N ) = ( x1 y1 ) + ...... + ( xn y n ) =
2
(x
i =1
yi ) 2
Tng t nh trong , 2 , 3 ta nhn c bt ng thc tam gic trong n . Tc l vi 3

im A, B, C bt k trong n ta c:
d ( A, C ) d ( A, B) + d ( B, C )
* Cho M 0 ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) n v > 0 . Tp (M 0 ) = M n : d(M, M 0 ) < gi l

0
- ln
ca M0 hoc hnh cu m tm M0 bn knh (H.3.1a).

* Cho E . im M E gi l im trong ca E nu c ( M ) E ( > 0) . im
cn hoc ln cn bn knh
n
N n gi l im bin ca E nu bt k ( M ) u cha nhng im thuc E v im

khng thuc E ( > 0) . Tp E gi l m nu mi im ca n u l im trong, gi l
ng nu n cha mi im bin ca n. Tp cc im bin ca E k hiu E . Bao ng ca
E hay tp E ng k hiu E v c E = E E (H.3.1a).
* Tp E gi l b chn hay gii ni nu nh tn ti s N sao cho E N (0) .
* Tp E gi l lin thng nu mi cp im M1, M2 trong E u c ni vi nhau bi mt
ng cong lin tc no nm trn trong E. Tp lin thng E gi l n lin nu n b gii
hn bi mt mt kn (mt ng cong kn trong 2 ; mt mt cong kn trong 3 ) (H.3.1a).
Tp lin thng E gi l a lin nu n b gii hn bi t hai mt kn tr ln ri nhau tng i
mt (H.3.1b).
V d 1: Xt cc tp sau trong 2 .
A = {( x, y ) : x 2 + y 2 < 4}
B = {(1,2), ( 1,0), (0,0)} v 2
Gii:
A = {( x, y ) : x 2 + y 2 = 4} - ng trn tm O bn knh 2, A = {( x, y ) : x 2 + y 2 4} - hnh
trn k c bin.
83
A, 2 l cc tp lin thng, B khng lin thng (gm 3 im ri rc).

A, B l cc tp gii ni, 2 khng gii ni (c mt phng 0xy).
3.1.2. nh ngha hm nhiu bin s
Cho D n . Gi nh x:
f : D
Hay l M(x1 , x 2 ,...., x n ) D
u = f (M) = f (x1 , x 2 ,...., x n ) l mt hm s ca n bin s
xc nh trn D. D gi l min xc nh ca hm s f; x1 , x2 ,...., xn l cc bin s c lp, cn

u gi l bin s ph thuc.
3.1.3. Min xc nh ca hm nhiu bin s
Ngi ta quy c: Nu cho hm s u = f(M) m khng ni g v min xc nh D ca n th

phi hiu rng min xc nh D ca hm s l tp hp cc im M sao cho biu thc f(M) c
ngha.
Min xc nh ca hm s thng l tp lin thng. Sau y l mt s v d v min xc nh
ca hm s 2 bin s, 3 bin s.
V d 2: Tm min xc nh ca cc hm s sau v m t hnh hc cc min :
a) z = 1 x 2 y 2 ,
b) z = ln( x + y ) ,
c) u =
y
9 x2 y2 z2
Gii:
a. Min xc nh l tp (x, y) 2 sao cho 1 x 2 y 2 0 hay x 2 + y 2 1 . l hnh trn

ng tm O bn knh bng 1 (H.3.2a). Hnh trn ng ny c th m t bi h bt phng
trnh:
1 x 1
1 x 2 y 1 x 2
b. Min xc nh l tp (x, y) 2 tho mn x + y > 0 hay y > -x. l na mt phng c
bin l ng y = -x (H.3.2b). Na mt phng ny c m t bi h bt phng trnh:
< x < +
x < y < +
c. Min xc nh l tp (x, y, z) 3 tho mn x 2 + y 2 + z 2 < 9 . l hnh cu m tm O bn
knh bng 3 (H.3.2c). Hnh cu m ny m t bi h bt phng trnh:
3 < x < 3
2
2
9 x y 9 x
9 x 2 y 2 z 9 x 2 y 2
84
y
y
y
1 x2
-1
1
0
-1
1 x2
H.3.2b
H.3.2a
z
3
3
x
H.3.2c
3.1.4. ngha hnh hc ca hm hai bin s
Cho hm 2 bin z = f(x,y) vi ( x, y ) D . Tp cc im (x, y, z) 3 vi z = f(x,y) gi l

th ca hm s cho. Nh th th ca hm 2 bin thng l mt mt cong trong khng
gian 3 chiu Oxyz. th ca hm s m t mt cch trc quan hm s th hin c ngha
hnh hc ca hm s. Di y ta xt cc mt cong c bit v n gin, thng dng trong
ton hc v ng dng.
A. Mt phng:
Mt phng l th ca hm hai bin tuyn tnh, ni cch khc phng trnh mt phng c
dng: Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 trong A2 + B 2 + C 2 > 0 . Chng hn C 0 c
1
z = ( D + Ax + By ) , hm s ny xc nh trn 2 .
C
B. Ellipsoid
Ellipsoid l mt cong, phng trnh chnh tc ca n c dng (H.3.3)

x2 y2 z2
+
+
=1
a 2 b2 c 2
85
y l hm hai bin cho di dng khng tng minh (dng n). Hm s l a tr. Chng hn
coi z l bin ph thuc vo x v y th min xc nh l hnh ellipse c cc bn trc a v b:
x2 y 2
+
1
a 2 b2
Khi a = b = c = R ta c mt cu tm gc to v bn knh l R: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2
C. Paraboloid elliptic
Phng trnh chnh tc ca paraboloid elliptic c dng (H.3.4):
x2 y2
+
=z
a 2 b2
Min xc nh ca hm s trn l 2 . Khi a = b tc l phng trnh c dng: x 2 + y 2 = a 2 z

Gi l paraboloid trn xoay.
D. Mt tr bc 2
* Mt tr elliptic (H.3.5) c phng trnh chnh tc:
86
x2 y2
+
=1
a 2 b2
* Mt tr hyperbolic (H.3.6) c phng trnh chnh tc:
x2
a2
y2
b2
= 1
* Mt tr parabolic (H.3.7) c phng trnh chnh tc:
y 2 = 2 px
E. Mt nn bc 2
Phng trnh chnh tc ca mt nn c dng (H.3.8)

x2 y2 z2
+
=0
a 2 b2 c 2
3.1.5. Gii hn ca hm s nhiu bin s
Khi nim gii hn ca hm s nhiu bin s cng c a v khi nim gii hn ca hm

mt bin s. y mt bin s ng vai tr l khong cch d(M0, M) gia hai im M0 v M
trong khng gian n . n gin trong cch vit chng ta xt trong khng gian 2 chiu 2 .
* Ni rng dy im Mn(xn, yn) dn n im M0(x0, y0); k hiu M n M 0 khi n nu
lim x n = x 0
n
lim d ( M 0 , M n ) = 0 hay l
n
lim
n y n = y 0
* Cho hm z = f(x,y) xc nh ln cn M0(x0, y0), c th tr im M0. Ta ni rng hm f(M)
c gii hn l l khi M(x,y) dn n M0(x0, y0) nu mi dy im Mn(xn, yn) thuc ln cn dn
n M0 ta u c: lim f ( x n , y n ) = l
n
Thng k hiu lim f ( M ) = l hay

M M 0
lim
( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 )
f ( x, y ) = l
S dng ngn ng " , " c th nh ngha nh sau: Hm s f(M) c gii hn l khi

M M 0 nu > 0, > 0 : 0 < d ( M 0 , M ) < f ( M ) l <
Ch : 1. Tt c cc khi nim gii hn v hn hoc cc nh l v gii hn: tng, tch,
thng, gii hn th t, nguyn l kp u ging nh hm s mt bin s.
2. T nh ngha ta nhn thy: Gii hn l ca hm s f ( x, y ) khi M M 0 khng

ph thuc ng i ca M tin n M 0 , v th nu ch ra hai ng i ca M tin n
M 0 m f ( M ) tin n hai gi tr khc nhau th hm s khng c gii hn ti M 0 .
V d 3: Tm cc gii hn
a.
x2 y
( x , y ) ( 0 , 0 ) x 2 + y 2
lim
b.
lim
( x , y ) ( 0 , 0 )
xy
x + y2
c.
Gii:
87
lim
( x , y ) ( 0 , 0 )
xy
x + y2
2
x2 y
0 y,
x2 + y2
a. Ta c
d ( M ,O) = x 2 + y 2
> 0, = khi 0 < x 2 + y 2 <
y <
x2 y
0 y < =
x2 + y 2
x2 y
=0
Vy lim
( x , y ) ( 0 , 0 ) x 2 + y 2
xy
Cx 2
b. Cho M ( x, y ) O (0,0) theo ng y = Cx, C = const (hng s) th 2
=
x + y 2 (1 + C 2 ) x 2
xy
C
=
chng t dy gi tr hm c gii hn khc nhau ph thuc vo C.
2
x 0 x + y
1+ C2
Theo ch 2, suy ra hm khng c gii hn.
lim
c.
xy
x 2 + y2
x
x 2 + y2
. y y . Tng t a. suy ra
lim
( x , y ) ( 0 , 0 )
xy
x2 + y2
=0
3.1.6. S lin tc ca hm s nhiu bin s

A. nh ngha
* Hm s f(M) xc nh trn min D v M 0 D . Ta ni rng hm s f(M) lin tc ti M 0
nu lim f ( M ) = f ( M 0 ) .
M M 0
* Hm s f(M) xc nh trn min D. Ni rng hm s lin tc trn min D nu n lin tc ti

mi im M D .
* Hm s f(M) lin tc trn min ng D nu n lin tc trn min D v lin tc ti mi im
N D theo ngha lim f ( M ) = f ( N ), M D .
M N
* Nu t f ( x 0 , y 0 ) = f ( x 0 + x, y 0 + y ) f ( x 0 , y 0 ) gi l s gia ton phn ca hm s ti
(x0,y0) th hm s f(x,y) lin tc ti (x0, y0) nu nh f ( x0 , y 0 ) 0 khi x 0 v y 0 .

B. Tnh cht
Hon ton tng t nh hm mt bin s ta c tnh cht quan trng sau y:

nh l 3.1: Nu f(x,y) lin tc trong min ng D gii ni th n t gi tr ln nht v gi
tr b nht trong min D tc l: M 1 D, M 2 D c bt ng thc kp:

f ( M 1 ) f ( M ) f ( M 2 ), M D
88
3.2. O HM V VI PHN
3.2.1. o hm ring
Cho hm s u = f(x,y) xc nh trong min D v M 0 ( x0 , y 0 ) D . C nh y = y0 trong hm

s cho s nhn c hm s mt bin s u = f(x, y0). Nu hm s ny c o hm ti x0 th
o hm c gi l o hm ring ca f(x, y) i vi x ti M0(x0, y0) v k hiu nh sau:
u
f
( x0 , y 0 ) hay f x( x 0 , y 0 ) hay
( x0 , y 0 )
x
x
u x ( x 0 , y 0 ) hay
t x f ( x0 , y 0 ) = f ( x 0 + x, y 0 ) f ( x 0 , y 0 ) gi l s gia ring ca hm f(x, y) theo bin

x ti (x0, y0) v ta c:
f ( x0 , y 0 )
f
( x 0 , y 0 ) = lim x
x 0
x
x
Tng t ta c nh ngha o hm ring ca hm s i vi y ti M0(x0, y0) v k hiu:
u
f
( x0 , y 0 ) , f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) ,
( x0 , y 0 )
y
y
u y ( x0 , y 0 ) ,
Ch : C th chuyn ton b cc php tnh o hm ca hm mt bin s: cng, tr, nhn,

chia, sang php tnh o hm ring.
V d 4: Tnh o hm ring sau:
a. u = x 3 y, u x/ (1,2), u y (1,1) .
b. u = x y ( x > 0), u x ( x, y ), u y ( x, y ) .
y
c. u = x 2 z arctg , u x ( x, y , z ), u y ( x, y , z ), u z ( x, y , z ) .
z
Gii:
a. u x ( x, y ) = 3x 2 y u x (1, 2) = 6 ,
u y ( x, y ) = x 3 u y (1, 1) = 1 .
b. u x = yx y 1 , u y = x y ln x
c. u x ( x, y , z ) = 2 xzarctg
y
,
z
u y ( x, y, z ) = x 2 z
1
z
1
1+
u z ( x, y, z ) = x 2 arctg
y2
x2z2
y2 + z2
z2
y
y
x2 z 2
z
z
1
1+
y2
= x 2 (arctg
z2
89
y
yz
2
).
z y + z2
3.2.2. Vi phn ton phn

A. nh ngha
* Cho hm s u = f(x, y) xc nh trong min D cha (x0, y0). Nu s gia ton phn ca hm
s ti (x0, y0) ng vi s gia x, y ca cc i s c dng:
f ( x 0 , y 0 ) = A.x + B.y + .x + .y
(3.1)
trong A, B l nhng s ch ph thuc vo (x0, y0), cn , dn n 0 khi M M 0 tc l

khi x 0, y 0 th ni rng hm s f(x, y) kh vi ti M0, cn biu thc A.x + B.y
c gi l vi phn ton phn ca hm s ti M0 v k hiu l df(x0, y0), hay du(x0, y0). Nh
vy df ( x0 , y 0 ) = A.x + B.y
* Hm s u = f(x, y) c gi l kh vi trong min D nu n kh vi ti mi im ca min D.
B. iu kin cn ca hm s kh vi
nh l 3.2: Nu f(x, y) kh vi ti (x0, y0) th lin tc ti .
T (3.1) suy ra f ( x0 , y 0 ) 0 khi x 0, y 0 .

nh l 3.3: Nu f(x, y) kh vi ti (x0, y0) th hm c cc o hm ring ti (x0, y0) v
A = f x( x 0 , y 0 ), B = f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) .
Chng minh:
T (3.1) suy ra:

y f ( x0 , y 0 )
x f ( x0 , y 0 )
= A + ,
= B+
x
y
Vy
f x( x 0 , y 0 ) = A,
f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) = B chng t
df ( x0 , y0 ) = f x( x0 , y0 )x + f y( x0 , y0 )y
(3.2)
C. iu kin ca hm s kh vi
nh l 3.4: Nu hm s u = f(x, y) c cc o hm ring f x( x, y ), f y ( x, y ) lin tc ti
M0(x0,y0) th f(x, y) kh vi ti M0(x0, y0).

Chng minh:
Ta c f ( x 0 , y 0 ) = f ( x 0 + x, y 0 + y ) f ( x 0 , y 0 )
= [ f ( x 0 + x, y 0 + y ) f ( x0 , y 0 + y )] + [ f ( x 0 , y 0 + y ) f ( x 0 , y 0 )]
p dng cng thc s gia hu hn (cng thc Lagrange) cho hm mt bin s f(x, y0 + y) ti
ln cn x0 v f(x0, y) ln cn y0 s nhn c:
f ( x 0 + x, y 0 + y ) f ( x 0 , y 0 + y ) = f x( x 0 + 1 x, y 0 + y ) x
f ( x 0 , y 0 + y ) f ( x0 , y 0 ) = f y ( x0 , y 0 + 2 y ) y
Trong 0 < 1 < 1, 0 < 2 < 1
Cng theo gi thit f x( x, y ), f y ( x, y ) lin tc ti (x0, y0) nn:
90
f x( x 0 + 1 x, y 0 + y ) = f x( x0 , y 0 ) + ( x, y )
f y ( x0 , y 0 + 2 y ) = f y ( x0 , y 0 ) + ( x, y )
Trong 0, 0 khi x 0, y 0 .
T nhn c:
f ( x 0 , y 0 ) = f x( x0 , y 0 ) x + f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) y + x + y
chng t hm s kh vi ti (x0, y0).
Nu xt cc hm s h(x, y) = x v g(x, y) = y trong 2 th r rng:
dh(x, y) = dx = 1.x
dg(x, y) = dy = 1.y
Vy vi phn ton phn ca hm s f(x, y) ti (x0, y0) c th vit di dng:
df ( x 0 , y 0 ) = f x( x0 , y 0 )dx + f y ( x 0 , y 0 )dy
(3.2)
D. ngha ca vi phn ton phn
Nu hm s f(x, y) kh vi ti (x0, y0) th r rng:

f ( x0 , y 0 ) = df ( x0 , y 0 ) + x + y
V rng
x + y
x 2 + y 2
+ 0 khi x 0, y 0 .
Suy ra df(x0, y0) khc s gia ton phn f(x0, y0) mt v cng b c bc cao hn v cng b
= x 2 + y 2 khi x 0, y 0 . Vy vi x , y kh b s nhn c:
f df .
T nhn c f ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) + df ( x0 , y0 )
(3.3)
Cng thc (3.3) thng c s dng tnh gn ng gi tr ca hm s.

Ch : Tnh kh vi ca tng, tch, thng hai hm cng ging nh hm mt bin s.
V d 5: Thc hin php tnh vi phn cc hm s:

a. Cho f(x,y) = x cos xy, tnh df 1, vi x = 0,01 , y = 0,02.
4
2
b. Cho f(x,y) = xy2, ( x y )e xy . Tnh df(x,y).

Gii:
2

a. f x ( x, y ) = cos xy xy sin xy , f x 1, =
1 ,
4
4 2
2

f y ( x, y ) = x 2 sin xy , f y 1, =
,
2
4
91
2
2
2

df 1, =
.0,02 =
1 + .0,01 .
1 .0,01
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
b. f x( x, y ) = e xy + y 2 ( x y )e xy ,
2
f y ( x, y ) = e xy + 2 yx( x y )e xy ,
df ( x, y ) = e xy {1 + y 2 ( x y ) dx + [2 xy ( x y ) 1]dy}.
2
V d 6:
a. Tnh gn ng arctg
1,05
.
0,97
b. Mt hnh tr bng kim loi c chiu cao h = 20 cm v bn knh y r = 4 cm. Khi nng ln
h v r n thm cc on h = r = 0,1 cm. Hy tnh gn ng th tch hnh tr khi nng ln.
Gii:
a. Ta vit arctg
R rng arctg
1,05
1 + 0,05
x
= arctg
. Xt hm s f ( x, y ) = arctg
0,97
1 0,03
y
1,05
= f ( x 0 + x, y 0 + y ) , trong x0 = y0 = 1, x = 0,05 v y=-0,03.
0,97
p dng cng thc xp x (3.3) ta c:

f ( x0 + x, y 0 + y ) f ( x0 , y 0 ) + df ( x0 , y 0 ) = f (1,1) + f x (1,1).0,05 + f y (1,1).(0,03)
f x( x, y ) =
1
y
1
y
1
x
x
, f y ( x, y ) = 2
= 2
= 2
2
2
2
y +x
y + x2
x
y
x
1+ 2
1+ 2
y
y
1 1
1
f ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) arctg + .0, 05 + .0, 03 = + 0, 04 = 0, 785 + 0, 04 = 0,825.

1 2
2
4
b.
Ta c V = r 2 h, Vr = 2rh, Vh = r 2
p dng cng thc (1.3):

V (r + r , h + h) r 2 h + 2rhr + r 2 h .4 2.20 + 2 .4.20.0,1 + .4 2.0,1 .337,6 cm 3
Chng t sai s tuyt i khng qu 0,3 cm 3 v sai s tng i khng qu
0,3
1
.
337 100
3.2.3. o hm ring cp cao
o hm ring cp hai ca mt hm l o hm ring cc o hm ring cp mt ca n. Hm

hai bin f(x,y) c 4 o hm ring cp hai sau y:
f x2 =
f
,
x x
f xy =
f
,
y x
f yx =
f
,
x y
92
f y2 =
f

y y
hay
2 f 2 f 2 f 2 f
,
,
,
x 2 xy yx y 2
Hon ton tng t ta cng c cc nh ngha o hm ring cp cao hn ca hm nhiu bin

hn.
(3)
(3)
V d 7: Tnh cc o hm ring f x(23y) , f xyx
bit f ( x, y, z ) = e x 2 y + 4 z .
, f xyz
Gii:
f x = e x 2 y + 4 z , f x2 = e x 2 y + 4 z , f x(23y) = 2e x 2 y + 4 z
( 3)
( 3)
f xy = 2e x 2 y + 4 z , f xyx
= 2e x 2 y + 4 z , f xyz
= 8e x 2 y + 4 z
( 3)
Nhn xt: Trong v d trn c f x(23y) = f xyx
.
nh l 3.5(Schwarz): Nu f(x,y) c cc o hm ring hn hp f xy v f yx trong ln cn
( M 0 ) v lin tc ti M0(x0, y0) th cc o hm hn hp bng nhau ti M0:

f xy ( M 0 ) = f yx ( M 0 ) .
Chng minh: Ly t, s b. Lp cc hm s sau y trong ln cn M0:
g(x, y) = f(x + t, y) f(x, y)

h(x, y) = f(x, y + s) f(x, y)
R rng g(x0, y0 + s) g(x0, y0) = h(x0 + t, y0) h(x0, y0)
p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm g(x0, y) ti y0 nhn c:
g ( x0 , y 0 + s ) g ( x 0 , y 0 ) = s. g y ( x 0 , y 0 + 1 s )
= s[ f y ( x 0 + t , y 0 + 1 s ) f y ( x 0 , y 0 + 1 s ]
Tip tc p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm f y ( x, y 0 + 1 s ) ti x0 nhn c:
g ( x 0 , y 0 + s ) g ( x 0 , y 0 ) = stf yx ( x 0 + 2 t , y 0 + 1 s )
Hon ton tng t cng c:
h( x0 + t , y 0 ) h( x0 , y 0 ) = stf xy ( x0 + 1t , y 0 + 2 s )
Cho t , s 0 , do tnh lin tc nhn c f xy ( x0 , y 0 ) = f yx ( x0 , y 0 )
Ch : nh l trn cng m rng cho cc o hm cp cao hn v hm nhiu bin hn.
3.2.4. Vi phn cp cao
Ta nhn thy df ( x, y ) = f x( x, y )dx + f y ( x, y )dy cng l mt hm s ca x, y nn c th xt vi

phn ca n. Nu df(x,y) kh vi th vi phn ca n gi l vi phn cp hai ca f(x, y), k hiu
d 2 f ( x, y ) = d (df ( x, y )) v ni rng f(x, y) kh vi n cp 2 ti (x, y).
Tng qut vi phn cp n, nu c s k hiu: d n f ( x , y ) = d (d n 1 f ( x, y ))
Cng thc vi phn cp 2 nh sau:
93
d 2 f ( x, y ) = d ( df ( x, y )) =
f
f
f
f
dx + dy dx + dx + dy
x x
y
y x
y
2 f 2 2 f
2 f
2 f 2
= 2 dx +
+
dxdy + y 2 dy
x
xy yx
Gi s cc o hm ring hn hp lin tc, theo nh l Schwarz ta c:

d 2 f ( x, y ) =
2 f
2 f 2
2 f 2
dx
+
2
dxdy
+
dy
x 2
xy
y 2
(3.4)
Ngi ta dng k hiu lu tha tng trng vit gn nh sau:
df ( x, y ) = dx + dy f ( x, y )
y
x
n
Tng qut c d f ( x, y ) = dx + dy f ( x, y )
y
x
n
(3.5)
3.2.5. o hm ca hm s hp
Cho D n v cc nh x : D m
f : (D)
hay
y1 = y1 (x1 , x 2 ,..., x n )
y = y (x , x ,..., x )
2
1
2
n
u = u(y1 , y 2 ,..., y m ) vi 2
..................................
y m = y m (x1 , x 2 ,..., x n )
nh x tch f : D c th l u = f ((M)), M D, (M) m gi l hm s hp.

cho n gin, sau y ta xt n = 2, m = 2, khi hm hp f xc nh trn min
phng D
nh l 3.6 : Cho u = f(x,y) vi x = x(s, t); y = y(s, t) tho mn:
Cc bin trung gian x(s, t), y(s, t) c cc o hm ring cp 1 ti (a, b),

f(x, y) kh vi ti im (x0, y0) = (x(a, b), y(a, b)).
Khi hm hp u = u(s, t) c o hm ring cp 1 ti (a, b) tnh theo cng thc:
u u x u y
=
+
s x s y s
u u x u y
=
+
t x t y t
(3.6)
Cng thc (3.6) c th vit di dng ma trn:
94
x
u u u u s
=
s t x y y
x
t
x x
s t c gi l ma trn Jacobi ca x, y i vi t, s; cn nh thc ca ma trn ny gi

y y
s t
l nh thc Jacobi ca x, y i vi t, s hay Jacobian ca x, y i vi t, s v k hiu:
x
D( x, y) s
=
D(s, t) y
s
x
t
y
t
(3.7)
V d 8: Tnh cc o hm ring
u = e x ln y ,
x = st ,
y = s2 t 2 .
Gii:
1
2s
u
= e x ln y. t + e x . .2 s = e st t ln( s 2 t 2 ) + 2 2 ,
y
s t
s
u
1
2t
= e x ln y.s + e x . .( 2t ) = e st s ln( s 2 t 2 ) 2 2 .
t
y
s t
1
V d 9: Cho u = , r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . Chng minh u = u x2 + u y2 + u z2 = 0 .
r
Gii:
Nhn xt: hm s u =
1
i xng vi x, y, z. Do ta ch cn tnh u x2 , sau thay x bi y v
r
z.
u x = u .rx =
u x2 =
1 x
x
. = 3 ,
2
r r
r
1
1 x
1 3x 2
+
=
+
,
x
3
.
.
r3
r4 r
r3 r5
Suy ra u =
3 3( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
3 3
+
= 3 + 3 = 0.
3
5
r
r
r
r
Ch : Nu u = f(x, y), y = y(x) khi u l hm s hp ca mt bin x. Do vy ngi ta a

du f f
ra khi nim o hm ton phn v cng thc tnh s l:
=
+ . y .
dx x y
3.2.6. Vi phn ca hm hp
Xt hm hp u = f(x, y), x = x(s, t), y = y(s, t).

95
Nu hm hp c cc o hm ring
du =
u u
,
lin tc th n kh vi v ta c:
s t
u
u
ds + dt
s
t
By gi ta biu din du qua bin trung gian x, y theo cng thc (3.6) c:
u x u y
u x u y
du =
+
+
ds +
dt
x s y s
x t y t
=
u x
x u y
y
ds + dt + ds + dt
x s
t y s
t
u
u
dx + dy .
x
y
Nh vy dng ca cng thc vi phn cp 1 khng i d x, y l cc bin c lp hay l hm

ca cc bin s, t. Tnh cht ny gi l tnh cht bt bin dng ca vi phn cp 1.
Ch : Cng nh hm mt bin s, vi phn cp cao khng c tnh bt bin dng.
3.2.7. o hm ca hm s n
A. Hm n mt bin
Cho mt h thc gia hai bin, x, y dng: F(x, y) = 0
(3.8)
trong F(x, y) l hm hai bin xc nh trong min m D cha (x0, y0) v F(x0, y0) = 0. Gi
s rng x ( x0 , x0 + ), y ( x) sao cho ( x, y ( x)) D v F(x, y(x)) = 0. Hm s y = y(x)
gi l hm n ca x xc nh bi phng trnh (3.8).
nh l 3.7: Nu F(x, y) tho mn cc iu kin:
F lin tc trong ln cn ( M 0 ) v F(M0) = 0.

