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ABSTRACT
The paper focused on cement industry of Pakistan. It answered questions like industry
attractiveness, competitive forces, SWOT analysis, industry environment and other industry
traits or features. The project discussed history, current scenario and future growth of the
industry. The role of government and certain issues like per capita consumption of cement in
Pakistan, sector profitability, growth chances, Oligopolistic competition among cement firms, are
discussed. The productive capacity, dependence on suppliers, and foreign investment in cement
sector is also discussed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 CEMENT INDUSTRY PAKISTAN
1.1 HISTORY 1
1.2 CEMENT SECTOR IN NINETIES 2
1.3 CEMENT SECTOR ROLE IN ECONOMY 3
1.4 PAKISTAN: STRATEGIC LOCATION 4
1.5 CEMENT SECTOR: CURRENT SCENARIO 5
1.5.1 AN OVERVIEW 5
1.5.2 CURRENT PROBLEMS 6
At the time of independence in 1947, only one or two units were producing grey cement in the
country. During the decade of 1948-58, the number of cement units increased to six. During the
Ayub era the economy started to grow and the construction activities underwent a boom. To
meet the growing demand of cement new units were set up. During the decade of 1958-68, the
number of cement units increased from 6 to 9. During the following period of Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto all the industrial units, including cement industry, were nationalized, therefore, no new
unit was set up during 1971-77. During the period of General Zia-ul-Haq, 1977-88,
denationalization of industrial units boosted the investments. Housing and construction industries
picked up and the demand for cement increased. Thus, the number of cement units increased
Pakistan’s cement sector has come a long way. At Partition, in 1947, Pakistan had only five
cement plants (one of which was in East Pakistan) having a total annual capacity of 650,000
tons. Demand at that time was estimated at over a million tons. In the 50’s five new cement
plants were set up with a total capacity of 3.3m tons. Four more plants – Maple Leaf, Javedan,
Gharibwal and Mustehkam were set up in the 60’s. By 1969, Pakistan’s cement industry had an
annual rated capacity of 2.8m tons. Indeed, the Ayub era was a good time for cement — there
was growing demand and new cement plants were set up to meet this demand. Then the first
blow to the industry came. Under the Economic Reforms Order of 1972 all private sector cement
plants were nationalized and merged with state owned plants to form the State Cement
Corporation of Pakistan (SCCP). This heralded the start of the ‘State Cement Era’ (1972-92).
Total production just before nationalization had touched 3.5m tons. By the end of this era in
1992, it had increased to just 8.4m tons. By 1977, Pakistan, a country rich in all the raw materials
required for cement, had to start importing. This would continue until 1995.
Between 1977and 88, government policy shifted towards denationalization and emphasis on
housing and construction. To meet the demand, in the 80s, seven units with a total capacity of
2.54m tons were allowed by the government to be set up in the private sector and four plants
were set up by the SCCP in the public sector. The private sector plants were Cherat (1985),
Pakland (1985), Attock (1986), DhadaBhoy (1988), Essa (1988), Anwarzeb White Cement
(1988) and FECTO (1989). The public sector plants were Thatta (1983), Dandot (1983), Kohat
(1983) and D.G. Khan (1985). By the end of this period, there were a total of 24 cement plants in
the country. But it was not an easy time for private sector plants. Their prices had to compete
with prices fixed by the SCCP, which were on the lower side. In 1992, the State Cement Era
came to an end with the privatizations of eight cement plants: Maple Leaf, Pak Cement, White
Cement, DG Khan, Dandot, Gharibwal, Zeal Pak and Kohat. Other privatizations would follow
between 1986 and 2000. Today, out of the 24 existing cement units, only two remain in the
public sector – Mustehkam in the north and Javedan in the south. Twenty-two are in the private
During the early nineties there was an acute shortage of cement in the country, particularly in the
north. Demand could not keep pace with supply and Pakistan was forced to continue importing
cement. Importing cement is an expensive affair. Since it is a heavy commodity, freight and
transport charges are often exorbitant. Due to the shortage coupled with high cost of imports,
cement prices in the early 90s were high. But demand for cement was growing rapidly (at an
average of 8% a year). The economy also looked as if it was heading towards a high growth
phase. There was some foreign investment coming in, significant infrastructure development
projects were predicted, many Independent Power Producers were cropping up and the
population continued to grow unabated. The GDP growth rate was estimated at 6.5% and
demand for cement. Because it was felt that the economy would grow significantly and there
would be a high demand for cement, many of the existing plants — Cherat, D.G Khan, Maple
Leaf, Pakland, DhadaBhoy, AC Wah and Kohat — significantly expanded their capacities. Five
new plants were also set up in the private sector during the mid-nineties to meet expected future
demand: Pioneer (1994), Lucky (1996), Askari (1997), Fauji (1997) and Bestway (1998).
