Multiplication (revision) Example 2 yu =(3 4) ana §) nae matrix products (a) MN, (b) NM, (c) M2. 2 4\/ 6 0 “\ 3 3)($ ai} (2) x6+4x (C1) teen \ 3K64+5xC1) — 3x045x2 _({-12+C4) 048 =(-8 8) =\ ig +¢5) 0+10 13, 10 -/ 6 O\/-2 4 (b) NM= H( ) ( \-1 2/43 5 = (1240 2440 =(% 24 “\ 2+6 -4+10) ~ 8 6 f 24 \ 305 ( 4412 8420 mes 12 \-6+15 12425) ~\ 9 37 Revision notes: 5. In Example 2(a) M pre-multiplies N. In Example 2(b) M post-multiplies N. 6 Matrices can be multiplied only if there are as many columns in the first matrix as there are rows in the second matrix. 7 Ap xq matrix will multiply a q x r matrix to give ap Xr product: x @Xx@xr) > xr) 8 In general AB # BA where A and B are matrices. Multiplication of matrices is not commutative. Exercise 10a (revision) 1 Simplify the following, giving each result as a single matrix. (3 t)*(8 2) © (6) +(') 5-1 2 6 1 -}-(1 7 207 3 0 © (3)-(5)+() o() 3)+(2 4)-G 2 2 fA ( 3 3) anaB (§ 8) sina (a) 3A (b) 2B (©) 2A @ 3B (@) 2A+B (f) A-3B 3. Express each of the following products as single element matrix. @ asl) we@3 -f{-2t \i} - 1 x @ @ 5 6) aE ‘ ©@ (5) 4 Find xand y if 5 x 6 x\_,(/1 4 4(4a)3(2 2)-2G, 4) 5 Express each of the following products as single matrix. © (5 2)(3) we oo 5 3) (4 Slo 4) @(, 3)(4 3) ©($ 3) © (9 5 4 6) ALGEBRA OF 2 x 2 MATRICES Null (zero) matrix If any 2 x 2 matrix (¢ al is pre-multiplied or(3) (3 () thatis x = 3 and ys2 Check: 3x3-4x2=1and7x3+2=23, Exercise 10c Use the matrix method to solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations. 1 6r+Ily=29 x+2y=5 3 Qrty=3 x42y=9 $ 4x-2y xty 7 2a-3b a+b=4 9 15s-6r=4 654 181=5 Surther examples of the use of matrices as operators ure given in the next chapter. Sxercise 10d 1 Evaluate as a single matrix 3 -8)\,,/2.1 ( 3) 3): 2 If m=(? determinant of M, (b) hence write down the inverse of M. 3° Find the value of the determinant of the matrix aa) (@) find the value of the 7 =) . Hence write down the inverse of the matrix. 4 The value of the determinant of the matrix 5 2 (5°) (@) Find the value of x. (b) Hence write down the inverse of the matrix 5 Find the value of k for which the matrix le oa 2) is a singular matrix. 3 6 IFA =|-1 | and B= (2 5 0), evaluate 2/ (a) AB, (b) BA. 7 Express each of the following as a single matrix. 1 5\/) (4 0] 2 0)(s) {1 4\fo 0 3 3) ® (o r/o 3 3 0) 8 Given that 3.2 4\{ 4\_/10) 6 0 1/ mJ 7 60 1) (an) find the values of m and n, 9 Pisa2x2 matrix such that {3 0) (2 0) to 3)P-P=\2 4) Find the matrix P. _(3 0 _f-l 1) 10 m-(5 3) and n= ( 0 3)" (a) Find M-2N. (b) Find the values of p and q if (4 (@) M N| (3)- \o)" 11 Given that 7 \ 13 A (% 1) (3 1) (2 NG a 3 5)"\o -2/"\o -1/\3 b find the value of a, b and c. 12 Find a and bit -7) (a)(2 4) where I is the identity matrix. 13 P=({2 9) angR=(2 ie \r (a) Evaluate P? (b) Find the value of r which makes R a singular matrix. (c) Find the value of r which makes 1/8 -2\ PR=3( 3 a) Write down the inverse of the matrix (b) Hence find x and y if (3 -4\/* 10) b)7C3)2 5), 3 8)" 16-15=1 1/8 -5\_/ 8 -5 Tsinverseis 7(_5 2) 23 3) (8 -5)(2 5) \-3 2/\3. 8/ (b) The determinant of ( 2x8-3x5= Check: =(1 0) \o 1/ (6 3) (©) The determinant of (7) is 6x 1-2x3=0 / The inverse of the given matrix would contain the fraction’. Since division by 0 is impossible, it follows that ‘6 ; reins Notice in Example 3 that a matrix whose determinant is zero has no inverse. Such matrices are called singular matrices. Exercise 10b Find the inverses of the following matrices, where possible. Use multiplication to check each result. 1(f 3) 2(3 3) sf) «Gh 7G) «8 3) 76‘) a(t 4) (2) wa) mala) -24(2 ~) MATRICES AS OPERATORS Simuttaneous linear equations x) ) If GG i= then (Gxt +4) - +y/ 90 (4) or Ox+4y=17 qa) and Oxty= 4 @ Hence the simultaneous equations (1) and (2) can ® written as a single matrix equation: ( }) ()-C ’) o ‘) multiplies (3). Multiplication is an arithmetical operation; we s2 that the matrix acts as an operator. In @) the matrix (2 \2 . 9 4\ 1 -4 The inverse of (3 it) ae Note that the determinant of (a ‘) 9x1-4x2=1, a Pre-multiply both sides of (3) by this inverse matris (2) IG) (2 73)(") \-2 (0 1) G)=() (o a) 4) 74 x\ fl y} \2 thatis x = 1 andy =2 Example 4 Solve the equations 3x — 4y = | and 7x + y = 23. 3x-4y=1 Tx+y=23 (3 -4\/x)_ (1 7 i}y) (25) -4)\ ) is: ‘The determinant of (3 ' / 3x1-7x(-4)=31 Isinverseis 3 ( 1 3) BT \-7 3 Pre-multiply both sides of (1) by this inverse: eee) HO) Afi 4) ar (-7 3/(7 1 (-7 3/(23 2)G)= a (23) (eo) (3) “33 Ky} *\2]