————— Eighth Edition Version 1.0 3/1/91 for preparation of proposed | American National Standards _ en wo GANno American National Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street, ‘New York, New York 10036Style Manual for preparation of proposed American National Standards Eighth Edition Version 1.0 3/1/91Contents CHAPTER 1 - Written specifications Foreword. 1 2 24 22 23 24 3 4 44 42 43 43.1 43.2 44 444 442 45 45.4 45.2 46 46.1 4.6.2 47 ATA A72 48 48.1 48.2 49 49.4 49.2 4.10 Scope... Application .. Publication options .. Other publication issues ... Technical contact’s responsibility Role of ANSI's Publications Department Definitions Content and style for specific standard elements. General content General style .. Cover. Cover ~ Content... Cover - Style. Title page Title page ~ Content. Title page - Style. 2 Abstract 10 Abstract — Content 10 Abstract - Style .... 10 Copyright page... Copyright page ~ Content. Copyright page ~ Style Front matter (general) Front matter (general) - Content Front matter (general) ~ Style Table of contents... Table of contents ~ Content Table of contents ~ Style ... Foreword .. Foreword ~ Content... Foreword - Style .. Committee list .4404 4.10.2 an aaa 411.2 412 4424 4.12.2 4.13 4.13.1 4.43.2 414 444 4.14.2 4.45 4.15.1 4152 4.16 4.16.1 416.2 54 5.2 5.3 54 55 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 Committee list — Content... Committee list ~ Styl Canvass list Canvass list — Content ... Canvass list ~ Style .. Main text .. Main text - Content. Main text ~ Style Tables Tables — Content Tables - Style. Figure Figures ~ Content... Figures - Style Normative and informative annexe Normative and informative annexes — Content . Normati Index Index - Content Index - Style Special elements /e and informative annexes ~ Style .. Mathematical expressions (equations). Lists Notes Footnotes .. Subscripts and superscripts. General content and style Spelling Hyphenation...nn Capitalization Numbers Abbreviations. Letter symbols for units .. Letter symbols for physical quantities. Special word usage ...69 77 72 73 74 75 a4 8.2 8.3 84 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 Page Metric and customary units Special ANSI policies Patented items Commercial equipment ... Effective dates .. Copyrighted material of other organizations ‘Synchronization and adoption of existing ISO/IEC Standards as an American National Standard... Preparation of camera-ready pages ‘Summary . Placement of tables and figures relative to text ... Final layout of text elements. Pagination . Preparation of standards in single-page format ...... 89 Reference and source material . Recommended general references Recommended International Standards .. Recommended American National Standards .. CHAPTER 2 - Sample standard elements Chapter 2 contains sample standard elements. It has a page numbering sequence that is independent from Chapter 1. These page numbers are used as cross-references in Chapter 1.Foreword ‘The purpose of this style manual is to provide the necessary information needed to prepare American National Standards that are to be published by ANSI. It provides detailed specifications regarding content, format, and style as well as detailed descriptions of ANSI policies relating to publication. The manual's requirements, which are applied by ANSI's Publications Department in preparing standards for printing, are intended to ensure that standard is clearly written and that it is consistent in style and presentation within itself and with other ANSI-published standards. Who will benefit Anyone who is involved in any aspect of the preparation of American National Standards for publication will benefit from the information provided in this manual, including those committees who have chosen to prepare their own ANSI-approved standards for publication. The Institute also recommends that sponsors who publish ANSI-approved standards follow the manual wherever possible to help create a consistent set of American National Standards. Consistency will enhance their usefulness in national and international applications. Modifications and additions to 7th edition This eighth edition of the style manual contains a number of modifications and additions and is significantly expanded in its scope; the majority of the changes have to do with style and format. In the interest of creating a consistent and more accessible standard format internationally, ANSI has recently adapted many of the style specifications of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the international Organization for ‘Standardization (ISO). While many of the elements of former ANS! speci- fications are retained, this adaptation of ISO style specifications will give American National Standards and ISO standards both a more consistent structure and a similar “look.” IMPORTANT: This adaptation of certain elements of ISO style does not in any way indicate that ANSI-approved standards are automatically approved as ISO standards. While the similarities in structure and style may help place subsequent American National Standards in a better position for ISO approval, the relationship between the two is only one of structure and style. Organization This style manual is divided into two chapters. The first chapter contains written specifications regarding content, style, publication procedures, and ANSI policies. The second chapter contains sample standard elements that illustrate the written specifications. Chapters 1 and 2 are cross-referenced. IMPORTANT: Chapter 2 is provided only for the purpose of illustrating specifications found in this style manual. While the written content of some “boiler-plate” material is relevant and is indicated as being so, the majority of the written content of Chapter 2 is provided for illustrative purposes and should be ignored.Chapter 1 Written specifications 1 Scope This style manual establishes requirements tor the preparation of American National Stan- dards that are to be published by the American National Standards Institute. 2 Application 2.1, Publication options (Once the decision has been made to publish a given standard through ANSI, a number of different publication options are available to the standards-developing organizations (SDOs). These options are described in 2.1.1 t02.1.3, By preparing drafts and subsequent documents according to specifications contained in this manual, SDOs will help speed up ANSI's pub- lishing process, thus condensing the time re- quired between Procedures and Standards Administration (PSA) approval and public availability of the standard. 2.1.1. Providing document in “manuscript” form This option requires the SDO only to provide document elements in manuscript form. While the SDO must adhere to all the content re- quirements described in this style manual, ANS shall be responsible for all document format- ting up to and including preparation for tinal printing. Manuscripts may be deliveredin one of the following formats: = electronic; ~ hard copy; = combination of electronic and hard copy. These formats are detailed in2.1.1.1 t02.1.1.3. 24.1.1 Electronic format ‘The majority of document elements are today being generated using computer technology. These systems range from basic word pro- cessing to advanced technical illustration and page-layout packages. Much of the publication process at ANSI is completed using an elec- tronic publishing system, therefore it is re- ‘quested that manuscript elements be provided inanelectronic form. Needless to say, access to document elements in an electronic form greatly improves the efficiency, accuracy, and speed of the publication process. ANSI can accept a wide variety of file formats originating from a number of different com- puter platforms. The technical contact who chooses to provide an electronic manuscript should consult with ANSI’s Publications De- partment as soon as possible in the standards writing process to determine the most suitable document preparation and file format. The earlier in the process this consultation takes place, the more efficient the publication pro- cess will be. To further aid the editorial and production process, a hard-copy printout of the electronic, manuscript shall be provided. IMPORTANT - When submitting an electronic manuscript, the technical contact must take special care to ensure that the electronic manuscript submitted is identical to the manu- script submitted at the time of the BSR-9 filing, Those technical contacts who choose to sub- mit any document material in an electronic format should read Guidelines for submitting proposed American National Standards in an electronic format. This document is available from ANSI's Publications Department‘style Manual 6th Edtion Chapter 1 2.4.1.2 Hard copy format It the technical contact is unable to provide the manuscript in electronic form, he or she may instead provide a hard-copy manuscript. ANSI will in tun use the various methods at our disposal to convert these hard-copy elements into a publishable form. Hard-copy manu- scripts should adhere to the following speciti- cations: 2.1.1.2.1 Typing and quality Hard-copy manuscripts should be typed, double-spaced, ina single column, on 8-1/2- inch x 11-inch paper. A margin of at least 1 inch should be left on all sides of each page. ‘All copy must be clean and readable. Manu- script pages should be numbered consecu- tively, starting with the cover page. 2.4.1.2.2 Style Hard-copy manuscripts should be prepared in a style that adheres, as closely as possible, to the specifications contained in this manual. In addition to following all content specifications, technical contacts should also adhere to the following basic styles: Headings: All clause and subclause headings should be separated and placed above the text of the corresponding clause or subclause. If there is no heading, clause ‘or subclause numbers are run into the text; = Indentation: Alltext should be flush lett. No indentation is necessary, except when delineating lists; — Tables: Tables should be structured according to this manual and clearly type- written; Figures: t camera-ready art cannot be supplied by the technical contact, the devel- ‘oper should provide legible sketches, as close to scale as practicable. ANSI will have these sketches converted into finished art 2.1.1.2.3 Corrections to typewritten manuscripts For those technical contacts providing type- written manuscripts, all corrections or changes to the final manuscript should be typed or clearly written in ink, They should be made 2 between the lines and not in the margins. A long addition should be typed on a separate 8- 4/2-inch x 11-inch sheet and its insertion point in the main text should be clearly indicated. If corrections are extensive, the page should be retyped. 21124 sions Clarity of mathematical expres- Marginal notes shall be used to identity ob- scure modifications of symbols such as prime marks and to distinguish between the letter 0 and zero; the letter I and the number 1; the multiplication sign and the letter x. Super- scripts and subscripts should also be clearly- indicated. If Greek letters are handwritten, they should be identified the first time they appear. 24.1.3 mats Combination of manuscript for- Technical contacts may of course provide document elements in a combination of for- mats. Any portion of the document that is available in electronic format will certainly aid the publication process. Hard-copy printouts of all electronic format elements must also be included. 2.1.2 Providing selected camera-ready pages Technical contacts may choose to provide ANSI with selected document elements as camera- ready pages, in accordance with the style specitications contained in this manual. It is then ANSI's responsibility to combine these elements with those needing additional prepa- ration in the creation of complete camera- ready pages. Following are two sample sce- ratios utilizing this option: = Scenario 1: The technical contact pro- vides properly formatted text, or galleys, for the main text of the document. ANSI com- pletes camera-ready pages using provided galleys and creates and adds front matter elements; = Scenario 2: The technical contact pro- vides camera-ready copies of figures only. ANSI completes camera-ready pages by preparing all text and tables and integrating Provided figures.2.1.3 Providing complete camera-ready pages In the majority of cases, ANSI's Publications Department will, at minimum, complete the final preparation of camera-ready pages as described in clause 8. If the technical contact has the capability, however, he or she may ‘choose to provide a complete set of camera- ready pages in accordance with all specitica- tions contained in this manual. As a rule, final preparation of pages (balancing of columns, Pagination, etc.) should take place after all editing is completed by ANSI's editor. An electronic version of the document should accompany any complete camera-ready pages. This will allow ANSI to complete more effi- ciently any necessary final formatting. 2.2. Other publication issues 2.2.1 Templates For those preparing partial or complete cam- era-ready pages, ANSI provides copies of the template files used in preparing standards at ANSI. Technical contacts should contact the Publications: Department to determine if these template files would aid in their preparation of standards. 2.2.2 Type and art quality When providing partial or complete camera- ready pages, document elements must be printed on paste-up quality paper at a mini- mum output resolution of 300 dots per inch. Figures supplied for camera-ready use shall be prepared in accordance with the specitica- tions for figure style detailed in 4.14.2. 2.2.3 Use of “spell checkers” and other computer editorial utilities While spell checkers and other computer edi- torial utilities are useful for identifying typo- graphical and grammatical errors, technical contacts should proofread all documents manually, regardless of the publication option chosen. 2.2.4 Copyright page and cover Regardless of the publication option chosen, ANSI is always responsible for preparing both the cover of the standard and the copyright page found in the front matter. Technical Contacts providing complete camera-ready ‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 Pages (see clause 8) must allow for the copy- right page when determining final pagination (see 8.4). 2.2.5 Single-page standards ANS! will, in most cases, be responsible for the final camera-ready preparation of standards published in this format. See clause 9, Preparations of standards in single-page for: mat 2.3. Technical contact’s responsibility Committees and organizations that develop standards for ANSI approval and publication shall be responsible for providing the Institute with complete and technically accurate drafts that meet the requirements of this style manual for content, arrangement, legibility, and that conform to ANSI’s special policies. Particu- tarly Important is conformance with the re- quirements for abbreviations, letter and unit symbols, the numbering system, and the style for special elements. Volunteers who develop standards, however, shall not be expected to be grammarians or professional editors. ANSI editor shall review the text before pub- lication and make necessary editorial changes as outlined in 2.4.3 and 2.4.4. Drafts in the development stage often undergo several revisions before the final version is approved. Therefore, a technical contact shall be appointed by the technical subcommittee developing the standard. When a document is large, several technical contacts may be ap- pointed for the individual clauses; however, a single technical contact must be chosen for integration of the final document. This indi vidual should review the final draft before it is submitted to ANSI for approval to ensure that it is the complete and accurate document as approved by committee; that it meets the re- quirements of this style manual; and that it is ready for publication. The technical contact should serve as liaison between the Commit- tee and ANSI’s editor and should be available to answer questions and, if necessary, to meet with ANSI's editor. 