Because demand was higher in the north, these five new cement plants were all set up in what
the All Pakistan Cement Manufacturers Association (APCMA) calls the ‘North Zone’. Pakistan’s
cement sector was; therefore, ready to supply the demand that was predicted.
Cement industry has been playing a pivotal role in the socio- economic development of the
country. The industry is contributing around Rs. 30 billion per annum to the national exchequer
in the shape of Excise Duty and other taxes and is also adding around Rs. 100 billion to the GDP
of the country each year. The industry has been offering direct / indirect employment
opportunities to more than one lakh people. Total investment in the cement industry currently
exceeds Rs. 160 billion and is likely to go further up to Rs. 200 billion by 2010. Unfortunately
despite unprecedented growth in demand of cement, the industry is currently not able to generate
Pakistan holds a key strategic location in South Asia and shares a border with India in the East,
Afghanistan and Iran in the West, China in the North and the Arabian Sea in the South. The
country stretches over an area of 803 940 km2 and is divided into four provinces or states: Sind,
Balochistan, Punjab and North-West Frontier. The population is 151 million. There are 22
cement plants with an annual capacity of approximately 18.55 million t. The majority of the
plants are located in the North and South of the country mainly because of the proximity to raw
They tend to use the latest dry process technology. Until recently demand was in the vicinity of
11 million t against a capacity of 18 million t but things have changed very recently. Capacity in
the North is 13.63 million t compared with the South where it is 4.92 million t.
There are almost 22+ cement factories operating in Pakistan. Most of them are listed public or
private companies on Karachi Stock Exchange. The cement industry reflects a boom trend for
the year 2007-2008. The cement sector showed slight decline on KSE due to emergency news
and political instability in Pakistan. The telecom and banking sector showed marginal
1.5.1 AN OVERVIEW
After a long period, when the cement sector remained moribund, Pakistan IS witnessing,
somewhat of resurgence in the last two years. This industry which rapidly expanded its
production capacity during the first half of the 1990s faced serious problems of capacity
utilization from 1995 owing to the poor rate of GDP growth in Pakistan’s economy. From 1995-
2000 demand growth in the cement sector was way off its historical growth rate of 8% per
Happily, the initiatives taken by President Pervez Musharraf and Mr. Shaukat Aziz during his
tenure as Finance Minister to address the structural problems in Pakistan’s economy have now
started to bear fruit. Macro economic stability has led to considerably reduced fiscal deficits
thereby making resources available for public spending again. During the last two years, the
Public Sector Development Program has been considerably enhanced and this has coincided with
greater demand for cement from the private sector largely for construction activities in the
Housing sector. Demand growth in the last two years has been approximately 20% YOY and for
the current fiscal year, the industry will achieve capacity utilization in excess of 90%. Demand
The present installed capacity in the country is around 18.5 million tons with 4.5 million tons in
the South Zone and 14 million tons in the North Zone. Encouraged by the impressive growth in
cement demand during the last 2 years, most cement manufacturers are expanding their
production capacity and some green field projects are also being undertaken. This sector is
poised for unprecedented expansion all of which will come into production in the next 3years.
The enhancement in capacity is likely to be of the order of some 24 million tons per annum
which will raise Pakistan’s annual installed capacity by the end of fiscal 2007-2008 to 42.5
million tons which will place the country in a respectable position with regard to its cement
However, it is imperative that the buoyant growth in domestic consumption by both the public
and private sectors, rebuilding efforts in Afghanistan and export of cement via the sea route
coincide, so as to absorb the enhanced production which will become available in both the North
and South Zones. All indications are that the rate of GDP will be accelerated even further in the
coming years which augur well for the industry. However, should for any un-foreseen reasons
demand growth falters, there could be a sharp reduction in capacity utilization which must be
Production growth accelerated during the year, helped by the substantial capacity additions in
recent years, a booming domestic construction industry and strong export demand.