Cc o hm ring
F F
F
( x0 , y 0 ) 0 trong ln cn ( M 0 ) th phng
,
lin tc v
y
x y
trnh (3.8) xc nh mt hm n y(x) kh vi lin tc trong khong ( x0 , x0 + ) v ta c:

F
dy
= x
dx
Fy
(3.9)
Ch : nhn c cng thc (3.9) chng ta ch vic ly vi phn 2 v ca (3.8) trong c

y = y(x) v p dng tnh bt bin ca dng vi phn cp 1.
Tht vy dF(x, y) = 0 hay Fxdx + Fydy = 0 hay Fx + Fy. y = 0 . T suy ra (3.9).

V d 10: Tnh y (1) bit xy e x sin y =
Gii:
Ly o hm ton phn (hay vi phn) v coi y l hm ca x hai v ca phng trnh cho

c:
y + xy e x sin y e x cos y. y = 0
96
Thay x = 1 vo phng trnh hm n, nhn c: y (1) = e sin y (1) . Dng phng php
th gii phng trnh ny, nhn c nghim y (1) = .
Vy
+ y (1) e sin e cos . y (1) = 0

y (1) =
1+ e
V d 11: Tnh y , y bit x y + arctgy = 0

Gii:
Ly o hm ton phn hai v coi y = y(x)

1 y +
y
1+ y2
=
0
y
=
y2
1+ y2
y 2 y = 1 + y 2
Ly o hm tip ta c 2 yy 2 + y 2 y = 2 yy y =
2 y(1 y)
2(1 + y 2 )
y =
.
y
y5
B. Hm n hai bin
nh l 3.8: Cho phng trnh hm n F(x, y, z) = 0 v F(x, y, z) tho mn cc iu kin:
F(x, y, z) lin tc trong hnh cu m ( M 0 ) v F(M0) = F(x0, y0, z0) = 0;

Cc o hm ring Fx, Fy , Fz lin tc v Fz( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) 0 trong hnh cu ( M 0 )
Khi phng trnh hm n xc nh mt hm n z = z (x, y) c cc o hm ring lin tc
trong ln cn ( x0 , y 0 ) ng thi:
Fy
F z
z
= x,
=
x
Fz y
Fz
(3.10)
Tng t nh nh l 3.7. ta khng chng minh nh l ny.

Cng nh trong trng hp hm n mt bin, tnh cc o hm ring cng nh vi phn ca
z z
hm n ta ly vi phn ton phn hai v ca phng trnh hm n sau i tm
, , dz
x y
V d 12: Cho xyz = x + y + z. Coi z l hm s n, hy tnh z x , z y , dz .
Gii:
Ly vi phn ton phn phng trnh hm n s c:

d(xyz) = d(x + y + z)
yz dx + zx dy + xy dz = dx + dy + dz
(xy 1) dz = (1- yz) dz + (1-zx) dy
dz =
1
[( yz 1)dx + ( zx 1)dy ]
xy 1
z x =
yz 1
,
yx 1
z y =
xz 1
.
xy 1
97
3.2.8. o hm theo hng. Grain (Gradient)
A. nh ngha:
Cho u(x, y, z) xc nh trn min D 3 v M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) D , mt hng c c trng

bi vc t
c vc t n v (cos , cos , cos ) =
, nh vy:
= (Ox, ), = (Oy, ), = (Oz , ) . Ngi ta gi cos , cos , cos l cc csin

ch phng ca . R rng cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = 1. (H.3.9)
Ly M D sao cho M 0 M =
, lp t s
u(M ) u(M 0 )
Nu t s trn c gii hn hu hn khi 0 th gii hn y c gi l o hm ca hm

ti M0 v k hiu l
u(M) theo hng

lim
0
u( M ) u( M 0 )
u
( M 0 ) tc l:
(M 0 )
Ch :
1. Cng ging nh ngha ca o hm, c th coi rng o hm theo hng
biu th tc
bin thin ca hm u(M) theo hng .

2. Nu
c hng ca trc Ox th
0 (1,0,0) .
Gi s M 0 ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) th M ( x 0 + , y 0 , z 0 ) khi
98
( M 0 ) = lim
u( x0 + , y 0 , z0 ) u( x0 , y 0 , z0 )
u
(M 0 )
x
Chng t cc o hm ring u x , u y , u z l o hm ca hm u theo hng ca cc trc Ox, Oy,

Oz.
B. Cng thc tnh
nh l 3.9: Nu hm s u(x, y, z) kh vi ti M0(x0, y0, z0) v
phng cos , cos , cos th:
(M 0 ) =
bt k c cc csin ch
u
u
u
( M 0 ) cos + ( M 0 ) cos + ( M 0 ) cos
z
x
y
(3.11)
Chng minh:
Theo ngha ca hm kh vi ta c:
u = u ( M ) u ( M 0 ) = ux ( M 0 )x + uy ( M 0 )y + uz ( M 0 )z + o( )
trong o( ) l VCB bc cao hn khi 0 .
Mt khc x = cos , y = cos , z = cos suy ra:
= ux ( M 0 )cos + uy ( M 0 )cos + uz ( M 0 )cos +
o( )
Chuyn qua gii hn khi 0 s c (3.11)

C. Grain
Cho u(x, y, z) c cc o hm ring ti M 0 (x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) D 3 .

Gi vc t (u x ( M 0 ), u y ( M 0 ), u z ( M 0 )) l grain ca hm u(x, y, z) ti M0 v k hiu l
grad u(M0).
grad u ( M 0 ) = (u x ( M 0 ), u y ( M 0 ), u z ( M 0 ))
= u x ( M 0 )i + u y ( M 0 ) j + u z ( M 0 )k
(3.12)
trong i, j, k l cc vc t n v ca cc trc Ox, Oy, Oz.

D. Lin h gia grain v o hm theo hng.
nh l 3.10: Nu u(M) kh vi ti M0 th ti c:
u
= ch gradu =
.gradu .
(3.13)
Chng minh:
Ta c
= cos i + cos j + cos k nn (3.11) c th vit nh sau:
( M 0 ) = grad u( M 0 ).
grad u( M 0 ) cos
99
trong l gc gia hai vc t
v grad u(M0), m
= 1,
grad u( M 0 ) cos = ch grad u( M 0 ) . Vy nhn c cng thc (3.13)

u
( M 0 ) = grad u( M 0 ) khi cos = 1 , tc l cng phng
vi grad u(M0) chng t grad u(M0) cho ta bit phng theo n tc bin thin ca u ti M0
c gi tr tuyt i cc i.
Ch : T (3.13) suy ra max
V d 13: Cho u = x 3 + y 3 + z 3 + 3xyz , M0(1, 2, -3), (2, 1, -2).
Tnh grad u(M0) v
(M 0 ) .
Gii:
u x = 3x 2 + 3 yz, u y = 3 y 2 + 3zx, u z = 3z 2 + 3 xy
Vy grad u(1, 2, -3) = (3 18, 12 9, 27 + 6) = (-15, 3, 33) = 3(-5, 1, 11)

(2, 1, -2)
u
1
2
2
2 1 2
= , , (1,2,3) = 3 5. + 1. 11. = 31
3
3
3
3 3 3
3.3. CC TR
3.3.1. Cc tr t do
A. nh ngha v iu kin cn ca cc tr
im M 0 (x 0 , y0 ) 2 gi l im cc i (a phng) ca hm f(M) nu c ln cn b
ca M0 trong ln cn (tr M0) xy ra bt ng thc f(M) < f(M0)
Tng t ta c khi nim im cc tiu (a phng) ca hm s f(M).
im M0(x0, y0) trong cc trng hp trn gi chung l im cc tr.
Tng t nh nh l Fermat i vi hm mt bin s, ta c iu kin cn ca cc tr di
y.
nh l 3.11. Nu f(x, y) t cc tr ti M0 v c cc o hm ring ti th cc o hm
ring bng 0.
Chng minh: Gi s f(x, y) t cc tr ti (x0, y0). Theo nh ngha suy ra hm mt bin
f(x,y0) t cc tr ti x0, f(x0, y) t cc tr ti y0. Theo nh l Fermat ta c:
df ( x, y 0 )
dx
df ( x0 , y )
dy
=0
hay
f
(x0 , y 0 ) = 0
x
=0
hay
f
( x0 , y 0 ) = 0
y
x = x0
y = y0
Ch : im m ti cc o hm ring bng khng gi l im dng ca hm s. Nh vy

im dng cha chc l im cc tr. Chng hn u = xy c im dng l (0 0) nhng trong bt
100
k ln cn no ca gc to (0, 0) u c cc im ( x1 , y1 ) v ( x 2 , y 2 )
f ( x1 , y1 ) > f (0,0) v f ( x 2 , y 2 ) < f (0,0) (ly x1 > 0, y1 > 0, x 2 < 0, y 2 > 0 ).
B. iu kin ca cc tr
Trong thc t thng gp hm hai bin f(x, y) v tm cc tr ca n, ngi ta thng s

dng nh l sau y, coi nh l iu kin hm t cc tr. Ta khng chng minh nh l
ny.
nh l 3.12. Gi s f(x, y) c o hm ring cp hai lin tc ti ln cn im dng (x0, y0)
v gi:
A=
2 f
2 f
2 f
(
,
),
(
,
),
( x0 , y 0 ) v = B 2 AC
x
y
C
x
y
B
=
=
0
0
0
0
2
2
xy
y
x
(3.14)
Nu > 0 th hm s khng t cc tr ti (x0, y0)

Nu = 0 th cha kt lun g c v (x0, y0)
Nu < 0 th hm s t cc tr ti (x0, y0)
C th t cc i nu A < 0, t cc tiu nu A > 0.
V d 14: Xt cc tr ca hm s
z = x 4 + y 4 x 2 2 xy y 2 .
Gii:
Nhn xt: Hm s z kh vi mi cp trn 2 , ta c th p dng nh l 3.12.

* Tm im dng:
z x = 4 x 3 2 x 2 y = 0
x 3 = y 3
x = y
2
3
3
2 x x y = 0
z y = 4 y 2 y 2 x = 0
x( x 1) = 0
Nhn c ba im dng:
x = 0
,
y = 0
x = 1 x = 1
,
y = 1 y = 1
A = z x2 = 12 x 2 2, B = 2, C = 12 y 2 2
= 4 4(6 x 2 1) 6 y 2 1
(0,0) = 0
Nhn thy z(0,0) = 0.
Vi x = y =
Vi x =
1 1 2 1
th z , = 2 2 2 < 0 vi n > 1
n
n n n n
1
1
1 1 2
, y = - th z , = 4 > 0 .
n
n
n n n
Nh vy trong bt k ln cn no ca gc to ta lun tm c cc im (tm c n)

hm i du, chng t hm khng t cc tr ti (0, 0)
101
(1, 1) = (-1, -1) = -96 < 0 v A (1, 1) = A(-1, -1) = 10 > 0.

Vy hm t cc tiu ti (1,1) v (-1, -1)
Gi tr cc tiu l z (1,1) = z(-1, -1) = -2.
3.3.2. Cc tr c iu kin
A. nh ngha v iu kin cn
im M0(x0, y0) 2 gi l im cc i ca hm s f(x, y) vi rng buc (hoc c iu kin)

( x, y ) = 0 nu tho mn ( M 0 ) = 0 ng thi tn ti ln cn b ca M 0 trn ng
cong rng buc ( x, y ) = 0 , trong ln cn c bt ng thc f(M) < f(M0)
Tng t ta c khi nim im cc tiu ca hm s vi rng buc ( x, y ) = 0
n gin bi ton tm cc tr ca hm hai bin vi iu kin ( x, y ) = 0 c k hiu nh
sau:
extf ( x, y )
( x, y ) = 0
(3.15)
Trong ext l vit tt ca t extremum ngha l cc tr.

nh l 3.13. Gi s M0(x0, y0) l im cc tr c iu kin ca hm s f(x,y) vi iu kin
(3.15) v tho mn:
Cc hm f(x, y) v ( x, y ) c cc o hm ring cp 1 lin tc trong ln cn ca M0(x0, y0)

ca ng cong rng buc (3.15)
M0(x0, y0) khng phi l im dng ca hm ( x, y ) . Khi tn ti s thc tho mn h
phng trnh:
f x ( x0 , y 0 ) + x ( x0 , y 0 ) = 0

f y ( x0 , y 0 ) + y ( x0 , y 0 ) = 0
(3.16)
Ch : Hm s L( x, y, ) = f ( x, y ) + ( x, y ) c gi l hm Lagrange v c gi l
nhn t Lagrange. Nh vy vi iu kin cho php ta s i tm im dng (x0, y0, 0) ca hm

Lagrange (do iu kin tin quyt ( x0 , y 0 ) = F ( x0 , y 0 , 0 ) =0), tip theo xem xt mt s cc
iu kin ca bi ton (3.15) c kt lun chnh xc xem im (x0, y0) c phi l im cc
tr c iu kin hay khng.
V d 15: Tm cc tr ca hm s z = x2 + y2 vi rng buc ax + by + c = 0, c 0,
a2 + b2 > 0.
Gii: V hnh hc, y l bi ton tm cc tr ca bnh phng khong cch t gc to
n cc im trn ng thng (H.3.10). Vy bi ton c duy nht cc tiu l chn ng
vung gc h t O ti ng thng.
102
c
b
( x0 , y 0 )
( x, y )
x
c
a
0
H.3.10
Lp hm Lagrange: L = x2 + y2 + (ax + by + c)
Lx = 2 x + a = 0
Tm im dng ca L: Ly = 2 y + b = 0

L = ax + by + c = 0
Thay x =
a
2
, y=
vo phng trnh cui nhn c:
( a 2 + b 2 ) = c, =
x=
2c
a + b2
2
ac
bc
, y= 2
2
a +b
a + b2
2
ac
bc
, 2
im dng duy nht M0 2
l im cc tiu v gi tr cc tiu bng
2
a + b2
a +b
c2
.
a2 + b2
B. iu kin
nh l 3.14. Gi s f(x, y) v ( x, y ) c o hm ring cp 2 lin tc ln cn (x0,y0) v
(x0, y0, ) l im dng ca hm Lagrange, khi :

( x0 , y 0 , )dxdy + L y2 ( x0 , y 0 , )dy 2
* Nu d 2 L( x0 , y 0 , ) = L x2 ( x0 , y 0 , )dx 2 + 2 L xy
xc nh du i vi dx, dy trong min tho mn rng buc:
d ( x0 , y 0 ) = x ( x0 , y 0 )dx + y ( x0 , y 0 )dy = 0, dx 2 + dy 2 0
th f(x,y) t cc tr c rng buc ti (x0, y0). t cc i nu d2L(x0, y0,) >0 v t cc tiu

nu d2L(x0, y0,) <0.
* Nu d2L(x0, y0,) khng xc nh du trong min ni trn th hm khng t cc tr rng
buc ti (x0, y0).
103
ext ( x + y + z )
V d 16: Gii bi ton xyz = 1

x > 0, y > 0, z > 0
Gii:
* Hm Lagrange: L(x,y,z, ) = x + y + z + (xyz - 1)

* Tm im dng:
L/x = 1 + yz = 0
/
Ly = 1 + zx = 0
/
Lz = 1 + xy = 0
/
L = xyz 1 = 0
Nhn 2 v ca phng trnh th nht vi x v n phng trnh th t s nhn c
= 1 v x = y = z = 1
* Xt du ca d2L(1,1,1,-1) vi dx, dy, dz tho mn d ( xyz ) x = y = z =1 = 0 v dx2 + dy2 + dz2 0
Ta c
= z , L yz = x, L zx = y
L x2 = 0 = L y2 = Lz2 , L xy
Suy ra d 2 L(1,1,1,1) = 2(dxdy + dydz + dzdx)
Mt khc d ( xyz ) (1,1,1) = ( yzdx + zxdy + xydz) (1,1,1) = dx + dy + dz = 0
Suy ra dz = - dx dy
d 2 L(1,1,1,1) = 2(dxdy (dx + dy ) 2 ) = (dx + dy ) 2 + dx 2 + dy 2 > 0 khi dx2 + dy2+dz2 > 0
Vy hm s t cc tiu c rng buc ti (1,1,1) v min (x + y + z) = 3
TM TT NI DUNG CHNG III.

Gii hn : lim f ( M ) = l hay lim f ( x n , y n ) = l , d ( M , M 0 ) = ( x x0 ) 2 + ( y y0 ) 2
M M 0
( x , y )( x0 , y0 )
nu > 0, > 0 : 0 < d ( M 0 , M ) < f ( M ) l <
S lin tc ca hm s: Hm s f(M) xc nh trn min D v M 0 D . Ta ni rng hm s

f(M) lin tc ti M 0 nu lim f ( M ) = f ( M 0 )
M M 0
o hm ring: t x f ( x 0 , y 0 ) = f ( x 0 + x, y 0 ) f ( x 0 , y 0 ) gi l s gia ring ca

hm f(x, y) theo bin x ti (x0, y0) v ta c:
f ( x0 , y 0 )
f
, f x( x0 , y0 ) ,
( x 0 , y 0 ) = lim x
x 0
x
x
Tng t ta c nh ngha o hm ring ca hm s i vi y ti M0(x0, y0) v k hiu:
104
u y ( x0 , y 0 ) ,
u
f
( x0 , y 0 ) , f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) ,
( x0 , y 0 )
y
y
C th chuyn ton b cc php tnh o hm ca hm mt bin s: cng, tr, nhn, chia,

sang php tnh o hm ring.
Vi phn ton phn ca hm s f(x, y) ti (x0, y0) v cng thc tnh gn ng :

df ( x 0 , y 0 ) = f x( x0 , y 0 )dx + f y ( x 0 , y 0 )dy
f df hay f ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) + df ( x0 , y0 )
o hm ring cp cao
f x2 =
hay
f
,
x x
f xy =
f
,
y x
f yx =
f
,
x y
f y2 =
f

y y
2 f 2 f 2 f 2 f
,
,
,
x 2 xy yx y 2
Cng thc Schwarz :
f xy ( M 0 ) = f yx ( M 0 ) .
Vi phn cp cao
d 2 f ( x, y ) =
2 f 2
2 f
2 f 2
dx
+
2
dxdy
+
dy
x 2
xy
y 2
Ngi ta dng k hiu lu tha tng trng vit gn nh sau:

n
d f ( x, y ) = dx + dy f ( x, y )
y
x
n
o hm ca hm s hp
u u x u y u u x u y
=
+
,
=
+
s x s y s t x t y t
o hm ca hm n
F
dy
= x ,
dx
Fy
Fy
F z
z
= x,
=
Fz y
Fz
x
o hm theo hng. Nu hm s u(x, y, z) kh vi ti M0(x0, y0, z0) v

csin ch phng cos , cos , cos th:
u
Grain:
(M 0 ) =
u
u
u
( M 0 ) cos + ( M 0 ) cos + ( M 0 ) cos
x
y
z
grad u( M 0 ) = (u x ( M 0 ), u y ( M 0 ), u z ( M 0 ))
= u x ( M 0 )i + u y ( M 0 ) j + u z ( M 0 )k
trong i, j, k l cc vc t n v ca cc trc Ox, Oy, Oz.

u
= ch gradu
105
bt k c cc
f x/ ( x0 , y0 ) = 0
/
f y ( x0 , y0 ) = 0
Cc tr: Gii h
A=
2 f
2 f
2 f
(
x
,
y
),
B
=
(
x
,
y
),
C
=
( x0 , y 0 ) Gi = B 2 AC
0
0
0
0
2
2
xy
x
y
Nu > 0 th hm s khng t cc tr ti (x0, y0)

Nu = 0 th cha kt lun g c v (x0, y0)
Nu < 0 th hm s t cc tr ti (x0, y0)
C th: t cc i nu A < 0, t cc tiu nu A > 0
Cc tr c iu kin. Phng php nhn t Lagrange

Tm ( x0 , y0 , ) tho mn h phng trnh:
f x( x , y ) + x ( x , y ) = 0
f y( x , y ) + y ( x , y ) = 0
( x, y ) = 0
CU HI V BI TP CHNG III
3.1. Min lin thng D l min c bin ch l mt ng cong kn.
ng
Sai
3.2. Nu tn ti lim f ( x0 , y ) th tn ti
y y0
ng
lim
( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 )
f ( x , y ) v chng bng nhau.
Sai
3.3. Hm s f(x,y) c o hm ring ti ( x0 , y0 ) th kh vi ti .
ng
Sai
3.4. Hm s f(x,y) kh vi ti ( x0 , y0 ) th lin tc ti .
ng
Sai
3.5. Hm s f(x,y) kh vi ti ( x0 , y0 ) th c cc o hm ring ti .
ng
Sai
3.6. Tn ti f xy// ( x0 , y0 ), f yx// ( x0 , y0 ) th
ng
f xy// ( x0 , y0 ) = f yx// ( x0 , y0 )
Sai
3.7. Nu f(x,y) c o hm ring lin tc n cp hai v x = x(t ), y = y (t ) kh vi n cp hai
d 2 f = f x//2 dx 2 + 2 f xy// dx.dy + f y//2 dy 2

ng
Sai
3.8. Hm s f(x,y) t cc tr v kh vi ti ( x0 , y0 ) th cc o hm ring trit tiu ti .
ng
Sai
3.9. Cc o hm ring trit tiu ti ( x0 , y0 ) th hm s t cc tr ti
ng
Sai
106
3.10. Hm s t gi tr ln nht ti ( x0 , y0 ) D th t cc tr ti
ng
Sai
3.11. Tm min xc nh ca cc hm s sau:
a. z = ln xy ,
c. z =
b. z = 9 x 2 y 2 x 2 + y 2 1 ,
1
1
,
x+ y
x y
d. z =
1
.
y x2
3.12. Tnh o hm ring cc hm s sau:
a. z = ln( x + x 2 + y 2 ),
3
c. z = x y , x > 0 ,
b. z = y 2 sin
d.
x
,
y
y
z = arctg .
x
3.13. Chng minh cc h thc sau y vi cc iu kin tng ng
a. xz x/ + yz y/ = 2 , vi z = ln( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) .
b. yz x/ + xz y/ = 0 , vi z = f ( x 2 y 2 ) ,f(t) kh vi.
3.14. Tnh o hm ca cc hm s hp sau:
a. z = eu
2 v2
, u = cosx,v= x 2 + y 2 .
b. z = ln(u 2 + v 2 ), u = xy, v =
x
.
y
3.15. Tnh vi phn ton phn ca cc hm s sau:
a. z = ln tg
y
.
x
b. z = e x (cosy + xsiny) .
3.16. Tnh o hm ca cc hm s n xc nh bi cc phng trnh tng ng
a. x3 y y 3 x = a 2 , a = const , tnh y / .
b. arctg
x+y y
= , a = const, tnh y / .
a
a
c. x+ y+z = e z , tnh z x/ , z y/
d. x 3 + y3 +z3 = 3xyz , tnh z x/ , z y/ .
3.17. Chng minh cc h thc sau y, vi cc iu kin tng ng
x
a. z x//2 z y//2 = ( z xy// ) 2 , vi z = xf ( ) , f(t) kh vi lin tc n cp hai.
y
107
b.
2u 2u
1
+ 2 = 0 , vi u = ln , r = x 2 + y 2 .
2
x
y
r
c..
2u 2u
+
= 0 , vi u = ln r 2 , r = x 2 + y 2 .
x 2 y 2
d.
2u 2u 2u
1
+ 2 + 2 = 0 , vi u = , r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
2
x
y
z
r
3.18. Cho u = xy 2 z 3 , M 0 (1, 2, 1), M 1 (0, 4, 3) . Tnh

3.19. Cho u =
Khi no
3.20. Cho u =
Khi no
u ( M 0 )
.
M 0 M1
x2 y 2 z 2
u ( M )
+ 2 + 2 , r = ( x, y, z ), . Tnh
, r gi l vc t bn knh.
2
a
b
c
r
u ( M )
= gradu
r
1
=
r
1
x +y +z
2
, l = (cos ,cos ,cos ) .Tnh
u ( M )
?
l
u ( M )
=0.
l
3.21. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s
a. z = e x ( x + y )( x y + 4) .
b. z = x 3 + y 3 3xy .
c. z = (2ax x 2 )(2by y 2 ), ab 0 .
d. z = x 2 + xy + y 2 4 ln x 10 ln y.
e. z = x 3 + y 3 x y .
f. z = x 4 + y 4 2 x 2 + 4 xy 2 y 2 .
g. z = xy +
50 20
+
, vi x > 0, y > 0 .
x
y
h. z = x 3 + y 3 x 2 y .
3.22. Tnh khong cch t gc to n mt phng x + 2y + 3z = 3.
3.23.
Cho ellipse
x2 y2
+
= 1 , tm cc im trn c khong cch gn nht n ng
4 9
thng 3x 4y = 0.
108
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn
CHNG IV: PHP TNH TCH PHN

MC CH, YU CU
Php tnh tch phn l php tnh c bn th hai ca ton cao cp. y l php tnh ngc
ca php tnh vi phn. Chnh v th tnh tch phn nhanh chng, chnh xc cn thng tho
php tnh o hm ca hm s. Cn nm vng cc ni dung sau y:
1. nh ngha tch phn xc nh, ngha ca n. iu kin tn ti tch phn xc nh.
2. nh ngha nguyn hm, tch phn bt nh v phn bit vi tch phn xc nh.
3. Cng thc Niutn- Lpnit, iu kin p dng.
4. Phng php tnh tch phn: da vo bng nguyn hm cc hm s s cp, tnh cht
ca tch phn v hai phng php c bn (i bin s v tch phn tng phn).
5. Cc bi ton ng dng tch phn xc nh.
6. Tch phn suy rng. ngha v ng dng ca n.
NI DUNG
4.1. KHI NIM V TCH PHN XC NH
4.1.1. nh ngha tch phn xc nh
Cho f : [ a, b ] , a < b
1. Ta gi mt h hu hn cc im ( xi ) , i = 0, n sao cho
a = x0 < x1 < ... < xn 1 < xn = b

l mt phn hoch (hay mt cch chia) on [a, b] v gi = Max xi , trong
0 i n 1
xi = xi +1 xi , i = 0, n 1 l bc ca phn hoch chn. Tp phn hoch k hiu l (n )

2. Ta gi mt cch chn ng vi phn hoch l mt cch ly n im i , sao cho
i [xi , xi +1 ] , i = 0, n 1
n 1
3. Ta gi s thc = f ( i )xi l tng Riman (Riemann) ca hm f ng vi mt

i =0
phn hoch v mt cch chn. R rng vi f R [a , b ] s c dy tng Riemann . K hiu l
( n ) .
4. Nu 0 m n I hu hn ( khng ph thuc vo cch chia on [a,b] v cch
chn cc im i ng vi cch chia ) th I gi l tch phn xc nh ca f trn [a, b] , k

b
hiu l
f ( x)dx . Nu tn ti I th ni rng
f kh tch trn [a, b]
Nh vy
n 1
f ( x)dx = lim f ( i )xi

0
(4.1)
i =0
109
Trong k hiu trn:
l du ly tch phn,
l ly tch phn t a n b, a l cn di, b
l cn trn ca tch phn, x l bin ly tch phn, f (x) l hm di du tch phn, dx l vi phn
ca bin ly tch phn.
Ch :
Chng ta s nhn c ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh nh sau: Nu f ( x) 0
trn [a, b] th tng Riemann chnh l tng din tch cc hnh ch nht c kch thc tng ng
xi v f ( i ) , i = 0, n 1 . l din tch ca hnh thang gn ng din tch ca hnh thang cong

gii hn bi trc Ox, ng cong C f ca hm s, cc ng thng x = a , x = b . Nh vy
b
f ( x)dx chnh l din tch ca hnh thang cong m t trn, k hiu l hnh thang [a, b, C ].
f
Xem hnh 4.1.

y
xi
xi +1
H.4.1
Nu f (x) kh tch trn [a, b] th
f ( x)dx = f (t )dt . Bi v tch phn v phi cng

a
n 1
chnh l gii hn ca dy tng Riemann n = f ( i )xi , v c hai u thc hin phn hoch
[a, b] vi cng mt hm s
i =0
f . Nh vy tch phn xc nh khng ph thuc vo bin ly tch
phn
a
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx
Ngi ta nh ngha
(4.2)
c bit
f ( x)dx = 0
(4.3)
110
4.1.2. iu kin tn ti tch phn xc nh

A. iu kin cn
nh l 4.1: Nu f kh tch trn [a, b] th f b chn trn [a, b]
Chng minh: L lun phn chng:
Gi s f khng b chn trn, khi lp c dy con ca ( n ) dn n + bng cch ly
cc im i trong ln cn khng b chn trn ca f . Chng t khng tn ti gii hn hu hn
ca n . Vy f b chn trn, tng t f cng b chn di. Tc l tn ti m, M sao cho
m f ( x) M , x [a, b ]
B. iu kin
nh l 4.2: Nu f (x) lin tc trn [a, b] th kh tch trn on

nh l 4.3: Nu f (x) n iu v b chn trn [a, b] th kh tch trn on .
H qu: Nu f (x) lin tc tng khc trn [a, b] th kh tch trn on .
Di y ta a ra cc nh l v s khng chng minh, v mt lp hm kh tch, lp hm ny
cha tt c cc lp hm xt trn
nh l 4.4: Nu f (x) b chn trn [a, b] v ch c hu hn im gin on th f (x) kh tch
trn [a, b]
nh l 4.5: Nu f (x) kh tch trn [a, b] th f ( x) , k . f ( x) (k = const ) cng kh tch trn
[a, b].
nh l 4.6: Nu f , g kh tch trn [a, b] th tng, hiu, tch ca chng cng kh tch trn [a, b]
nh l 4.7: Nu f kh tch trn [a,b] th kh tch trn mi on [ , ] [a, b ] . Ngc li
nu [a, b] c tch ra thnh mt s on v trn mi on hm kh tch th
f kh tch trn[a, b].