2.4 Roleof ANSI’s Publications Department 2.4.1 General ANSI's Publications Department shall partio!- pate in and oversee the conversion of draft 3‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 manuscripts of American National Standards into printed publications. The functions per- formed by the department and its overall re- sponsibilities are described in 2.4.2 to 2.4.7. The department also provides advice on style and format to those SDOs that publish Ameri- can National Standards. To issue arequest for assistance, write: Director of Publications American National Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street New York, NY 10036 (212) 642-4900 2.4.2 Responsibility of ANSI’s editor with regard to the technical contact ‘Standards approved by ANSI are referred to the Publications Department by the Proce- dures and Standards Administration (PSA) Center. The manuscript is then assigned to a single ANSI editor. All phases of the produc- tion of a standard shall be the ultimate respon- sibility of the ANSI editor assigned to that document. All communication regarding a given standard shall take place between the technical contact, and ANSI's editor. If for any reason the as- signed ANSI editor is unreachable, all inquir- ies should be directed to the administrative staff of the Publications Department. An ad- ministrative staff member may be reached at the phone number listed in 2.4.1 Regardless of the publication option chosen by the technical contact (see 2.1), the technical contact and ANSI's editor shall be jointly re- sponsible for proofreading the material and ensuring that it is published without any typo- graphical or editorial errors. Before sending the document to ANSI, the technical contact shall proofread all material and shall correct all typographical errors that are found. 2.4.3 Policy on editorial and substantive changes 2.4.3.1 Substantive change defined ‘A substantive change in a proposed American National Standard is one that directly and ma- terially affects the use of the standard. Ex- amples of substantive changes follow: = changing "shall" to “should” or “should” to “shall” (see 6.8.1); = addition, deletion, or revision of require- ments, regardless of number of changes; = addition of mandatory compliance with referenced standards. 2.4.3.2 Policy ANSI's editors will correct grammatical errors and inconsistencies, and will also ensure that, the standard conforms with the content and style requirements detailed in this style manual. ANSI's editors will review their corrections with the technical contact, but this review does not imply that the technical contact may initiate text changes. The role of the technical contact during the review is to acknowledge that the editorial “cleaning up” has not changed the technical content of the standard. The text filed with the BSR-9 submittal is the text which ANSI prepares for publication. This text includes all technical and editorial changes that were made in the document during the approval process. This process includes ANSI's public review and comment. These changes were voted on and accepted for inclusion. Occasionally, a query or comment made by ANSI's editor may bring to light a technical error that had not been previously discussed or realized by the technical committee. In such a case, the committee's technical editor shall inform the committee chairman, the secretariat, and the secretary of the BSR. 2.4.4 Editorial functions Upon receipt of the document, ANSI's editor shall proofread the document and, where nec- essary, make corrections in: ~ spelling, punctuation, hyphenation, grammar; = abbreviations, letter and unit symbols, and drafting practices that do not conform to applicable American National Standards; = numbering system, it it does not conform to this style manual, = references to other American National Standards, if they are incomplete or errone- ous; = errors in style, as detailed in this style manual.The editor also reads the standard for sens clarity of language, and reviews overall organi- zation. Editorial moditications may involve additional typesetting and modification or creation of art- work. 2.4.5 Production The Publications Department's role in the pro- duction process (preparing the document for final publication) is determined by the publica- tion option chosen by the technical contact. These options are detailed in 2.1, 2.4.6 Final check The ANSI editor shall check the final camera- ready pages to ensure that: = they are complete, correct, and accu- rately reflect the manuscript; - entries in the Table of Contents corre- spond to the text; = page sequence and running heads are correct; - they are clean and ready for camera. 2.4.7 Printing Regardless of the publication option chosen, ANSI is also always responsible for arranging and executing final printing. The technical editor shall receive one complimentary copy of the final printed standard. All other requests {or printed standards should be addressed to the SDO. 3 Definitions ‘This clause provides definitions for terms used in this style manual. These terms relate to style, content, and policy. 3.1 baseline: Refers to the horizontal line upon which a word or a line of text rests. The base line does not include descenders of a letter (as in *p" or “g"). The words of a line of, type are aligned horizontally on the baseline. 3.2 base-to-base: Typesetting unit of mea- surement, used principally for designating vertical spacing. The measurement is made from the baseline of a word or line of text downward or upward to the baseline of the next ‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 word or line of text. Base-to-base measure- ments in American National Standards are made in picas or points. 3.3 camera-ready: Refers to the state of printed pages when they are ready for the Printer’s camera; publishable printed pages. 3.4 descender: The part of the lowercase letter falling below the baseline, as in “g,” *q," or*p.” 3.5. em: Traditionally the horizontal distance taken up by the capital letter "M.” Most com- monly used to describe the length of hyphens and spaces. 3.6 en: One-halt of an em. Most commonly used to describe the length of hyphens and spaces. 3.7 follos: Page numbers. 3.8. kerning: The adjusting of space between individual letters so that part of one letter ex- tends over the rectangular area covered by its, neighbor. Kerning is used to achieve propor- tional spacing, by which all letters take up only the amount of space required for their design. The letter “m," for example, will take up more horizontal space than the letter “i.” See also monospaced. 3.9 landscape: Refers to the horizontal entation of a page, table, or figure. A land- scape page is sometimes referred to as a “turn” page. 3.10 leading: The horizontal white space between two consecutive lines of text, gener- ally measured in points. The purpose of pro- viding leading is to separate the current line from the previous line and to provide space for the previous lines descenders. Leading may be adjusted for a number of additional rea- sons, such as allowing space for superscripts and subscripts. 3.11 monospaced: Refers to typeface that has no kerning; all characters are of equal width. Traditional typewriter type is monospaced. See also kerning. 3.12 pagination: The arrangement of document pages through the assignment of folios and running heads. One of the final steps in the preparation of camera-ready pages. 5Style Manual &th Edition Chapter 1 3.13 points: Typesetting unit of measure- ‘ment, used principally for designating type or font sizes. There are 12 points in a pica; 72 points equals approximately one inch. 3.14 portrait: Refers to the vertical orienta- tion page, table, or figure. 3.18 picas: Typesetting unit of measure- ment. There are 12 points in a pi ‘equals approximately 1/6 of and points are often used si 1.8 picas or 18 points, 2 picas or 24 points). The primary means of measurement in the preparation of American National Standards is points and picas. 3.16 PSA: Procedures and Standards Ad- ministration. 3.17 _ running heads: A continuing element placed at the top of each page of a document, usually identifying the document. 3.48 SDO: zation, 3.19 secretariat: Performs all administra- tive functions as required by the Procedures for the Development and Coordination of Ameri- can National Standards. Standards-developing organi- 3.20 serif: The small terminating strokes on individual letters. Some typetaces are serif, such as Roman, and others are sans-serif (without serif) such as Helvetica. 3.21 sister standards: Two or more ‘American National Standards that deal with the same project or subject. Each individual standard provides requirements and recom- mendations for different aspects of the project or subject. 3.22 superscripts and subscripts: Char- acters or strings of characters that directly precede or follow a word and which have baselines that are shifted up (superscript) or down (subscript) relative to that word. 3.23 technical contact: Individual as- signed by the SDO to act as the liaison be- tween the technical committee and ANSI's editor. 3.24 typetace: A family of type, generally distinguished by their historical origin. The standard typeface used throughout American National Standards is Helvetica. 6 3.25 type size measurement: The size of a typeface is normally described in the form N/M, where Nis the font size and M is the font size plus any leading, both measured in points. A type size of 10/12 would be 10-point type plus 2 points of leading, 3.26 type style: Distinguishing character- istics assigned to type. Some samples of type style are boldface, medium, and italic. 4 Content and style for specific stan- dard elements This clause details both content and style for each major element of a standard. More gen- eral content and style specifications are de- tailed in clause 6, and content and style for special elements are covered in clause 5. 4.1, General content 4.1.1 Summary of standard's elements The following elements shall be included in the final drafts of proposed American National Standards submitted to ANSI (exceptions are noted): = cover; title page; — abstract (optional); = copyright page; = table of contents; — foreword and committee or canvass list; ~ main text, including: introduction (optional); - scope, purpose, and applicat — normative references; = definitions (optional); = requirements;~ tables, if any; - figures, if any; = annexes (normative and informative), if any; ~ index, if applicable. NOTE - The cover and copyright page are always supplied by ANSI. The absiract, table of con- tonts, foreword and committee of canvass lists are not required for single-page standards (s clause 9), Detailed requirements regarding content for each element are given in 4.3 to 4.16. 4.1.2. Homogeneity Unitormity of structure, of style, and of termi nology shall be maintained not only within each standard, but also within a series of sister standards. The structure of sister standards and the numbering of their clauses shall, as far a possible, be identical. Analogous wording shall be used to express identical provisions. ‘These requirements are particularly important not only to ensure comprehension of the stan- dard but also to derive the maximum benefit available through automated text processing techniques. 4.2 General style 4.2.1 Format ANSI publishes American National Standards in one of two formats ~ booklet or single-page. The quantity of manuscript text and the quan- tity and nature of other elements determine the format. Generally, manuscripts that are equivalent to five pages of double-spaced type or less will be published in single-page form (see clause 9). Text exceeding five pages will be published in booklet form, 4.2.2 Size The standard size for American National Stan- dards shall be 8-1/2 inches x 11 inches. As the national clearinghouse for voluntary standards, ANSI distributes complete sets of American National Standards in the United States and in other countries. In the interests of presenting a consistent appearance, ANSI recommends that all American National Stan- dards be published in the 8-1/2-inch x 11 inch size, regardless of the country of distribution. Style Manual 8th Edition Chaptor 1 4.2.3, Global page specifications Certain specifications relating to page layout are constant throughout any standard: a) Left and right margin: Both the left and right margins of American National Stan- dards are 6 picas; b) Width of text: The maximum width of text (the distance between the left and right margins) is 39 picas; ©) First line of text: While this refers to the baseline of the first line of 10/12 text on a standard page in the main text, it is also a benchmark measurement used throughout the standard. The baseline of the first line of text is 6 picas from the top edge of the page; d) Top of page: The horizontal line that defines the top of the ascenders on the first, line of text (using 10/12 type); e) Last line of text: While this refers to the baseline of the 54th line of text in the main text, it is also a benchmark measurement used throughout the standard. See Chapter 2, page 83 for a visual represen- tation of these global page specifications, 4.3 Cover 4.3.1 Cover - Content The cover of the standard shall consist of the standard's title andtwo listings of the standard’s designation. 43.1.1 Title The format for titles applies to those found on the cover, title page (see 4.4.2) and first page of text (see 4.12.2.11). A standard’s title should summarize the scope of the standard in as few words as possible. ‘The words “American National Standard” will become part of the title when the standard is approved by ANSI. The terms correctly used a a noun; itis incorrect to use it as an adjec- tive modifying the name of an object. The title shall consist of one, two, or three tiers: = First tier: Names the general field of interest, which is usually the index listing in ZzStyle Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 the most recent Catalog of American Na- tional Standards. The first tier is always preceded by the word “for"; = Second tier: Gives the specific project or subject. The second tier defines a family of standards. Standards within a family are referred to as sister standards; = Third tier: Defines the speciic informa- tion covered and differentiates between sis- ters within a family. For revised standards, the first tier is usually the index heading under which the standard is. listed in the current Catalog of American Na- tional Standards. For new standards, consult ANSI’s Editor. The second tier is omitted if it duplicates the first, and the third is not necessary if the stan- dard is a comprehensive one. Following are examples of three-tier standards titles: ‘American National Standard for Acous- tics - Loudness Level - Method for Calculating American National Standard for Intor- mation Systems — Programming Lan- ‘guage ~ FORTRAN ‘American National Standard for Machine Tools ~ Metal Sawing Machines - Safety Requirements for Construction, Care, and Use Following is an example of a two-tier standard title: American National Standard for Trans- mission Structures - Tapered Tubular Steel Structures Following is an example of a one-tier standard title: ‘American National Standard for Busways and Associated Fittings 4.3.1.2 Designation The form of the standard’s designation shall be the same that is used for the running heads. See 4.12.1.1.1. 