1.

3Hardware

1.3.1Input,Outputandstoragedevices
Identifyhardwaredevicesusedforinput,output,secondarystorage

Hardwarereferstothephysicalcomponents(electroniccircuit)thatmakeupthe
computersandaretangible.

Inputdevicesarethemeanswherebycomputerscanacceptdataorinstructionsfrom
environment.

Outputdevicesarethemeanstoproduceinformationorprocessedresulttothe
environment.

Storagedevicesarethemeanstostoredataandprogramspermanentlyortemporarily.

Activity:

Identifythesedevicesasinput,output,storagedevices

Speaker,keyboard,scanner,harddisk,sensors,floppydisk,mouse,lightpen,optical
characterreader,microphone.
Showunderstandingofbasicinternaloperationoffollowingdevices

Keyboard:
Itisinputdevicewithdifferenttypesofkeys(alphabetkeys,numerickeys,specialsymbols,
functionalkeys).Whenanykeyispressed,brokencircuitbelowpressedkeyiscompleted
anduniquebinarycodedsignalisgeneratedandcomputerrecognizesrespectivecharacter
initscharacterset.

Scanner:
Itisinputdevicethatconvertsadocumentintoaseriesofpixels.Basicprincipleofscanner
istocapturetheimage.

Printer:
Theseareoutputdevicesusedforproducinghardcopyoutput.

Inkjetprinter:
Itproduceoutputbysprayingcoloredinksontothepaper.Theprintheadconsistsofa
numberofinkcartridgesblack,cyan,magenta&yellowwhichsprayinkontothepageto
produceavastrangeofcolorcombinations.Theprintheadtravelsacrossthepagealineat
atime.Theinkreservoirisheated&thisvaporizesdropletsofink,whichthenforcesa
smallinkblobontothepaper.

Laserprinter:
Ithasdrumthatismostlypositivelycharged.Thecontrollerinprintermanipulatesasmall
lasertowriteonthedrumwithnegativecharge,creatingaimage.
Drumisrolledthroughtoner(blackpowder),whichispositivelychargedsoitwillclingto
areasofnegativechargeondrum.
Imagewilltransfertopaperthenfedthroughafuse,whichheatstoner&causesittobind
withthefibersinthepaper.

Trackballmouse
Atrackballisapointingdeviceconsistingofaballonthetopofplasticcasethatmovesa
computercursoraroundonthescreen.Ballisheldbyasocetconsistingsensorstodetecta
rotationoftheballabouttwoperpendicularaxes,which,inturn,movethepointeronthe
screen.

Lasermouse
Itemitslaserbeamfocusedonthesurfacebeneaththemousebyaspecialtypeoflens.The
reflectedlightfallsbacktothelightsensorintegratedwithcamera.Thecameratakesimage
ofthesurfacewithafrequencyrangeof1500to6000imagespersecond.Theseimagesare
sendtodigitalsignalprocessor,whichdetectspatternsinimages&calculateshowfarthe
mousehasmoved&sendsthecorrespondingcoordinatestothecomputer.Thecomputer
movesthecursoronthescreenbasedonthecoordinates.

Trackballmouse
Atrackballisapoiningdeviceconsistingofaballonthetopofplasticcasethatmovesa
computercursoraroundonthescreen.Ballisheldbyasocketcontainingsensorstodetect
arotationoftheballabouttwoperpendicularaxes,whichinturn,movethepointeronthe
screen.

Harddiskdrive
Itissecondarystoragenonvolatilememory.Itconsistsofoneormorethanonecircular
diskscoaedbymagneticmaterialfittedonthespindleandsomeothercomponents.
Diskislogicallydividedintotracksandsectors.Whilereadingdata,sectorsinwhichpartsof
particularfilearestoredarelocatedfromfileallocationtable(FAT).Diskcontrollermakes
actuatorheads,onbothsideofthedisk,tomovearoundthedisktopointsectorandread
datafromthereinformofbinarybits.