4.1.3. Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh
Cho f , g kh tch trn [a, b] v a < b, l hng s.
b
1.
2.
3.
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx vi c (a, b)
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx
b
( f ( x) + g ( x))dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx

b
4. Nu f ( x) 0 trn [a, b] th
f ( x)dx 0
a
111
5. Nu f ( x) g ( x), x [a, b ] th
f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
a
6. Nu f 0 trn [a,b], f lin tc ti x0 [a, b] v f ( x0 ) > 0 th
f ( x)dx > 0
a
Tht vy ( x0 ) f ( x)
1
f ( x0 )
Xt e( x) = 2
0
1
f ( x0 ), x ( x0 )
2
x ( x0 )
x [a, b] \ ( x0 )
Suy ra f ( x) e( x), x [a, b] . Theo 5.

b
f ( x)dx e( x)dx =
a
7.
1
f ( x0 ).2 > 0
2
f ( x)dx
f ( x) dx
8. Nu m f ( x) M , x [a, b ] th m(b a )
f ( x)dx M (b a)
a
1
1
f ( x)dx M . t =
f ( x)dx
ba a
b a a
Gi l gi tr trung bnh ca f trn [a, b], khi ta c

b
f ( x)dx = (b a)
a
Nu f (x) lin tc trn [a, b] theo nh l 1.19 ca mc 1.4.3 s tn ti c [a, b] sao cho
b
f ( x)dx = f (c)(b a)
= f (c) . Do :
Gi tr c [a, b] c th biu din c = a + ( b a ) , 0 < < 1 . Vy cng thc trn c th

vit di dng
b
f ( x)dx = f ( a + (b a) ) (b a), 0 < < 1
Nh vy trn ng cong C f th ca hm f ( x) 0 trn [a, b] bao gi cng tm

c im M (c, f (c) ) hnh ch nht c kch thc b-a v f (c) c din tch bng din tch
ca hnh thang cong a, b, C f . Xem hnh 4.2
112

y
B
M2
M3
M1
A
H.4.2
4.1.4. Cng thc Niutn-Lpnt (Newton-Leibnitz).
A. Hm tch phn ca cn trn
Cho f (x) kh tch trn [a, b]. Ly x0 c nh, x0 [a, b] . Cho x [a, b] khi theo nh l
6 th hm f (x) kh tch trn [x0 , x ] vi x tu trong [a, b]. Hm s
( x) =
f (t )dt
(4.4)
x0
gi l hm tch phn ca cn trn hay tch phn ca hm f (x) theo cn trn

nh l 4.8: Nu f ( x) kh tch trn [a, b] th (x) l hm lin tc trn [a, b]
Chng minh: Ly x (a, b) v h * sao cho x + h [a.b ] xt s gia hm s ti x :
( x) = ( x + h) ( x) =
x+h
f (t )dt = h
x
trong Inf f Inf f Sup f Sup f (Theo tnh cht 8.)

[a , b ]
[x, x + h ]
[x , x + h ]
[a , b ]
T ( x) 0 , vy ( x) lin tc ti x (a, b)
h 0
Ch : Cng tng t nh trn ta s chng minh ( x) lin tc phi ti a, lin tc tri ti b.

nh l 4.9: Nu f ( x) lin tc trn [a, b] th ( x) kh vi trn [a, b] v c
' ( x) = f ( x) , x [a, b] .
(4.5)
Chng minh:
Ly x (a, b) ta c
( x + h) ( x )
h
= = f ( x + h), 0 < < 1 , vi h kh b
V f (x) lin tc ti x nn khi h 0 th f ( x + h) dn n f (x) . Theo nh ngha ca

o hm, gii hn chnh l ' ( x)
Vy
' ( x) = f ( x)
Tng t, ta chng minh c cc o hm mt pha: p ' (a ) = f (a ) , t ' (b) = f (b)

113
H qu:
Nu ( x), ( x) kh vi trn X , f ( x) lin tc trn X v [ ( x), ( x)] X x X th
( x)
G ( x) =
f (t )dt
kh vi trn X v G ' ( x) = f ( ( x) ) ' ( x) f ( ( x) ) ' ( x) (4.6)
( x)
B. Nguyn hm ca hm s v tch phn bt nh

nh ngha:Cho f , F : X . Gi F l mt nguyn hm ca f trn X nu F kh vi trn
X v tho mn: F ' ( x) = f ( x) , x X .

nh l 4.10: Nu f ( x) lin tc trn X th s c nguyn hm trn X v nu F ( x) l mt
nguyn hm th tp hp cc nguyn hm ca f l { F ( x) + C , C }
Chng minh: Theo nh l 4.9, r rng tn ti nguyn hm ca f ( x) l
x
( x) = f (t )dt ( x) c o hm cp 1 lin tc
x0
Gi s F ( x) l mt nguyn hm ca f trn X th F ( x) + C , C cng l nguyn

hm ca f v
(F ( x) + C )' = F ' ( x) =
f ( x) , x X .
Ngc li nu l mt nguyn hm no ca f trn X th F ( x) ( x) kh vi trn
X , ngoi ra
(F ( x) ( x) )' =
f ( x) f ( x) = 0 trn X
F ( x) ( x) = const ( x) = F ( x) + C trong C .
Tp hp cc nguyn hm ca f ( x) trn X gi l tch phn bt nh ca f ( x) ,
K hiu
f ( x)dx . Vy
f ( x)dx = F ( x) + C
(4.7)
Trong F (x) l mt nguyn hm ca f (x) trn X .

C. Cng thc Newton-Leibnitz.
nh l 4.11: Nu f (x) lin tc trn [a, b] c mt nguyn hm l F (x) trn [a, b] th
b
f ( x)dx = F (b) F (a)
(4.8)
i lng F (b) F (a ) c k hiu F ( x) ba gi l bin phn t a n b ca F (x) .

Chng minh: Theo nh l trn, tn ti C sao cho
x
F ( x) = ( x) + C , trong ( x) = f (t )dt
a
114
F (b) = (b) + C =
f (t )dt + C =
f ( x)dx + C
a
F (a) = (a) + C = C
b
Vy F (b) F (a ) =
f ( x)dx .
a
Ch : Cng thc Newton-Leibnitz cho cch tnh tch phn ca cc hm lin tc bng cch tm
mt nguyn hm ca hm s ri tnh bin phn ca n t a n b.
4.2. HAI PHNG PHP C BN TNH TCH PHN XC NH

4.2.1. Php i bin
nh l 4.12: Nu :[ , ] , c o hm lin tc trn [ , ] v ([ , ]) [a, b].
f :[a, b] , f lin tc trn [a, b]

khi :
( )
f ( (t )). (t ).dt = f ( x)dx

'
(4.9)
( )
Chng minh: Theo gi thit f lin tc, suy ra tn ti nguyn hm ca n F(x) c o hm lin
tc Theo cng thc Newton - Leibnitz nhn c:
( )
f ( x)dx = F ( ( )) F ( ( ))

( )
Theo nh l v hm hp ta c F ( (t )) c o hm lin tc trn [ , ] v
{F ( (t ))}' = F' . ' (t ) = f ( ). ' (t ) .Chng t F ( (t )) l nguyn hm ca f ( ). ' (t ) .

Vy tch phn v tri l F ( ( )) F ( ( )) . Chng t php bin i tch phn
x = (t ) c chng minh.
nh l 4.13: Nu :[ , ] vi n iu v c o hm lin tc trn [ , ]
f :[a, b] ,
f lin tc trn [a, b]
vi t = (x) m f ( x)dx = g (t )dt , g lin tc trn [ (a ), (b)] , khi :

(b )
f ( x)dx =
g (t )dt
(4.10)
(a)
nh l y c chng minh tng t nh nh l 1, y thc hin php i

bin tch phn t = (x) .
Ch : Khi thc hin php i bin, nhn c tch phn c cn mi. Tu theo cc hm di
du tch phn m chn mt trong hai cch i bin.
115
4.2.2. Php tch phn tng phn

nh l 4.14: Nu u , v :[a, b] v u , v c o hm lin tc trn [a, b] th:
b
b
u ' ( x).v( x)dx = u ( x).v( x) a u ( x).v' ( x)dx
(4.11)
Chng minh: Nu u , v c o hm lin tc, d dng nhn c cng thc sau:
u'.vdx = u.v u.v' dx

u.v = u ' vdx + u.v' dx
Tht vy (u.v)' = u '.v + u.v'

b
Suy ra
u ' vdx = u.v

a
b
a
u.v' dx
a
V d 1: Chng minh cc cng thc di y:

a
a.
Cho f lin tc trn [0, a] th
f ( x)dx =
b.
Cho f lin tc trn [0, 1] th:
xf (sin x)dx =
0
2 0
f (sin x)dx
Cho f lin tc trn [-a, a] th
0
a
a f ( x)dx = 2 f ( x)dx

0
a
d.
f (sin x)dx = f (cos x)dx

0
c.
f (a x)dx
nu f ( x) l hm s l
nu f ( x) l hm s chn
Cho f lin tc trn (,+) v tun hon vi chu k T th:

a +T
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx,
a
Gii:
a.
i bin x = a t
b.
i bin x =
a
c.
t v i bin x = t
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx
i bin x = - t,
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx = { f ( x) + f ( x)}dx
a
f ( x) l hm s l f ( x) = f ( x), x [0, a] . Do :
f ( x)dx = 0
116

a
f (x) l hm s chn f ( x) = f ( x), x [0, a] . Do :
a +T
a +T
f ( x)dx = 2 f ( x)dx
0
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx
d.
i bin x = t + T v nh rng f ( x + T ) = f ( x) s c:
a +T
f ( x)dx = f (t + T )dt = f (t )dt = f ( x)dx
a +T
suy ra
f ( x)dx =
f ( x)dx
0
V d 2: Tnh cc tch phn sau:

a
a.
I1 = a 2 x 2 dx
0
b.
I2 =
sin x
1 + cos
0
dx
Gii:

a. i bin x = a sin t , x [0, a ] t 0,
2
I1 =
a cos t a cos t dt = a a 4
0

b. i bin t = cos x , x 0, t [1,0]
2
dt
= arctgt 10 =
2
1+ t
4
1
0
I 2 =
V d 3: (Tch phn Wallis)
Tnh I n = cos n xdx , n

0
Gii:
a. t u = cos n 1 x , dv = cos xdx du = (n 1) cos n 2 x sin x dx , v = sin x
I n = cos n 1 x sin x 02 + (n 1) cos n 2 x(1 cos 2 x)dx

0
= (n 1) I n 2 (n 1) I n I n =
n 1
In2
n
117
I0 =
I 2m =
I1 = cos x dx = 1 ,
I2 =
1
1
I0 = . ,
2
2 2
I3 =
2
2
I1 =
3
3
2m 1 2m 3 3 1 (2m 1)!!
.
... . . =
.
(2m)!! 2
2m 2(m 2) 4 2 2
I 2 m +1 =
m 2(m 2) 2
(2m)!!
... .1 =
.
(2m + 1)!!
2m + 1 2m 1 3
(n 1)!!
n!! 2
In =
(n 1)!!
n!!
nu n chn
nu n l
4.3. PHNG PHP TNH TCH PHN BT NH

Ta bit rng
f ( x)dx = F ( x) + C
trn X Trong F ( x) l mt nguyn hm ca
f ( x) trn X v C l hng s tu .
4.3.1. Bng cc nguyn hm thng dng
A. Tnh cht c bn ca tch phn bt nh.
Trc ht thy ngay rng cc tnh cht sau y ca tch phn bt nh l hin nhin.
Cho f , g c nguyn hm,
1.
2.
3.
( f ( x)dx)' = f ( x) , d f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx

( f ( x) + g ( x))dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx
. f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx
4. Nu f (x) c mt nguyn hm l F (x) th f (u ( x) )u ' ( x) c mt nguyn hm l
F (u (x) ) khi u c o hm lin tc, tc l
f ( x)dx = F ( x) + C f (u( x))u ' ( x)dx = F (u ( x)) + C , c bit df ( x) = f ( x) + C

B. Bng cc nguyn hm
118
Hm s f (x)
Nguyn hm F (x)
Tp xc nh X
x , \ {1}
x +1
+1
*+
1
x
ln x
*
a x , * , 0 < a 1
1
ax
ln a
ex
ex
cos x
sin x
sin x
cos x
tgx
ln cos x
\ + k , k
2
cot gx
ln sin x
\ {k , k }
1
= 1 + tg 2 x
cos 2 x
tgx
\ + k , k
2
1
= 1 + cot g 2 x
2
sin x
cot gx
\ {k , k }
1
, a *
2
a +x
x
1
arctg
a
a
1
1 x2
1 1+ x
ln
2 1 x
\ {1,1}
ln( x + 1 + x 2 )
1
1 + x2
1
a x
2
1
x 1
2
, a R*
arcsin
\ { a, a}
x
a
ln x + x 2 1
\ [ 1,1]
4.3.2. Hai phng php c bn tnh tch phn bt nh

A. Phng php tch phn tng phn
Cho u , v c do hm lin tc trn X khi
u( x)dv( x) = u ( x).v( x) v( x)du ( x)
trn X
119
(4.12)
Ch :
Phng php ny thng p dng tnh cc tch phn cc hm s c dng sau y:
P ( x) ln k x , P( x)ex , P( x) sin x , P ( x) cosx , P( x) arcsin x , P( x)arctgx , ex cos x , ex sin x ,

trong : k , , * , P(x) l a thc.
tnh
P( x)e dx , ta c th dng phng php h s bt nh.
P( x)e dx = Q( x)e + C
x
Trong deg P( x) = deg Q( x)

Trong qu trnh tnh ton c th phi lp li mt s hu hn ln phng php tch phn
tng phn.
B. Phng php i bin s
t x = (t ) , vi n iu v c o hm lin tc trn Y khi
f ( x)dx = f [ (t )] ' (t )dt
t = 1 ( x )
(4.13)
t t = ( x) khi f ( x)dx = g (t )dt
f ( x)dx = g (t )dt
(4.14)
t = ( x )
Ch :
i bin s tnh nguyn hm theo bin mi d dng hn. Trong kt qu phi tr v bin
ly tch phn bt nh ban u. iu ny khc hn khi tnh tch phn xc nh.
V d 4: Tnh cc tch phn sau:
a.
I1 =
b.
I2 =
dx
( x + 1)
sin 3 x dx
3
x2
Gii:
t x = t 2 , t > 0 , dx = 2tdt
a.
I1 =
2tdt
dt
= 2
= 2arctg x + C
2
t (1 + t )
1+ t2
t x = t 3 , dx = 3t 2 dt
b.
I2 =
sin t 2
.3t dt = 3 sin tdt = 3 cos 3 x + C
2
t
V d 5: Tnh:
I=
x +1 + 2
dx
2
x +1
( x + 1)
Gii:
t t =
x + 1 , dx = 2tdt
120
I = 2
= ln
t+2
2t + 2
(t 1) 2
2
2t + 1
2
=
+C
dt
dt
ln
arctg
3
2
2
t 1
t + t +1
3
3
t 1 t + t + 1
( x + 1 1) 2
2
2 x +1 +1
arctg
+C
x +1 + x + 2
3
3
V d 6: Tnh: I = 3
2 x +1
dx
Gii:
2 x + 1 = t , dx = tdt
I = 3t tdt =
=
3 2 x +1
(ln 3) 2
t.3t
1
t.3t
1
t
3
dt
=
3t + C
2
ln 3 ln 3
ln 3 (ln 3)
2 x + 1. ln 3 1 + C
4.3.3. Cch tnh tch phn bt nh ca cc hm s hu t

Nhn xt:
Nu hm hu t c dng f (x) = x n 1
P(x n )
, n \ {0,1} , bng cch i bin t = x n s
n
Q(x )
nhn c:
1 P (t )
f ( x)dx = n Q(t ) dt
Nh vy ta h thp bc ca cc a thc c mt trong hm f
Mi hm hu t (i khi gi l phn thc hu t) khng thc s u phn tch thnh tng

ca mt a thc vi mt phn thc hu t thc s.
S dng nh l 2 trong mc 2.1.2 v tnh cht ca tch phn bt nh, thy rng qu trnh
tch phn cc hm hu t l qu trnh tch phn cc phn thc ti gin.
Di y ta trnh by phng php tch phn cc phn thc ti gin thc s.
A. Tch phn cc phn thc ti gin loi th nht
I=
Nu n = 1 th
dx
, a
(x a) n
dx
x a = ln x a + C , vi C = const khi xt x < a hoc x > a
Nu n * \ {1} th
dx
( x a)
1
1
+C
.
n 1 ( x a ) n 1
B. Tch phn cc phn thc ti gin loi th hai
I=
x +
dx , ,,a, b, c v b 2 4ac < 0, n *
n
(ax + bx + c)
2
Nu = 0
121
dx
(ax + bx + c) n
I =
Bin i ax 2 + bx + c =
2ax + b
1 +
4a
2ax + b
Thc hin i bin t =
(1 + t
Trc ht J1 (t ) =
1+ t
dt
2a (1 + t 2 ) n
bng phng php truy ton.
2 n
dt
2
, = b 4ac
4a
Suy ra I =
dt
J n (t ) =
Dn n tnh
= arctgt + C
Tch phn tng phn s c
J n (t ) =
t
t 2 dt
+
2
n
(1 + t 2 )n +1
(1 + t 2 ) n
Jn =
t
+ 2 n ( J n J n +1 )
(1 + t 2 ) n
2nJ n +1 = (2n 1) J n +
t
(1 + t 2 ) n
Ch :
C th tnh J n bng php i bin = arctgt dt = (1 + tg 2 )d
(1 + tg )
Jn =
n 1
= cos 2 ( n 1) d
Tuyn tnh ho cos 2 ( n 1) (phn B mc 1.2.3) ri tnh nguyn hm, sau tr v bin t.
Nu 0.
I=
2ax +
2a (ax
2a (ax
2 a
+ bx + c ) n
dx
2a
dx
2ax + b
dx +
b
n
2
n
+ bx + c)
2a
(ax + bx + c)
Tch phn th nht tnh c nh php i bin u = ax 2 + bx + c
(ax
2ax + b
1
du
1
dx = n =
+C
n
2
1 n (ax + bx + c ) n 1
+ bx + c )
u
Tch phn th hai tnh theo J n trnh by trn.

V d 7 Tnh I =
dx
dx
v J = 3
+1
(x + 1) 2
Gii:
122
Phn tch
1
1
1 1
1 x2
=
= .
. 2
2
x + 1 ( x + 1)( x x + 1) 3 x + 1 3 x x + 1
3
x2
1 (2 x 1) 3
1
3
dx = 2
dx = ln( x 2 x + 1) I1
x +1
2 x x +1
2
2
Trong I1 =
Cui cng I =
dx
dx
2
2x 1
+C
=
arctg
=
2
x +1
3
3
1 3
x +
2 4
1
1
1
2x 1
ln x + 1 ln( x 2 x + 1) +
arctg
+C
3
6
3
3
Bng php tch phn tng phn s c
I=
Suy ra
x
x3
x
+
3
dx = 3
+ 3( I J )
3
3
2
x +1
( x + 1)
x +1
x
1
J ( x) = 2 I + 3
x + 1
3
=
2
1
2
2x 1
x
ln x + 1 ln( x 2 x + 1) +
arctg
+
+C
3
9
9
3( x + 1)
3 3
3
4.3.4. Tnh nguyn hm cc phn thc hu t i vi mt s hm thng dng

A. Hm hu t i vi sin v csin
1. Trng hp tng qut.
Xt
R(sin x, cos x)dx trong R l phn thc hu t hai bin
Thc hin php i bin: t = tg
sin x =
x
. Khi
2
2t
1 t2
2dt
,
=
, dx =
cos
x
2
2
1+ t
1+ t
1+ t2
Khi a v dng
P(t )
Q(t ) dt
Tuy nhin bc ca P (t ) v Q(t ) thng l cao, lm cho qu trnh tnh ton rt nng nhc.
Sau y ta xt mt s trng hp c bit, vi cch i bin thch hp s tnh ton d dng hn.
2. Trng hp c bit th nht.
Nu R (sin x, cos x) = R( sin x, cos x) th i bin t = tgx hoc t = cot gx
Nu R (sin x, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x) th i bin t = sin x
Nu R (sin x, cos x) = R ( sin x, cos x) th i bin t = cos x
3. Trng hp c bit th hai.

Khi R (sin x, cos x) = sin m x.cos n x , m, n
Nu m l th i bin t = cos x
Nu n l th i bin t = sin x
123
Nu m, n chn v khng cng dng th i bin t = tgx

Nu m, n chn v cng dng th tuyn tnh ho sau tnh nguyn hm.
B. Hm hu t i vi ex ,
Xt I =
f (e
) dx , trong f (x ) l hm hu t. Thc hin php i bin
t = ex , dt = ex dx , Khi
I=
f (t )
dt
t
l tch phn ca hm hu t xem xt trong phn 4.3.3

V d 8: Tnh I =
dx
a + cos x
, a >1
Gii:
t t = tg
x
2dt
th I =
I=
2
(a + 1) + (a 1)t 2
Tnh I =
V d 9:
a 1 x
arctg
tg + C
+
1
2
a
a2 1
dx
4 sin x + cos x + 5
Gii:
2
dt
2
x
dt
dt
t
+
1
i bin t = tg , I =
= 2 2
=
2
2t
1 t
2
2t + 8t + 8
(t + 2) 2
4.
3
.
+
5
+
1+ t2
1+ t2
=
1
1
+C =
+C
x
t+2
tg + 2
2
V d 10: Tnh cc tch phn sau.

a. I1 =
cos3 x
sin 4 x dx ,
b. I 2 = sin 3 x cos 2 xdx ,
c. I 3 =
sin 2 x
cos6 x dx ,
d. I 4 = sin 2 x cos 4 xdx .
Gii:
a. I1 =
cos3 x
sin 4 x dx , t t = sin x , dt = cos xdx
I1 =
1 1
1
1
cos 2 x cos xdx
1 t2
1 1
+
+C
=
dt = 4 2 dt = 3 + + C =
4
4
3
3t
t
3 sin x sin x
sin x
t
t
t
b. I 2 = sin 3 x cos 2 xdx , t t = cos x , dt = sin xdx
124
cos5 x cos3 x
+C
5
3
I 2 = sin 2 x cos 2 x sin xdx = (1 t 2 )t 2 dt =

c. I 3 =
I3 =
dx
sin 2 x
dx
,
t
,
=
=
t
tgx
dt
6
cos x
cos 2 x
tg 3 x tg 5 x
sin 2 x
sin 2 x 1
dx
2
2
=
=
t
+
t
dt
=
+
+C
dx
(
1
)
cos6 x
cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x
3
5
d. I 4 = sin 2 x cos 4 xdx =
1
sin 2 2 x(1 + cos 2 x)dx
8
1
1
1
1
1
(1 cos 4 x)dx + sin 2 2 xd sin 2 x = x sin 4 x + sin 3 3 x + C
16
16
16
64
48
V d 11: Tnh tch phn bt nh sau
dx
(1 + e )
x 2
, R*
Gii:
t t = ex , dt = ex dx
dx
(1 + e )
x 2
dt
t (1 + t )
1 1
1
1

dt
t t + 1 (t + 1) 2
1
1
ln t ln t + 1 +
+C
t +1
1
1
x
x ln(1 + e ) +
+C
1 + ex
4.4. MT S NG DNG CA TCH PHN XC NH

Ch : Trong mc ny khi xem xt mt hnh phng hay mt vt th, chng ta cn n tnh
cht i xng ca hnh n gin qu trnh tnh ton hoc chn mt h qui chiu thch hp
gii quyt bi ton c d dng hn.
4.4.1. Tnh din tch hnh phng
A. Min phng gii hn bi cc ng cong trong to cc(Descartes)
y
f1
d
g2
g1
f2
c
O
O
H.4.3
125
Gi s min phng D gii hn bi cc ng:
x = a , x = b , (a < b) , y = f1 ( x) , y = f 2 ( x) trong f1 , f 2 lin tc tng khc trn

[a, b]. Gi din tch ca min phng D l S. Theo ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh, nhn
c cng thc tnh S nh sau:
b
S=
f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) dx
(4.15)
Tng t, nu D gii hn bi cc ng:
y = c , y = d , (c < d ) , x = g1 ( y ) , x = g 2 ( y ) trong g1 , g 2 lin tc tng khc trn

[c, d] th
d
S=
g ( y) g ( y) dy
1
(4.16)
B. Gi s min phng D gii hn bi ng cong cho di dng tham s:
x = x(t )
y = y (t )
Khi
S=
t0 t t1
y (t ).x (t ) dt
,
(4.17)
V d 10: Tnh din tch ca hnh elp c cc bn trc a,b.