4.3.2 Cover — Style 4.3.2.1 Title The first tier of the cover title shall be set in 16/18 Times Roman italic. The second and third tier shall be set in 20/22 Times Roman The first line of the second tier shall begin 2 picas base-to-base below the first tier. ‘An em-dash shall be used to separate tiers in a title (see 6.2.2) When the first and second tier of a title are combined, the first tier is set in 20/22 Times Roman italic and no spacing is inserted be- twoen the first tier and the second tier. “Ameri can National Standard” is pre-printed on the cover, so it is not incorporated into the title when the title appears on the cover. Unlike other titles and headings in American National Standards (see 6.3), each main word in the title of a standard shall be capitalized. This holds true for the title as it appears on the cover, the title page, and the first page of main text. The title shall be no wider than 30 picas and shall be set flush left 15 picas from the left ‘edge of the page. The baseline of the first tier should be placed 30 picas from the top edge of, the page. 4.3.2.2 Designations ‘Two copies of the standard’s designation shall be set in 10-point Times Roman italic and shall be placed on the cover. See Chapter 2, pages 1 and 3 for a samples of the cover. 4.4 Title page 4.4.1 Title page - Content The title page shall consist of the following four elements: — Designation (with revision indication, if necessary): As described in 4.4.2.1; — Title: As described in 4.3.1.1; NOTE ~ If first and second tier of title are com- bined as described in 4.3.1.1, they must also be combined on the title page.= Secretariat: Secretariat title and name; NOTE - If a standard is approved by the canvass, method 11), the SOO is listed as a Spon- sor, not a Secretariat. = Approval date and organization. 4.4.2. Title page - Style 4.4.2.1. Designation ‘The designation shall be set in 11/12 Helvetica bold. “ANSI” shall be placed above the desig- nation. For American National Standards de- veloped by accredited standards committees, the registered trademark symbol shall appear asa superscript next to “ANSI.” Any regist trademark falls to the right of the right mat Joint standards are standards prepared by another organization that are edited and pub- lished by ANSI. The designation number is prefixed with “ANSI/(other organization acro- hym),” and the prefix is placed onthe same line as the number. No registered trademark sym- bol is used. Ia revision applies, the words “Revision of” shall be set above the previous revision’s des- ignation, in 9/9.5 Helvetica medium. One pica base-to-base shall be placed above “Revision of.” Itarevision and redesignation apply, the words “Revision and redesignation of” shall be set above the previous revision’s designation, both in 9/9. Helvetica medium. One pica base-to- base shall be placed above “Revision and redesignation of.” The baseline of the current designation shall rest on the first line of text (see 4.2.3). The designation(s) are set flush right against the right margin. 4.4.2.2 Title The first tier of the title page title shall be set in 14/16 Helvetica medium and shall be preceded by “American National Standard” one line above. (“American National Standard" is pro- printed on the cover). Unlike other titles and headings in American National Standards (see 6.3), each main word in the title of a standard shall be capitalized. This holds true for the title as it appears on the cover, the title page and the first page of main text Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 The second and third tier shail be set in 18/20 Helvetica medium. The first line of the second tier shall begin 3 picas base-to-base below the last line of the first tier. ‘An em-dash shall be used to separate tiers in atitle (see 6.2.2). The title shall be placed flush right against the right margin so that the baseline of the phrase “American National Standard” is 17 picas be- low the baseline of the first line of text. 4.4.2.3 Variations on title When the first and second tier of a title are combined, the first tieris set in 18/20 Helvetica medium and no spacing is inserted between the first tier and the second tier. “American National Standard” in this title remains set in 14/16 Helvetica medium. The same type size and spacing format is followed when setting the title of the first page of main text. See 4.12.2.11. 4.4.2.4 Secretariat The word “Secretariat” shall be set in 10-point Helvetica medium, flush left against the left margin. Its baseline shall be 37 picas below the baseline of the first ine of text. The name of the Secretariat shall be set in 11-point Helvetica bold and placed flush left against the left margin, 18 points base-to-base below the word “Secretariat.” NOTE ~ The same typeface, type size, and Pl PI word “sponsor” and to the name of the sponsor when the standard approved using the canvass method. (Se 4.4.2.5 Approval date and organization The approval date shall be set in 10-point Helvetica medium, flush left against the left margin. Its baseline shall be 49 picas below the baseline of the first line of text. The name of the approval organization (American Na- tional Standards Institute) shall be set in 11- point Helvetica bold and placed flush left against the left margin, 18 points base-to-base below the approval date. NOTE - The position of the elements on the title Page shifts when the optional abstract is in- cluded. See 4.5.2. See Chapter 2, pages 5 and 7 for samples of the title page.Style Manual 8th Edition Chaptor 1 4.5 Abstract (optional)?) 4.5.1 Abstract - Content ‘The technical contact has the option of adding an abstract to any standard that will be pub- lished in booklet form (see 4.2.1) 4.5.1.1 Approach The technical contact should make the ab- stract as informative as the nature of the docu- ‘ment will permit, to enable readers to decide, quickly and accurately, whether they need to read the entire standard. Where possible, the abstract should begin with the most important recommendation(s) and purpose(s) of the standard. Each abstract should be self-con- tained so it is understood without referencing the standard. Abstract language should be concise without being obscure and it should retain the basic information and tone of the standard. The technical contact should use complete sentences and active verbs, and should write in the third person. Nontextual material such as structural formulas should be used only when no acceptable alternative exists. Stan- dard nomenclature should be employed; unta- miliar terms, abbreviations, and symbols should be defined the first time they occur in the abstract. 4.5.1.2 Length Abstracts should not exceed 500 words, and may contain fewer than 100 words. Maximum lengths dictated by the space available on the title page (see 4.5.2). Length and complexity of the standard determine the paragraphing of the abstract. Short abstracts may be written in a single paragraph. Long abstracts may be more than one paragraph. 4.5.2 Abstract ~ Style ‘When used, the abstract shall be placed at the base of the title page, below the four required title page elements described in 4.4.2.1 to 44.25. The word “Abstract” shail be set in 11-point Helvetica bold and placed 18 points base-to- base above the text of the abstract, flush left against the left margin. The text of the abstract, shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica medium. The width of the abstract text shall be 39 picas (from left to right margins) and shall be fill- justified. The baseline of “Abstract” shall be 44 picas below the baseline of the first line of text. The addition of the abstract shall cause the position of the other four title page elements to be shifted in the following way: - Designation: No change: - Title: The baseline of “American Na- tional Standard” in the first tier shall be shifted upwards so that it is 9 picas below the baseline of the first line of text; - Socretariat: The baseline of “Secre- tariat” shall be shifted upwards so that it is 22 picas below the baseline of the first line of text; = Approval date and organization: The baseline of the approval date shall be shifted upwards so that it is 32 picas below the baseline of the first line of text NOTE - The precise shifting of these elements may vary, depending on the length of the title. See Chapter 2, page 7 for a sample of a title age containing an abstract. 4.6 Copyright page 4.6.1. Copyright page - Content ANSI shall be responsible for providing a com- pleted copyright page for each standard. Technical contacts providing complete cam- era-ready pages (see 2.1.3) must allow for this page when determining final pagination. ‘The copyright page contains the following el- ements: = title “American National Standard"; = text defining American National Stan- dards; standard publisher and address (ANSI); copyright statement; reproduction disclaimer; 1) The recommendations in 4.5.1.1 and 4.5.1.2 are adapted from American National Standard for Writing Abstracts, ANSI Z39.14-1979 (Ri987). 10= the phrase “Printed in the United States of America”; - publication code (provided by ANSI). With the exception of the publication code, the text of each of these elements is included every American National Standard as written ‘on page 8 of Chapter 2. 4.6.2, Copyright page - Style See Chapter 2, page 8 for a sample of a copyright page. This sample details all type specifications and positioning of elements. 4.7. Front matter (general) 4.7.1 Front matter (general) ~ Content For the purposes of this style manual, the front, matter is composed of the table of contents, the foreword, and committee/canvass lists. These elements follow the cover, title page, and copyright page and precede the start of the main text. 4.7.2 Front matter (general) - Style 4.7.2.1 Width All front matter elements are 30 picas in width and all are both left-justified and right-justitied (till-justitied). 4.7.2.2 Position on page The 30-pica column that contains front matter elements is always placed within the standard 39-pica column described in4.2.3, butis shifted to the right of center on right-hand pages and the left of center on left-hand pages. The left edge of a front matter column begins 13 picas from the left edge of the page on right-handed ages and 13 picas from the right edge of the page on left-handed pages. ‘The text on each page of the table of contents, the foreword, and the committee and subcom- mittee lists shall have a maximum length equal to 54 lines of 10/12 text (approximately 53.67 picas). 4.7.2.3 Pagination Front matter is paginated with lowercase ro- man numerals (i, li, iii, etc.) The table of contents begins on a right-hand page “i.” All roman numeral folios shall be set in 10-point Helvetica medium and shall align with the right margin of the 30-pica column on right-handed Pages and the left margin of the 30-pica col- ‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 umn on left-handed pages. All front matter folios shall be placed 2 picas base-to-base below the last line of text. See Chapter 2, pages 9 and 10 for samples of the position of front matter elements. 4.8 Table of contents 4.8.1. Table of contents - Content The technical contact shall supply a table of contents for any standard to be published in booklet form (see 4.2.1). It shall include the title “Contents,” the heading “Page,” and shall list the following elements (by their complete titles) and their corresponding page numbers: = foreword; - clauses in main text (see 4.12.1); = tables in main text; figures in main text; ~ titles of any annex(es). Each listing of tables, figures and annexes shall be preceded by the appropriate heading. (A heading shall be used even if there is only one listing inthe category. In this instance, the heading shall be in the singular form.) Subclauses may be listed if the technical con- tact feels they are needed for clarification. Preparation of the table of contents by the technical contact will provide a good check on logical organization and completeness of the document. The table of contents should first be prepared without page numbers. When final camera-ready pages have been prepared (see 2.1.3), page numbers will be added by either the technical contact or by ANSI's Pub- lications Department, depending on which Publication option has been chosen (see 2.1) 4.8.2 Table of contents - Style 4.8.2.1 Type specifications The following type specifications apply to table of contents elements: ~_ the title "Contents" shall be set in 12- point Helvetica bold; = the heading “Page” shall be set in 9/9.5 Helvetica medium; = the "Foreword" list headings, table titles, all main clause ure titles, annex "‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 titles, and page numbers shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica medium; — the main clause numbers, table and fig- ures numbers and annex letters shall be set in 10-point Helvetica bold; = *Table(s).” “Figure(s),” and “Annex(es)” headings shall be set in 10-point Helvetica bold. 4.8.2.2 Format The main clause numbers, table and figure numbers, and annex letters shall be placed flush left against the left margin of the 30-pica column. A horizontal distance of 18 points shall separate the number or letter from its title. Page numbers shall be placed flush right against the right margin of the 30-pica column. Leader dots shall fil the horizontal space be- tween the end of the number. Listings that come wi their page numbers shall be wrapped to the next line, flush left with the table of contents clause headings. 4.8.2.3 Spacing and position The title “Contents” shall be placed flush left against the left margin of the 30-pica column and flush to the top of the page (see 4.2.3). The heading “Page” shall be placed flush right against the right margin above the page num- bers and 1 pica base-to-base below the “Con- tents" title. Listings shall begin 18 points base- to-base below “Page.” Alllistings and category headings shall be spaced 18 points base-to- base. When the table of contents continues on to another page, the “Page” heading shall be repeated and placed flush to the top of the page. The continued listings shall begin 18 points base-to-base below “Page.” 48.2.4 Capitalization Only the first letter of the first word of each listing shall be capitalized, which is the style used for headings in the main text (see 6.3.4) and for table and figure titles (see 6.3.2). ‘Acronyms and abbreviations that are written in capital letters in normal usage shall also re- main capitalized in titles. See Chapter 2, page 9 fora sample of the table of contents. 12 4.9 Foreword 4.9.1 Foreword - Content 4.9.1.1 Elements The technical contact shall supply a foreword for any standard that will be published in book- let form (see 4.2.1). A good foreword will greatly enhance the value of the standard. When it is appropriate, it should include: — a description of the standard’s purpose and major provisions; = information as to who will benefit from application of the standard and what prob- lems it will solve; — an explanation of the principal differ- ences between current and earlier editions; = a short history of the standard's devel- ‘opment (optional). If a standard contains annexes, include a statement that gives the total number of an- nexes and an indication of which are normative and which are informative (see 4.15). An example of this statement follows: There are two annexes in this standard Annex A is normative and is considered part of this standard; Annex 8 is infor- mative and is not considered part of this standard Solicit comments by including the statement: Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to [name and address of SDO]. ANSI policy stipulates that a foreword is in- cluded in a standard for information only (see 4.9.1.2). Therefore, the following disclaimer shall appear above the text: (This foreword is not part of American National Standard [designation].) 