The capacity additions in the cement industry during FY07 meant that at end-June 2007 the
industry had excess capacity of about seven million tons. However, the industry’s prospects
remain strong due to (1) the strong potential for exports to India, which faces an acute shortage
for at least next two years; and (2) domestic demand is expected to increase in the backdrop of
increase in public sector development expenditure, as well as (3) continued strength in the
Pakistan's Cement Industry consists of 25 cement units mostly producing Portland cement.
The present operative capacity is 18.37 million tons per annum but the industry merely operates
at 65% to 75% of its capacity. Out of the 25 cement units of the country, 16 units aggregating a
capacity of 14.9 million tons, representing 77% of the industry, have already converted to coal.
Remaining units are in various stages of conversion. In addition to this, 9 units are optimizing/
expanding their existing production facilities due to increase in cement demand from local
Due to non-availability of good quality indigenous coal, the industry has no option but to import
low sulphur coal from countries like Indonesia, China and South Africa. The rising prices of
imported coal has substantially reduced the estimated saving envisaged by the cement
manufacturers, on the basis of which the conversion process was implemented and investment of
millions of dollars was made by them. The prices of imported coal have shown significant rise
since June/July, 2003. A 100% increase in imported coal prices during last two years has
narrowed down the difference in cost of production by coal vs. furnace oil by around 55%.
2 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
Strengths: Weaknesses:
processes
OPPORTUNITIES: THREATS:
demand
@ Heavy dependence on cement bag
construction industry
@ Cement from cheaper markets may
@ Al Abbas Cement
@ Attock Cement
@ Bestway Cement
@ Cherat Cement
@ DhadaBhoy Cement
@ Dandot Cement
@ D G Khan Cement
@ Dewan Cement
@ Fauji Cement
@ Gharibwal Cement
@ Javedan Cement
@ Kohat Cement
@ Lucky Cement
@ Mustehkam Cement
@ Pakistan Cement
@ Pioneer Cement
@ Industry in boom
14000
12000
10000
2000-2001 -3.33
2001-2002 1.40
2002-2003 1.62
2003-2004 12.11
2004-2005 15
Capacity
NORT
Cement 5 4
Cement 57 (2x4,200) 4
Khan 5 5
Cement
Cement 9
Cement
Cement
Lead 61
Leaf 5
white
Cement 4 4
Kohat
White
SOUTH
Cement 2
hoy 04
Cement
Dari 4
Cement
Land 5 5
Cement
There are currently 22+ players in the sector. Eighteen are listed on KSE. Some new (infant)
companies are also coming into existence. The rest are mature industries with developed markets
and customers. The total market capitalization of all the cement firms in Pakistan equals 92%.
700
603 600
600
500 450
400
In kgs
334
300 262
202
200 140
99 120
100
0
Japan Thailand China Egypt US Phillipine India Indonesia Pakistan
the total cement production. The housing sector is now booming as a part of the remittances is
being used for construction of houses, which has helped in increasing cement demand in the
country. Commercial banks, which are currently loaded with liquidity, are finding housing sector
to be a potential area for lending, after successful experiment in their Car Financing Schemes.
The undue pressure of the government to keep the prices lower than the prices of other countries
will prove to be counter productive for the economy. A price level of Rs. 260 per bag seems to
be a viable price for the industry although it will still be lower than the cement prices prevailing
in other countries.
Another factor which has affected the profitability of cement sector is a surge in prices of
imported coal. The C&F price of coal which used to be around US $40 per a few years back has
now gone up by 100% to over US $80 per ton. Fuel cost constituting around 30% of cost of
Cement is an item of basic necessity which is predominantly required for housing and
infrastructure. This is the reason that in most of the countries taxation on cement is either zero or
switching over to concrete roads. Capital cost of concrete roads is higher, but maintenance cost is
almost zero. Further, as per study conducted in India there is a 12 per cent saving in fuel
consumption on plying vehicles on concrete roads. Substantial savings can be achieved by this
switchover
The industry is producing ordinary Portland cement, Slag Cement, Super Sulphate Resisting
Cement, Sulphate Resistant Cement and White Cement. There are three conventional processes
In view of the constraints of kiln dimension and large water requirements and extremely poor
The process is suited for materials with sufficiently high plasticity. This process has also become
The dry process was formerly used where water and the raw materials were scarce. But now it is
the most popular process in the cement industry. The advantages are: (1) the fuel requirement is
about 800 Kcal per kg of clinker (which is about 40 percent less as compared to the wet process).