Gii:
Hnh lp gii hn bi lp c phng trnh
x2 y 2
+
=1
a 2 b2
Do tnh cht i xng ca lp qua cc trc to v do phng trnh tham s
ca lp c dng: x = a cos t , y = b sin t , 0 t 2
nn ta c:
S = 4 ab sin 2 t.dt = ab
0
V d 11: Hy tnh din tch ca hnh gii hn bi trc honh v mt nhp ca ng Cycloid
cho bi phng trnh tham s:
x = a(t sin t )
y = a(1 cos t )
0 t 2 .
( Xem hnh 4.4)
y
2a
2 a
H.4.4
126
3 a

2
Gii:
S = a 2 (1 cos t ) dt = a 2 1 2 cos t + cos 2 t dt = 3a 2

2
4.4.2. Tnh di ng cong phng

A. Phng trnh cho trong h to Descartes vung gc
Gi s ng cong p
AB cho bi phng trnh
y = f ( x) , A (a, f (a ) ) , B(b, f (b) )

Trong f c o hm lin tc trn [ a, b ] ,
( a < b)
AB th l c tnh theo cng thc

Nu gi l l di cung p
b
l = 1 + f '2 ( x)dx
(4.18)
B. Phng trnh cho trong dng tham s
x = (t )
y = (t )
t0 t t1 .
l=
t1
, c o hm lin tc trn [t0 ,t1 ]
'2 (t ) + '2 (t )dt
(4.19)
t0
V d 12: Hy tnh di ca mt nhp Cycloid cho trong v d 11.

Gii:
x' (t ) = a(1 cos t ) ,
y ' = a sin t
l = 2 a 2 (1 cos t ) 2 + a 2 sin 2 t dt = 2 2a 1 cos t dt
t
t
= 4a sin dt = 8a cos
2
2
0
= 8a
V d 13: Hy tnh di ca Astroid, phng trnh tham s c dng.
x = a cos3 t
3
y = a sin t ,
a > 0,
0 t 2
hoc trong h to Descartes c dng
2
3
2
3
2
3
x +y =a .
127
( Xem hnh 4.5)
Gii:
x' = 3a cos t sin t , y ' = 3a sin t cos t .

2
l = 6a sin 2tdt = 3a cos 2t
2
0
= 6a
4.4.3. Tnh th tch vt th

A. Cng thc tng qut
Gi s vt th (V ) nm gia hai mt phng vung gc vi trc Ox, cc mt phng ny c
phng trnh l x = a v x = b , a < b . Cc thit din ca vt th (V ) vung gc vi trc Ox
nm trn mt phng c phng trnh x = x0 ,
x0 [ a, b ] c din tch tng ng S ( x0 ) . (Xem
hnh 4.6). Khi th tch ca vt th (V ), k hiu l V, tnh theo cng thc
S ( x0 )
O
x0
a
H.4.6
b
V = S ( x)dx
(4.20)
128
B. Cng thc tnh cho vt th trn xoay
y = f (x)
x
a
z
z
H.4.7
Vt th (V) trn xoay l vt th c to thnh do mt hnh thang cong gii hn bi cc
ng: x = a,
x = b,
(a < b),
y = 0 v y = f ( x) 0,
x [ a, b ] quay xung quanh trc
Ox (xem hnh 4.8). C th hn, phn khng gian b chim ch do hnh thang cong quay xung
quanh trc Ox gi l vt th trn xoay.
Nh vy cc thit din vung gc vi trc Ox l cc hnh trn. Din tch ca thit din
nm trn mt phng x = x0 s l . f 2 ( x0 ) . T nhn c cng thc tnh:
b
V = f 2 ( x)dx
(4.20)
V d 14: Hy tnh th tch ca lipxt vi cc bn trc a, b, c:
x2 y 2 z 2
+
+
1
a 2 b2 c 2
Gii:
Thit din ca elipxit vung gc vi trc Ox l mt hnh elp. Thit din
nm trn mt phng x = x0 , x0 [ a, a ] c gii hn bi elip c cc bn
trc b 1
x02
x02
,
c
1
phng trnh l
a2
a2
y2 z2
x02
1
+
=
2
c2
a2
b
x = x
0
Theo v d 1, din tch thit din biu din di dng
x02
S ( x0 ) = bc1 2
a
129

a
x3
x2
Vy V = bc 1 2 dx = 2bc a 2
3a
a
a
0
4
= abc
3
V d 15: Tnh th tch vt th do mt nhp Cycloid quay xung quanh trc Ox

to ra. Bit Cycloid cho bi phng trnh tham s l.
x = a(t sin t )
y = a(1 cos t )
t (,+)
Gii:
V =
2a
y dx = a (1 cos t ) dt
2
= a
2
3
(1 3 cos t + 3 cos
t cos3 t )dt
= a 2 3sin t
2
0
3
+
2
1
0 (1 + cos 2t )dt 4
2 3
(cos
3
t
3cos
tdt
)
+
= 5 a
0
4.5. TCH PHN SUY RNG

4.5.1. Tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn
A. nh ngha
1. Cho f : [ a, + ) , a , kh tch trn [a, A] , A > a .
+
Tch phn suy rng ca f vi cn + c k hiu l:
f ( x)dx
a
Ni rng tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx hi t v s
I nu
lim
A +
f ( x)dx = I
k hiu
f ( x)dx = I
a
Nu I khng tn ti hoc I = , th ni rng tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx phn k.
a
2. Cho f : ( , a ] , a , kh tch trn [B, a ] , B < a

a
Tch phn suy rng ca f vi cn , k hiu l
f ( x)dx .
f ( x)dx
hi t v s J nu
lim
f ( x)dx = J =
f ( x)dx
130

a
Nu J khng tn ti hoc J = , th ni rng tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx phn k.
3. Cho f : kh tch trn [ A, B ] , A, B . Tch phn suy rng ca f vi cc cn

+
v hn c k hiu l:
f ( x)dx .
f ( x)dx
hi t khi v ch khi cc tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx cng hi t,
a . Trong trng hp ny k hiu
f ( x)dx =
f ( x)dx +
f ( x)dx , a
R rng nu f lin tc trn tp xc nh ca n, v c nguyn hm F ( x) th c th

dng k hiu Newton-Leibnitz nh sau:
+
f ( x)dx =
a
lim F ( A) F (a ) = F ( x) +a
A +
f ( x)dx = F (a) lim F ( B) = F ( x)

B
f ( x)dx =
lim F ( A) lim F ( B) = F ( x) +
A +
V d 16: Xt s hi t, phn k ca cc tch phn suy rng sau:

+
a.
dx
0 1 + x 2 , b.
dx
1 + x 2
, c.
sin xdx , a , d.
dx
,
Gii:
+
dx
1+ x
a.
= arctgx 0+ = lim arctgx arctg 0 =

x +
Vy tch phn suy rng cho hi t.

+
dx
1+ x
b.
= arctgx + = lim arctgx lim arctgx =

x +
Vy tch phn suy rng trn hi t.

+
c.
sin xdx = cos x

a
+
a
= cos a lim cos x

x +
Khng tn ti gii hn ca cos x khi x , vy tch phn suy rng cho phn
k.
131

+
d.
ln x 1+
dx
=
x 1 . 1
1 x 1
nu = 1
nu 1
+
1
Nhn thy lim ln x = + , lim

x +
x +
dx
Vy tch phn hi t vi > 1 , khi
0 nu > 1
=
nu < 1
1
, v phn k vi 1 Ch :
1
Tng t nh ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh, y ta thy:

Nu tch phn suy rng hi t v f ( x) 0 th mt min v hn c din tch hu hn, tnh
c nh vo tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn
B. iu kin hi t ca tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx vi
Sau y ta xt trng hp tch phn suy rng
f ( x) 0 .
Cc trng hp tch phn suy rng khc vi f (x) gi nguyn du, chng ta c th suy
din tng t nhn c cc kt qu tng ng.
A
( A) = f ( x)dx
V f ( x) 0 trn
[a,+ ) , chng t ( A)
n iu tng trn [a,+ ) . T nh l v gii
hn ca hm n iu (Xem mc 1.2.2) suy ra:

nh l 4.15: Cho hm s f ( x) 0 v kh tch trn [a, A] , A > a tch phn suy rng
+
f ( x)dx hi t, iu kin cn v l tn ti L R sao cho ( A) L , A

a
nh l 4.16:(Tiu chun so snh) Cho cc hm s f ( x), g ( x) kh tch trn [a, A] , A > a v
0 f ( x) g ( x) , x b > a khi
Nu
g ( x)dx hi t th
f ( x)dx hi t.
Nu
f ( x)dx phn k th
g ( x)dx phn k
a
Chng minh:
+
Ta c th biu din
f ( x)dx =
f ( x)dx +
f ( x)dx
b
Nh vy s hi t hay phn k ca tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx l ng thi vi s hi t
a
hay phn k ca tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx
b
132
Nu
g ( x)dx hi t
g ( x)dx hi t, theo nh l 4.15 suy ra

A
Theo tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh s c
g ( x)dx L , A .
b
f ( x)dx g ( x)dx L , A
b
f ( x)dx hi t
Chng t
Nu
f ( x)dx phn k f ( x)dx khng b chn
Tc l M > 0 A0 (b,+ ) sao cho

Chng t
A0
A0
A0
f ( x)dx > M g ( x)dx f ( x)dx > M
g ( x)dx khng b chn theo nh l 4.15 suy ra
g ( x)dx phn k
nh l 4.17: Cho cc hm s f ( x), g ( x) khng m v kh tch trn [a, A] , A > a . Khi :
f ( x)
= l , l *+ th cc tch phn suy rng
1. Nu lim
x + g ( x )
f ( x)dx v
a
g ( x)dx cng hi t hoc cng phn k.

a
2. Nu lim
x +
f ( x)
= 0 v
g ( x)
f ( x)
3. Nu lim
= + v
x + g ( x )
g ( x)dx hi t th
f ( x)dx hi t
g ( x)dx phn k th f ( x)dx phn k
Chng minh:
1. > 0 , b > 0 , x > b l <
f ( x)
< l +
g ( x)
V g ( x) 0 (l ) g ( x) < f ( x) < (l + ) g ( x)
Ly sao cho l = c > 0 . Theo nh l 4.16: Nu
f ( x)dx hi t th
a
(l ) g ( x)dx hi t g ( x)dx hi t.
Nu
g ( x)dx hi t (l + ) g ( x)dx hi t f ( x)dx hi t.
2. Ly = 1 , b > 0 , x > b 0 f ( x) g ( x) = g ( x)
133

+
f ( x)dx hi t
Theo nh l 4.16 chng t
3. M > 0 , b > 0 , x > b
f ( x)
> M , Ly M = 1 th
g ( x)
f ( x) > g ( x) , Theo
nh l 2 suy ra
f ( x)dx phn k
a
H qu 1: Gi s vi x ln hm s f ( x) c dng:
f ( x) =
h( x)
, k > 0 , h( x) 0 . Khi
xk
+
Nu k > 1 v 0 h c < + th
f ( x)dx hi t.
a
Nu k 1 v h( x) c > 0 th
f ( x)dx phn k
a
Trong c l hng s.
H qu 2: Nu f ( x) 0 v l VCB cp k so vi VCB
1
c
ti + ( f ( x) ~ k , c 0 ) th
x
x
f ( x)dx hi t khi k > 1 v phn k khi k 1

a
H qu 1 c suy ra trc tip t nh l 4.16 v v d 16d.

H qu 2 c suy ra trc tip t nh l 4.17 v v d 16d.
V d 17: Xt s hi t, phn k ca cc tch phn sau
+
3
2
x
a.
dx ,
2
1
+
x
0
b.
+ x 2
dx
1+ x
c.
e
dx
2
x
1
Gii:
a.
32
1
x ~ x 2 theo h qu 2, tch phn suy rng phn k.
1 + x2
b.
1
1
~ 2 , tch phn suy rng hi t
2
x
x 1+ x
c.
e x 1
0 , theo nh l 4.17, tch phn suy rng hi t.
2 : 2 x+
x
x
2
Di y ta s a ra nh l tng qut v iu kin hi t ca tch phn suy rng.

+
nh l 4.18 tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx hi t, iu kin cn v l:
a
134
> 0 , A0 > a , A > A0 , A' > A0 ( A' ) ( A) <

A'
f ( x)dx <
Hay
Da vo tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh

A'
A'
f ( x)dx
f ( x) dx
Ta nhn c h qu sau y
+
H qu 3: Nu
f ( x)dx hi t.
f ( x) dx hi t th
C. S hi t tuyt i v bn hi t ca tch phn suy rng

+
1. Ni rng tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx hi t tuyt i nu tch phn suy rng

a
f ( x) dx hi t.
f ( x)dx bn hi t nu f ( x)dx hi t v
f ( x) dx
phn k.
+
nh l 4.19: Nu tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx
hi t tuyt i v hm s g (x) b chn trn
[a,+ ) th f ( x) g ( x)dx
hi t tuyt i.
Chng minh:
Gi s
f .g M . f ,
+
Theo nh l 4.16 suy ra
f ( x).g ( x) dx hi t, chng t
f ( x).g ( x)dx hi t tuyt i.

a
V d 18: Xt s hi t ca cc tch phn suy rng:

+
a.
cos x
dx , , k *
k 2 + x2
b.
xdx
e2 x 1
Gii:
1
1
~ 2 khi x
2
k +x
x
+
1
+
cos x
cos x
cos x
Ta biu din 2
dx = 2
dx + 2
dx
2
2
k +x
k +x
k + x2
0
0
1
a. Nhn xt: cosx 1 , x ;
135
c.
x
1
ln x
x2 1
dx
Tch phn th nht l tch phn xc inh, hm di du tch phn lin tc nn kh tch vy
hi t tuyt i. Tch phn th hai l suy rng, theo nh l 4.19, hi t tuyt i. Vy tch phn
cho hi t tuyt i.
b. V lim
e2 x 1
x0
e2 x 1
xdx
e2 x 1
= 0;
e2 x 1
2
2x
x0
xdx
= lim
xdx
e2 x 1
, a>0
Tch phn th nht hi t ( l tch phn xc nh v hm di du tch phn kh tch).
dx
x +1
1
=
e2 x 1 x
Ly > 1 ,c
e2 x 1
0 khi x .
hi t, a > 0 suy ra tch phn suy rng cho hi t.
c. lim
x 1
ln x
x x 1
2
Ta c
x
1
= lim
x 1
ln x
x2 1
x 1
x x 1
2
dx =
x 1
=0
x +1
1
x 1 x
= lim
ln x
x2 1
dx +
x
a
ln x
x2 1
dx
Tch phn th nht hi t (tn ti ) v hm di du tch phn kh tch trn [1, a ] , a > 1
Ly 1 < < 2 nhn c
Ta c
dx
ln x
1
ln x
= 2 .
x
x x 1 x
2
1
1
1 2
x
0 khi x .
hi t, a > 0 tch phn cho hi t.
4.5.2. Tch phn suy rng vi hm di du tch phn c cc im

A. nh ngha
1. Cho f : (a, b) \{x o } . Ni rng x0 (a, b) l cc im ca f nu lim f ( x) = .
x x0
Hm s c cc im ti a hoc b nu f (a + ) = hoc f (b ) =
2. Cho f : [ a, b ) , f (b ) = , kh tch trn [a, b ] , > 0 b. Tch phn suy
rng ca f trn [a, b] , k hiu
f ( x)dx . Ni rng tch phn suy rng hi t v I nu

a
lim
0
f ( x)dx = I , k hiu
a
I=
f ( x)dx
a
Nu khng tn ti gii hn hu hn (khng c I hoc I = ) th ni rng tch phn suy

b
rng
f ( x)dx phn k.
a
136
3. Cho f : (a, b] , f (a + ) = kh tch trn [ a + , b]

b
f ( x)dx hi t v J
nu
f ( x)dx = J
lim
0
(hu hn).
a +
Nu khng tn ti J th ni rng tch phn suy rng phn k.

4. Cho f : [ a, b ] \{x o } , x o (a, b) l cc im ca f
b
f ( x)dx
x0
x0
f ( x)dx v f ( x)dx cng hi t, khi k hiu:

b
x0
x0
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx

Ch : Nu hm f (x) lin tc trn [a, b] tr ra cc cc im ca n v c nguyn hm l
F (x) , ta c th dng cng thc Newton- Leibnitz v vit

b
F (b ) F (a )
f ( x)dx = lim
hoc
(a + )
f ( x)dx = F (b) lim
V d 19: Xt s tn ti ca cc tch phn suy rng sau:

1
a.
dx
1 x2
dx
( x a)
b.
,
Gii:
a. Hm di du tch phn c cc im l 1
1
dx
1 x2
dx
1 x2
dx
, a (1,1)
1 x2
= arcsin a lim arcsin x + lim arcsin x arcsin a =

x 1
x 1
b. Hm di du tch phn c cc im l a
ln( x a ) ba
dx
a ( x a) = 1 . 1
1
1 ( x a )
vi = 1
lim+ ln( x a ) =
xa
b
a
vi 1
lim+
xa
0 nu < 1
1
=
1
( x a)
nu > 1
Suy ra tch phn cho hi t vi < 1 v phn k vi 1 .

137
B. iu kin hi t ca tch phn suy rng

Chng ta gii hn trng hp f (x) gi nguyn du trn (a, b) . Gi s
[a, b ) v
f ( x) 0 trn
f (b ) =
b
f ( x)dx
t ( ) =
R rng ( ) l hm s gim ln cn bn phi ca im 0. T nh l v gii hn ca

hm n iu, chng ta nhn c nh l sau y:
b
nh l 4.20: tich phn suy rng
f ( x)dx hi t, iu kin cn v l ( ) b chn ln

a
cn bn phi im = 0 , tc l ( ) L , > 0
Cc nh l so snh mc 4.5.1 hon ton ng cho cc trng hp tch phn suy rng
vi hm di du tch phn c cc im. Cc h qu tng t vi h qu 1,2 s l:
H qu 1: Gi s vi x gn b v ( x < b) hm s f (x) c dng
f ( x) =
g ( x)
, k > 0 , g ( x) 0 khi :
(b x) k
b
Nu k < 1 v 0 g ( x) c < th
f ( x)dx hi t.
a
Nu k 1 v g ( x) c > 0 th
f ( x)dx phn k trong c l hng s

a
H qu 2: Nu f ( x) 0 v l VCL cp k so vi VCL
1
c
ti b ( f ( x) ~
,c 0 )
k
bx
(b x )
th
b
f ( x)dx hi t khi k < 1 v phn k khi k 1 .

a
V d 20: Xt s hi t ca cc tch phn suy rng sau:

1
(1 x 2 )(1 k 2 x 2 )
d.
x (e e )
x
, k < 1 ; b.
+
dx
3
dx
a.
e.
dx
0 ln x
; c.
,0 <
2
cos cos
p 1 x
e dx
Gii:
a.
Hm di du tch phn c mt cc im x = 1 , l VCL cp
x = 1 . Vy tch phn suy rng hi t.

1
b.
dx
ln x .
0
lim+
x 0
1
1
= 0 , vy hm
c cc im ti x = 1
ln x
ln x
138
1
1
so vi VCL
ti
2
1 x
1
1
:
1 , theo h qu 2, tch phn suy rng phn k.

ln x x 1 x1
, 0 < , = l cc im
2
cos cos
c.
Nhn xt cos cos = 2 sin
+
2
sin
= 2 sin
+
2
sin

1
1
1
2
=
:
+
sin

cos cos
sin
sin
2
2
Vy tch phn hi t.
1
d.
dx
3
x (e x e x )
, x = 0 l cc im.
2
e x e x = 2 x + o( x 2 ) 3 x(e x e x ) ~ 3 2 .x 3 khi x 0
Theo h qu 2, tch phn suy rng hi t.
p 1 x
p 1 x
p 1 x
x e dx = x e dx + x e dx
e.
Xt
p 1 x
e dx , Nu p 1 ta nhn c tch phn thng thng.
Nu p < 1 , nhn c tch phn suy rng, hm di du tch phn c cc im ti x = 0
Nhn thy x p 1e x : 1 p = e x 1 , theo h qu 2, tch phn suy rng hi t khi

x 0
x
1 p < 1 hay p > 0

+
Xt
x
1
e dx . Nhn thy x p 1e x : 2 = x p +1e x 0 , p

x +
x
p 1 x
Vy tch phn suy rng hi t khi p > 0 . Tch phn suy rng ny ph thuc tham s p
+
v c gi l hm Gama, ngi ta k hiu :
( p ) =
p 1 x
e dx ,
Ch :
Tch phn suy rng c cc tnh cht tng t nh tch phn xc nh
tnh tch phn suy rng (trng hp tch phn suy rng hi t), ngi ta cng thng s
dng hai phng php c bn: i bin s v tch phn tng phn.
TM TT NI DUNG CHNG IV
139
nh ngha tch phn xc nh

b
n 1
f ( x)dx = lim f ( i )xi

0
i =0
f ( x)dx = f (t )dt ,
a
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx ,
a
f ( x)dx = 0
a
iu kin tn ti tch phn xc nh

A. iu kin cn
Nu f kh tch trn [a, b] th f b chn trn [a, b]
B. iu kin
Nu f ( x) lin tc trn [a, b] th kh tch trn on
Nu f ( x) n iu v b chn trn [a, b] th kh tch trn on .
Nu f ( x) lin tc tng khc trn [a, b] th kh tch trn on .
Nu f (x) b chn trn [a, b] v ch c hu hn im gin on th f (x) kh tch
trn [a, b]
Cc php tnh
Nu f (x) kh tch trn [a, b] th f ( x) , k . f ( x) ( k = const ) cng kh tch trn [a, b].
Nu f , g kh tch trn [a, b] th tng, hiu, tch ca chng cng kh tch trn [a, b]
Nu f kh tch trn [a,b] th kh tch trn mi on [ , ] [a, b ] . Ngc li
nu [a, b] c tch ra thnh mt s on v trn mi on hm kh tch th
f kh tch trn[a, b].

Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh
Cho f , g kh tch trn [a, b] v a < b, l hng s.
1.
2.
3.
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx vi c (a, b)

b
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx
b
( f ( x) + g ( x))dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx

b
4 Nu f ( x) 0 trn [a, b] th
f ( x)dx 0
a
5. Nu f ( x) g ( x), x [a, b ] th
f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
6. Nu f 0 trn [a,b], f lin tc ti x0 [a, b] v f ( x0 ) > 0 th
f ( x)dx > 0
a
140

b
7.
f ( x)dx f ( x) dx
a
8. Nu m f ( x) M , x [a, b ] th m(b a )
f ( x)dx M (b a)
a
1
1
f ( x)dx M . t =
f ( x)dx
ba a
b a a
Gi l gi tr trung bnh ca f trn [a, b], khi ta c

b
f ( x)dx = (b a)
a
Nu f ( x) lin tc trn [a, b] th
f ( x)dx =
f (c)(b a)
Cng thc Niutn-Lpnt (Newton-Leibnitz).

A. Hm tch phn ca cn trn
( x) =
f (t )dt gi l hm tch phn ca cn trn hay tch phn ca hm
f ( x) theo cn trn
x0
Nu f ( x) kh tch trn [a, b] th (x) l hm lin tc trn [a, b]

Nu f (x) lin tc trn [a, b] th (x) kh vi trn [a, b] v c
' ( x) = f ( x) , x [a, b] .
Nu ( x), ( x) kh vi trn X , f ( x) lin tc trn X v [ ( x), ( x)] X x X th
( x)
G ( x) =
f (t )dt
kh vi trn X v G ' ( x) = f ( ( x) ) ' ( x) f ( ( x) ) ' ( x) (4.6)
( x)
B. Nguyn hm ca hm s v tch phn bt nh

Nu f (x) lin tc trn X th s c nguyn hm trn X v nu F (x) l mt nguyn hm
th tp hp cc nguyn hm ca f l { F ( x) + C , C }
C. Cng thc Newton-Leibnitz.
Nu f (x) lin tc trn [a, b] c mt nguyn hm l F (x) trn [a, b] th
b
f ( x)dx = F (b) F (a)

a
i lng F (b) F (a) c k hiu F ( x) ba gi l bin phn t a n b ca F (x) .
Hai phng php c bn tnh tch phn xc nh

A. Php i bin
1. Nu :[ , ] , c o hm lin tc trn [ , ] v ([ , ]) [a, b].
f :[a, b] , f lin tc trn [a, b]

141
khi :
( )
f ( (t )). (t ).dt = f ( x)dx

'
( )
2. Nu :[ , ] vi n iu v c o hm lin tc trn [ , ]
f :[a, b] ,
f lin tc trn [a, b]
vi t = ( x) m f ( x)dx = g (t )dt , g lin tc trn [ (a), (b)] . Khi :

(b )
f ( x)dx =
g (t )dt
(a)
B. Php tch phn tng phn

Nu u, v :[a, b] v u, v c o hm lin tc trn [a, b] th:
b
b
u ' ( x).v( x)dx = u ( x).v( x) a u ( x).v' ( x)dx
Bng cc nguyn hm thng dng

Tnh cht c bn ca tch phn bt nh.
Cho f , g c nguyn hm,
1.
2.
3.
( f ( x)dx)' = f ( x) , d f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx

( f ( x) + g ( x))dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx
. f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx
4. Nu f (x) c mt nguyn hm l F (x) th f (u ( x) )u ' ( x) c mt nguyn hm l F (u (x) )

khi u c o hm lin tc, tc l
f ( x)dx = F ( x) + C f (u( x))u ' ( x)dx = F (u( x)) + C

Hai phng php c bn tnh tch phn bt nh
A. Phng php tch phn tng phn
Cho u, v c do hm lin tc trn X khi
u ( x)dv( x) = u ( x).v( x) v( x)du ( x)
trn X
B. Phng php i bin s

t x = (t ) , vi n iu v c o hm lin tc trn Y khi
f ( x)dx = f [ (t )] ' (t )dt
t = 1 ( x )
t t = (x) khi f ( x)dx = g (t )dt
f ( x)dx = g (t )dt
t = ( x )
Tch phn phn thc hu t thc s

A. Tch phn cc phn thc ti gin loi th nht
142
I=
Nu n = 1 th
dx
, a
(x a) n
dx
x a = ln x a + C
Nu n * \ {1} th
dx
( x a)
1
1
+C
.
n 1 ( x a ) n 1
B. Tch phn cc phn thc ti gin loi th hai
Trc ht
dt
J n (t ) =
(1 + t
J1 (t ) =
1+ t
2 n
dt
(bng phng php truy ton)
= arctgt + C
Tch phn tng phn s c
J n (t ) =
t
t 2 dt
+
2
n
(1 + t 2 )n +1
(1 + t 2 ) n
Jn =
t
+ 2 n ( J n J n +1 )
(1 + t 2 ) n
2nJ n +1 = ( 2n 1) J n +
t
(1 + t 2 ) n
Tch phn ca hm hu t i vi sin v csin

A. Trng hp tng qut.
Xt
R(sin x, cos x)dx trong R l phn thc hu t hai bin
Thc hin php i bin: t = tg
x
2t
1 t2
2dt
sin x =
cos
x
=
,
, dx =
2
2
1+ t
1+ t
1+ t2
2
Khi tch phn c a v dng
P(t )
Q(t ) dt
B. Trng hp c bit th nht.