9.1.2 Relationship to standard A foreword shall be used ina standard only for purposes of clarification, illustration, and gen- eral information in respect to the standard. Its relationship to the standard shall be set forth clearly. A foreword shall be within the scope of, the project under which the standard was de- veloped and promulgated, and it shall not beinconsistent with the standard itself. A state- ‘ment to the effect that the material is informa- tive and not part of the standard shalll appear at the beginning of any foreword (see 4.9.1.1). Mandatory (shall) requirements are rightfully a Part of a standard and shall not be placed ina foreword. 4.9.2 Foreword - Style 4.9.2.1 Type specifications The following type specifications apply to ele- ments of the foreword: the title “Foreword” shall be set in 12- point Helvetica bold; = _the disclaimer (see 4.9.1.1) shall be set in 9/9.5 Helvetica medium; =_ the text of the foreword shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica medium. 4.9.2.2. Spacing and position The title "Foreword" shall be placed flush left against the left margin of the 30-pica column and flush to the top of the page (see 4.2.3(d)). The disclaimer shall be placed on the baseline of the title “Foreword” and shall begin 5-1/2 picas from the left margin of the 30-pica column, The text of the foreword shall begin 24 points base-to-base below the disclaimer and shall tun across the 30-pica column, left- and right- (till) justified, There shall be 18-point base- to-base spacing between paragraphs of the foreword. See Chapter 2, page 10 for a sample of a foreword, 4.10 Committee list 4.10.1 Committee list - Content When the standard has been developed under the Accredited Standards Committee method, the foreword shall be followed by the names of the officers of the committee, an alphabetical listing of the organizations represented on the committee at the time of final vote on the standard, and their representatives. Alterna- tive representatives shall be signified by add- ing "(Alt.)” after their names. Wt applicable, the names of members of sub- committees and working groups shall also be listed in alphabetical order. Names of organi- zations shall not be listed for subcommittees, ‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 or working groups. The following paragraph shall be used to introduce the committee list: This standard was processed and ap- proved for submittal to ANSI by Accred- ited Standards Committee on [title and alphanumeric designation of committee]. ‘Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the [designation] Committee had the fol lowing members: 4.10.2 Committee list - Style 4.10.2.1 Type specifications The following type specifications shall apply to committee list elements: - the names of the officers of the ‘committee(s) and the introductions to sub- committees and working groups shall be set, in 10/12 Helvetica medium; = the headings “Organization Repre- sented” and “Name of Representative” shall be set in 9/9.5-point Helvetica medium italic; = the organizations, representatives, and the names of subcommittee or working group members shall be set in 9/9.5 Helvetica medium. 4.10.2.2 Format for committee lists The officers of the committee shall be listed, ‘one on each line, in the descending order of their position and shall be placed flush left against the left margin of the 30-pica column. ‘The first committee member shall be placed 24 points base-to-base below the final paragraph Of the foreword (see 4.10.1). The heading “Organization Represented” shall be placed flush left against the left margin of the 30-pica column, 18 points base-to-base below the name of the last committee officer listed. The heading “Name of Representative” shall be placed 18 points base-to-base below the name of the last committee officer listed and flush left against a line that is 21 picas to the right of the left margin of the 30-pica col- umn, The names of organizations and names of representatives shall begin 1 pica base-to- base below the headings and shall be aligned left under the corresponding heading. Com- mittee representatives’ names shall not ex- 13‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chaptor 1 ceedthe right margin. if an organization name comes within 4 picas of the name of the repre- sentative, it shall be wrapped to the next line and indented 1 em. Leader dots shall fili the horizontal space be- tween the end of the name of organization and corresponding representatives. If there is more than one representative listed for an organiza- tion, the leader dots shall only be used for the first name. When committee lists continue on to another page, the headings shall be repeated and placed at the top of the page. Listings begin again 1 pica base-to-base below the headings. Alternates shall not be separated from their representatives. 4,10.2.3 Format for subcommittee and working group lists ‘The paragraph introducing a subcommittee or working group shall be placed 24 points base- to-base below the name of the last representa tive (or alternate) listed in the committee list. The names of the officers of the subcommittee. ‘or working group shall be placed flush left against the lett margin of the 30-pica column, 18 points base-to-base below the introductory paragraph. Organizations are not listed in subcommittee or working group lists. The names of the officers of the subcommittee shall not be repeated in the listing of the sub- committee members. Names of subcommittee or working group members shall be divided into balanced col- umns and shall be placed beginning 18 points base-to-base below the introductory paragraph. (The baseline of the first officer of the subcom- mittee or working group and the baselines of the first names in the columns of subcommit- tee or working group members shall align.) When there are fewer than 10 members, they may be listed in one column. NOTE - If any one of the names of the officers of the subcommittee or working group extends across at least three-quarters of the width of the 30-pica column, the balanced columns of sub- ‘committee of working group members shall be placed below the officer's names. There shall bo {18-point base-to-base spacing separating the last officer's name and the first names in the members columns. 14 Columns of subcommittee members or work- ing groups can continue onto another page, it necessary. These columns should continue with the same horizontal position on the page. Columns containing names of subcommittee or working group members from different sub- committees or working groups, should also maintain the same horizontal alignment, if pos- sible. See Chapter 2, pages 10 to 11 for a sample of committee, subcommittee and working group lists. 4.11 Canvass list 4.11.1 Canvass list - Content When the standard has been developed under the Accredited Sponsors using the canvass method, the foreword shall be followed by an alphabetical listing of the organizations can- vassed. The following paragraph shall be used to introduce the canvass list: The following organizations, recognized as having an interest in the standardiza- tion of [topic], were contacted prior to the approval of this standard. Inclusion in this list does not necessarily imply that the organization concurred with the submittal of the proposed standard to ANSI. 4.11.2 Canvass list - Style 4.1.2.1 Type specifications The organizations canvassed should be set in 9/9.5 Helvetica medium 4.1.2.2 Format of canvass lists The first organization in the canvass list shall be placed 24 points base-to-base below the last paragraph of the foreword and shall be placed flush left against the left margin of the 30-pica column. See Chapter 2, page 12 for a sample of a canvass list. 4.42 Main text 4.12.1 Main text ~ Content For the purposes of this manual, the main text of a given standard shall be defined as all pages from the first page of text (page 1) tothe end of the standard, including tables and fig- ures. Annexes shall be treated separately.4.12.11 Common page elements Each page of main text contains two side-by- side columns of text. In addition, each page of main text includes a running head (except the first page of text) and a folio. Running heads and folios continue uninterrupted from the first page of main text until the last page of non- blank pages, including normative and informa- tive annexes. 4.12.1.4.1, Running heads - Content Running heads are repeated elements on each Page, used to identify the standard to the reader. Running heads appear in two formats: = American National Standards: The designation number of the standard shall serve as the running head throughout the standard. An example follows: ANSI 1T7.218-1990 = Joint Standards: When ANSI and an- other organization (IEEE, for example) jointly publish a standard, the running head shall Tead as shown in the following example: ANSI/IEEE 833-1988 See 4.12.2.2 for running heads ~ style. 424 Beginning with the first page of main text, each page is assigned a Arabic numeral page num- ber in sequential order. See 4.12.2.3 for folios ~ style. 2 Folios ~ Content 4.12.1.2 Organization and numbering system 4124.2.1 Main text ‘The main text of standards, exclusive of ele- ments such as tables, figures, and footnotes, usually consists of several major clauses each of which may be further divided into subclauses as the text requires. Clauses and subclauses shall be numbered. Technical contacts should make subclauses simple and clear-cut. Only a single require- ment or idea should be contained in a subclause. It is particularly important that the wording preclude the possibility of more than one interpretation. Technical contacts should avoid vague and indefinite terms. ‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 4.12 2 Clauses and subclauses The system for numbering clauses of an ‘American National Standard is one that uses Arabic numerals in sequence. A subclause is designated by adding a period and sequential number to the clause number (for example, 5.1). ‘This subclause, in turn, may be subdi- vided by a second period and a second se- quential number (tor example, 5.1.1). There shall be no fewer than two subdivisions within a clause or subclause. Six numbers set apart by periods (for example, 5.1.1.1.1.1) is the maximum level of subdivision. Subdivision of clauses beyond this point would result in cum- bersome cross-referencing. As an alternative, ‘material should be reorganized. duction is provided by 4.12.1.5), its clause ‘number shall be O (zero). numbering system is not a decimal sys- tem; the period is used only to separate the numbers. This system is used for American National Standards that are published in both booklet and single-page format and is use this style manual, Clauses and subclauses shall be numbered only when more than one is required. In this manual, for example, the text for clause 1, Scope, consists of only one paragraph that relates directly to the heading of the clause. Therefore, that paragraph is not numbered. If information about purpose and applicati to be added to clause 1, the added material might be organized under the headings “Pur- pose” and “Application.” For ease of reference and logical organization, the main heading of the clause would be expanded, the first para- graph given a subclause number and heading, and the clause would be reorganized as fol lows: 1 Scope, purpose, and application 1.1, Scope 1.2. Purpose 1.3 Application Do not use the terms “subclause” and “subsubclause” in headings or references; cross-references are made by referring simply to the number. The number and clause head- ings may be used individually or together when referring to clause headings; for example, “see 16Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 clause 3,” and “see clause 5, General style.” The phrases “see above” and "see below" and other vague references to standards elements shall not be used. 4.12.1.2.3 Figures and tables Figures and tables shall be numbered con- secutively in the order of their reference in the text and in separate series; for example, figure 1, figure 2, figure 3, and table 1, table 2, table 8. Inthe text, the terms “figure” and “table” are lowercase when used in cross-references (see 6.3.3). 4.12.1.2.4 Annexes Consecutive letters and a heading shall be used to identify each annex; for example: ‘Annex A (normative) Cleaning procedure for new cylinders Annex B (informative) Method for decontaminating cylinders The text of the annex(es) shall be organized and numbered as described in 4.12.1.2.2, but the clause or subclause number shall be prefaced with the identifying letter of the annex anda period. (Clause 1 in annex Ais numbered At; subclause 1.1 in annex A is numbered Aa.) Figures and tables included in an annex shall carry the identifying letter of the annex in which they appear; the first figure in annex A shall be identified as figure A.1, the first figure in annex B shall be identified as figure B.1, etc. (See also 4.14.2.1.) Inthe text, the word “annex” is lowercase when used in cross-references (see 6.3.3). 4.12.1.3 Banner line - Content The first page of the main text shall have no running head. instead, a banner shall appear at the top of the page that includes the title “american National Standard” and the standard's designation. These two elements shall be enclosed above and below by two solid rules. See 4.12.2.10 for banner line ~ style. 16 4.12.1.4 First page of text titles - Content ‘A copy of the title of the standard as it is composed on both the cover and the title page is placed on the first page of main text only. NOTE ~ If first and second tiers of title a combined as described in 4.3.2.1 and 4.4.2.3, they must also be combined on the first page of main text. See 4.12.2.11 for first page of text titles - style. 4.12.1.5 Introduction (clause 0) - Content The introduction shall be used as an optional preliminary element, if necessary, to give spe- cific information or commentary about the technical content of the standard, and about the reasons prompting its preparation. It shall not contain requirements. 4.12.1.6 Scope, purpose, and application — Content The standard shall begin with a statement of scope, to explain what is and, if necessary, what is not covered in the standard. In addi- tion, a brief statement of the purpose of the standard and its intended applications shall be provided. 4.12.1.7 Normative references - Content 4.12.1.7.1 General The technical contact shall supply complete and up-to-date information on all standards, articles in periodicals, and books that are re- quired reading (i.e., needed to complete a requirement in the standard). These shall be listed in the Normative references clause. NOTE — ANSt's Publications Department will not vorify this information, except for publication ta on American National Standards. 4.12.1.7.2 Introductory paragraph The introductory paragraph to this clause shall read as follows: The following standards contain pro sions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Ameri- can National Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revi- sion, and parties to agreements based on this American National Standard areencouraged to investigate the possibil- ity of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. 4.12.1.7.3. Citations ‘Standards or publications that have been with- drawn, are under development, or are not available to the general public shall not be cited. To aid the reader, availability addresses shall be provided as footnotes to all listings in Nor- mative references (clause 2), and to all listings in Informative references in the Bibliography annex. An availability address shall not be required for listings of American National Standards. When referencing ISO standards, list ANSI’s address as the availability address. All normative references stated in terms of “shall” requirements shall be placed in the text of the standard. They shall not be placed in a footnote, as footnotes are not an official part of the standard (see 5.4) It a listed reference refers to part of a docu- ‘ment, the part, paragraph, clause, or subclause number shalhbe indicated. Informative (related) standards and publica- tions, which are not essential for the comple- tion of requirements in the standard, shall be listed in an informative annex, entitled “Bibli- ography.’ See 4.12.2.12 for normative references — style. 4.12.1.8 Definitions - Content It the standard contains terms that have spe- cial technical meanings or are unique in the field, such terms should be defined in a defi tions clause. Definitions should be coor nated with those in sister standards (see 3.21). Definitions may be arrangedin technical, rather than alphabetical, sequence; related terms may be linked by cross-references. The same term shall be used throughout each standard or series of standards to designate a given concept. The use of an alternative term (synonym) for a concept already defined shall be avoided. See 4.12.2.13 for definitions — style. ‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 4.12.2 Main text - Style 4.12.2.1 Page format In addition to the global page specifications outlined in 4.2.3, additional page format speci- fications for the main text are defined in 412.2.4.1 to 4.12.23. See Chapter 2, page 33 for a visual represen- tation of common page elements. 4.12.2.1.4 Column width The width of each of the two columns on a standard page of main text shall be 18-1/2 picas. The width of two columns placed side- by-side shall be 39 picas, including a 2-pica space (gutter) between the columns. (This is the maximum width of the text.) Presentation of highly technical material (computer languages, for example) in two 18- 1/2-pica columns can make the material diffi- cult to comprehend. Text, in these cases, may be set ina single column that is 39 picas wide. Text set in this column width shall still be subject to all style specifications detailed in this style manual (i.e., type size, page width, Page length, etc.) A 39-pica column may be interspersed with dual 18-1/2 pica columns containing less technical material 4.12.2.1.2 Column length The length of the each text column is equal to 54 lines of 10/12 type, from the top of the ascenders of the first line of text to the base line of the 54th line of text (approximately 53.67 picas). The length of the columns shall be reduced to accommodate the title of the standard on the first page of text (see 4.12. 1.4) or interspersed tables and figures (see 8.2) 4.12.2.1.3 Position of page elements The running heads shall be placed 4 picas base-to-base from the top edge of the page. The first line of textin both columns shall begin 2 picas base-to-base below the running head (6 picas from the top edge of the page, as. described in 4.2.3). Folios shall be placed 2 picas base-to-base below the 54th line of 40/12 text "7Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 4.12.2.1.4 Length of a page The length of an entire page of text, starti from the top of the ascenders of the running head to the baseline of the folio, shall be equal to 58 lines of 10/12 type (approximately 53.67 picas). é 4.12.2.2 Running heads - Style Running heads shall be set in 9/9.5 Helvetica medium and shall be placed at the top of each page of text, except for the first page of main text, which has a banner line (see 4.12.2.10) Running heads shall be flush left against the left margin on left-hand pages and flush right against the right margin on right-hand pages. They shall be positioned on the page as de- scribed in 4.12.2.1.3. 4.12.2.3 Folios - Style Folios shall be set in 10-point Helvetica me- dium and shall be placed at the bottom of each page of text. Folios shall be flush left against the left margin on left-hand pages (even folios) and flush right against the right margin on right-hand pages (odd folios). ‘They shall be positioned on the page as described in 4.12.2.1.3. 4.12.2.4 Main text type specifications The most commonly repeated type specifica- tions are detailed in 4.12.2.4.1 to 4.12.2.4.4, Specifications that occur infrequently are ad- dressed in individual style subclauses. 4.12.2.4.1 Typeface The typeface used for all main text in American National Standards shall be Helvetica. The only exception to this specification is the type requirements used on the cover (see 4.3.2) 4.12: 2 Type size and style Main clause headings (heads) shall be set in 11/12 Helvetica bold. All subclause heads shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica bold. Main text (excluding notes and footnotes) shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica medium. 4.12. 3 Use of boldface and italics Boldface and italic type styles shall be used only in the following instances: 18 ~ Italics: Italic type shall be used in Ameri- can National Standards inthe following cases only: = variables (ie., 1 bits, m1 bits, or Faa+d); = headings in lists, when needed. Only the title and the punctuation following the {itle shall be italicized. The letter or num- ber in the list shall remain non-italic; = titles of standards, books, and jour- nals or magazines in the Normative Ref- erences clause, the Bibliography annex, or in the text; = italics may also be used to emphasize an extremely important requirement or safeguard. However, this emphasis should be used sparingly in an American National Standard. = Boldface: Boldtace type shall be used in ‘American National Standards in the follow- ing cases only: = titles of clauses and subclauses; = iitles of figures and tables; — certain mathematical symbols (vec- tors) or command words in algorithms (usually in computer language standards); = introductory terms such as “DANGER -", “WARNING ~", and “CAUTION ~" used in hazardous warn- ings. Boldface shall not be used for emphasis. 412.2.4.4 Kerning All text in American National Standards shall be loosely kerned. The text of this style manual shall be used as an example. Technical con- tacts should match this kerning as closely as possible. 4.12.25 Placement of subclause heads clause and All main clause and subclause headings shall be separated and placed above the first para- graph of the text of the clause or subciause. ‘These are referred to as “floating” heads. ‘An exception to this placement is made when there is no heading on a subclause, only a subclause number. In these instances, thetext of the subclause shall be run in with the subclause number. A minimal horizontal dis- tance of 2 picas and maximum horizontal dis- tance of 4 picas shall separate the end of the subclause number and the beginning of the subclause text. 4.12.2.6 Capitalization of heads Only the first letter of the first word in a clause or subclause head is capitalized. This is the same for clause and subclause heads in the table of contents (see 4.8.2.4). 4.12.2.7 Indentation While indentation is not generally used in the main text, it shall be used to highlight lists and notes within text and equations (see 5.2 for lists and 5.3 for notes). 4.12.2.8 Treatment of text In relation to margins All main text, including headings and foot- notes, shall be both flush left and flush right (fill-justified) against the left and right margins. Lists and notes shall be justified between their indented margins (see 5.2 and 5.3) ‘Spaces between words on each line of text may be varied to allow for justification of the right margin. 4.12.2.9 Spacing Proper spacing is essential in the preparation of American National Standards because it is used as a visual guide to highlight the begin- ning of a clause or subclause. As is the case throughout an American National Standard, all vertical spacing between paragraphs and headings in the main text is measured in picas base-to-base. Spacing above a clause head is 3 picas base- to-base. Spacing above the first paragraph or subclause head after the clause head is 2 picas base-to-base. Spacing above all other subclause heads and between all paragraphs of text is 18 points base-to-base. Additional specifications on spacing are cov- ered in individual style subclauses. 4.12.2.10 Banner line - Style The title “American National Standard” shall be set in 9-point Helvetica bold uppercase, flush left against the left margin. The stan- Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 dard’s designation shall be set on the same line in 9-point Helvetica bold upper case, flush right against the right margin. These two elements shall be centered verti- cally between two 1-point rules, both 39-picas wide. The vertical distance between the two rules shall be 2 picas. The banner line shall be positioned so that the top tule is 4 picas below the top edge of the Page. The title “American National Standard” begins 2 picas base-to-base below the bottom banner rule (see 4.12.2.11). See Chapter 2, page 13 for a sample of the banner line, 4.12.2.11 First page of text titles - Style The title on the first page of text shall be set in the same type size, style, and spacing as the title on the title page (see 4.4.2.2), but shall b placed flush left against the left margin and the top line of the title (“American National Stan- dard’) shall be placed 2 picas base-to-base below the bottom rule of the banner (see 4.12.2.10). ‘An em-dash shall be used to separate tiers in atitle (see 6.2.2). Unlike the main words in other titles and head- ings in American National Standards (see 6.3.2 and 6.3.4), each main word in the title of a standard shall be capitalized. This holds true tor the title as it appears on the cover, the title Page and the first page of main text. NOTE ~ If first and second tiers of title are combined as described in 4.9.1.1, the trealment of the title as described in 4.4,2.9 shall apply. See Chapter 2, page 13 for a sample of the title ‘on the first page of text. 4.12.2.12 Normative references ~ Style ‘American National Standards, other standards, ‘and publications shall be listed alpha numeri- cally. However, American National Standards are listed within the Normative references clause first, before publications in the other two categories. Designation numbers of American National Standards and other standards contain the year only in the Normative references clause orinthe Bibliography annex (¢.9., ANSI X3.182- 1990 of ISO 7234:1990). Cross-references to 19Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 other standards within the main text or within the annexes also do not contain the year (e.9., ANSI X3.182 or ISO 7234), unless they appear before the normative references clause. Titles of the cross-referenced standards are set in 10/12 Helvetica italics in both the Nor- mative references clause and the Bibliography annex. Only the first letter of the first word of the main title or subtitle is capitalized. How- ever, publications/books listed in References retain their original capitalization. An em-dash shall be used to separate the tiers of a refer- enced title (see 6.2.2). Future revisions shall not be referenced, Following is a description of the proper style for each type of reference: = American National Standards: These referenced standards shall be listed alpha- numerically by designation, including the year and the full title; - Other standards: Technical contacts shall provide the full title of the document; its designation; and date of the issue. The name and address of the organization issu- ing the standard shall be provided in a foot- note. Future editions shall not be refer- enced; = Articles in journals: The following items shall be included in order: a) last name of author, followed by first and middle names or initials; b) title of article; ) title of journal in full (no abbreviation); 4) volume number; e) issue number; 1) first and last pages of article; 9). date of publication An example follows: Dunlap, Connie R. Cataloging in publication. Library Journal 99(18): 2573-2578;1974 October 15. NOTE As an alternative, the date of publication may follow the title of the journal. - Books: The following items shall be cluded in order: a) last name of author, followed by first and middle names or initials; 20 b) title of book; ©) title of publication ~ City; 4d) name of publisher e) year of publication; 1) number of pages (optional). ‘An example follows: Hellbrun, James. Ur- ban economics and public policy. New York: St. Martin's Press; 1974. 380 p. ‘See Chapter 2, page 13 for a sample of norma- tive references listings. 4.12.2.13 Definitions ~ Style In the definitions clause, each definition shall be treated as a subclause. The terms being defined shall serve as the titles of those subclauses. Unlike other subclause titles, however, the terms do not “float,” but are run into the text of the definition and are separated fromthe text by a colon. Both the term and the colon shall be set in boldface. Terms shall be arranged in alphabetical or technical order and shall not be capitalized unless, as in proper names, capitalization is mandatory (see 6.3.1) See Chapter 2, page 14 for a sample of the definitions clause. 4.13 Tables 4.13.1 Tables — Content 4.13.1.1. General Tables provide a clear and concise way of presenting large amounts of data in a small space. A simple table often provides informa- tion that would require several expository paragraphs and can do so with much greater larity. 4.13.1.2. Identification (table titles) The technical contact shall give tables, with the exception of informal tables (see 4.13.1.3), atitle, which shall consist of a number and a caption. Table titles shall be set in the form “Table X— Table title” (X is the table number, “Table title” is the table caption). Arabic numerals shallbe used to number tables and they shall be numbered in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text.Tables shall be cited in the text in the form “table X" (see 6.3.3) 4.13.1.3 Informal tables Organize simple tabulations that do not ex- ceed four or five lines in depth into informal tables. Informal tables shall be sot to fit in the width of a single column. No table number or caption is required. (See 4.13.2.7.) 4.13.1.4 Use of notes and footnotes in tables The technical contact may use both notes and footnotes to elaborate on, or further clarify, data found in tables. Notes shall be used in tables to communicate information that applies to the entire table; they are general comments. Footnotes are used to clarify a specific piece of data within the table (see 4.13.2.10) 4.13.2 Tables - Style See Chapter 2, pages 17, 18, and 19-26 for samples of tables. 4.13.2.1 Type specifications, alignment, and spacing ‘The text of tables shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica medium. All data shall be centered within each column, while still adhering to the numeral- alignment specifications detailed in 4.13.2.8.5. NOTE - Tables (cithor portrait or landscape, soo 4.13.2:2) that cannot fit within the standard's page dimensions (8-1/2 x 11 Inches) may be set in 9/9.5 Helvetica medium Additional spacing between lines of data in a table (up to 18 points base-to-base) may be added if it is needed for readability. Spacing may also used to delineate sections of data within the table. 4.13.2.2 Orientation Tables shall have a vertical (portrait) orienta- tion and shall be contained within the margins of the page (maximum width of 39 picas and maximum length equivalent to 54 lines of 10/12 type). Tables that contain many col- umns may be turned sideways on a page (landscape orientation) so that the table has a maximum width equivalent to 54 lines of 10/12 type and a maximum length of 39 picas. 