This process enables the processing of a water range of raw and the maintenance is easier. The
raw material is preheated and partially calcined resulting in higher kiln efficiency. The kiln being
Until 1970, cement plants were installed on wet process or semi-dry technology while the plants
installed after 1980s are based on dry process. The dry process is at least 50 per cent more
energy efficient than the wet process. Presently, 85 per cent of the installed capacity is based on
the dry process. The Cement industry has benefited a lot by shifting towards dry process,
of online analyzer, which has resulted in environmentally better and energy-efficient industries.
gypsum are used as raw materials in the production process. The raw material for cement
produced elsewhere in the world, the cement industry in Pakistan produces four.
3 FDI, COMPETIVE EDGE AN D 5 FORECES ANALYSIS
@ Technology
@ Certification of BIS quality standards (so that cement can be imported to countries)
The first foreign investment in the Pakistan cement industry is Orascom Construction Industries
(OCI) acquisition of Chakwal Cement Company in March 2005. Subsequently, the Company
name was changed to Pakistan Cement Company (PCC). The state-of-the-art plant commenced
Commercial Operations in December 2006 with an annual cement production capacity of 2.5m
PCC is proud of its product PAKCEM which is the leader on all quality scales. PAKCEM is the
first cement in Pakistan to comply with European Standards (EN 197) and also far exceeding
million foreign investment during July-August this year, depicting a surge of 780 percent against
$4 4.7 million of same period of 2006-07. Cement industry is rapidly growing due to huge local
and international orders, as presently South East Asia region, Gulf counties and India are facing
huge shortage of cement due to tremendous development work. On the other hand Pakistani
cement sector is main beneficiary of the regional cement shortage, which is filling the shortage
gap by exporting cement to these countries, industry sources said. They said that improved
infrastructure, cheap labor and easy availability of raw material for cement making are some
According to SBP statistics, foreign investment in cement sector got a raise of $36.7 million
during July-August this year, as compared to same period of last year. The external demand for
cement from Gulf countries is growing. This has attracted foreign investors in the cement sector.
Cement prices in Pakistan have doubled than that of the product in India following the recent
price hike of the commodity on this side of the border. Indian cement manufacturers are
reportedly marketing their product at Rs145 to Rs150 per bag; which is almost 50 per cent less
than those in Pakistan, even after inculcating the ‘currency exchange factor’.
The Monopoly Control Authority has taken serious notices of cartels in the cement industry
(hikes in cement prices), and decided to take action against the producers to protect the interests
of consumers. Price Increase by Bestway Cement is 8.2 per cent from Rs245 per bag o Rs265
per bag. D G Khan Cement Company has increased cement price by 7.8 per cent from Rs255 per
bag to Rs275 per bag. Compared to them Maple Leaf has made an increase of four per cent from
There are no such entry barriers to enter the cement industry. New entrants can easily enter and
set their plants where raw material is easily available. Two new plants have been set up near
Chakwal.
3.4.2 BUYERS
The main consumer of cement industry is the housing sector, consuming about sixty percent of
the total cement production. The housing sector is now booming as a part of the remittances is
being used for construction of houses, which has helped in increasing cement demand in the
country. Commercial banks, which are currently loaded with liquidity, are finding housing sector
to be a potential area for lending, after successful experiment in their Car Financing Schemes.
Local cement manufacturers are exporting cement to Middle East and African countries and a
couple of months back, around a dozen companies have applied for Board of Indian Standards
(BIS) certification and two major cement manufacturing companies were formally allowed to
3.4.3 SUPPLIERS
Packing material shortage to affect export to India. The cement export to India could be affected
by the shortage of plastic bags used for transporting the commodity. Two companies are
supplying the plastic bags to the cement industry for packing and transporting of cement, but
these companies are not meeting the demand of the cement industry.