1. Nu R (sin x, cos x) = R( sin x, cos x) th i bin t = tgx hoc t = cot gx
2. Nu R (sin x, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x) th i bin t = sin x
3. Nu R (sin x, cos x) = R( sin x, cos x) th i bin t = cos x
C. Trng hp c bit th hai.
Khi R (sin x, cos x) = sin m x.cos n x , m, n
1. Nu m l th i bin t = cos x
2. Nu n l th i bin t = sin x
3. Nu m, n chn v khng cng dng th i bin t = tgx
4. Nu m, n chn v cng dng th tuyn tnh ho sau tnh nguyn hm.
143
Tch phn hm hu t i vi ex ,
Xt I =
f (e
) dx , trong f (x ) l hm hu t. Thc hin php i bin
t = ex , dt = ex dx , khi I =
f (t )
dt
t
Mt s ng dng hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh

A. Tnh din tch hnh phng
1. Min phng gii hn bi cc ng cong trong to cc(Descartes)
Gi s min phng D gii hn bi cc ng:
x = a , x = b , ( a < b) , y = f1 ( x) , y = f 2 ( x) trong f1 , f 2 lin tc tng khc trn

b
S=
f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) dx
2. Gi s min phng D gii hn bi ng cong cho di dng tham s:
x = x(t )
y = y (t )
S=
Khi
t0 t t1
y(t ).x (t ) dt
,
B. Tnh di ng cong phng

1. Phng trnh cho trong h to Descartes vung gc
AB cho bi phng trnh

Gi s ng cong p
A ( a, f ( a ) ) ,
y = f ( x),
B ( b, f (b) )
l=
1 + f '2 ( x) dx
2. Phng trnh cho trong dng tham s
x = (t )
y = (t )
l=
t1
t0 t t1 .
'2 (t ) + '2 (t )dt
t0
C. Tnh th tch vt th
1. Cng thc tng qut
Gi s vt th (V ) nm gia hai mt phng vung gc vi trc Ox, cc mt phng ny c
phng trnh l x = a v x = b , a < b . Cc thit din ca vt th (V ) vung gc vi trc Ox
nm trn mt phng c phng trnh x = x0 , x0 [a, b] c din tch tng ng S ( x0 ) . Khi

th tch ca vt th (V ), k hiu l V, tnh theo cng thc
144

b
V = S ( x)dx
a
2. Cng thc tnh cho vt th trn xoay

Vt th (V) trn xoay l vt th c to thnh do mt hnh thang cong gii hn bi cc
ng: x = a , x = b , (a < b) , y = 0 v y = f ( x) 0 , x [a, b] quay xung quanh
trc Ox C th hn, phn khng gian b chim ch do hnh thang cong quay xung quanh trc Ox
gi l vt th trn xoay.
Nh vy cc thit din vung gc vi trc Ox l cc hnh trn. Din tch ca thit din
nm trn mt phng x = x0 s l . f 2 ( x0 ) . T nhn c cng thc tnh:
b
V = f 2 ( x)dx
a
Tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn

A. nh ngha
1. Cho f : [ a, + ) , a , kh tch trn [a, A] , A > a .
+
Tch phn suy rng ca f vi cn + c k hiu l:
f ( x)dx
a
f ( x)dx hi t v s
I nu
lim
A +
f ( x)dx = I
k hiu
f ( x)dx = I
a
Nu I khng tn ti hoc I = , th ni rng tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx phn k.
a
2. Cho f : ( , a ] , a , kh tch trn [B, a ] , B < a

a
Tch phn suy rng ca f vi cn , k hiu l
f ( x)dx .
f ( x)dx
hi t v s J nu
lim
f ( x)dx = J =
f ( x)dx
Nu J khng tn ti hoc J = , th ni rng tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx phn k.
3. Cho f : kh tch trn [ A, B ] , A, B . Tch phn suy rng ca f vi cc cn

+
v hn, k hiu l:
f ( x)dx .
145

+
f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx cng hi t,
a . Trong trng hp ny k hiu
f ( x)dx =
f ( x)dx +
f ( x)dx , a
B. iu kin hi t
f ( x)dx vi
Xt
f ( x) 0 .
1. Cho cc hm s f ( x), g ( x) khng m v kh tch trn [a, A] , A > a . Khi :
f ( x)
a. Nu lim
= l , l *+ th cc tch phn suy rng
x + g ( x )
f ( x)dx v
a
g ( x)dx cng hi t hoc cng phn k.

a
b. Nu lim
x +
c. Nu lim
x +
f ( x)
= 0 v
g ( x)
g ( x)dx hi t th
f ( x)
= + v
g ( x)
f ( x)dx hi t
g ( x)dx phn k th
f ( x)dx phn k
2 .Gi s vi x ln hm s f ( x) c dng:
f ( x) =
h( x )
, k > 0 , h( x) 0 . Khi :
xk
+
Nu k > 1 v 0 h c < + th
f ( x)dx hi t.
a
Nu k 1 v h( x) c > 0 th
f ( x)dx phn k, trong c l hng s.

a
3.Gi s f ( x) 0 v l VCB cp k so vi VCB
1
ti + th
x
f ( x)dx hi t khi
a
k > 1 v phn k khi k 1

+
4. Nu
f ( x)dx hi t.
f ( x) dx hi t th
C. S hi t tuyt i v bn hi t ca tch phn suy rng

+
f ( x)dx hi t tuyt i nu tch phn
146
f ( x) dx hi t.

+
f ( x)dx bn hi t nu
Nu tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx hi t v
f ( x)dx
f ( x) dx phn k.
hi t tuyt i v hm s g (x) b chn trong [a,+ ) th
f ( x) g ( x)dx
hi t tuyt i.
Tch phn suy rng vi hm di du tch phn c cc im

A. nh ngha
1. Cho f : (a, b) \{x o } . Ni rng x0 (a, b) l cc im ca f nu lim f ( x) = . Hm
x x0
s c cc im ti a hoc b nu f (a + ) = hoc f (b ) =
2. Cho f : [ a, b ) , f (b ) = , kh tch trn [a, b ] , > 0 b. ch phn suy rng
ca f trn [a, b] , k hiu
f ( x)dx . Ni rng tch phn suy rng hi t v I nu

a
lim
0
f ( x)dx = I , k hiu I =
f ( x)dx
a
Nu khng tn ti gii hn hu hn (khng c I hoc I = ) th ni rng tch phn suy

rng phn k
3. Cho f : (a, b] , f (a + ) = kh tch trn [ a + , b]
b
f ( x)dx hi t v J nu lim
0
f ( x)dx = J
(hu hn).
a +
Nu khng tn ti J ni rng tch phn suy rng phn k.

4. Cho f : [ a, b ] \{x o } , x o (a, b) l cc im ca f
x0
f ( x)dx hi t khi v ch khi cc tch phn suy rng f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx cng hi t, Khi k hiu:
x0
f ( x)dx =
x0
f ( x)dx +
f ( x)dx
x0
B. iu kin hi t
1. Gi s vi x gn b v ( x < b) hm s f ( x) c dng
f ( x) =
g ( x)
, k > 0 , g ( x) 0 khi :
(b x) k
147

b
Nu k < 1 v 0 g ( x) c < th
f ( x)dx hi t.
a
Nu k 1 v g ( x) c > 0 th
f ( x)dx phn k trong c l hng s

a
2. Nu f ( x) 0 v l VCL cp k so vi VCL
1
ti b th
bx
f ( x)dx hi t khi k < 1 v phn k khi k 1 .

a
CU HI V BI TP CHNG IV
4.1. Tch phn bt nh khng ph thuc vo bin ly tch phn?
ng
Sai
4.2. Tch phn xc nh khng ph thuc vo bin ly tch phn?

ng
Sai
4.3. Hm s lin tc l iu kin cn ca hm s kh tch?

ng
Sai
4.4. Hm s lin tc l iu kin ca hm s kh tch?

ng
Sai
4.5. Tch phn bt nh biu din h cc nguyn hm ca hm di du tch phn?

ng
Sai
4.6. Cn trn ca tch phn xc nh phi ln hn cn di ca n?

ng
Sai
4.7. Hm s kh tch trn on [ a, b ] th tr tuyt i ca n cng kh tch trn on ?

ng
Sai
4.8. Tch phn suy rng ca f ( x) hi t th tch phn suy rng ca f ( x) cng hi t?
4.9.
ng
Sai

Tng, tch hai hm s kh tch trn on [ a, b ] l hm s cng kh tch trn on ?
ng
Sai
4.10. Hm s kh tch trn on [ a, b ] p dng cng thc Newton- Leibnitz tnh tch
phn?
ng
Sai
4.11. Dng tch phn xc nh c th tnh c din tch ca hnh phng, di ng cong
phng, th tch ca vt th?
ng
Sai

148
4.12. ng dng php so snh cc VCB (VCL) xt s hi t ca tch phn suy rng?
ng
Sai
4.13. Dng tch phn suy rng c th tnh c din tch ca hnh phng khng b chn?
ng
Sai
4.14. Tch phn xc nh ca hm s dng l mt s dng?

ng
Sai
4.15. Bin i v cc tch phn n gin tnh cc tch phn sau:

a.
ax
x
a
1
+
3 x dx ,
b.
x4
1 + x 2 dx ,
c.
d.
.b x dx ,
dx
.
xa + xb
4.16. Bin i v cc tch phn n gin tnh cc tch phn sau:

a.
c.
x 4 dx
3x 2 + 2
x 1
10
b.
x 3 +2 x 1
1 + ln x
dx ,
x
dx ,
d.
dx
x cos (1 + ln x) .
2
4.17. Dng phng php i bin tnh cc tch phn sau:

a.
2 5 x dx ,
c.
dx
1 + x2
b.
x (1 + 2 x )
d.
2 10
dx
x 2 1
dx ,
4.18. Dng phng php i bin tnh cc tch phn sau:

a.
c.
4.19.
dx
,
x(1 x)
(x
xdx
2
+ 2) 3x 2 + 5
dx
b.
x ln x.ln(ln x) ,
d.
6x
9 x 4 x dx .
Dng phng php tch phn tng phn tnh cc tch phn:
a.
arctg
d.
(ln x) dx ,
x dx ,
2
b.
(arcsin x) dx ,
e.
sin
x
2
dx ,
c.
xshxdx ,
f.
c.
sin
f.
arctg
arcsin x
dx .
1+ x
4.20. Dng phng php tch phn tng phn tnh cc tch phn
a.
cos(ln x)dx ,
e.
x ln 1 x dx ,
ln x
d.
dx ,
x
ln x
dx ,
x2
b.
1+ x
149
x cos x
dx ,
3
x
2 x 1dx .
4.21.
4.22.
Tch phn cc hm lng gic:
dx
a.
cos x.
c.
sin x
dx
sin
x
x
cos3
2
2
,
,
sin 2 x dx ,
d.
dx
.
tgx
x
dx ,
a.
3 x + 4
b.
c.
a
0
1 x dx ,
0
1
2
dx
, (a, b 0) ,
cos x + b 2 sin 2 x
d.
dx
1 x2
Tnh cc tch phn sau bng php i bin:
a.
d.
ln 2
x sin xdx
0 1 + 2 cos2 x ,
3
4.24.
S dng cng thc Newton-Leibniz tnh cc tch phn sau:

2
4.23.
tgx
b.
b.
e x 1dx ,
c.
dx
5
2 2
1 + x2
e.
dx ,
4
1 1+ x
(3 + x )
arcsin x
dx
x(1 x)
0
f.
x+
0
dx
a2 x2
Tnh cc tch phn sau bng phng php tch phn tng phn:
e2
a.
cos(ln x)dx ,
b.
ln x dx ,
1
e
x sin x
dx ,
c.
2
0 cos x
d.
xdx
.
2
x
sin
4
4.25. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng cong trong h to Descartes vung
gc
a. y = 2 x x 2
x + y = 0,
b. y = 2 x ,
c. y 2 = x 2 (a 2 x 2 ) , a > 0 ,
4.26.
d. y 2 =
y = 2 v
x = 0,
x3
v x = 2a , a > 0 .
2a x
Tnh di ng cong cho bi phng trnh.
a. y = ln cos x , 0 x a <
c2
=
x
cos3 t
a
b.
.
2
c
y = sin 3 t , c 2 = a 2 b 2
150
x = a (cos t + t sin t )
c.
y = a (sin t t cos t )
0 t 2
4.27. Tnh th tch ca vt th trn xoay to ra khi quay cc min phng gii hn bi cc
ng sau y xung quanh trc tng ng.
2
x 3
a. y = b , 0 x a quanh trc Ox.
a
b. y = sin x
y=0
0 x quanh trc Oy.
c. x 2 + ( y b) 2 = a 2 , 0 < a b quanh trc Ox.

d. y = x 2
4.28.
Tnh cc tch phn suy rng sau

+
a.
c.
x
2
4.29.
y = 4 quanh ng x = 2 .
dx
1 + x2
dx
x 1
2
b.
d.
arctgx
3
2 2
dx ,
(1 + x )
dx .
Xt s hi t hay phn k ca cc tch phn sau

1
dx
,
a. x
0 e cos x
b.
e
0
dx
x
c.
151
x
1 x4
dx ,
Chng 5: Phng trnh vi phn
CHNG V: PHNG TRNH VI PHN
MC CH,YU CU
Cng nh php tnh o hm v vi phn, phng trnh vi phn (PTVP) c tm quan trng
rt ln v c ng dng rng ri trong mi lnh vc khoa hc k thut v kinh t. C th l nhiu
bi ton kinh t, k thut in t, y hc,... u dn n phng trnh vi phn. Trong ton hc,
phng trnh vi phn l mt chuyn ngnh rt pht trin. Chng ny cung cp nhng kin thc
c bn v phng trnh vi phn thng ( gi vn tt l phng trnh vi phn). hc tt chng
ny, yu cu ngi hc phi nhn dng ng tng loi phng trnh vi phn, qua mi c th
tch phn c (tm c nghim), bi v khng c mt phng php chung no gii phng
trnh vi phn. Gii PTVP l mt qu trnh tnh tch phn, v th yu cu ngi hc phi thng tho
php tnh tch phn v vi phn, l ni dung ct li ca ton hc cao cp.
Mt PTVP l mt phng trnh c dng F ( x, y, y ' ,..., y ( n ) ) = 0

hay F ( x, y,
dy d 2 y
d ( n) y
, 2 ,..., ( n ) ) = 0 trong x l bin s c lp, cn y = y (x) l hm
dx dx
dx
s phi tm, y ' , y ' ' ,..., y ( n ) l cc o hm ca hm s phi tm, (trong PTVP nht thit phi
c mt t nht o hm cp k no ca hm phi tm). Cp cao nht ca o hm ca hm
s y phi tm c mt trong PTVP c gi l cp ca PTVP, chng hn:
y '+x = 0 (PTVP cp 1)
y"+ ( y ' ) 2 = 0 (PTVP cp 2)
Hm s y = y (x) l mt nghim ca PTVP nu nh n tho mn phng trnh tc l

thay n vo phng trnh s nhn c ng nht thc. Chng hn vi phng trnh y ' = x ta
c nghim
y=
x2
x2
+ C trong C l hng s tu .
, thm ch y =
2
2
Gii hay tch phn mt PTVP l tm tt c cc nghim ca n. V mt hnh hc, mi

nghim ca PTVP l mt ng cong ( th ca nghim), v th ngi ta gi ng cong
l ng cong tch phn ca PTVP.
PTVP c gi l tuyn tnh cp n nu hm s F l bc nht i vi y, y ' ,..., y ( n ) , tc l
phng trnh c dng:
y ( n) + a1 ( x) y ( n1) + ... + a n1 ( x) y '+ a n ( x) y = f ( x)
trong a1 ( x),..., a n ( x), f ( x) l cc hm s cho trc.
Nu f ( x) 0 th ngi ta gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh cp n thun nht.
Nu f ( x) 0 th ngi ta gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh cp n khng thun nht.
Trong chng ny cn nm vng cc ni dung chnh sau y:
1. Cc phng trnh vi phn cp mt thng gp.
152
Cn phn bit c tng dng phng trnh vi phn v phng php tch phn tng
ng vi tng dng.
2. Cc tnh cht ca PTVP tuyn tnh cp hai.
T cc tnh cht v nghim ca PTVP tuyn tnh c th tch phn c khi bit mt
nghim ca PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht tng ng, hoc hai nghim ring ca phng trnh
khng thun nht cho, c bit l khai thc nguyn l chng cht nghim.
3. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai c h s hng s.
Bn cnh phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange, cn nhn bit dng hm c bit
v phi tch phn PTVP bng phng php h s bt nh.Vn dng, c th gii PTVP
tuyn tnh c h s hng s cp n.
NI DUNG
5.1. Phng trnh vi phn cp 1
Trc ht ta xt mt bi ton hnh hc dn n PTVP. Hy tm phng trnh ng cong L
( y = y ( x)) c tnh cht: mi on ca tip tuyn vi ung cong C nm gia hai trc to u
b tip im chia thnh hai phn bng nhau.
y
B
M ( x, y )
H.5.1
Gi s M ( x, y ) L , khi h s gc tip tuyn vi ng cong ti M l:
y ' ( x) = tg =
y
(xem H.5.1)
PA
Do M l trung im ca AB nn OP = PA = x , suy ra
y' =
y
.
x
Nh vy hm s phi tm tho mn PTVP cp 1. Sau ny chng ta s c cch gii phng

C
tho mn phng trnh vi C l
trnh trn, nhng trc ht ta c th th li rng hm s y =
x
hng s tu . Tm li, h cc ng hyperbol c tnh cht t ra.
153
5.1.1. Cc khi nim c bn

Dng tng qut ca PTVP cp 1:
F ( x, y, y ' ) = 0 hay
F ( x, y ,
dy
)=0
dx
(5.1)
Nu t (5.1) gii ra c y th ta c PTVP cp 1 gii ra i vi o hm:
y ' = f ( x, y )
(5.2)
A. nh l tn ti duy nht nghim Cauchy-Peano

Cho phng trnh (5.2): y ' = f ( x, y ) v ( x0 , y 0 ) D
(5.3)
nh l 5.1. Nu f(x,y) lin tc trn min D trong mt phng Oxy th tn ti nghim: y = y (x)
trong ln cn x0 tho mn y 0 = y ( x0 ) . Ngoi ra nu
f
( x, y ) cng lin tc trn min D th
y
nghim tm c l duy nht.

Bi ton tm nghim ca PTVP tho mn iu kin (5.3) gi l bi ton Cauchy. iu kin
(5.3) gi l iu kin ban u.
B. Nghim tng qut, tch phn tng qut
Ta gi nghim tng qut ca PTVP cp 1 l hm s
y = ( x, C )
(5.4)
trong C l hng s tu , tho mn cc iu kin sau:

a. Tho mn PTVP vi mi hng s C.
b. C th tm mt gi tr C = C 0 sao cho y = ( x, C 0 ) tho mn iu kin ban u
y 0 = y ( x0 ) = ( x0 , C 0 ) vi ( x0 , y 0 ) tho mn nh l tn ti v duy nht nghim.

Nghim tng qut cho di dng n:
( x, y , C ) = 0
(5.5)
H thc ny gi l tch phn tng qut ca PTVP cp 1. V mt hnh hc, nghim tng qut
hay tch phn tng qut xc nh mt h ng cong trong mt phng khng ct nhau gi l cc
ng cong tch phn ca PTVP cp 1.
C. Nghim ring, tch phn ring
Hm s y = ( x, C 0 ) gi l mt nghim ring ca PTVP, tc l c suy ra t nghim tng
qut (5.4) vi hng s C xc nh C = C 0 . Tng t ta c mt tch phn ring ca PTVP
( x, , C 0 ) = 0
Ch : PTVP cn c cc nghim khc na, khng th nhn c t nghim tng qut, c gi
l nghim k d.
5.1.2. Cc PTVP cp mt thng gp
A. Phng trnh vi bin s phn li
a. nh ngha: Phng trnh vi bin s phn li (phng trnh tch bin) l PTVP c dng:
154
f1 ( x)dx + f 2 ( y )dy = 0
x 2 dx
Chng hn:
1+ x
ydy
1+ y2
(5.6)
= 0 l phng trnh vi bin s phn li.
b. Phng php tch phn

Phng trnh (5.6) c dng:
f1 ( x)dx = f 2 ( y )dy = f 2 ( y ) y ' ( x)dx

Ly tch phn hai v ta c :
f1 ( x)dx = f 2 ( y) y dx + C = f 2 ( y)dy + C
f1 ( x)dx + f 2 ( y)dy = C
,
Vy
(5.7)
l tch phn tng qut ca (5.6)

Ch : Phng trnh dng : M 1 ( x) N1 ( y )dx + M 2 ( x) N 2 ( y )dy = 0 c th a v dng tch bin.
Tht vy, nu M 2 ( x) 0 v N1 ( y ) 0 th chia hai v ca phng trnh cho M 2 ( x).N1 ( y ) s
c :
N ( y)
M 1 ( x)
dy = 0
dx + 2
N1 ( y )
M 2 ( x)
l phng trnh vi bin s phn li.
Nu M 2 ( x) = 0 ti x = a hoc N1 ( y ) = 0 ti y = b th bng cch thay trc tip nhn
c x = a hoc y = b l nghim.
V d 1 : Tm tch phn tng qut ca phng trnh :
x 3 ( y + 1)dx + ( x 4 1)( y 2)dy = 0

Gii : Vi y + 1 0 v x 4 1 0 ta c :
x3
4
x 1
dx +
y2
dy = 0
y +1
Tch phn tng qut l :
1 d ( x 4 1)
3
dy = C
1
dx
+
4
y + 1
x4 1
1
ln x 4 1 + y 3 ln y + 1 = C
4
Ngoi ra y + 1 = 0 hay y = 1 v x 4 1 = 0 hay x = 1 u l cc nghim.
V d 2 : Tm nghim ca bi ton Cauchy
y ' = cos( x + y ) + cos( x y )

y (0) = 0
Gii :
y ' = cos( x + y ) + cos( x y ) = 2 cos x cos y
155
cos y 0 tc y
+ k , k Z
Ta c :
dy
= 2 cos xdx
cos y
dy
cos y = 2 cos xdx + C
y
ln tg ( + ) = 2 sin x + C
2 4
T iu kin ban u suy ra : ln tg
= C, C = 0
Vy nghim ca bi ton Cauchy cho l ln tg (
y
+ ) = 2 sin x .
2 4
B.Phng trnh ng cp cp mt
a. nh ngha : Phng trnh ng cp cp mt l PTVP c dng
y
y
y , = f ( ), hay y, = f (t), vi t = .
x
x
(5.8)
b. Phng php tch phn

Coi t =
y' y
y' t
y
l hm ca x, t ' =
=
x x2 x x
x
Thay vo phng trnh s c :
t + xt ' = f (t )
hay
xt ' = f (t ) t
* Nu f (t ) t 0 ta c phng trnh dng (5.6)
dx
dt
=
x
f (t ) t
y
y
* Nu f (t ) t = 0 tc l f ( ) = . Vy ta c phng trnh tch bin dng (5.6)
x
x
dy y
=
dx x
* Nu f (t ) t = 0 ti t = t 0 hay y = t 0 .x th bng cch th trc tip ta c nghim y = t 0 x
V d 3 : Gii phng trnh
2 xyy' y 2 + x 2 = 0
Gii : Chia hai v cho x 2 ta c :
y
y
y '( ) 2 + 1 = 0
x
x
156
t t =
y
, y = tx y ' = t + xt ' vo phng trnh s nhn c :
x
2tt ' x + t 2 + 1 = 0
dx
2tdt
=
2
x
1+ t
dx
2tdt
1 + t 2 = x + C1
ln(1 + t 2 ) = ln x + C1
Hay :
1+ t2 =
C
x
Tr v bin c ta c : 1 +
y2
x2
C
x
Hay
C
C2
2
x + y =
2
4
l cc ng trn c tm nm trn trc Ox

V d 4 : Tch phn phng trnh :
(y x 1)dx = (x + y + 3)dy
Gii :
dy y x 1
=
dx x + y + 3
y cha phi l dng (5.8), tuy nhin thc hin php i bin :
x = u + x0
y = v + y0
c th a c v dng (5.8). Tht vy
dy dv
=
v chn ( x0 , y 0 ) sao cho :
dx du
v + y 0 u x0 1 = v u
u + x0 + v + y 0 + 3 = u + v
Hay
x 0 y0 + 1 = 0
x 0 + y 0 + 3 = 0,
Khi
v
1
v
dv v u u
=
=
= f( )
v
u
du v + u
+1
u
t t =
x 0 = 2
y0 = 1
v
dv
= t + ut '
u
du
157
dt
t 1
+t =
du
t +1
t 2 1
dt t 1
t =
=
u
t +1
du t + 1
(t + 1)dt
du (t + 1) dt
du
=
+ C1
= , 2
2
u
u
t +1
t +1
1
ln(t 2 + 1) + arctgt = ln u + C1
2
C
arctgt = ln
t 2 + 1.u
Tr v bin c s c tch phn tng qut :
arctg
y +1
= ln
x+2
C
( x + 2) 1 +
y +1
x+2
C. Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 1

a. nh ngha : PTVP c dng sau y c gi l PTVP tuyn tnh cp 1 :
y '+ p( x) y = q( x)
(5.9)
vi p ( x), q ( x) lin tc trn (a,b)