4.13.2.3 Use of rules A 1-point (thickness) box shall outline the Perimeter of the table, excluding the title. ‘Style Manual &th Edition Chapter 1 Columns of tables shall be separated by 1- point vertical rules. When columns are made up of several subcolumns that contain related information, 1-point vertical rules shall be used to separate the main columns, and 0.5-point rules shall be used to separate the subcolumns. further subcolumn divisions used, the deep- est subcolumn rule(s) shall be 0.5 points and all other subcolumn rules shall be 1 point. Horizontal rules shall always be 1 point and shall be used between columns heads and the body of the table and between the body of the table and the notes, if any. If subcolumns are used, a horizontal rule shall define the width of group of subcolumns and be placed above those subcolumns. Notes shall be kept within the box of the overall table. NOTE ~ Horizontal rules shall occasionally be Used to block off unified groups of data within the columns or subcolumn of a table. These rules shall be placed above and below each group within the table. There shall be a minimum of 1 pica of space between all data, either numerical or textual, and the closest rule. 4.13.2.4 Column heads Allcolumn heads shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica bold and shall be both centered on the column and bottom aligned within the box con! the heading. The bottom line of a column head should be aligned with the bottom lines of corresponding heads in other columns. The unit measurements for each column, if necessary, shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica medium. Unit measurements should be appro- priately abbreviated (in, mm, 9g, etc.) and should not be surrounded by parentheses. Only the first letter of the first word in a head- ing, column heading, or column subheading shall be capitalized. In line headings and subheadings, only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns and adjectives shall be capitalized. Periods shall be omitted at the ends of lines. (See 6.3.2.) 4.13.2.5 Table titles The table title (both the table number and the caption) shall be set on the same line in 10/12 Helvetica bold. The table number ("Table X") and the table caption shall be separated by an en-dash, and centered on the width of the 24Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 table. There shall be a space placed on either side of the en-dash. Table titles shall be placed outside the table box; a 1-pica space shall be placed between the baseline of the last line of the table title and the top of the table perimeter box. Only the first letter of the first word in a table title or the first word in each table subtitle (separated by en-dashes) shall be capitalized (see 6.3). If a table title is longer than the width of the table, the title shall be wrapped to the next line and centered. In this instance, the two lines of the table title should be divided so that the they are as even in length as possible. When a note is referenced in a table title (see 4.13.2.10), the reference shall be set in paren- thesis in 10/12 Helvetica medium and shall follow the title. When a footnote is referenced in a table title (see 4.13.2.10), the footnote number and a closing parenthesis shall appear as a super- script (see 5.4.3) and may be placed as needed in the title, 4.13.2.6 Continued tables The treatment of tables that continue for more than one page is described in 4.13.2.6.1 and 4.13.2.6.2. 4.13.2.6.1 Each part of a portrait table that continues for more than one page shall be boxed separately. Outside the lower right corner of the box onthe first page (and all subsequent pages except the last), the term “continued” shall be set 10/12 Helvetica italic and enclosed in paren- thesis. The baseline of this notice shall be 18 points below the bottom of the box and shall be flush right against the right extreme of the box perimeter. The table titles on the second and subsequent pages shall be inthe form “Table X(continued)", with X signifying the table number and the term “continued” set in 10/12 Helvetica italic and enclosed in parenthesis. On the final page of the table, the term “continued” shall be replaced by the term “concluded” in the same type size and style. The column heads shall be repeated on each page of a continued vertical table. Portrait 22 4.13.2.6.2 Landscape When a landscape table must continue for more than one page, it shall be spread across two facing pages, with the table title on the left- hand page. The bottom rule on the left-hand page and the top rule on the right-hand page shall be removed. This allows the reader to open the book sideways and read the entire table across two landscape pages, with the left-hand page above the right-hand page. Outside the lower right comer of the box on the right-hand page (and all subsequent right-hand pages except the last), the term “continued” shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica italic and en- closed in parenthesis. The baseline of this notice shall be placed 18 points below the bottom of the box and shall be flush right against the right extreme of the perimeter. The table titles on the second left-hand page and subsequent left-hand pages shall be inthe form “Table X (continued)”, with X signifying the table number and the term “continued” set in 10/12 Helvetica italic and enclosed in paren- thesis. On the final page of the table, the term “continued” shall be replaced by the term “concluded” in the same type size and style. 4.13.2.7 Informal tables ‘The data in these tables shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica medium. No boxes or boldface col- uma titles shall be used, but rules and straddle tules may be used to separate the column heads from the data. The rules shall be as wide as the widest piece of corresponding data. ‘Column headings shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica ‘and shall be centered over corresponding data. ‘There shall be at least 18 points base-to-base between the last line of the headings and the first line of the data. As is the case with regular tables, type may be set in 9/9.5 Helvetica in order to fit data within column. ‘A example of an informal table is shown in Chapter 2 on page 14. 4.13.2.8 Table data format 4.13.2.8.1 Units of measure The technical contact shall provide units of measure, either in the caption,inthe column headings, orina note. The same units of measure shall be used throughout each column. Units with different orders of magnitude shall not be combined (do not com- bine ohms with megohms, feet with inches, seconds with minutes, etc.). (See 6.6.) 4.13.2.8.2 symbols, Abbreviations and letter symbols shall be used in column and line headings and in the body of the table wherever possible. (See 6.5.) Abbreviations and letter 4.13.2.8.3 Numeric format Decimal indications shall be used in tabula- tions unless common fractions are normally used in the industry. Do not combine common fractions and decimal numbers in the same table. To facilitate the reading of numbers in tables, and when counting from the decimal point to- ward the left, digits shall be separated into groups of three. The groups should be sepa- rated by a space, not by a comma, a point, or any other means. It is not necessary to add a space to numbers containing only four digits, unless there are numbers of more than four digits in the same column. If the magnitude of the number is less than unity, the decimal sign should be preceded by a zero (e.g., 0.15, not .15). No space should separate digits placed to the right of the deci- mal sign. (See also 6.4.) 4.13.2.8.4 Numoric accuracy A uniform degree of accuracy (that is, the same number of decimal places) should be maintained throughout each column, but only as many significant digits should be used as the precision of the data justifies. 4.13.2.8.5 Numeric alignment All numbers shall be aligned on the decimal point, even when they are surrounded by pa- renthesis or if followed by a footnote. A ‘column of numbers with no decimal points shall be right aligned. Fractions shall be left aligned. With mixed fractions, the whole num- ber portion shall be right aligned and the frac- tion portion (including the separating hyphen) shall be lett aligned. (See also 4.13.2.8.3.) Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 4.13.2.9 Missing data An em-dash shall be usedto indicate that there are no data for a particular cell. The em-dash shall be centered within the column. 4.13.2.10 Notes and footnotes in tables Notes and footnotes shall be presented at the end of the table, enclosed by an extension of the perimeter box. Notes shall be set before footnotes. All note and footnotes shall be set in 9/9.5 Helvetica medium. There shall be 24-point base-to-base spacing between the end of any notes and the start of footnotes. If there are no notes, 18 points of space shall be placed between the horizontal rule separating the data from the footnotes and the start of the footnotes. 4.13.2.10.1 Notes In tables Single notes shall be presented in the form: NOTE - Text of note (A space shalll be inserted on each side of the en-dash.) Multipie notes shall be presented in the form: NOTES 1 Text of note 1 2 Text of note 2 The horizontal distance between the note number and start of the note shall be 1 pica. There shall be 18 points of space placed be- tween the horizontal rule separating the data from the notes and the baseline of the first line of a single note or the baseline of the heading “Notes” if there are multiple notes. When setting multiple notes, an additional 18 points of base-to-base spacing shall be inserted between the baseline of the heading “Notes” and the baseline of the first line of the notes. Spacing between multiple notes shall be 1 pica base-to-base. The width of the notes shall be determined by the width of the table, but a 1-pica gutter shall be placed on all sides of the perimeter of the notes (and footnotes) (the left, right, top, and bottom margins are all 1 pica). If a note runs longer than the table width, the text of that note shall wrap all the way back to the left margin and shall be fil-justified to the margins. 23‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 4.13.2.10.2 Footnotes in tables Footnotes in tables shall be numbered con- seoutively and independently from any foot- note sequence in the main text. The first footnote number shall be placed on the line closest to the top of the table and the subse- quent footnote numbers shall follow in order as. the reader reads down the table columns. Superscript footnote numbers, both as a ref- erence in the table and with the footnote, shall be set with a closing parenthesis (i.e. ",”), etc.) (See also 5.4.) It the possibility occurs that the reader might confuse the footnote numbers in the table with those in the text, the footnote numbers in the table shall be replaced by asterisks (i.e. etc.). The width of the footnotes is determined by the width of the table, but there shall be a 1-pica gutter placed on all sides of the footnotes (and notes) perimeter (left, right, top and bottom margins are all 1 pica). If a footnote runs longer than one table width, the text of the that footnote shall wrap all the way back to the left margin and shall be fill-justified to the margins. 4.14 Figures 4.14.1 Figures - Content 4.14.1.1 General The technical contact shall prepare drawings, charts, and graphs in accordance with Amer can National Standards on drafting, abbrevia- tions, letter and graphic symbols, charts, and graphs (see clause 10, Reference and source material) orin accordance with the International Standards listed 10.2. Any photographs that are to be used inthe standard must be supplied by the technical contact. 4,14.1.2 Identification (figure titles) The technical contact shall give figures a tit which shall consist of a number and a caption. Figure titles shall be set in the form “Figure X = Figure title” (X is the figure number, “Figure title” is the figure caption). Arabic numerals shall be used to number fig- ures and they shall be numbered in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text. Figures shall be cited in the text in the form “figure X" (see 6.3.3). 24 NOTE - A figure may be referenced in the text ‘out of numerical order when it is essential for ‘compatison with a figure which appears earlier in the standard. However, the figure shall be refer- fenced in proper numeric order later on in the standard 4.14.1. Use of notes in figures ‘The technical contact may use notes in figures to elaborate on or further clarity data or draw- ings that are part of a figure. These notes shall be either general in nature, applying to the entire figure, or specific in nature, applying to a specific part of the figure. Footnotes shall not be used with figures. Specific notes are cross-referenced in the fig- ure; general notes are not. 4.14.2 Figures - Style See Chapter 2, page 17 for a sample of a figure. 4.14.2.1 Figure titles The figure title (both the figure number and the caption) shall be set on the same line in 10/12 Helvetica bold, with only the first letter of the first word of the title or subtitle capitalized (see 6.3). The figure number (“Figure X") and the figure caption shall be separated by an en- dash, and centered on the width of the figure. There shall be a space placed on either side of the en-dash, NOTE - The figure aumber in an Annex is set in the form "Figure Y.X" with Y being the letter of the Annex and X being the figure number. ‘The baseline of the figure title shall be placed 24 points below the horizontal line which de- fines the bottommost edge of the figure. If a figure title is longer than the width of the figure, the title shall be wrapped to the next line and centered. in this instance, the two lines of the figure title should be divided so that the they are as even in length as possible. When a figure contains two or more parts, each part shall be given a figure subtitle set in the form *(x) Subtitle,” with x being a consecutive lowercase letter (a, b, ¢, etc.). This subtitle shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica bold italic. fa multi-part figure continues for more than one page, each additional page shall contain a continued main figure title, set in the form “Figure X (continued)" or “Figure X (concluded)* for the last page of a multi-part figure. “FigureX shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica bold and the terms “continued” and “concluded” shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica italic and enclosed in pa- renthesis. Mt notes are included with the figure (see 4.14.2.3), the baseline of the figure title shall be placed 24 points below the baseline of the last line of the notes. When a note is referenced in a figure title, the reference shall be set in parenthesis in 10/12 Helvetica medium and shall follow the caption. 4.14.2.2 Callouts In figures Figure callouts shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica medium, capitalizing only the first letter of the first word of the callout (see 6.3.2). 4.14.2.3 Figure notes Figures notes shall be set in 9/9.5 Helvetica medium. The heading “Notes” and the notes shall be set flush left against a vertical line that defines the leftmost edge of the figure. The baseline of the first line of a single figure note or the baseline of the heading “Notes” (multiple notes) shall be placed 18 points below the horizontal line that defines the bottommost edge of the figure General notes shall always precede specitic notes. The following list describes the various sce- narios involving figure notes: = One general note: No cross reference shall be placed on the figure, and the follow- ing format shall be used: NOTE ~ Text of one general note. = One specific note: “See Note” shall be placed as a cross-reference on the figure. and the following format shall be used: NOTE ~ Text of one specific note, =, Onegeneralandone specific note: “Note 2” shall be placed as a cross-reference on the figure for the specific note, and the fol- lowing format shall be used: NOTES 1. Text of one general note. 2 Text of one specific note. Style Manual 6th Edition Chaptor 1 = Two or more general notes and one spe- citic note: “Note X" shall be placed as a cross-reference on the figure forthe specific Note, and the following format shall be used: NOTES 1 Text of frst general note 2 Text of second general note. X Text of one speeitic note = Two or more general notes and two or more specitic notes: "Note X,” “Note ¥"etc., shall be placed as cross-references on the figure for the specific notes, and the follow- ing format shall be used: NOTES 1 Text of frst general note. 2 Text of second general note. X Text of first specitic note. Y Text of second specitic note. A single short note may be placed directly on the figure. 