These respective companies are producing around 16 million bags each of 50 Kg. However,
industry demands around 28 million bags, creating a shortage of 12 million bags. Currently,
cement companies are packing cement in a 50-Kg bag consisting of paper or plastic. Most of the
companies prefer paper bag to supply cement in local market, as it is cheaper and easily available
while the plastic bags are costly as well as short in supply. A paper bag costs around Rs. 6 to 8
while plastic bag costs around Rs. 12 to Rs. 13. It is the reason that cement in local markets sold
in paper bags, however according to Indian and International standards, the companies are bound
3.4.4 SUBSTITUTES
Gypsum plaster is a good substitute for cement. The planned manufacture of gypsum plaster,
agro-gypsum and plaster of Paris will be a great achievement in the sense that it will keep
cement prices in check. Gypsum plaster is a good substitute for cement for construction
purposes. Gypsum plaster is also useful in building construction in regions of extreme cold and
hot climate. Pakistan has 5-6 billion tons of gypsum deposits. According to initial estimates, the
first plant for manufacturing gypsum products will be established with an investment of around
After a prolonged recession, the Pakistani economy is growing rapidly. Low interest rates, public
infrastructure spending and private project investment have led to a major expansion of the
construction sector. The cement industry, as result, has had two years of exceptional sales.
Currently, the demand for cement in Pakistan is growing at 18% per annum. Given that the mean
growth rate for the last four decades is just under 6%, the current rate is three times the historical
average. However, the past may not be a good predictor of the future. Financial sector reforms,
increase in worker remittances, higher government infrastructure spending, and fiscal incentives
for the housing sector will serve as catalysts for higher growth. Moreover, export to Afghanistan,
currently growing at 39%, is a relatively new and important source of revenue for the industry.
The strong demand for cement has clearly affected the bottom line of all cement companies and
encouraged the major players to expand to meet future demand. But what is a sustainable long-
term growth rate? And what is the demand-supply scenario going to look like in the future?
The correlation between GDP growth and demand for cement in Pakistan is weak. This has
probably more to do with the quality of data than the actual relationship. However, experience
from the Far East, suggests that cement consumption tends to grow at 1.5 to 2.5 times that of
GDP. Based on the upper limit of this empirical evidence, and the expected GDP growth rate of
7%, one could speculate that demand for cement should grow at close to 17.5% per annum. If
one believes that this is a sustainable growth rate, the picture for the next seven years is like:
Cement Growth Forecast
50
40
10
0
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Years 2004-2012
But there is a caveat to this story. First, while government may have aggressive development
plans for the future, it may be constrained in its spending if there is an economic shock, such as
another oil price hike. Second, land prices have doubled, if not tripled, over the last two years,
and this will have a significant impact on the purchasing power of the individual consumer –
though it is unlikely to affect high rise building projects to the same extent. Third, rising interest
rates and continuing inflationary pressure may impact GDP growth and constrain the borrowing
limit of consumers. Last, and perhaps most worrying, is the behavior of banks in the last couple
of years. Not only have they lent to the private sector at extremely aggressive rates, despite
repeated warnings from SBP, a number of them hold large PIB portfolios that, if marked to
market, may put these institutions in serious financial difficulties. A troubled financial sector can
It is well know that the Pakistani cement industry operates under a cartel. This arrangement was
put into place in 1998, when a majority of expansions planned in the mid-nineties came on-
stream just when the economy took a downturn. With no export markets to absorb the surplus
cement, companies were forced to cut production and enter into a marketing arrangement with
their competitors. With the economy back on track, the cement industry has enjoyed double digit
growth for the last three years. Today, the industry is operating at close to 90% of capacity. In
booked orders for new plants or are expanding existing units. The additional capacities will start
coming on line from this year. The list of plants and there probable dates of production are given
planning expansions, but at this stage it is unclear whether they will achieve financial close.
What is increasingly apparent is that despite high growth in the consumption of cement, both
domestically and in Afghanistan, the industry seems to be heading for over-capacity again. The
extent of the over-supply will depend on growth in demand, but if all the assumptions stated
previously are correct, the year 2006-07 is going to be the start of another down cycle for cement
sector profitability. The problem is not so much an over-estimation of the growth rate but a
In a boom period, companies that expand capture all the additional value from an expanding
market, whereas in a bust scenario they limit their loss by spreading it amongst all members
capacities. In this way, they capture the upside gain, but mitigate their downside risk.