Nu q ( x) 0 trn (a,b) th gi l PTVP tuyn tnh khng thun nht.
Nu q ( x) 0 trn (a,b) th gi n l PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht.
b. Phng php tch phn
Cho phng trnh khng thun nht (5.9). Gi phng trnh vi phn sau y l PTVP tuyn
tnh thun nht tng ng vi (5.9) :
y '+ p( x). y = 0
(5.10)
Trc ht, nhn thy (5.10) l PTVP vi bin s phn li. Nghim tng qut ca n c dng :
dy
= p ( x)dx
y
dy
y = p( x)dx + C1
- p(x)dx
y = Ce
(5.11)
By gi ta tm nghim tng qut ca (5.9) bng phng php coi hng s C trong (5.11) l
hm s v gi l phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange. C th thay
p ( x ) dx
y = C ( x )e
(5.12)
vo (5.9) ta c :
158
p ( x ) dx
p ( x ) dx
p ( x ) dx
C ( x ) p ( x )e
+ C ( x ) p ( x )e
= q ( x)
C ' ( x )e
C ' ( x ) = q ( x )e
p ( x ) dx
C ( x ) = q ( x )e
p ( x ) dx
dx + C1
(5.13)
Nh vy tn ti hm s C(x) ph thuc vo mt hng s cng C1 tu (5.12) l nghim

ca PTVP (5.9). Chng t nghim tng qut ca (5.9) c dng :
p ( x ) dx
p ( x ) dx
p ( x ) dx
+e
y = Ce
dx
q ( x )e
(5.14)
Nu trong (5.13) ly C = 0 ta c mt nghim ring ca (5.9). Do cng c th ni rng

phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange l phng php tm mt nghim ring ca phng trnh
khng thun nht khi bit nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng. Dng nghim
(5.14) c th m t tng qut sau y :
y = y + y*
(5.15)
trong y l nghim tng qut ca PTVP thun nht tng ng v y * l mt nghim ring ca
chnh phng trnh khng thun nht.
Dng (5.15) ng cho PTVP tuyn tnh c cp bt k ni ring v ng cho cc h tuyn
tnh ni chung.
V d 5 : Tch phn phng trnh :
y '
y
=x
x
Gii : t vo cng thc (5.14) trong p ( x) =
y = Ce
dx
x
+e
dx
x
xe
1
, q ( x) = x , ta c :
x
dx
x dx
Xt vi x > 0 :
y = Ce ln x + e ln x x.e ln x dx = Cx + x dx = Cx + x 2
Xt vi x < 0
y = Ce
ln x
+e
ln x
x.e
ln x
dx = C x + x x.
1
dx
x
= Cx x (1)dx = Cx + x 2 .
V C tu nn x 0 , nghim tng qut c th vit di dng :
y = Cx + x 2 .
D. Phng trnh Bernoulli
y l PTVP khng tuyn tnh (phi tuyn) tuy nhin c th a v dng PTVP tuyn tnh
bng cch thay i bin s thch hp.
159
a. nh ngha : PTVP c dng y '+ p ( x) y = y q ( x)
(5.16)
trong R v 0, 1 , cc hm p ( x), q ( x) cho trc, lin tc trn (a,b)

b. Phng php tch phn
Chia hai v ca (5.16) cho y ta s c:
y'
y
+ p( x)
1
y
= q( x)
y'
1
t u ( x) = 1 , do u ' = (1 ) .
y
y
(5.17)
Thay vo phng trnh trn s nhn c PTVP tuyn tnh cp 1 i vi hm u ( x) :
u '+(1 ) p( x)u = (1 )q( x)
(5.18)
Sau khi tch phn phng trnh (5.18), ta tr v bin c theo (5.17).
V d 6: Tch phn phng trnh:
y '+ y
y s c:
Gii: Chia hai v cho
y'
y
t u =
x
2
=e
y , u' =
+ y=
y'
2 y
x
2
e
phng trnh c a v dng:

x
1
1
u '+ u = e 2
2
2
u=
1
dx
Ce 2
y = Ce
y = Ce
x
2
x
2
y = C 2e x
1
dx
+e 2
+e
1 2 2 dx
2 e e dx
x
2.1
e x dx
1
+ e2
2
1
+ ex + C
4
E. Phng trinh vi phn ton phn

a. nh ngha: Phng trnh vi phn dng:
P ( x, y )dx + Q( x, y )dy = 0
trong
(5.19)
Q P
=
, ( x, y ) D
x y
(5.20)
160
gi l mt PTVP ton phn.

iu kin (5.20) chng t v tri ca phng trnh (5.19) l vi phn ton phn ca hm
u ( x, y ) no .
b. Phng php tch phn
iu kin (5.20) chng t tn ti hm u ( x, y ) du = P ( x, y )dx + Q( x, y )dy theo cng
thc (3.24) th :
x
x0
y0
u ( x, y ) = P( x, y )dx + Q( x0 , y )dy
Nh vy tch phn tng qut c dng : u ( x, y ) = C
(5.21)
V d 7 : Gii PTVP
( x 3 + 3xy 2 )dx + (3x 2 y + y 3 )dy = 0

Gii : t P = x 3 + 3x y 2 , Q = 3x 2 y + y3
Q
P
Q P
, (x, y)
= 6xy,
= 6xy
=
x
y
x y
Vy phng trnh cho l PTVP ton phn.
x
u ( x, y ) = ( x + 3 xy )dx + y 3 dy
3
1
3
1
= x4 + x2 y2 + y4
4
2
4
Tch phn tng qut :
Hay
u ( x, y ) = C
x 4 + 6x 2 y 2 + y 4 = C.
c. Tha s tch phn

Trong mt s trng hp iu kin (5.20) khng tho mn. Khi PTVP (5.19) cha phi
l PTVP ton phn. Nu tn ti hm s ( x, y ) phng trnh :
Pdx + Qdy = 0
(5.19) /
l PTVP ton phn, tc l tho mn iu kin :
(Q) = (P), ( x, y ) D
x
y
(5.22)
th hm s ( x, y ) gi l tha s tch phn ca PTVP.

Ngi ta chng minh c rng nghim ca PTVP (5.19) / cng l nghim ca PTVP (5.19). V
vy gii PTVP (5.19) khng tho mn iu kin (5.20) ngi ta c th tm mt tha s tch
phn (x, y) v i tch phn PTVP ton phn.
V d 8 : Cho phng trnh :
2 sin y 2 dx + xy cos y 2 dy = 0
161
Chng t rng ( x, y ) = x 3 l tha s tch phn ca phng trnh v gii phng trnh .
Gii : Nhn hai v ca phng trnh vi x 3 ta c :
2 x 3 sin y 2 dx + x 4 y cos y 2 dy = 0
t
P = 2 x 3 sin y 2 , Q = x 4 y cos y 2 ,
Q
P
Q P
, (x, y)
= 4x 3 y cos y 2 ,
= 4x 3 y cos y 2
=
x
y
x y
Chng t ( x, y ) = x 3 l tha s tch phn. Theo cng thc (3.24.Chng 3), tch phn
tng qut ca PTVP l
x
u(x,y)= C, trong u = 2 x 3 sin y 2 dx =

0
1 4
x sin y 2
2
x 4 sin y 2 = C .
Vy :
Trong mt s trng hp c bit ta c th kt lun v s tn ti tha s tch phn ph

thuc vo mt bin x hoc y. Tht vy gi s = (x) l tha s tch phn ca PTVP khng ton
phn (5.19). Khi
tc l
[ ( x).Q( x, y )] = [ ( x).P( x, y)]

y
x
P
Q
= Q +
y
x
Chia hai v cho Q v bin i ta c :
1 d
1 Q P
dx
Q x y
Chng t
1 Q P
ch l hm ca x v tch phn s c :
Q x y
( x) = e
Tng t nu
1 Q P
Q x y
1 Q P
dx
Q x y
(5.23)
1 Q P
ch l hm ca y th s tn ti tha s tch phn l hm ca
P x y
mt bin y v cng thc tm:

1 Q P
( y) = e
P x y dy
(5.24)
V d 9. Tch phn PTVP :
x3
( x + y )dx + (2 xy + xy + )dy = 0
3
2
162
Gii.
t P = x 2 + y 2 , Q = 2 xy + xy 2 +
x3
3
Q
P
= 2y + y2 + x2 ,
= 2y
x
y
Q P 1
dy
= 1 Suy ra mt tha s tch phn l ( y ) = e = e y
x y P
Nhn hai v ca phng trnh trn vi ey s c :
x3
)dy = 0
3
e y ( x 2 + y 2 )dx + e y (2 xy + xy 2 +
V tri l vi phn ton phn ca hm s :
x
u ( x, y ) = e y ( x 2 + y 2 )dx + 0dy
x3
u ( x, y ) = e y
+ y2x
3
Vy tch phn tng qut ca PTVP l :
x2
+ y2 = C
e x
3
(C l hng s tu ).
5.2. TNG QUAN V S PHC

Chng ta bit rng trong trng s thc khng th phn tch thnh tha s tam thc
bc hai ax 2 + bx + c khi = b 2 4ac < 0 .Tuy nhin s rt tin li nu c th tha s ho tam
thc ny thnh dng a ( x )( x ) trong , .Nhm mc ch ny thm vo mt
phn t mi, k hiu l i (gi l n v o) kt hp vi cc cp s thc ( x, y ) 2 to ra cc s
phc.
5.2.1.nh ngha v cc dng s phc
A. nh ngha:
Cho ( x, y ) 2 , mt s biu din di dng z = x + iy, trong
i 2 = 1
gi l mt s phc. Tp cc s phc k hiu l .

Gi x l phn thc ca z, k hiu Rez = x
y l phn o ca z, k hiu l Imz = y
Gi mun ca z, k hiu l z , xc nh bi mt s thc khng m
z = x2 + y2 = r 0
163
Gi Acgumen ca z , k hiu Argz xc nh bi mt s thc

Argz = Arg v xc nh t iu kin cos =
x
y
v sin =
vi z 0
z
z
Nh vy Acgumen ca z sai khc nhau k 2 , k v Arg0 l khng xc nh.

Vy s phc z c cc dng vit:
1.
z = x + iy gi l dng chnh tc hay dng i s ca s phc z .
2.
z = r ( cos + i sin ) gi l dng lng gic ca s phc z.
B. Biu din hnh hc ca cc s phc

y
M(z)
y
r
H.5.2
Xt mt phng Oxy vi h to trc chun (xem H.5.2)
nh x : Oxy t mi s phc z = x + iy ng vi im M c to (x,y) trn mt
phng Oxy. Vy l song nh. Gi mt phng Oxy l mt phng phc.
z , ( z ) gi l nh ca z trn Oxy
M Oxy, 1 ( M ) gi l to v ca M, l s phc z . Ngoi ra OM cng c gi

l vct biu din s phc z. Nh vy OM = z v

Ox, OM = Argz
Trn mt phng phc Oxy nhn thy:

Trc Ox biu din cc s thc z = x , trc ny gi l trc thc, cn trc Oy biu din
cc s phc z = iy, y gi l cc s o thun tu, ngi ta gi trc Oy l trc o.
5.2.2.Cc php ton trn tp
A.Php so snh bng nhau
( x, y, x ' , y ' ) 4 ,
x = x
x + iy = x ' + iy '
'
y = y
'
B. Php ly lin hp
Cho z = x + iy , lin hp ca z, k hiu l z cho bi z = x iy
164
C. Php ly s phc i
Cho z = x + iy , s phc i ca z, k hiu l z (c l tr z ) c xc nh:
-z = -x - iy
D. Php cng
Cho z = x + iy, z= x+ iy, tng ca z v z, k hiu l z + z xc nh nh sau:
z + z = (x + x) + i(y + y)
E. Php nhn
Cho z = x + iy v z= x+ iy, tch ca z v z, k hiu l z.z xc nh nh sau:
z.z = (xx- yy) + i(xy+ xy)
F. Php tr v php chia
L cc php tnh ngc ca php cng v php nhn
z z ' = z + ( z ')
z
= z " z = z '.z ", khi z 0
z'
T cc php ton trn, nhn c cc tnh cht di y:
1. z , z = z.
2. ( z , z ' ) 2 ,
z + z'= z+ z'
3. ( z , z ') 2 ,
z. z ' = z z '
n * , z1 , z2 , , zn ,
zi = zi ,
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
zi = zi
4. z , z ' * ,* = \{0}
z z
=
z' z'
5. z ,
z = z z
z = z z i, i= {iy, y }
6. z
z. z = z
G. Php lu tha, cng thc Moavr ( Moivre)

Cho z = r ( cos + i sin ) ,
k
Gi z k l lu tha bc k ca z. Bng qui np , d chng minh c
z k = r k (cos k + i sin k )
(5.25)
Gi (5.25) l cng thc Moivre.
165
H. Php khai cn bc n ca z * .
Cho n * , z = r ( cos + i sin ) . Gi * l cn bc n ca z, k hiu
z , xc nh
nh
n = z
sau:
Nu gi
n = r
v = Arg th
hay l
n = + 2k
1
rn
v =
+ 2 k
n
vi k = 0,1, 2,...,n 1 .
Vy s z c ng n cn bc n, l cc s phc c dng:
1
= r n cos
+ 2 k
n
+ i sin
+ 2 k
n
, k = 0,1, 2,..., n 1
(5.26)
Ch :
Trong l thuyt chui [ 2] , sau khi c cc khai trin ca cc hm s s cp, ngi ta s

nhn c dng lu tha ca s phc z:
z = rei
Khi cng thc (5.25) s l : z k = r k eik ,
n
Cn cng thc (5.26) s l :
1 + 2 k
i
n
n
z =r e
k
n * , k = 0,1, 2,..., n 1
(5.25)
(5.26)
Cn bc n ca 1.
V z = 1 c z = 1 = r, Argz = 0. Vy cn bc n ca 1 l n s phc dng:
k = e
2 ik
n
k = 0,1,2,..., n 1
V e 2i = 1 nn cc s phc k c nhng tnh cht sau:

a.
k {0,1,2,..., n 1},
k = nk . .
b.
k {0,1,2,..., n 1},
k = 1k .
c. n \ {0,1} ,
n 1
n 1
k =0
k =0
k = 1k =
1 1n
= 0,
1 1
d. Cc s phc k biu din trn mt phng phc bi cc nh ca mt a gic u n cnh

ni tip trong ng trn lng gic v mt trong cc nh l im c to v bng 1. a gic ny
nhn Ox lm trc i xng, chng hn vi n = 2, n = 3, n = 4, biu din hnh hc cc s k cho
trn hnh 5.3
166
1
3
+i
2
2
x
-1
-1
-1
-1
1x
1
3
i
2
2
n=2
n=3
n=4
H.5.3
5.3. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai

Trc ht, ta xt mt bi ton dn n PTVP tuyn tnh cp hai. Xt mch RLC (hnh 5.4).
Gi u(t) l tng in p trn cc phn t ca mch, vy u(t) = 0. i(t) l cng dng in

trong mch. Trong k thut in t bit hiu in th trn in tr l Ri(t), trn cun t cm l
t
di
1
L
v trn t l
idt
q
+
0 trong q0 l in lng ban u trn t. Vy ta c mi lin h
dt
C 0
sau y:
0 = u (t ) = Ri (t ) + L
di 1
i (t )dt + q 0
+
dt C 0
Ly o hm 2 v ta s c :
u (t ) = Ri + Li +
i
C
Vy nhn c phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 2 i vi hm s i :
Li + Ri +
i
=0
C
167
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 l phng trnh c dng :
y + a1 ( x) y + a 2 ( x) y = f ( x)
(5.27)
trong a1 ( x), a 2 ( x), f ( x) lin tc trn (a,b).

Nu f ( x) 0 th (5.27) gi l PTVP tuyn tnh khng thun nht.
Nu f ( x) 0 th (5.27) gi l PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht.
Ngi ta chng minh rng vi cc gi thit trn, PTVP (5.27) lun tn ti nghim v
nghim ca bi ton Cauchy sau y l duy nht.
Tm nghim ca PTVP (5.27) tho mn:
y ( x0 ) = y 0
y ( x0 ) = y 0
(5.28)
trong (x0, y0, y0) cho trc. Cc iu kin (5.28) gi l cc iu kin ban u. Bi ton trn gi
l bi ton Cauchy
Ngi ta gi PTVP (gi nguyn v tri ca (5.27))
(5.28)
y + a1 ( x) y + a 2 ( x) y = 0
l PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht tng ng vi PTVP tuyn tnh khng thun nht (5.27).
Mi h tuyn tnh u c tnh cht chung nn tng t nh PTVP cp mt, nghim ca
PTVP (5.27) c quan h vi nghim ca PTVP (5.29). V th trc ht ta xt PTVP (5.29).
5.3.1 Tnh cht nghim ca PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht.
Xt PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht:
y + a1 ( x) y + a 2 ( x) y = 0
(5.30)
nh l 5.2. Nu y1 v y2 l nghim ca PTVP (5.30) th y1+y2 v Cy1 (hoc Cy2) vi C l hng s

tu , cng l nghim ca (5.30).
Chng minh : Tht vy thay y = y1+ y2, y = Cy1 vo PTVP (5.30) s nhn thy chng tho mn
PTVP :
( y1 + y 2 ) + a1 ( x)( y1 + y 2 ) + a 2 ( x)( y1 + y 2 )
= y1 + a1 ( x) y1 + a 2 ( x) y1 + [ y 2 + a1 ( x) y 2 + a 2 ( x) y 2 ] 0
(Cy1 ) + a1 ( x)(Cy1 ) + a2 ( x)Cy1 = C[ y1 + a1 ( x) y1 + a 2 ( x) y1 ] 0

Trc ht ta xt khi nim hai hm ph tuyn tnh, c lp tuyn tnh. Cc khi nim ny
cng tng t nh cc khi nim ca vc t trong khng gian hc trong ton cao cp A2.
Cc hm 1 ( x), 2 ( x) lin tc trn (a, b) gi l ph thuc tuyn tnh trong (a,b) nu tn ti
2 hng s 1 , 2 khng ng thi bng 0 sao cho :
11 ( x) + 2 2 ( x) 0, x (a, b)
(5.31)
Ngc li, tc l (5.31) ch xy ra khi 1 = 2 = 0 th ni rng 1 ( x), 2 ( x) l c lp

tuyn tnh trn (a, b). D dng ch ra rng : Hai hm s c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi t s ca
chng khng phi l hng s. Hai hm s ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi chng t l vi nhau
168
1 ( x) = 1, 2 ( x) = x, 3 ( x) = x 2
Chng hn :
4 ( x) = sin x, 5 ( x) = cos x, 6 ( x) = e x , 7 ( x) = e 2 x l c lp tuyn tnh tng

i trn khong (a, b) bt k.
nh l 5.3. Nu cc hm 1 ( x), 2 ( x) ph thuc tuyn tnh trn (a ,b) th :
W [1 , 2 ] =
Gi
W [ 1 , 2 ] =
1
1
0, x (a, b)
2
.
2
(5.32)
l nh thc Wronski ca hai hm 1 , 2

Chng minh :
Tn ti 1 , 2 khng ng thi bng khng 11 ( x) + 2 2 ( x) 0
Gi s 2 0 , vy 2 ( x) =
W [1 , 2 ] =
1
1
1
1 ( x) suy ra :
2
1
( x)
2 1

= 1 1
2 1
1 1( x)
2
1
0.
1
nh l 5.4. Nu cc nghim y1, y2 ca PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht (5.30) l c lp tuyn tnh
trn (a b) th
W [ y1 , y 2 ] 0, x (a, b)
(5.33)
Chng minh :
Ga s ngc li W [ y1 ( x0 ), y 2 ( x0 )] = 0 vi a < x0 < b. Xt h phng trnh i s vi cc
n C1, C2 :
C1 y1 ( x0 ) + C 2 y 2 ( x0 ) = 0
C1 y1 ( x0 ) + C 2 y 2 ( x0 ) = 0
H ny c nghim khng tm thng C1, C2 (gi s C 2 0 ) v nh thc ca h bng
khng.
y = C y + C y cng l nghim ca (5.28) (theo nh l 5,2).
Mt khc hm s ~
1 1
2 2
Theo trn th ~
y = 0 trn (a, b) tc
y ( x0 ) = 0, ~
y ( x0 ) = 0 . T tnh duy nht nghim suy ra ~
l :
C1 y1 + C 2 y 2 0, x (a, b)
M C 2 0 chng t y1, y2 ph thuc tuyn tnh, mu thun vi gi thit.
nh l 5.5. Nu y1, y2 l hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca (5.30) th nghim tng qut ca
PTVP (5.30) c dng :
y = C1 y1 + C 2 y 2
169
(5.34)
trong C1 , C 2 l cc hng s tu
Chng minh :
Trc ht ta thy (5.34) l nghim ca (5.30) (theo nh l 5.2) v ph thuc vo 2 hng s
C1, C2 tu .
Ngoi ra vi iu kin u y ( x0 ) = y0 , y( x0 ) = y0 th s tm c C1, C2 duy nht. Tht vy
h phng trnh :
y1 ( x0 )
y ( x0 ) = C1 y1 ( x0 ) + C 2 y 2 ( x0 ) = y 0
c
y1 ( x0 )
y ( x0 ) = C1 y1 ( x0 ) + C 2 y 2 ( x0 ) = y 0
y 2 ( x0 )
0
y 2 ( x0 )
Suy ra nghim (C1, C2) tn ti duy nht.

nh l 5.6 Nu bit y1 0 l nghim ca (5.30) th c th tm c nghim y2 ca (5.30) c
lp tuyn tnh vi y1 dng :
y 2 ( x) = y1 ( x)
1
y12 ( x)
a ( x ) dx
e 1
dx
Ch : Trong tch phn trn hng s cng ca tch phn bt nh lun ly bng 0.
Chng minh :
Trc ht ta c th tm nghim y2 trong dng y 2 ( x) = y1 ( x)u ( x)
t vo (5.30) s nhn c PTVP i vi hm u(x)
y1u + 2 y1u + y1u + a1 ( x)[ y1u + y1u ] + a 2 y1u = 0
2 y

+ a1 ( x)u = 0
u ( y1 + a1 y1 + a 2 y1 ) + y1 u +
y1

Chn u khc hng s tho mn phng trnh :
2 y
u +
+ a1 ( x)u = 0
y1
2 y
t v = u c v , +
+ a1 ( x) v = 0
y1
y l PTVP tuyn tnh cp 1, do :
v=
2 y

+ a1 ( x ) dx
y
Ce 1
= Ce
y
dx
y1
a ( x ) dx
.e 1
a ( x ) dx
= Ce 2 ln y1 .e 1
1 a ( x )dx
= C 2 .e 1
y1
Ly C = 1 do c th chn u l :
170
(5.35)
u ( x) =
1
y12 ( x)
a ( x ) dx
.e 1
dx
1 a1 (x )dx
e
0 nn u(x) khng phi l hng s, chng t y1, y2 c lp tuyn
y12
V u(x) =
tnh.
V d 10 : Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh :
y +
sin x
2
.
y + y = 0 bit mt nghim ring y1 =
x
x
Gii : Tm y2 c lp tuyn tnh vi y1 trong dng (5.35)
y2 =
=
2
dx
.e x
sin x x
x sin 2 x
dx =
sin x x 2 .e 2 ln x
dx
x sin 2 x
sin x
dx
sin x
cos x
=
( cot gx) =
.
2
x
sin x
x
x
Vy nghim tng qut :
y=
1
( C1 sin x + C2 cos x ) .
x
V d 11 : Gii phng trnh
x 2 (ln x 1) y xy + y = 0 bit rng n c mt nghim ring dng y = x , R

Gii : Trc ht tm
t y1 = x vo phng trnh s c :
x 2 (ln x 1) ( 1) x 2 x + x = 0, x (a, b)
(ln x 1)( 1) + 1 = 0, x (a, b)

( 1) = 0
= 1 y1 = x
suy ra
+ 1 = 0
Tm y2 trong dng (5.33)
xdx
y2 = x
x 2 (ln x 1)
x
dx
d ln x
ln x 1
= x
= x
ln x 1
x2
x
dx = x
e ln(ln x 1)
x2
dx
dx
1
dx = x (ln x 1) + 2 = ln x
x
x
Nghim tng qut y = C1 x + C 2 ln x
171
Ch : bit c mt nghim khng tm thng ca PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht l rt kh

khn. V th trong qu trnh tch phn ta phi xem xt dng phng trnh suy on c
nghim hoc tm nghim theo s gi ca bi ton.
5.3.2 Tnh cht nghim ca PTVP tuyn tnh khng thun nht
Xt PTVP (5.27) v PTVP thun nht tng ng(5.29).
nh l 5.7. Nghim tng qut ca PTVP (5.27) bng tng nghim tng qut ca PTVP (5.29)
cng vi mt nghim ring bt k ca chnh phng trnh (5.27)
y = y + y*
(5.36)
y ngi ta dng k hiu :
y l nghim tng qut ca PTVP (5.29)

y * l nghim ring ca PTVP (5.27)
Chng minh : Thay y = y + y * vo (5.27) ta c:
"
"
'
'
y + y * + a1 ( x)( y + y * ) + a 2 ( x)( y + y * ) = f ( x)
"
'
"
'
y + a1 ( x) y + a 2 ( x) y + y * + a1 ( x) y * + a 2 ( x) y = f ( x)
0 + f ( x) = f ( x)
Chng t y = y + y * l nghim ca (5.27). N ph thuc hai hng s tu C1 , C 2 (c
trong biu thc ca y ) v vi iu kin u th C1 , C 2 s tm c duy nht nh chng minh
nh l 5.5
nh l 5.8 (Nguyn l chng cht nghim): Nu y1* , y 2* ln lt l cc nghim ring ca
phng trnh khng thun nht
y"+ a1 ( x) y '+ a 2 ( x) y = f1 ( x)
y"+ a1 ( x) y '+ a 2 ( x) y = f 2 ( x)
th
y * = y1* + y 2* l nghim ring ca phng trnh (5.27) vi v phi

f ( x) = f1 ( x) + f 2 ( x )
Chng minh nh l ny cng tng t nh trn bng cch thay y * = y1* + y 2* vo PTVP
(5.27) s nhn c ng nht thc.
ngha ca nguyn l l ch: v phi f(x) c th phn tch thnh tng hu hn cc hm
s, ng vi mi hm s, nghim ring thnh phn c th tm c d dng hn v nh vy
nghim ring y * s tm c.
nh l 5.9: Nu bit hai nghim ring ca PTVP (5.25) y1* , y 2* th hm s y = y1* y 2*
l nghim ca PTVP (5.29).
172
Chng minh nh l ny bng cch thay y = y1* y 2* vo phng trnh (5.29) v n
y1* , y 2* l cc nghim ring ca (5.27) s nhn c ng nht thc.

nh l 5.10: Nu bit hai nghim ring y1 , y 2 c lp tuyn tnh ca (5.29) th mt nghim
ring ca (5.27) c th tm c bng phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange.
Nghim c dng:
y * = C1 ( x) y1 ( x) + C 2 ( x) y 2 ( x)
/
/
C1 y1 + C2 y 2 = 0
/ /
/ /
C1 y1 + C2 y 2 = f (x)
trong :
(5.37)
(5.38)
Chng minh: Gi s bit hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca PTVP (5.29) l y1 , y 2 . Khi
nghim tng qut ca (5.29) l:
y = C1 y1 ( x) + C 2 y 2 ( x)
Ni dung ca phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange l:
Coi y * = C1 ( x ) y1 ( x) + C 2 ( x) y 2 ( x) l nghim ring ca (5.27), vi s tn ti ca
C1 ( x), C 2 ( x) .
Tht vy
'
y * = C1' y1 + C 2' y 2 + C1 y1' + C 2 y 2'
Trc ht t iu kin:
C1' y1 + C 2' y 2 = 0 , khi y *, = C1 y1, + C 2 y 2,
(*)
By gi thay y * vo (5.27) s nhn c:
C1 ( y1" + a1 y1' + a 2 y1 ) + C 2 ( y 2" + a1 y 2' + a 2 y 2 ) + C1' y1' + C 2' y 2' = f ( x)

y * l nghim th phi c:
C1' y1' + C 2' y 2' = f ( x)
(**)
Cc iu kin (*) v (**) by gi l:
C1' y1 + C 2' y 2 = 0
' '
C1 y1 + C 2' y 2' = f ( x)
H phng trnh ny hon ton tm c C1' , C 2' do W [ y1 , y 2 ] 0 .T s c C1 ( x), C 2 ( x) .
V d 12: Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh:
y"+
2x
2
x +1
y' =
1
2
x +1
Gii: Phng trnh thun nht tng ng l:
173
y"+
2x
2
x +1
y' = 0
D nhn thy phng trnh thun nht ny c mt nghim l y1 = 1

Nghim th hai c lp tuyn tnh tm theo cng thc (5.35) s l:
2x
y2 = e
x 2 +1dx
dx =
dx
2
x +1
=arctgx
Nghim ring ca PTVP cho tm trong dng:
y * = C1 ( x) + C 2 ( x)arctgx
trong :
C1' + C 2' arctgx = 0
'
1
1
'
=
C1 .0 + C 2 .
1+ x2 1+ x2
Gii h ny s c:
C 2' = 1 C 2 = x
C1' = arctgx C1 = arctgxdx = x.arctgx +
1
ln(1 + x 2 )
2
Vy nghim tng qut l:
y=
1
ln(1 + x 2 ) + C1 + C 2 arctgx
2
5.4. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 c h s khng i

5.4.1. Khi nim v s phc
5.4.2. Cc dng nghim ca phng trnh thun nht
Cho phng trnh:
y"+ a1 y '+ a 2 y = 0
(5.39)
trong a1 , a 2 l cc hng s thc.