4.15 Normative and informative annexes 4.15.1 Normative and Informative an- nexes - Content The technical contact shall provide complete text, including figures, if any, of annexes that the committee has approved for publication with the standard. 4.15.1.1 Normative annexes Normative annexes are integral parts of the standard that, for reasons of convenience, shall be placed after all other normative elements. The fact that an annex is normative (as op- posed to informative, see 4.15.1.2) shall be made clear by the way in which itis referred to in the text, by a statement to this effect in the foreword (see 4.9.1.1), and by an indication contained inthe title of the annex (see 4.15. 1.3). 4.15.1.2. Informative annexes Informative annexes give additional informa- tion, and shall be placed after the normative elements of the standard. They shall be pro- vided only for purposes of clarification, illus- tration, and general information in respect to the standard. They shall be within the scope of the project under which the standard was 25Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 developed and promulgated, and they shall not be inconsistent with the standard itself. They shall not contain requirements: mandatory (shall) requirements are rightfully a part of a standard and shall not be placed in an informa- tive annex (see 6.8.1). The fact that an annex is informative (as op- posed to normative, see 4.15.1.1) shall be made clear by the way in which itis referred to in the text, by a statement to this effect in the foreword (see 4.9.1.1), and by an indication contained in the title of the annex (see 4.15.1.3) It a Bibliography annex needs to be created, it is the last annex in the standard. Bibliography annexes are always informative. Anem-dash shall be used to separate the tiers of a refer- enced title (see 6.2.2). 4.15.1.3 Annex titles Each annex title shall contain three elements: = “Annex X" title, with X signifying the letter of the annex; = type of annex title (normative or infor- mative); — content title of annex. 4.15.2 Normative and informative an- nexes ~ Style ‘See Chapter 2, pages 27 and 28 for samples of both normative and informative annexes. 4.15.2.1 General The same specifications for typetace, type style, column width and length, page format- ting, ‘and spacing outlined for main text ele- ments in 4.12 shall apply to both normative and informative annexes. Numbering of clauses, subclauses, tables, and figures in annexes shall be as described in 4.12.1.2.4. The annexes should be separated from the fend of the main text of the standard by begin- ning them on a new page. Each subsequent annex must also begin on a new page. 4.15.2.2 Annex titles The “Annex X* title shall be set in 11/12 Helvetica bold, centered on the 39 pica column and placed flush to the top of the page. The type of annex title (normative or informative) shall be set in parenthesis in 11/12 Helvetica medium and centered below the “Annex X * 26 title. No additional vertical spacing shall be placed between these two elements. The annex title shall be set in 11/12 Helvetica bold, centered on the 39-pica column, and placed 2 picas base-to-base below the type of annex title. The first line of the text of the annex shall be placed 3 picas base-to-base below the annex litle. (See 4.12.1.2.4.) 4.15.2.3. Bibliography annex format The listings found in the bibliography annex shall be set in the same format as the listings found in the normative references clause (see 4,12.2.12). However, the listings in a Bibliog- raphy annex shall always be set in one 39-pica column. 4.16 Index 4.16.1 Index — Content The technical contact should consider includ- ing an index in a standard that is very long or complex. 4.16.2 Index ~ Style The technical contact shall prepare the index in accordance with the recommendations in American National Standard Basic Criteria for Indexes, ANS! 239.4. 5 Special elements 5.1. Mathematical expressions (equations) 5.1.1 General Inpreparing equations, use letter symbols from the applicable American National Standards or International Standards (see clause 10, Refer- ence and source material). Equation terms shall be defined immediately following each equation or in a separate table of symbols. See Chapter 2, page 27 for a sample of math- ematical expressions. 5.1.2 Type specifications and spacing The text of an equation (Arabic numerals and English letters) shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica type. Special symbols shall be set in a 10- point size. All variables shall be set in italic type (see 4.12.2.4.3).The multiplication sign (x) should be used for multiplication operations instead of the letter x or a point (+), and an en-dash (-) should be used instead of hyphen(-) for subtraction signs. A single space should surround all operators. No space shall be placed between a number and the % sign. ‘There shall be 18-point base-to-base spacing placed on either side of an equation that is ‘embedded in text. This spacing shall be mea- sured from the baseline of the equation ele- ment closest to the baseline -of the closest preceding aind following text. There shall also be 18-point base-to-base spacing between the end of the equation and the introductory term *where:", between ‘where:* and the first vari- able definition, and between all subsequent variable definitions. 5.1.3 . Indentation. and division of equa- tions Equations and equation definitions shall be indented-t-em fromthe left margin. Equations that are longer than the width of the column shall be divided in accordance withthe rules described in the University of Chicago’ Manual ‘of Style.” When an equation is divided, the remainder of the equation stiall be indented 1 em for clarity. NOTE ~ Often the occurrence of complex equa- tions or othor technical material will warrant the use of asingle 39-pica column, See 4.12,2.1.1 5.1.4 Equations as parts of sentences When an equation is part of afull sentence, the equation itself and the passage that follows it defining its terms shall be presented as the continuation of that full sentence. The equa- tion shall be followed by a comma (centered vertically on the equation). The introductory term “where” shall be followed by a colon ‘Semi-colons shall follow each of the term: definition lines except the last. The last term- definition line ends with a period. The word “is" shall be used instead of an equals sign be- tween the variable and its definition. When actual values are given {or variables, an equals sign (=) shall be used instead of “is.” 5.1.5 Numbering Ita standard contains several displayed equa- tions, they should be numbered in sequence to facilitate reference. Equation numbers are set Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 in 10/12 Helvetica medium and appear in the following form: *...(equation number).” Num- bers are set right-aligned against the right margin and are vertically centered on the equation. Equations that can fit within the 18-1/2-pica column width shall be indented 1 em. The first line of equations that are wider than 18-1/2 picas and that are not being set in a 39:pica ‘column shall be set flush to the left margin and shall not be indented. However, the remainder of the equation may be blocked or indented for larity. 5.1.6 Presentation of complex fractions While fractions are normally presented in the form X/¥ (see 6.4), the occurrence 6f complex fractions shall warrant the use of a horizontal divisor bar. 5.2 Lists ~ Alk-elements. of a list shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica medium. All notes in.a list shall be Seé Chapter 2, pages 15 and 16 for examples of lists. 5.2.1. Format of introduction to list Lists may be introduced in one of two.ways: = Formal introduction: ‘The phrase just before the list that prepares the reader for the list that follows. ‘It may include such words as “the following,” “as follows,” “for example,” “for instance,” etc: Formal in- troductions always end with a colon; = Introductory phrase: A sentence trag- ment that is completed by the text that makes up the list. Introductory phrases do not take any end punctuation. 5.2.2. Introducing a list member 5.2.2.1 Nonprocedural lists Each member of a list that does not detail a procedure shall be introduced by an en-dash (Q). The en-dash shall be indented 1 em and shall form a new left margin for the text (and any notes) that follow. Optionally, a member of the list may contain a short list of its own. On this second level, the en-dash shall be indented 2 em and shall form a new left margin for the text (and any notes) that follow. 27‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 NOTE - When a technical contact knows that there will be a cross-reference to a listing in a nonprocedural list, the dashos may be replaced by lowercase letters and Arabic numerals, as described in 5.2.2.2. (See also 5.2.4.) 2 Procedural lists 5. When the parts of the list detail an exact order of steps (i.e., steps to be followed in a test procedure), the first level of steps shall be introduced by lowercase letters and the sec- ‘ond level by Arabic numerals. The first level shallbe indented 1 em and shall form anew lett margin for the text (and any notes) that follow; the second level shall be indented 2 em and shall form a new left margin for the text (and any notes) that follow. 5.2.3 Capitalization and punctuation of lists ‘The commonly accepted rules of capitalization and punctuation shall apply to the text con- tained in lists in American National Standards. This means that proper names would retain their initial capital letter, and acronyms would be written in all capital letters, and both could still be considered in accordance with the re- quirements listed in 5.2.3.1-5.2.3.2. NOTE - The end punctuation of @ complete sentence is usually’ a period. Some complete ina list end in a ‘lon only to show tha continuation of the list. Each lovel of a dently with regard lization and punctuation. 5.2.3.1 Lists following a formal Introduc- tlon 5.2.3.1.1 Single words or phrases When a list of words or phrases follows a formal introduction, the first letter of the word or the first letter of the first word of the phrase shall be lowercase, and all members of the list {except the final member) shall be punctuated with a semi-colon. The final member of the list shall be punctuated with a period. 5.2.3.4.2 When single full sentences follow a formal introduction (e.9., a test procedure), the first letter of the first word of each full sentence shall be capitalized. The punctuation shall be as described in 5.2.3.1.1 §.2.3.1.3 More than one full sentence When any or all members of a list are made up of two or more sentences, the first letter of the Single full sentences 28 first word of each sentence shall be capital- ized. The first and subsequent sentences shall be punctuated in accordance with the accepted rules for punctuation. The final sentence ina multi-sentence member of a list shall be punctuated in accordance with 5.2.3.4.1. 5.2.3.1.4 Phrases and full sentences When a phrase in a list is followed by a full sentence, that part of the list shall follow the punctuation rules outlined in 5.2.3.1.3. All otherparts of the list shall follow the punctuation and capitalization requirements described in 5.2.3.1.1. The first letter of the first word of a phrase shall not be capitalized (see 5.2.3.1.1). NOTE - The combination of phrases and full possible. sentences in. The example list in Chapter 2 refer subclause could be improved if th was made into a note to the part of th clarifying, 6.2.3.1.5 Headings used in list members Headings in lists may be used when the tech- nical contact wants to summarize the sen- tences that follow the subtitle. Headings may be either words, phrases, or full sentences, but the format of the headings shall be consistent within the same list. Headings shall be set in italic type (see 4.12.2.4.) and shall be punctuated with an italic colon. The first letter of the first word of each heading shall be capitalized. If the paragraph that follows the heading is short (1-5 sentences), the end punctuation described in 5.2.3.1.1 shall be used for the final sentence. If the paragraph that follows has more than five sentences, regular end punctuation may be used for the final sen- tence, and the reader will rely on the usage of headings to determine the end of the list. Headings shall only be used with formal intro- ductions. 5.2.3.2 phrase 5.2.3.2.1 Single words or phrases When a list of words or phrases follows an introductory phrase, the same requirements for capitalization and punctuation described in 5.2.3.1.1 shall apply. Lists following an introductory5.2.3.2.2 Single full sentences When single full sentences follow an introduc- tory phrase, the first letter of the first word should be lowercase, since each sentence in the list is actually the second half of a com- pound sentence. The punctuation shall be as shown in 5.2.3.1.1 5.2.3.2.3 When any or all members of a list are made up of two or more sentences, the first letter of the first word of the first sentence shall not be capitalized. In subsequent sentences, the first letter of the first word is capitalized. More than one full sentence The punctuation of the first and subsequent sentences shall be in accordance with the accepted rules for punctuation. The final sen- tence in a multi-sentence member of alist shall be punctuated in accordance with 5.2.3.1.1. 5.2.3. When a phrase in a list is followed by a full sentence, that part of the list shall follow the punctuation rules outlined in 5.2.3.2.3. All other parts of the list shall follow the punctuation and capitalization requirements described in 5.2.3.1.1. NOTE - As mentioned in §.2.3.1.4, the combina. tion of phrases and full sentences in a list should be avoided, if possible. 4 References to lists 4 Phrases and full sentences 5. When a reference is made to a single listing in a list that does not detail a procedure (see 5.2.2.1), the reference shall be made to the clause or subclause containing the list. NOTE~Itareferencetojusta clause or subclause would be too confusing to reader and the tech teal contact wishes to make a reference to a particular listing in a list that does not detail a procedure, lowercase letters and Arabic numerals May be used.to delineate listings in that list as, described in 5.2.2.2. When a reference is made to a single listing in alist that details a procedure (see 5.2.2.2), the reference shall be made to both the clause or subclause containing the list and the letter or Arabic numeral delineating the referenced list- ing (@.g., “see 4.2.4.5(b)”) 5.3. Notes See Chapter 2, page 14 for a sample of a note. ‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 5.3.1 Explanatory statements may be used in the text for emphasis or for offering informative suggestions. Such statements shall be set apart from the text and shall be designated as notes. General ‘Anote in the text or following a table or figure is an official part of the approved standard (notes in text may contain requirements) and should follow the clause, subclause, paragraph, table, or figure to which it belongs. 5.3.2 Type specifications, margin treat- ment All notes shall be set in 9/9.5 Helvetica me- dium. The form of single and multiple notes in text shall be the same as that described in 4.13,2.10.1. The left margin of all notes in text shall be indented 1 em from the margin of the surrounding text. When notes are introduced in a list, the left margin of the note shall be aligned with the margin created by the part of the list that the note is explaining. 