After remaining a traditional supplier of cement to Afghanistan for the last so many years,
has compelled three major players in cement to further expand their production capacities within
Bestway is further expanding its capacity by 4,000 tons per day, and the plant would come into
Similarly, Luck Cement is also setting up another plant with a capacity of 6,000 tons per day and
Presently, India faces an acute cement shortage in its Southern states of Tamil nado and Madras
and in north Punjab. However, reports indicated that the Indian industry is also working on a fast
In the meantime, Pakistani exporters were exporting cement to Iraq but due to acute port
congestion, it remained irregular though there was great demand for cement after the war for
reconstruction work.
However, cement units in northern areas of the country continued to feed the traditional Afghan
Similarly, strong demand for cement from North African countries, including Sudan, Ethiopia,
Algeria and some other states, made its way through the Red Sea port of Djibouti.
On average, cement exports to African countries fetch between $110 and $115 per ton C&F.
4.5 FUTURE
If the current pace of development continues and mega projects become reality, then it is very
likely that a lot of the cement will be utilized and it is unlikely that the surplus will enter danger
levels. The growth in demand to 20% during 2004 was most probably a one time boost for the
industry and the result of pent up demand from previous years and a higher economic growth
rate that spurred construction activity in the country. For 2006, it is predicted that demand will
grow at 13% and ease off after 2007 to 10%. This rate is more sustainable given that GDP in
Pakistan is expected to grow at over 8% and, theoretically, cement demand usually grows at a
Many cement manufacturers have said that the situation is very different from the nineties due to
the different and more stable political structure. But Pakistani politics is not stable. What if the
current political structure does not last? What if, God forbid, something happens to Musharraf?
Then what? Will all this development continue? Several industry insiders are concerned that the
cement industry’s recent growth has been far too dependent on the person of Pervez Musharraf.
There are worries that if another government comes to power, particularly a purely political
government, the industry’s fortunes will once again abruptly plunge back into the doldrums like
it did in the nineties. Optimistic as ever, Mansha disagrees: “I think the world has changed —
this is not the same world it was 10 years ago. If you look at all the globalization, you will see
that the progress towards development is irreversible now, whoever comes to power?”
It is hard to say what the future will hold for the cement sector. Dependent as it is on increasing
construction and development projects, it’s fate, whether it likes it or not, is tied up with the
stability of the country. Dams, roads, ports and other developments are dependent on the policies
of the government. Past governments have not attached importance to this so it is not a foregone
conclusion that any and every government will undertake massive public sector development.
Also, the new surge in foreign investment is a recent phenomenon and is also related to the
policies of the present government. On the positive side, however, there is always Afghanistan.
Once donor money starts coming in, the demand for cement in Afghanistan will rise, and as
cement is a basic commodity in reconstruction, the bulk of it (if not all) will have to be shipped
The budget will have a positive impact on the sector due to larger allocation to PSDP and
government’s focus on building infrastructure (road network and small dams). However, cement
demand from PSDP is directly linked to actual government spending on mega projects where the
work on mega projects remains slow and the government however has not made any
announcement regarding the construction of any mega dam project. The Reduction in import
duty on imported spare parts from 25 per cent to five per cent shall improve cement margins
where spare parts represent six to seven per cent of total cost of sales. This will also reduce the
Due to low level of cement prices, the industry is not making adequate profits. If this trend
continues, cement companies will find it difficult to meet their financial obligations to the banks
and financial institutions. The government should not pressurize cement companies to reduce
cement prices to such low levels which may render them financially unviable.
Excise Duty on cement should be reduced by at least half, to bring the taxes on cement at least
to the level of India, if not to the level of countries like Thailand, Philippines, Egypt and
Malaysia.
opportunity of exporting around 10 million tons of cement to India, Middle East and African
countries to earn substantial foreign exchange which is direly needed to partly offset the trade
deficit.
Cement manufacturers should give due consideration to demand supply parity of cement before
embarking upon further expansions in the production capacity of cement in the country.
REFERENCES
“Government May Ban Cement Export, If Prices Not Cut: Stakeholders Meeting Today”, Nov
2007, Business Recorder.
“Cement Manufacturers Link Price Issue With CED”, 2005, Daily times.
“Cement Industry: Packing Material Shortage to Affect Export to India”, 2007, Daily Times.
“Cement makers agree to stop export till April 30”, 2006, Pak tribune.