Tm nghim ring ca (5.39) di dng
y = e kx , k = const
Vy k tha mn iu kin:
y ' = k.e kx , y" = k 2 e kx , e kx (k 2 + a1k + a 2 ) = 0 k 2 + a1k + a 2 = 0
(5.40)
Phng trnh (5.40) gi l phng trnh c trng ca (5.39). Thng qua phng trnh ny,
chng ta c th bit c dng nghim ca chnh (5.39).
174
* Nu (5.40) cho 2 nghim thc khc nhau k1 , k 2 th c 2 nghim ring ca (5.39) l
y1 = e k1x , y 2 = e k 2 x . Chng c lp tuyn tnh v
y1
= e ( k1 k 2 ) x khng phi l hng s. Vy
y2
nghim tng qut ca (5.39) s l:
y = C1e k1 x + C 2 e k 2 x
(5.41)
* Nu (5.40) cho 2 nghim thc trng nhau th (5.39) c 1 nghim ring, y1 = e kx . Nghim
ring y 2 c lp tuyn tnh vi y1 tm c theo cng thc 5.35
y 2 = uy1 v e kx u"+ e kx (a1 + 2k )u ' = 0

v k l nghim kp ca (5.40) do a1 + 2k = 0 . Suy ra:
u" = 0, u = Ax + B , ly u = x.
Vy nghim tng qut ca (5.39) :
y = (C1 + C 2 x)e kx
(5.42)
* Nu (5.40) cho 2 nghim phc k = i th hai nghim ring di dng phc s l:
y1 = e x e ix = e x (cos x + i sin x)
y 2 = e x e ix = e x (cos x i sin x)
Do a1 , a 2 l cc s thc, vy cc phn thc v phn o ca y1 , y 2 cng l nghim ca
(5.39).
Chng ta ly 2 nghim l e x cos x, e x sin x . Chng c lp tuyn tnh. Vy nghim
tng qut ca (5.39) trong trng hp ny c dng:
y = e x (C1 cos x + C 2 sin x)

V d 13:
(5.43)
y"+5 y '+6 y = 0
Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca n: k 2 + 5k + 6 = 0 cho nghim k1 = -3,k2 = -2. Vy :
y = C1e 3 x + C 2 e 2 x
V d 14: y"2 y '+ y = 0
Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca n k 2 2k + 1 = 0 c nghim k1=k2=1. Vy
y = e x (C1 + C 2 x)
V d 15: Tm nghim ca bi ton Csi:
y"+2 y '+2 y = 0, y (0) = y ' (0) = 1

Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca n:
k 2 + 2k + 2 = 0, k = 1 i
Nghim tng qut:
175
y = e x (C1 cos x + C2 sin x)

y ' = e x ( (C2 C1 ) cos x (C2 + C1 ) sin x )
y(0) = 1 = C1
y '(0) = 1 = C2 C1 C2 = 2
y = e x (cos x + 2 sin x) .
5.4.3. Phng php tm nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht
Cho phng trnh :
y"+ a1 y '+ a 2 y = f ( x)
(5.44)
trong a1,a2 l cc hng s thc.

Nh vo phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange v cc dng nghim ca phng trnh
thun nht ta c th tm c nghim tng qut ca (5.44) vi f(x) l hm lin tc bt k.
V d 16: Tch phn PTVP y" y =
ex
ex +1
Gii: PTVP thun nht tng ng:
y" y = 0
Phng trnh c trng ca n:
k 2 1 = 0 k = 1
Nghim tng qut ca PTVP thun nht tng ng:
y = C1e x + C 2 e x
By gi tm nghim ring ca PTVP cho bng phng php bin thin hng s
Lagrange:
y * = C1 ( x)e x + C 2 ( x)e x
C1' e x + C'2 e x = 0
trong
ex
' x
' x
C1e + C2 e =
1 + ex
Suy ra:
1 1
1 e 2x
'
,
C
=
1
2 ex + 1
2 1 + ex
1 dx
C2 = x
2 e +1
C'2 =
t e x + 1 = t , dx =
dt
,
t 1
176
1
1 1
1
dt
=
dt
2 t (t 1) 2 t 1 t
1 t 1
1
1
= ln
= ln(e x + 1) + x
2
t
2
2
C2 =
C1 =
1 e2x
1 t 1
dx =
dt
x
2 e +1
2
t
ex +1 1
=
+ ln(e x + 1)
2
2
Vy nghim tng qut:
y=
ex
ex
ln(e x + 1) e x + C1 +
x ln(e x + 1) + C 2
2
2
Di y chng ta xt cc dng c bit ca f(x) ng vi n, nghim ring ca (5.44) tm

c m khng cn phi dng n php tnh tch phn.
Trng hp 1: f ( x) = e x Pn ( x) = e x ( An x n + An 1 x n 1 + ... + A0 )
trong , A1 R, (i = 0, n), An 0
Nu khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh thun nht
tng ng vi (5.44) :
k 2 + a1 k + a 2 = 0
(5.45)
th mt nghim ring ca (5.44) tm di dng:
y * = e x Qn (n) = e x ( Bn x n + Bn 1 x n 1 + ... + B0 ) vi n+1 h s Bi cha
bit.
Thay y vo (5.42) th:
Qn" + (2 + a1 )Qn' + ( 2 + a1 + a 2 )Qn = Pn

ng nht cc h s ca ly tha cng bc ca x ta s c h (n+1) phng trnh tuyn tnh
vi vi (n+1) n s Bi ( i = 0, n ). Phng php tm cc h s ca Qn nh trn gi l phng php
h s bt nh vi h hm s 1, x, x 2 ,..., x n ,...
Nu l nghim n ca (5.43), nghim ring tm di dng:
y * = xex Qn ( x) = xex ( Bn x n + ... + B0 )

Nu l nghim kp ca (5.43) th:
y * = x 2 ex Q n ( x) = x 2 ex ( Bn x n + ... + B0 )
V d 17: Tm mt nghim ring ca PTVP:
y"+2 y '+ y = x(= e 0. x P1 ( x))
Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng:
k 2 + 2k + 1 = 0 c nghim kp k = -1
/
"
y * = B1 x + B0 , y * = B1 , y * = 0
177
2 B1 + B1 x + B0 = x
B1 = 1
B0 = 2 B1 = 2
2 B1 + B0 = 0
y* = x 2 .
V d 18: Tm mt nghim ring ca PTVP: y " + 2 y '3 y = e x x(= e1.x P1 ( x))
Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca PTVP thun nht:
k 2 + 2k 3 = 0 c nghim k = 1, k = -3
y * = x.e x ( B1 x + B0 ) = e x ( B1 x 2 + B0 x)
'
y * = e x ( B1 x 2 + ( B0 + 2 B1 ) x + B0 )
"
y * = e x ( B1 x 2 + ( B0 + 4 B1 ) x + 2 B0 + 2 B1 )
Thay vo phng trnh s c:
8B1 x + 2 B1 + 4 B0 = x
1
B1 =
8B1 = 1
2B1 + 4B0 = 0 B = 1 B = 1
1
0
2
16
1
1
y* = x.e x (x ).
8
2
V d 19: Tm nghim ca bi ton Csi:
y"4 y ' + 4 y = e 2 x ( x + 1), y (0) = y ' (0) = 1

Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng k 2 4k + 4 = 0 cho
nghim k1 = k 2 = 2 .
Trc ht tm mt nghim ring:
y * = x 2 e 2 x ( B1 x + B0 ) = e 2 x ( B1 x 3 + B0 x 2 )
'
[
(4B x
y * = e 2 x 2 B1 x 3 + (2 B0 + 3B1 ) x 2 + 2 B0 x
"
y * = e 2x
+ (4 B0 + 12 B1 ) x 2 + (8 B0 + 6 B1 ) x + 2 B0 )
6 B1 x + 2 B0 = x + 1
6 B1 = 1
1
1
B1 = , B0 =
6
2
2 B 0 = 1
Nghim tng qut:
178
1
y = e 2x (C1 + C2 x) + x 2 e 2x (x + 3)
6
1
y' = e 2x (2C1 + C2 + C2 x) + e 2x (2x 3 + 9x 2 + 6x)
6
y(0) = C1 = 1
y '(0) = 2C1 + C2 = 1
C1 = 1, C2 = 1
1
y = e 2x (1 x) + x 2 e 2x (x + 3).
6
Trng hp 2: f ( x) = e x [Pn ( x) cos x + Qm ( x) sin x ]
trong , , Pn ( x), Qn ( x) l cc a thc bc n,m cho trc vi cc h s thc.
Nu i khng phi l nghim ca (5.43) th mt nghim ring ca (5.42) c tm
di dng:
y * = e x [Rl ( x) cos x + S l ( x) sin x ]

trong Rl ( x), S l ( x) l cc a thc bc l = max(n, m) c cc h s c tm bng phng php
h s bt nh vi cc h hm: 1, x, x 2 ,..., sin x, cos x
Nu i l nghim ca (5.43) th tm nghim trong dng:
y * = ex x[Rl ( x) cos x + S l ( x) sin x ]

V d 20: Tm nghim tng qut: y " + y ' = x cos x
Gii: Phng trnh c trng tng ng k 2 + k = 0 cho nghim k = 0,k = -1
Nhn thy i khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh c trng. Vy
y * = ( A1 x + A0 ) cos x + ( B1 x + B0 ) sin x
'
y * = ( B1 x + A1 + B0 ) cos x + ( A1 x + B1 A0 ) sin x
"
y * = ( A1 x + 2 B1 A0 ) cos x + ( B1 x 2 A1 B0 ) sin x
Vy
( ( B1 A1 ) x + A1 + 2 B1 + B0 A0 ) cos x + ( ( A1 + B1 ) x + B1 2 A1 A0 B0 ) sin x = x cos x

B1 A1 = 1, A1 + 2B1 + B0 A 0 = 0
B1 + A1 = 0, 2A1 + B1 B0 A 0 = 0
1
1
1
B1 = , A1 = , A 0 = 1, B0 =
2
2
2
Nghim tng qut: y = C1 + C 2 e x
1
1
( x 2) cos x + ( x + 1) sin x
2
2
V d 21: Tm mt nghim ring ca phng trnh:
y"+2 y '+2 y = e x (1 + sin x)

Gii: Da vo nguyn l chng cht nghim, ta tm cc nghim ring ca cc phng trnh sau:
179
y"+2 y '+2 y = e x sin x

y"+2 y '+2 y = e x
Phng trnh c trng tng ng k 2 + 2k + 2 = 0 cho nghim k = 1 i
y1* = xe x ( A0 cos x + B0 sin x)

'
y1* = e x (( B0 x A0 x + A0 ) cos x + ( B0 B0 x A0 x) sin x )

"
y1* = e x ((2 B0 2 A0 2 B0 x) cos x + (2 B0 2 A0 + 2 A0 x) sin x )
2 B0 cos x 2 A0 sin x = sin x

1
xe x
B0 = 0, A0 = , y1* =
cos x
2
2
'
"
y 2* = C 0 e x , y 2* = C 0 e x , y 2* = C 0 e x
C 0 = 1, y 2* = e x
Nghim ring y * = y1* + y 2* = e x (1
x
cos x)
2
Cc phng php trnh by trn cng c p dng cho phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp
cao c h s hng s, chng hn xt bi ton Csi sau:
V d 22: Gii PTVP:
y ' ' '2 y ' '+2 y ' y = x 2 , y (0) = 0, y ' (0) = y" (0) = 1
Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca PTVP thun nht tng ng:
k 3 2k 2 + 2k 1 = 0
1
(1 i 3 )
2
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng:
(k 1)(k 2 k + 1) = 0, k1 = 1, k 2,3 =
y = C1 e x + e 2 (C 2 cos
3
3
x + C 3 sin
x) C1,C2,C3 l cc hng s ty .
2
2
Mt nghim ring tm di dng:
y * = A2 x 2 + A1 x + A0
'
y * = 2 A2 x + A1
"
y * = 2 A2
'''
y * = 0,
A2 x 2 + (4 A2 A1 ) x + 2 A1 A0 4 A2 = x 2
A2 = 1
4 A2 A1 = 0 A1 = 4
2 A1 A0 4 A2 = 0, A0 = 4
Nghim tng qut :
180
y = C1e
1
x
+ e 2 (C
cos
3
3
x + C 3 sin
x) x 2 4 x 4
2
2
1 x
3
3
y ' = C1e + e 2 (C 2 + C 3 3 ) cos
x + (C3 C 2 3 ) sin
x 2 x 4
2
2
2
1 x
3
3
y" = C1e + e 2 (C 3 3 C 2 ) cos
x (C 2 3 + C 3 ) sin
x 2
2
2
2
C1 + C 2 4 = 0
C1 + (C 2 + C 3 3 ) 4 = 1
T iu kin ban u c:
2
1
C1 + 2 (C 3 3 C 2 ) 2 = 1
C1 = C 2 = 2, C 3 = 0
1
Vy nghim ca bi ton Csi l: y = 2e x + 2e 2 cos
3
x
2
TM TT NI DUNG CHNG V.
Phng trnh c bin s phn ly. Dng phng trnh:
Tch phn tng qut:
f1 ( x)dx + f 2 ( y )dy = 0
f1 ( x)dx + f 2 ( y)dy = C
Phng trnh ng cp cp mt. Dng phng trnh:
y
y
y , = f ( ), hay y , = f (t ), t =
x
x
Phng php tch phn: Coi t l hm s ca x, thay vo phng trnh s a v

dx
dt
=
dng c bin s phn ly
x
f (t ) t
Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp mt. Dng phng trnh: y '+ p( x) y = q( x)

Nghim tng qut:
p ( x ) dx
p ( x ) dx
p ( x ) dx
+e
y = Ce
dx
q ( x )e
Phng trnh Bernoulli. Dng phng trnh: y '+ p( x) y = y q( x)

1
Phng php tch phn: t u ( x) = 1 ,
y
Thay vo phng trnh trn s nhn c PTVP tuyn tnh cp 1 i vi hm u (x) :
u '+(1 ) p( x)u = (1 )q( x)
Phng trnh vi phn ton phn.

trong
Dng phng trnh: P ( x, y )dx + Q( x, y )dy = 0
Q P
=
, ( x, y ) D
x y
181
Tch phn tng qut:
hoc:
x0
y0
P( x, y)dx + Q( x0 , y)dy = C
x0
y0
P( x, y)dx + Q( x0 , y)dy = C
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai thun nht:

y + a1 ( x) y + a 2 ( x) y = 0
(*)
Tnh cht nghim:

1. Nu y1 v y2 l nghim ca PTVP(*) th y1+y2 v Cy1 (hoc Cy2) vi C l hng s tu ,
cng l nghim ca(*)
2. Nu y1, y2 l hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca (*) th nghim tng qut n c dng :
y = C1 y1 + C 2 y 2
trong C1 , C 2 l cc hng s tu
3. Nu bit y1 0 l nghim ca (*) th c th tm c nghim y2 ca n c lp tuyn
tnh vi y1 dng :
y 2 ( x) = y1 ( x)
1
y12 ( x)
a ( x ) dx
e 1
dx
Ch : Trong tch phn trn hng s cng ca tch phn bt nh lun ly bng 0
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai khng thun nht

y + a1 ( x) y + a2 ( x) y = f ( x)
(**)
Tnh cht nghim :

1. Nghim tng qut ca PTVP (**) bng tng nghim tng qut ca PTVP (*) cng vi
mt nghim ring bt k ca chnh phng trnh (**)
y = y + y*
y ngi ta dng k hiu :
y l nghim tng qut ca PTVP (*)

y * l nghim ring ca PTVP (**)
2. (Nguyn l chng cht nghim): Nu y1* , y 2* ln lt l cc nghim ring ca phng
trnh khng thun nht
y"+ a1 ( x) y '+ a 2 ( x) y = f1 ( x)
y"+ a1 ( x) y '+ a 2 ( x) y = f 2 ( x)
th
y * = y1* + y 2* l nghim ring ca phng trnh (**) vi v phi f ( x) = f1 ( x) + f 2 ( x)

3. Nu bit hai nghim ring y1 , y 2 c lp tuyn tnh ca (*) th mt nghim ring ca
(**) c th tm c bng phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange. Nghim c dng:
182
y * = C1 ( x) y1 ( x) + C 2 ( x) y 2 ( x)
C1/ y1 + C2/ y2 = 0
trong :
/ /
/ /
C1 y1 + C2 y2 = f ( x)
4. Nu bit hai nghim ring ca PTVP (**) y1* , y 2* th hm s y = y1* y 2* l nghim ca
PTVP (*)
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 thun nht c h s khng i

y"+ a1 y '+ a 2 y = 0 ,
a1 , a 2 l cc hng s thc
(1)
k 2 + a1k + a2 = 0 (2) gi l phng trnh c trng ca (1)

Dng nghim tng qut:
Nu (2) cho 2 nghim thc khc nhau k1 , k 2 th
nghim tng qut ca (1) s l:
y = C1e k1 x + C 2 e k 2 x
Nu (2) cho 2 nghim thc trng nhau th nghim tng qut ca (1) s l
y = (C1 + C 2 x)e kx
Nu (2) cho 2 nghim phc k = i
th nghim tng qut ca (1) s l
y = e x (C1 cos x + C 2 sin x)
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 khng thun nht c h s khng i

y"+ a1 y '+ a 2 y = f ( x) , (3)
a1,,a2 l cc hng s thc
Trng hp 1: f ( x) = e x Pn ( x) = e x ( An x n + An 1 x n 1 + ... + A0 )
trong , A1 R, (i = 0, n), An 0
Nu khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh thun nht
tng ng vi (3) th mt nghim ring ca (3) tm di dng
y * = e x Qn (n) = e x ( Bn x n + Bn 1 x n 1 + ... + B0 )
Trng hp 2: f ( x) = e x [Pn ( x) cos x + Qm ( x) sin x ]
trong , R, Pn ( x), Qn ( x) l cc a thc bc n,m cho trc vi cc h s thc.
Nu i khng phi l nghim ca (2) th mt nghim ring ca (3) c tm di
dng:
y * = e x [Rl ( x) cos x + S l ( x) sin x ]

trong Rl ( x), S l ( x) l cc a thc bc l = max(n, m) c cc h s c tm bng phng
php h s bt nh vi cc h hm: 1, x, x 2 ,..., sin x, cos x
Nu i l nghim ca (2) th tm nghim ring trong dng:
y * = ex x[Rl ( x) cos x + S l ( x) sin x ]
183
CU HI V BI TP CHNG 5
5.1. Nghim tng qut ca PTVP cp n ph thuc vo n hng s tu .
ng
Sai
5.2. Nghim ca bi ton Cauchy lun duy nht nghim
ng
Sai
5.3. Phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange p dng ch cho PTVP tuyn tnh.
ng
Sai
5.4. Phng trnh Bernoulli l PTVP tuyn tnh
ng
Sai
5.5. PTVP ton phn l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh thun nht.
ng
Sai
5.6. PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht lun lun c nghim

ng
Sai
5.7. Bit 2 nghim y1 v y2 ca PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht th bit c nghim tng qut ca
phng trnh .
ng
Sai
5.8. Bit 2 nghim ca PTVP tuyn tnh khng thun nht th c th bit c nghim tng qut
ca phng trnh .
ng
Sai
5.9. Gii PTVP tuyn tnh c h s hng s khng cn dng n php tnh tch phn
ng
Sai
5.10. PTVP tuyn tnh c tnh cht chng cht nghim.

ng
Sai
5.11. Gii cc phng trnh:

a. y =
b. y ' = x 2 e x
1+ x
c. y ' cos x =
y
ln y
d.
xdy
1 y2
ydx
1 x2
f. y = cos( x y )
e. y '+ sin( x + y ) = sin( x y )
5.12. Gii cc bi ton Cauchy:
184
=0
a.
dy
dx
+
= 0, y (1) = 1
x( y 1) y ( x + z )
b. (1 + e 2 x ) y 2 dy = e x dx, y (0) = 0
c. sin xdy y ln ydx = 0, y (0) = 1
d. ( x 2 + 1) y = y 2 + 4, y (1) = 2
b. xyy'+ x 2 2 y 2 = 0 ,
a. xdy ydx = x 2 + y 2 dx ,
c. , x cos
y
( ydx + xdy ) = y sin y (xdy ydx ) , d. ( y x)dx + ( y + x)dy = 0 .
x
x
5.14. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1:

a. x(1 + x 2 ) y '( x 2 1) y + 2 x = 0
b. y '+2 xy = xe x
c. (1 + x 2 ) y '2 xy = (1 + x 2 ) 2
d. 2 ydx + ( y 2 6 x)dy = 0
5.15. Gii cc bi ton Cauchy:
a. y '
2y
1
= ( x + 1) 3 , y (0) =
x +1
2
b. (1 + x 2 ) y '+ xy = 1, y (0) = 0
x
5.16. Chng minh hm s y = x e t dt l mt nghim ca phng trnh xy ' y = x 2 e x . Hy tm

2
nghim ca phng trnh tho mn iu kin y(1)=1

a. y '+ xy = x 3 y 3
b.
dy 2 3
( x y + xy ) = 1
dx
c. ( y ln x 2) ydx = xdy
d. ydx + ( x + x 2 y )dy = 0
5.18. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn ton phn:
y2
1
1
x2
a.
dx
+
dy = 0
2
2
x
( x y)
y ( x y)
b.
xdx + (2 x + y )dy
=0
( x + y) 2
185
1
1
y
y
y
x
x
x
1
c. sin 2 cos + 1dx + cos 2 sin + 2
y x
x
x y
y y
y
dy = 0
x3
dy = 0
d. 3x 2 (1 + ln y )dx 2 y
y
5.19. Gii cc phng trnh sau y bng cch tm tha s tch phn
a. (2 y + xy )dx + 2 xdy = 0, ( x)
y3
2
dx + ( x 2 + y 2 )dy = 0, ( x)
b. 2 xy + x y +
3
c. y (1 + xy )dx xdy = 0, ( y )
d. xdy + ydx xy 2 ln xdx = 0, ( xy )
5.20. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau:
a. x 2 (ln x 1) y xy + y = 0 , bit rng n c mt nghim ring dng y1 = x , R
b. (2 x + 1) y + (4 x 2) y '8 y = 0 , bit rng n c mt nghim ring dng
y 1 = e x , R
c. ( x 2 1) y 6 y = 0 , bit rng n c mt nghim ring y1(x) c dng a thc.
d. (2 x x 2 ) y + 2( x 1) y '2 y = 2 bit rng n c hai nghim ring y1 = 1, y 2 = x
5.21. Gii cc phng trnh sau khi bit mt nghim ring ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng.
a. x 2 y 2 xy '+2 y = 2 x 3 , y1 = x
b. y +
1
x
y '
y = x 1, y1 = e x
1 x
1 x
c. y +
2
y = e x + ln x , y1 = ln x
x ln x
x
2

a. y y =
ex
ex +1
b. y + 2 y '+ y = 3e x x + 1
c. y + y = tgx
d. y + y =
1
cos 2 x cos 2 x

a. y 7 y '+6 y = sin x
b. y 3 y ' = 2 6 x
c. y 2 y '+3 y = e x cos x
186
d. y + 2 y '+ y = 4e x
e. y 9 y '+20 y = x 2 e 4 x
f. y + y = x 2 cos 2 x
5.24. Gii cc bi ton Cauchy
a. y 2 y '+2 y = 5 cos x, y (0) = 1, y (0) = 0
b. y + y = cos 3 x, y (0) = y ' (0) = 0
187
Hng dn v p n
HNG DN V P N
HNG DN V P N BI TP CHNG I
1.16.
; ;0
2
1.17. a . ,
b. ,
c.
( ;0] [1;+ ) ,
d.
( ;2]
1.18. a. Hm chn, b. Hm khng chn, khng l, c. Hm chn, d. Hm khng chn, khng l.

1.19.
2
, b. Tun hon, T = ,
3
a. Tun hon,
T=
c. Tun hon,
T = , d. Khng tun hon.
1.20. a. y
1
( x 3), b. y = x + 1 , c. y = 3 1 x 3 , d. y = 2.10 x .
2
10
3
1.21. a. ;
2
b.
1.22. a. 1;
b.
1.23. a. m
n(n + 1)
;
2
1
;
24
d.
n(n 1) n 2
a .
2
2
2
n;
c. 2
b. m
1.24. a. cos a ;
1
b. 4 ;
1
1.25. a. 12 ;
1
b. 3
n .
c. 14 ;
d.
1
12 .
1
2
1.26.
a. 0 ;
b.1 ;
c. e 2 ;
d. e
1.27.
a. 1 ;
b. 0 ;
c. 1 ;
d. ln x .
1.28.
a. e ;
b. 1 ;
c.
1.29.
3
.
2
a. lin tc trn ;
b. lin tc trn vi A = 4, lin tc trn \ {2} vi A 4;
1.30.
2 1
= .
f
2
2
188
Hng dn v p n
HNG DN V P N BI TP CHNG II
2.16.
a.
f / ( x) =
c.
f / ( x) =
2x + 1
1
a. y =
sin x
d.
y =
a.
y/ =
c.
y/ =
x2
b. y
x2 +1
c. y
1
x2
4x
1
1
1
3 , d. f / ( x) =
, x 0.
2
x
2
x
2x 2
2.17.
f / ( x) = 1
, b.
1 + x4
1
1
e. y =
1 + 3 ,
x x
x
/
f. y / =
sin 2
1
x
2
sin ,
x
1
.
x +1
2
2.18.
2(ln x + 1)
2
x ln x 1
2
x ax
b.
y/ =
d. y / =
xa
(2ax x 2 ) 3
20sin 4 x
.
(1 + cos 4 x)6
2.19.
1 x
sin 2
1
+
x
/
a. y =
,
2
x (1 + x )
c. y
2.20.
1
(1 + x) 2 x(1 x)
a.
y/ = xx
b. y
+1
b.
d.
y/ =
y/ =
x2 1
1
1
2 x 2 cos 2 x + 1 + tg x +
x
x
1
.
x log 5 x. log 3 (log 5 x) ln 2. ln 3. ln 5
(2 ln x + 1) ,
= (sin x)
cos x cos
x
x
sin
ln
sin
sin nx
57 x 2 302 x + 361 ( x + 1) 2 4 x 2
,
.
c. y =
2
5
20( x 2)( x 3)
( x 3)
/
189
Hng dn v p n
x
x
x 1
d. y =
+ ln

.
x + 1
x + 1 x + 1
/
e. y
f.
2 x sin x
= ( x 2 + 1) sin x 2
+ cos x ln( x 2 + 1).
x +1
y/ =
x 4 + 6 x 2 + 1 x( x 2 + 1)
3
3 x(1 x )
( x 1)
2.21.
y/ = y
a.
1 ln x
x2
b.
y / = y (ln 2 +
c.
y/ =
d.
y/ =
1
e
1
2
ln cos x
dx
dy =
e.
dy (1) = 0,3466.
2.23.
a.
c.
(n)
(n)
sin x
(cot gx ln cos x + tgx ln sin x).
f (1) = x + 3(x) 2 + (x) 3 , df (1) = x .
b.
= 2 + (1) 2
2
1 ln x)
x
x x +1 ln x(ln x 1).
a.
2.22.
]ln
n! (ad bc)(c) n 1
(cx + d ) n +1
2,
b.
d. y
(n)
(n)
= (1)
n 1
(n 1)! a n
(ax + b) n
(1) n 1 (2n 3)!!

