TNO Automotive and Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands Implementing inflation pressure and velocity effects into the Magic Formula tyre model J. de Hoogh (475933) Reportnumber: DCT-2008.46 Master's thesis Supervisors: Dr. It. LJ.M, Besstlink (TNO Automotive/Eindhoven University of Technology) Prof. Dr. H, Niimeijer (Eindhoven University of Technology) Dr. Ir. A.J.C. Schmeite (Eindhoven University of Technology) ‘Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Department of Mechanical Engineering Dynamic and Control Technology Group Eindhoven, April 20, 2005ee FINAL REPORT | TUE-epert| DCF.2005.461.0|20% Api 2005 TUE Automotive sr Abstract Current vehicle models become more advanced and their validated working area is expanding, This development raises the need for increasingly advanced tyre models. TNO Automotive is supplier of an empirical tyre model MF-Tyre, which is based on the Magic Formula model. The current version of the Magic Formula is capable of representing measured steady-state tyre slip characteristics very accurately for four input variables, namely vertical load, longitudinal slip, side slip angle and camber an- ale, However, in daily use a tyre is exposed to a much wider range of conditions, one can think of ambient temperature changes, tyre inflation pressure changes, tyre wear, various road surface conditions, different velocities, etc. These conditions are tried to be kept at a constant value while measuring the tyre characteristics. Inthe tyre model these conditions are assumed constant. Consequently each tyre pressure or velocity ‘ust be represented with its own individual set of Magic Formula parameters. There- fore expanding the Magic formula with tyre pressure and velocity dependency will be 8 great step forwards and this is the main purpose of this thesis. ‘To come to relations for including tyre pressure and velocity effects, first a literature survey is executed on tyre models. From this survey it can be concluded that there is currently no tyre handling model available, that is able to represent the influence of tyre pressure changes in a validated way. It also turns out that velocity dependency is neglected in almost all tyre models. This also counts for the Magic Formula, In prac- tice this model is used for the complete velocity range, but its parameters are normally determined only fora velocity of 60 [km/h] and are kept constent. ‘To keep the investigation of tyre force and moment characteristic dependency on tyre inflation pressure and velocity not limited to comparing measurements; also a phys- ical tyre model TREADSIM is used. This model, originally developed by Pacejka [21], is extended in different directions to be able to investigate the effect of inflation pressure and velocity on the tyre characteristics. Simulation result from TREADSIM are compared with measured tyre characteristics for different tyre pressures and ve~ locities. From this comparison relations are derived and implemented in the Magic Formula. Two reference points are used to form a framework wherein the relations are validated. The increase of the fit accuracy by fitting measurements at varying in- flation pressures and velocities is used to assess the relations that are introduced in the Magic Formula. This approach has led to nine additional parameters to represent influences of tyre pressure and five for the influences of velocity. It appears that tyre pressure effects can be well incorporated in the Magic Formula, Velocity effects are less trivial to include in the tyre model. However the number of tyre measurements available containing different velocities is limited and the velocity relations are only validated for three tyres. Consequently, there is a need for additional measurements at different velocities to get more experience in that arca. Besides additional velocity ‘measurements, it is suggested to measure at least one tyre for four tyre pressures and four velocities to thoroughly validate the introduced relations with a special interest in the second order polynomial relations. Subsequently the standard tyre measurement protocol is extended with measurements at different tyre pressures and velocities to be able to determine the tyre pressure and velocity related parameters with this protocol. This extended measurement protocol is FINAL REPORTSS FINAL REPORT TUE-reporDCT2005 461,020 Apri 205] UE Awomothe fin {ested by using data from two tyres that are not used in this investigation yet. The tyre pressure parameters that are found by fitting on the extended measurement protocol are compared to the ones found by fitting all the data of the tyres. It turns out thet itis possible to fit the tyre pressure parameters using the extended tyre measurement protocol. For the determination of the velocity parameters insufficient measurements have been available. Consequently itis recommended to conduct additional velocity ‘measurements at various velocities to be able to also do this validation for the intro- duced velocity parameters. FINAL REPORT