Showunderstandingoftheneedforprimaryandsecondary(includingremovable)storage
PrimarymemorycanbedirectlyaccessedbyCPU.Primarymemoryareusedtostore
programsanddatathatarecurrentlybeingprocessedorreadytobeprocessed.Italso
storessomepartofoperatingsystemrequiredwhilecomputerisswitchedon.

SecondarymemorycannotbedirectlyaccessedbyCPU.Secondarymemorystoreslong
termprogramsanddata.Itisalsousedtocarryprogramsanddata.

1.3.2Mainmemory
MainmemoryareprimarymemorythatcanbedirectlyaccessedbyCPU.

ExplainthedifferencesbetweenRAMandROMmemory.

Ramisvolatiletypeofprimarymemoryinwhichdatagetserasedoncepoweristurnedoff.
memorystoreprogramsanddatathatarecurrentlybeingprocessedorreadytobeprocessed.

Romisnonvolatiletypeofprimarymemoryinwhichdataispermanent.Programsanddatain
Romcannotbemodified.Itisusedtostoresuchprogram,whichneednotbemodified.Like
bootstraploaderisstoredinROMchip.Theyarealsousedtostoreinstructionsinmachine
embeddedsystems.

ExplainthedifferencebetweenStaticRAM(SRAM)andDynamicRAM(DRAM).
SRAMconsistsofflipflopcircuitconsistingoffewtransistors(6transistorsinstandardone)
thatcanstoreabit.InDRAMeachcircuitconsistsofcapacitorandatransistor,inwhichabitis
storedincapacitorinformoffuse.
SRAMneednotberefreshed,whereasDRAMneedtobestoredfrequentlyasfuseincapacitor
mayleak.
DataaccessofDRAMisslowerthanSRAMasDRAMneedtoberefreshedandwhilerefreshing
datacannotbeaccessed.
SuitabilityofusingSRAMandDRAM
SRAMissuitablewheredataaccessrateisofmoreconcerncomparedtocostanddatastorage
capacity.

Activity:
IdentifyeitherSRAM/DRAM,whichoneissuitableincachememoryandRAM.Why?

1.3.3LogicgatesandLogiccircuits
Logiccircuitsareelectricalcircuitsthatconsistofswitchesarrangedtoproducespecificoutput.
Logicgatesaresymbolsthatareusedtorepresenttheselogiccircuitsthatproducespecific
output.
Basicarrangementofswitchesinelectriccircuit:

Seriesconnection
Outputis1whenbothswitchesareclosed/ON.

AB
Parallelconnection
Outputis1evenwhenanyoneofthetwoswitchesareclosed

 Fewbasicgates
ANDgate

Itisrepresentationofseriescircuit.Outputistruewhenallinputsaretrue.

Booleanexpression:
Output=A.B

TruthtableoftwoinputANDgate
A B A.B
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
1 1 1

ORgate

Itisrepresentationofparallelcircuit.Outputistrueevenwhenoneoftheinputsistrue.

Booleanexpression:
Output=A+B

TruthtableoftwoinputORgate
A B A.B
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 0
1 1 1

NOTgate

TheNOTgateisanelectroniccircuitthatproducesaninvertedversionoftheinputatits
output.Itisalsoknownasaninverter.IftheinputvariableisA,theinvertedoutputis
knownasNOTA.

BooleanExpression:
Output=A

NANDgate

ItiscombinationofANDgateandNOTgate.OutputisFALSEwhenallinputsaretrue.

Booleanexpression:
Output=A.B

TruthtableoftwoinputANDgate
A B A.B

1 0 1

0 1 1

0 0 1

1 1 0

NORgate

ItiscombinationofORgateandNOTgate.OutputisTruewhenallinputsareFALSE.

Booleanexpression:
Output=A+B

TruthtableoftwoinputANDgate

A B A+B

1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 1

1 1 0

EXORgate

The'ExclusiveOR'gateisacircuitwhichwillgiveahighoutputifeither,butnotboth,ofitstwo
inputsarehigh.Anencircledplussign( )isusedtoshowtheEORoperation.

BooleanExpression

Output=A.B+A.B

Truthtable