2n x 2 n 1
2.24.
a. y ( 20) = ( x 2 379) sin x 40 x cos x.
10
b.
y (10) = e x (1) n C10n
c.
y (n)
d.
n!
x n +1
n =0
n
k
x
= e C nk sin x +
.
2
k =0
n
n
1
+
+
+
y ( n) = (a b) n cos(a b) x +
a
b
a
b
x
(
)
cos
(
)
.
2
2
2
190
Hng dn v p n
1
2
.
2.25. a. 0, b. , c. 1, d. , e. , f.
2
2
2.26.
a.
pq
1
1
, b. 0, c. 0, d.
, e.
, f. 1.
2
2
12
2.27.
a. 1,
b. 1
2.28.
a. Tng
c.
e , d.
1
e3 ,
e.
e,
f.
1 2
(ln a ln 2 b )
2
e
.
[0,+) khng c cc tr.
1
1
1
0, , gim ,+ , xC = .
e
e
e
c. Gim ( ;1], tng [1;+ ) .
d. Gim ( ;0 ), (0;1), tng [1;+ ) , xCT = 1 .
b. Tng
e. Gim
3
3
3
a;
a
, tng 0; a , xCD = a.
4
4
2 63 4
49 ; 7 7 .
b. min (0;0), max (1;1).
a. min (0;0),
2.29.
c. min
max 23
(0; 3 4 ), min (2; 3 4 ),
d. min 1;
e. max (1;1).
1
,
e
max 1;
max
(1;2).
1
.
e

;5 cos , min [6(2k + 1) ;1],
5
5

f. min 12 k
max (12k ;5),
2.30.
a.
2
2

;5 cos .
5
5

max 12 k
m = , M = 1. b. m = (a + b) 2 . c. M = 1. d. m = 0, M = .
3
4
191
Hng dn v p n
HNG DN V P N BI TP CHNG III

3.11.
a. {( x, y ), x > 0, y > 0 hoc x < 0, y < 0}
b. Vnh trn ng gii hn bi 2 ng trn tm gc ta bn knh 1 v 3.
c. Min m nm trong 2 ng y = x v y = -x, nm bn phi trc Oy
d. Ton mt phng tr ng parabol y = x2
3.12.
a. z x =
x +y
2
, z y =
y
x + y + x2 + y2
2
x
x
x
b. zx = y cos , zy = 2 y sin x cos
y
y
y
c. z x = y 3 x y
d. z x =
, z y = x y ln x
y
x
, z y = 2
2
x +y
x + y2
2
3.14.
a. zx = ecos
b. zx =
x 2( x 2 + y 2 )
(
(
(sin 2 x + 4 x ), zy = ecos
x 2( x 2 + y 2 )
.4 y
)
)
2
2 y4 1
, zy =
x
y y4 + 1
3.15.
a. dz =
2( xdy ydx )
2y
x 2 sin
x
b. dz = e x [( x cos y sin y )dy + (sin y + cos y + x sin y )dx ]

3.16.
y (3x 2 y 2 )
a. y ' =
x 3 y 2 x2
c. z ' x = z ' y =
d. zx =
a2
b. y ' =
( x + y)2
1
x + y + z2 1
2
x 2 yz
y 2 xz
,
z
=
y
z 2 xy
z 2 xy
192
Hng dn v p n
28
3
3.18.
3.19.
u 2u
khi a = b = c
=
r
r
3.20.
G
G G
u
cos( A , r )
G =
trit tiu khi A r
2
r
A
3.21.
a.
im dng: ( 2,2), ( 4,2),

2
//
// //
= z xy
z xx
z yy = 4( 2 y )e 2 x + 2( x 2 y 2 + 8 x + 4 y + 10)e 2 x
(2,2) = 4e 4 > 0,
(2,2) = 4e 8 < 0, z //yy (4,2) = 2e 2 < 0,
Vy z max = z (4,2) = 4e 4
b.
(1,1) = 27 < 0,
c.
( x, y ) = 9 36 xy ,
im dng: (0,0), (1,1),
(0,0) = 9 > 0,
//
z xx
(1,1) = 6 > 0, vy z min = z (1,1) = 1
C 5 im dng: (0,0), (0,2b ), ( 2a,0), ( 2a,2b), ( a, b ),
( x, y ) = 16(a x 2 )(b y ) 2 4 xy(2a x)(2b y ),
(0,0) = (0,2b) = (2a,0) = (2a,2b) > 0, (a, b) = 4a 2 b 2 < 0

//
z xx
(a, b) = 2b 2 < 0, Vy z max = z (a, b) = a 2 b 2 .
d.
im dng: (1,2),
( x, y ) = 1 4(1 +
2
x
)(1 +
5
y2
),
//
z xx
(1,2) = 6 > 0, vy z min = z (1,2) = 7 10 ln 2
e.
Tn ti 4 im dng: (
1
3
1
3
), ( x, y ) = 36 xy ,
193
(1,2) = 26 < 0
Hng dn v p n
1
3
//
z xx
(
1
3
) = 12 > 0, (
Vy z max = z (
f.
3
1
3
,
) = 12 < 0, (
1
3
) = 12 > 0,
//
z xx
(
) = 12 < 0,
1
3
1
3
) < 0,
) > 0,
1
3
)=
4
3
z min = z (
1
3
1
3
)=
4
3
Tn ti 3 im dng: (0,0), ( 2 , 2 ), ( 2 , 2 ),
( x, y ) = 16 16(3x 2 1)(3 y 2 1),

( 2 , 2 ) = ( 2 , 2 ) = 384 < 0,
//
//
z xx
( 2 , 2 ) = z xx
( 2 , 2 ) = 20 > 0, z min = z ( 2 , 2 ) = z ( 2 , 2 ) = 8.
Ngoi ra
z (0,0) = 0, z ( x, x) = 2 x 4 > 0, x 0, z ( x,0) = x 4 2 x 2 < 0, khi x b.
Vy hm s khng t cc tr tai (0,0)
g.
im dng: (5,2).
//
z xx
(5,2) =
h.
( x, y ) = 1
4000
x3 y3
(5,2) = 3 < 0
4
> 0 , z min = z (5,2) = 30.
5
im dng: (0,0),
( x, y ) = 4 x 2 12 y (3x y ), (0,0) = 0,
Nhn xt: z (0,0) = 0, z ( x, x) = x 3 , i du khi x i du, chng t hm s khng

t cc tr.
3.22.
d=1
3.23.
x=
4
3
, y=
5
5
194
Hng dn v p n
HNG DN V P N BI TP CHNG IV
4.15.
a.
c.
4.16.
ax
2
+C,
ln a
x
axb x
+C ,
ln a + ln b
a.
1
ln x 5 + x10 1 + C ,
5
a.
b.
1 3
x x + arctgx + C ,
3
d.
1
3(b a)
b.
2
(1 + ln x)3 + C ,
3
{ ( x a)
( x b) 3 + C .
d. tg (1 + ln x) + C .
c. 2 x 3 + 2 x 1 + C ,
4.17
b.
8 + 30 x
(2 5 x) 2 + C , (t
375
2 5x = t )
1 1
1
1
2 20
2 10
2 110
2 10
(1 + 2 x ) (1 + 2 x ) + (1 + 2 x ) + C , (t t = (1 + 2 x ) )
16 13
6
11
1
d
x
1 + 1 + x2
dx
c. ln
+ C , (Bin i
= )
x
1
x 1 + x2
1+ 2
x
d. arcsin
4.18.
1
+C.
x
a.. 2 arcsin x + C ,
b. ln ln(ln x) + C , (t ln(ln x) = t )
c. arctg 3 x 2 + 5 + C , (t t = 3 x 2 + 5 )
1
3x 2 x
d.
ln
+C.
2(ln 3 ln 2) 3x + 2 x
4.19.
a. x + (1 + x)arctg x + C ,
b. x(arcsin x) 2 + 2 1 x 2 arcsin x 2 x + C ,
c. xchx shx + C ,
d. x (ln x 1) 2 + 1 + C ,
e. x cot gx + ln sin x + C ,
f. 2 1 + x arcsin x + 4 1 x + C .
195
Hng dn v p n
4.20.
x
(cos ln x + sin ln x) + C ,
2
b.
1 x
c. 2 + cot gx + C ,
2 sin x
d.
a.
ln x + 1
x
1 2
(ln x + 2 ln x + 2) + C .
x
1 x2 1 + x
ln
+C ,
e. x
2
1 x
4.21.
+C ,
f. xarctg 2 x 1
2x 1
+C.
2
1 (1 + t ) 2 (t 2 + t 1)
3
3t
+
arctg
+ C , Vi t = 3 sin x
ln
2 2
2
4 (1 t ) (t t + 1) 2
1 t
a.
b.
tgx + C , t t = tgx
c.
x
x
4
2 + C , t t 2 = cos x
+ 2arctg cos ln
2
2
x
x
1 cos
cos
2
2
1 + cos
d.
1 (1 + t 2 ) 2
3
2t 2 1
ln 4 2
+
arctg
+ C . t t = 3 tgx
4 t t +1 2
3
a. 5 ln 4 ln 6 1 ,
4.22.
4.23.
b. 1, c.
arctg 2
a.
d.
3
,
24
b.
e.
2 ab
d.
2,
c.
4 ,
1
1
3
arctg
(t t = x ),
x
2
2 2
f.
4.24.
a.
e 2 1
,
2
b. 2(1 e 1 ) ,
5
2
ln tg
c. 2
,
12
3
4.25.
9
,
a.
2
b. 2
1
,
ln 2
d.
c.
4a 3
,
3
d. 3a 2 .
196
(9 4 3 )
36
1 3
+ ln .
2 2
Hng dn v p n
a
a. ln tg + ,
4 2
4.26.
4.27.
a.
3 2
ab ,
7
b. 2 2 ,
1 + 1 + a4
,
a2
4.28.
a. ln
4.29.
a. Phn k,
b.
b.
1 ,
b. Hi t,
4( a 3 b 3 )
,
ab
c. 2 2 a 2b ,
c.
c. 2 2 a .
d.
128
.
3
d. 2.
f. Hi t.
HNG DN V P N BI TP CHNG V
5.11.
a. y = 2 x ln( x + 1) + C
b. y = e x ( x 2 2 x + 2) + C
c.
1 2
x
ln y = ln tg + + C
2
2 4
)(
d. 1 1 x 2 1 1 y 2 = Cxy
e. 2 sin x + ln tg
f. x + cot g
y
=C
2
x y
=C
2
5.12.
a. x + y + 2 ln x ln y = 2
b. y 3 = 3arctge x
3
4
c. Mi nghim u tha mn
d. y =
2( x 2 1) + 4 x
1 x 2 + 2x
5.13.
197
Hng dn v p n
a. 1 + 2Cy C 2 x 2 = 0
b. y = x 1 + C 2 x 2
c. xy cos
y
=C
x
d. y 2 + 2 xy x 2 = C 2
5.14.
a. y = Cx + (1 + C )
1
x
2
x2
b. y = e x C +
2
c. y = (1 + x 2 )( x + C )
d. y 2 2 x = Cy 3 (gii x theo y)
5.15.
x2
1
+ x +
a. y = ( x + 1) 2
2
2
b. y =
ln x + x 2 + 1
x2 +1
5.17.
2
a. y 2 ( x 2 + 1 + Ce x ) = 1
1
y2
1
b.
= Ce 2 y 2 + 2 (gii x theo y)
x
1
1
c. y ( ln x + + Cx 2 ) = 1
2
4
d. x =
1
(gii x theo y)
y (ln y + C )
5.18.
a. ln
y
xy
=C
x x y
b. ln x + y
x
=C
x+ y
198
Hng dn v p n
c. sin
y
x
1
cos + x = C
x
y
y
d. x 3 (1 + ln y ) y 2 = C
5.19.
1
a. = e 2 , x 2 y 2 e x = C
y2
b. = e x , ye x x 2 +
3
= C
c. =
1 2x
+ x2 = C
,
2
y
y
d. =
1
1
1
, ln 2 x +
=C
2
xy
x y 2
2
5.20.
a. y = C1 x + C 2 ln x
(2 x + 1) 2
2 x
b. y = C1 e 2 x + C 2
2
3
3x( x 2 1)
x +1
. ln
c. y = C1 ( x 3 x) + C 2 1 x 2 +
x 1
4
2
d. y = C1 x 2 + C 2 ( x 1) + 1
5.21.
a. y = C1 x + C 2 x 2 + x 3
b. y = C1 e x + C 2 x ( x 2 + 1)
dx
c. y = ln x C1 + C 2 2 + e x
ln x
5.22.
a. y =
ex
ex
x ln(e x + 1) + C1
x ln(e x + 1) + C 2
2
2
4
b. y = e x C1 + C 2 x + ( x + 1) 2
5
199
Hng dn v p n
x
c. y = C1 cos x + C 2 sin x cos x ln tg +
2 4
d. y = C1 cos x + C 2 sin x cos 2 x
5.23.
a. y = C1 e x + C 2 e 6 x +
5 sin x + 7 cos x
74
b. y = C1 + C 2 e 3 x + x 2
ex
c. y = e C1 cos 2 x + C 2 sin 2 x +
(5 cos x 4 sin x)
41
x
d. y = (C1 + C 2 x )e x + 2 x 2 e x
1
e. y = C1 e 5 x + C 2 e 4 x x 3 + x 2 + 2 x e 4 x
x2
x 2 cos 2 x 4 x sin 2 x 13 cos 2 x
f. y = C1 cos x + C 2 sin x +
1
+
+
2
6
9
27
5.24.
a. y = cos x + 2(e x 1) sin x
b. y =
1
(cos x cos 3x ) + 3x sin x
32
8
200
Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. G. M. FICHTENGN, Gio trnh php tnh vi tch phn, Tp 1,2,3. Nauka,
Moskva,1969. (ting Nga)
2. G. M. FICHTENGN, C s gii tch ton hc, Tp 1,2,3. NXB i hc v Trung
hc chuyn nghip, H ni, 1977.
3. K. MAURIN, Analiza,
Czes , c , 1. PWN, Warszawa, 1976.
4. R. A. ADAMS, Calculus-a complete, Addison,Wesley, New York,Don Mills, 1991.

5. NGUYN NH TR (ch bin), Ton hc cao cp ,Tp 1,2,3. NXB i hc v
Gio dc chuyn nghip, H ni, 1990.
6. JEAN-MARIE MONIER, Gio trnh ton, Tp 1,2,3,4. NXB Gio dc, H ni,
1999 (dch t ting Php, DUNOD, Paris,1999)
7.L NH THU (ch bin), Ton cao cp cho cc nh knh t, Phn 2. NXB
Thng k, H ni,2004.
201
MC LC
LI NI U ..............................................................................................5
CHNG 1. HM S V GII HN...................................................................7
1.1.Cc khi nim c bn v hm s..................................................................7
1,1.1 Cc nh ngha c bn......................................................................... 7
1.1.2. Cc hm s s cp c bn.................................................................... 8
1.1.3. Hm s s cp.....................................................................................13
1.1.4. Cc hm s trong phn tch kinh t.....................................................13
1.2. Gii hn ca hm s.....................................................................................15
1.2.1. Khi nim v gii hn.........................................................................15
1.2.2. Tnh cht ca hm c gii hn............................................................16
1.2.3. Cc gii hn ng nh.........................................................................20
1.3. i lng v cng b(VCB) v i lng v cng ln(VCL).................. 22
1.3.1. i lng VCB.....................................................................................22
1.3.2. i lng VCL.....................................................................................23
1.4. S lin tc ca hm s..................................................................................24
1.4.1. Cc khi nim c bn........................................................................... 24
1.4.2. Cc php ton i s ca hm lin tc..................................................26
1.4.3. Tnh cht ca hm s lin tc trn mt on........................................27
TM TT NI DUNG CHNG I.....................................................................27
CU HI V BI TP CHNG I...................................................................32
CHNG 1I. O HM V VI PHN .......................36
2.1. o hm.........................................................................................................36
2.1.1. o hm ti mt im...........................................................................36
2.1.2. Cc php tnh i s ca cc hm kh vi ti mt im..........................41
2.1.3. o hm trn mt khong (nh x o hm).........................................43
2.1.4. o hm ca cc hm s thng thng.................................................43
2.2. Vi phn ca hm s .......................................................................................48
2.2.1. nh ngha vi phn ti mt im............................................................48
2.2.2. Vi phn trn mt khong........................................................................49
2.3. o hm v vi phn cp cao..........................................................................50
2.3.1. o hm cp cao....................................................................................50
2.3.2. Vi phn cp cao......................................................................................51
2.4. Cc nh l v gi tr trung bnh....................................................................53
2.4.1. nh l Phc ma (Fermat)........................................................................53
2.4.2. nh l Rn (Rolle)..................................................................................54
2.4.3. nh l s gia hu hn..............................................................................55
2.4.3. nh l s gia hu hn suy rng...............................................................57
2.5. ng dng cc nh l v gi tr trung bnh...................................................58
2.5.1. Cng thc Taylo, cng thc Maclranh...................................................58
2.5.1. Qui tc Lpitan.........................................................................................61
202
2.6. S bin thin ca hm s..............................................................................64

2.6.1. Tnh n iu ca hm s kh vi.............................................................64
2.6.2. iu kin hm s t cc tr....................................................................65
2.7. Bi ton tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht............................................67
2.7.1. Hm lin tc trn on kn [ a, b ] ...........................................................67
2.7.2. Hm lin tc trn khong m, khong v hn.........................................67

2.8. Hm li...........................................................................................................68
2.8.1. Khi nim v hm li,hm lm v im un...........................................68
2.8.2. iu kin hm li.....................................................................................70
TM TT NI DUNG CHNG II....................................................................71
CU HI V BI TP CHNG II..................................................................77
CHNG 1II. HM S NHIU BIN S.......................................................... 82
3.1.Cc khi nim c bn.....................................................................................82
3.1.1. Khng gian n chiu..................................................................................82
3.1.2. nh ngha hm nhiu bin s.................................................................84
3.1.3. Min xc nh ca hm nhiu bin s.....................................................84
3.1.4. ngha hnh hc ca hm hai bin s.....................................................85
3.1.5. Gii hn ca hm s nhiu bin s..........................................................87
3.1.6. S lin tc ca hm s nhiu bin s.......................................................88
3.2 o hm v vi phn.........................................................................................89
3.2.1. o hm ring........................................................................................89
3.2.2. Vi phn ton phn..................................................................................90
3.2.3. o hm ring cp cao...........................................................................92
3.2.4. Vi phn cp cao......................................................................................93
3.2.5. o hm ca hm s hp........................................................................94
3.2.6. Vi phn ca hm hp..............................................................................95
3.2.7. o hm ca hm s n..........................................................................96.
3.2.8. o hm theo hng. Grain (Gradient)..............................................98
3.3 Cc tr .............................................................................................................100
3.3.1. Cc tr t do ..........................................................................................100
3.3.2. Cc tr c iu kin ...............................................................................102
TM TT NI DUNG CHNG III ..................................................................104
CU HI V BI TP CHNG III..................................................................106
CHNG IV. PHP TNH TCH PHN ...............................................................109
4.1. Khi nim v tch phn xc nh...................................................................109
4.1.1. nh ngha tch phn xc nh.................................................................109
4.1.2. iu kin tn ti tch phn xc nh .......................................................111
4.1.3. Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh.......................................................111
4.1.4. Cng thc Niutn-Lpnit.........................................................................113
4.2. Hai phng php c bn tnh tch phn xc nh........................................115
203
4.2.1. Php i bin...........................................................................................115

4.2.2. Php tch phn tng phn........................................................................116
4.3. Phng php tnh tch phn bt nh.........................................................118
4.3.1. Bng cc nguyn hm thng dng..........................................................118
4.3.2. Hai phng php c bn tnh tch phn bt nh.....................................119
4.3.3 Cch tnh tch phn bt nh ca cc hm s hu t.................................121
4.3.4. Tnh nguyn hm cc phn thc hu t thng gp................................123
4.4. Mt s ng dng ca tch phn xc nh.....................................................125
4.4.1. Tnh din tch hnh phng...................................................................... 125
4.4.2. Tnh di ng cong phng...............................................................127
4.4.3. Tnh th tch vt th................................................................................128
4.5. Tch phn suy rng....................................................................................... 130
4.5.1. Tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn........................................................ 130
4.5.2. Tch phn suy rng vi hm di du tch phn c cc im............... 136
TM TT NI DUNG CHNG IV................................................................. 139
CU HI V BI TP CHNG IV... ....................................................... 148
CHNG V. PHNG TRNH VI PHN...................................................... 152
5.1. Phng trnh vi phn cp 1...................................................................... 153
5.1.1. Cc khi nim c bn........................................................................ 154
5.1.2. Cc PTVP cp mt thng gp......................................................... 154
5.2. Tng quan v s phc................................................................................. 163
5.2.1. nh ngha v cc dng s phc........................................................... 163
5.2.2. Cc php ton trn tp s phc........................................................... 164
5.3. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai.................................................. 167
5.3.1. Tnh cht nghim ca PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht.............................. 168
5.3.2. Tnh cht nghim ca PTVP tuyn tnh khng thun nht................... 172
5.4. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 c h s khng i...................... 174
5.4.1. Cc dng nghim ca phng trnh thun nht.....................................174
5.4.2. Phng php tm nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht.... 175
TM TT NI DUNG CHNG V ................................................................. 181
CU HI V BI TP CHNG V................................................................. 184
HNG DN V P N...................................................................................... 188
TAI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................................... 201
MC LC.................................................................................................................... 202
204

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Tuy rng tc gi c gng rt nhiu, song thi gian b hn hp.V vy cc thiu st cn

3. Khi nim lin tc, gin on ca mt hm s. Cc tnh cht hm s lin tc trn mt

y = f ( x ), x X , x gi l i s ( bin c lp), y gi l hm s (bin ph thuc)

Hm s f (x) gi l tun hon trn X nu tn ti

dng) sao cho x X th

Ni rng f (x) tng nu x1 , x 2 X , x1 x 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .

Ni rng f (x) gim nu x1 , x 2 X , x1 x 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .

Ni rng f (x) n iu nu n tng hoc gim.

3. Hm s f (x) b chn trong X nu tn ti cc s A,B sao cho:

Nu > 0 , coi rng P (0) = 0 .

Nu = 0 , coi rng P0 (0) = 1

\{1} . Hm m c s a, k hiu l exp a x , l nh x t

sau: x , exp a x = a x . th ca y = a x cho bi h.1.2.

\{1} . Hm lgarit c s a, k hiu l log a ,l nh x ngc vi nh x expa ,

th ca hm s y = log a x cho bi hnh h.1.3.

ax, 0 < a < 1

Tnh cht ca hm s lgarit

log a xy = log a x + log a y

log b x = log b a.log a x

Ch : Sau ny ngi ta thng ly c s a l s e v gi l lgarit Npe hay lgarit t

, l hm s l, tun hon vi chu k T = 2 v b chn:

, l hm s chn, tun hon vi chu k T = 2 v b chn:

}, l hm s l, tun hon vi chu k T = v

}, l hm s l, tun hon vi chu k T = v nhn

gi tr trn khong (,+) .

th ca y = arcsinx cho trn hnh 1.4

2. Hm arccosin (c l c- c- sin) l nh x ngc ca cos : [0, ] [ 1,1] k hiu:

arccos : [ 1,1] [0, ]

x [ 1,1], y [0, ], y = arccos x x = cos y

th hm s y = arccosx cho trn hnh 1.5

arcsin x [0, ] cos arcsin x = sin(arcsin x) = x

th ca y = arctgx cho trn hnh 1.6.

y = arc cot gx x = cot gy

th hm y = arccotgx cho trn hnh 1.7

cot g (arc cot gx) = x

Ngi ta gi hm s lu tha, hm s m, hm s lgarit, cc hm s lng gic v cc

Nu an 0 , gi n l bc ca a thc, k hiu degP(x) = n

c gi l hm hu t khi v ch khi tn ti hai a thc

Hm hu t ti gin l cc phn thc c dng:

Di y ta a ra cc nh l c chng minh trong l thuyt i s

nh l 1.2: Mi hm hu t thc s u c th phn tch thnh tng hu hn cc hm hu t ti

tng ng l: Qs = S ( p ), Qd = D( p ) , trong : p l gi hng ha, Qs l lng cung (quantity

trong L l lng lao ng c s dng v Q l mc sn lng tng ng. Ch rng ngi

Gi A- ln cn ca + l tp A (+) = ( A,+) vi A>0 v kh ln.

l khi x dn n a (gi tt: c gii hn l l ti a) nu

> 0, (a) X , x (a) \ {a} f ( x ) l <

A > 0, (a) X , x (a) \ {a} f ( x ) > A .

3. Ni rng f c gii hn l ti a nu f c gii hn l + ti a

> 0, A (+) X , x A (+) f ( x ) l < .

A > 0, M (+) X , x M (+) f ( x ) > A .

. Ngc li f ( x ) c gii hn l , ni rng n c gii hn v hn.

> 0, > 0 ( (a) X ), x ,0 < a x < f ( x ) l1 < .

> 0, > 0 , x , 0 < x a < f ( x ) l2 < .

Tng t c cc k hiu: lim f ( x) = +, ;

K hiu f c gii hn tri ti a l l1 , thng dng

H qu: iu kin cn v lim f ( x ) = l l f (a ) = f (a + ) = l.

1.2.2. Tnh cht ca hm c gii hn.

Ly = 1, > 0, x (a) \ {a} f ( x ) l < 1.

C. Tnh cht th t ca gii hn v nguyn l kp.

c < l th trong ln cn b ca a : c < f ( x )

l < d th trong ln cn b ca a : f ( x ) < d