5.3.3 References to notes References to notes within the main text may be presented in two possible formats: = Format 1, added to end of sentence: When the reference to a note is added at the end of the sentence, it shall have the format *...(see note 1)."; - Format 2, asa separate sentence: When the reference is presented as a separate sentence, it shall have the format “end of sentence. (See note 1.)." Format 1 shall be used when the note refers to a concept presented within the preceding sen- tence. Format 2 shall be used when the refer- ence is more general, applying to the entire paragraph, for example. 5.4 Footnotes See Chapter 2, pages 14 and 28 for samples of footnotes, 5.41 Usage Footnotes may be used in a standard only for purposes of clarification, illustration, and gen- eral information in respect to the standard. Mandatory (shall) requirements are rightfully a part of a standard and shall not be placed in a footnote (see 6.8.1). 29‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 5.4.2 Numbering Footnotes to the text shall be numbered con- secutively, beginning with the first page of the text of the standard (including title page and front matter) and continuing through the an- nexes, if any. If the same footnote occurs frequently throughout the text, the number of the first reference to it shall be retained. Footnotes used in tables shall be numbered consecutively within the table (see 4.13.2.10.1). 5.4.3 Type specifications Footnotes are set in 9/9.5 Helvetica medium. Superscript footnote numbers, both as the ref- erence in the text and with the footnote, shall be setwith a closing parenthesis (i.e.,",®, etc.) Superscript footnote references, both in the text and at the footnote, must be large enough to be legible. Legibility is compromised par- ticularly when superscripts are associated with type smaller than 10/12 (in notes, for example) or if superscripts are set in boldface (headings, column heads in tables, etc.). To ensure leg- ity, the footnote superscript should be set in a type size that is approximately 75% of the type size of the surrounding text. 5.4.4 Width of footnotes Footnotes shall always be set across the full 39-pica width of the page and fill-ustitied, even when the text above it is in the two- column format 5.4.5 Footnote rule ‘A 0.5-point rule that is 3 picas long shall be placed above a footnote or groups of footnotes in order to separate the footnote(s) from the main text. This rule shall be placed so that its left edge is flush against the lott margin. There shall be a 1-pica vertical distance between the tule and the baseline of the first line of the footnote(s). 5.5 Subscripts and superscripts The legibility of superscripts and subscripts shall be maintained at all times. Legibility is ‘compromised particularly when superscripts are associated with type smaller than 10/12 (in notes, for example) or it superscripts are set in boldface (headings, column heads in tables, etc.). To ensure legibility, the superscript or subscript should be set in a type size that is 30 approximately 75% of the type size of the surrounding text. When superscripts and subscripts appear in main text, leading may be increased to ensure that the superscript or subscript character does not touch the ascenders or descenders of pre- ceding or following lines of text. Symbols or letters having subscripts which themselves bear subscripts shall be avoided, if at all possible. For information on use of subscripts with abbreviations, see 6.5. 6 General content and style 6.1 Spelling The technical contact should use Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language (Unabridged) as the guide to correct spelling. The form listed first shall be the preferred one in most cases. If an American National Standard exists on the subject, how- ever, the spelling presented in the standard takes precedence over Webster's. ‘American spelling shall generally be preferred ‘over European spelling. However, if an Ameri- can National Standard is based on an existing International Standard or CCITT Recommen- dation or is designed to be consistent with such a document, European spelling may be accepted. The need for this specialized spelling should be evaluated by both ANSI's editor and the technical contact, See 2.2.3 for details on the use of computer spelling utilities. 6.2. Hyphenation 6.2.1 Usage Words that cannot be completed at the end of a line shall be hyphenated at an appropriate syllabic break, with the remainder of the word continuing on the next line. Hyphenation is an important editorial tool, as text in an American National Standard is both left- and right-(fil-) justified. In general, how- ‘ever, hyphenation should be used sparingly, and should be avoided unless its omission will mislead the reader or slow comprehension of the text. No more than three consecutive lines should be hyphenated.The technical contact should consult Webster's ‘New International Dictionary on the question of whether a compound should be hyphenated or presented as one or two words. Permanent compounds, those that have been accepted into the general vocabulary, can usually be found in the dictionary. For temporary com- Pounds (the joining of words for a specific context) ANSi’s editor or the technical contact must make the determination. Multiple words joined by hyphens may be used as an adjective to define a noun, if necessary, but no more than three words shall be joined. 6.2.2. General hyphen and dash usage ‘Three types of hyphens and dashes are used in American National Standards: a regular hyphen (-), an en-dash (-), and an em-dash (—). The proper usage of these three ele- ments shall be as follows: = Aregular hyphen: Aregular hyphen shall be used to. hyphenate words and to join nouns to create an adjective (e.g., metal- bending device, as opposed to metal bend- ing device); - An en-dash: An en-dash shall be used to = distinguish listings within a list (see 5.2); = signify a range (i.e., the range is 7 picas); = separate the term NOTE from the text of the note (see 5.3); = _ separate an introductory warning term from the warning (see 4.12.2.4.3); = denote a relationship between two words (e.g., user-network interface). = Anem-dash: An em-dash shall be used to ~__ separate tiers in the standard title, as set on the cover (see 4.3.2.1), title page (see 4.4.2.2), and first page of text (see 4.12.2.11) and as set in the normative references clause (see 4.12.2.12) andthe bibliography annex (see 4.15.1.2) = signify missing data in a table; ‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 = __ separate the number and caption in a table title (see 4.13.1.2) or a figure title (see 4.14.1.2). NOTE - An em-dash may also be used to replace comma in a sentence. In all cases, a space shall be placed on either side of both an en-dash and an em-dash. 6.3 Capitalization 6.3.1 General The Chicago Manual of Style, used by ANS!'s Publications Department as a guide to capitali- zation, points out that the current trend is toward more conservative use of capitals. Certainly, overuse and departure from con- ventional rules can reduce readability and may obscure meaning, A technical contact may wish to capitalize a term or terms that are normally lowercased for a number of reasons, to highlight the technical usage of common terms, for example. Such cases should be evaluated individually by both the technical contact and ANSI's editor. ‘Trademarks, personal nouns, and abbrevia- tions or acronyms that are normally capitalized shall not be reduced to lowercase. The technical contact should follow the style described in 6.3.2 to 6.3.4 for capitalization of standards elements. The treatment of these elements is also covered in individual style subclauses. 6.3.2 Heads, table titles, table elements, figure titles, and figure callouts Only the first letter of the first word of these elements shall be capitalized. If subtitles are included (separated by an em-dash, see 6.2.2), the first word of each subtitle is capitalized. 6.3.3 Cross-references The terms clause, table, annex, and figure, shall not be capitalized in cross-references. 6.3.4 Referenced publications Titles of the cross-referenced standards shall be set in 10/12 Helvetica italics in both the Normative references clause and the Bibliog- taphy annex. Only the first letter of the first word of the main title or subtitle shall be ca talized. Publications or books listed in reter- ences shall retain original capitalization. 34‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 6.4 Numbers 6.4.1 General usage Arabic numerals shall be used for all units of measure, time, and physical quantity. Within general text, isolated numbers of less than one hundred shall be written out. Numbers appli cable to the same category should be treated alike throughout a paragraph; do not use figures for some and spell out others. If the largest number in a paragraph contains three or more digits, figures shall be used for all. No sentence shall begin with an Arabic nu- meral. Equivalent values in different units shall be set in parentheses alongside primary unit data. Fractions shall be set in the format “numerator/ denominator” (e.g., 3/4) and mixed fractions shall be set in the format “whole number-nu- merator/denominator” (¢.9., 3-3/4). 6.4.2 Use of a decimal point Ina mixed decimal number, a decimal point shall be used to separate the whole number portion from the decimal portion. 6.4.3 Separation of numbers To facilitate the reading of numbers, and when counting from the decimal point toward the left, digits shall be separated into groups of three. The groups should be separated by a space, not by a comma, a point, or any other means Itis not necessary to add a space to numbers containing only four digits. It the magnitude of the number is less than unity, the decimal sign should be preceded by a zero (e.g., 0.15, not .15). No space should separate digits placedto the right of the decimal sign. Examples: 73722 123372 4756 NOTE — The treatment of number separation in tables is slightly different. See 4.13.2.8.3. 0.1334 6.4.4 Tolerances If tolerances are provided, the technical con- tact shall give the unit with both the basic value and the tolerance (for example, 10 inches + 1 inch, not 10+ 1 inch.) There should be a space ‘on both sides of the plus/minus (+) symbol. 32 There shall be no space between the operator and the tolerance when the primary dimension not used (e.g., “There shall be a space of +3 inches between the electrodes.”). If the plus and minus tolerances are not the same, the tolerance shail be set as follows: 10 inches + 3 inches, -1 inch when used in text (see Note 1), or 43iin tin when used in figures (see Note 2) NOTES 1 In toxt, letter symbols for physical quantities may be Used by the technical contact, but shall bbe used consistently. 10 in 2 In figures, dimensions and tolerances may also be written on one line, if space allows. 6.5 Abbreviations 6.5.1 Usage Technical abbreviations shall only be used where necessary to save time and space and only where their meaning is unquestionably clear to the intended reader. Abbreviations and their corresponding full terms or words should be defined in the definitions clause (see 4.12.1.8) or in a separate clause. Subscripts should not be used either in or with abbreviations. Variables, however, may be differentiated by subscripts. (See 5.5.) Vari- ables shall be set in italic type to distinguish them from abbreviations (see 4.12.2.4.3) Abbreviations should conform to American National Standard Abbreviations for Use on Drawings and in Text, ANSVASME Y1.1. For unit terms, letter symbols shall be preferred to abbreviations (see 6.6) 6.5.2 Presentation Periods shall be placed after all abbreviations in common usage (i.¢., Mr., Jr., etc., Inc., Alt.). Accepted usage in the field shall determine whether uppercase or lowercase letters are used for abbreviations in text and titles. 6.6 Letter symbols for units 6.6.1 Usage Letter symbols shall be preferred to abbrevia- tions for expressing the units in which quanti-ties are measured. The reason for this is that a letter symbol represents a quantity or unit (not its name) and is, therefore, universal and independent of language. Abbreviations, on the other hand, are conventional representa- ns of words or names in a particular lan- guage and may be different in different lan- guages. The symbol for electromotive force, for example, is E. The abbreviation for elec: tromotive force, however, is emf in English, fem in french, and EMK in German,?) 6.6.2 Form Unit symbols shall be written in lowercase letters, except for those derived from a proper name and a few that are not formed from letters. The distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters should be adhered to. Unit symbols shall be set in non-italic type. Their form shall be the same for both singular and plural, and they shall not be followed by a period. Both single and multiple letter symbols may be referenced in text 6.7 Letter symbols for physical quantities The same letter symbol should be used throughout a standard to indicate the same physical quantity, regardless of the units em- ployed or of the special values assigned. ‘American National Standards for letter sym- bols in particular fields should be used, if they have been established, 6.8 Special word usage 6.8.1. “Shall” and “should” The word “shall” shall be understood as denot- ing a mandatory requirement. “Shall” shall be used wherever the criterion tor conformance with the specific recommendation requires that there be no deviation. Its use shall not be avoided on the grounds that compliance with the standard is considered voluntary. “Shall” shall not be used in any foreword, informative annex, of footnote. The word “should” shall denote a recommen- dation. “Should” shall to be used wherever noncompliance with the specific recommenda- ion is permissible. “Should” shall not be sub- stituted for “shall” on the grounds that compli- Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 ance with the standard is considered volun- tary. NOTE - The uso of “should” or “shall” shall have ‘no bearing on the voluntary nature of American National standards. Inclusion of or reference to an American National Standard in a document, standard, or contract by a company, agency, of regulatory body is a voluntary aci. When a standard is s0 cited, the standard shall become requirement within the limitations set forth by the document, standard, or contract. 6.8.2 “And/or” The term “and/or* shall be avoided and, wher- ever possible, the statement shall be rewritten to clarify the meaning. For example: Heel pads or sock linings, or both; not, heel pads and/or sock linings Nuts, or screws, or bolts, or a combina- tion thereof; not, nuts, screws, and/or bolts 6.8.3 “That” and “which” “That” is a defining, or restrictive pronoun. “Which” is a nondetining, or nonrestrictive pro- noun. For example: “The lawn mower that is in the garage is broken.” (Tells which one.) “The lawn mower, which is broken, is in the garage.” (Adds a fact about the only mower in question.) 6.8.4 Nouns and adjectives Nouns may be used as adjectives, provided these adjectives are no longer than three words (see 6.2.1) 6.8.5 Nontechnical expressions Nontechnical expressions should be used wherever possible. if unusual terms are used, they should be defined. 6.9 Metric and customary units It a standard includes dimensions and quanti- ties, they should be given in SI units as well as other appropriate units, where practicable. If both types of units are used, the technical contact should determine the order in which they are to be presented. Consult American National Standard Metric Practice, ANSI/EEE 268, for guidance in us- ing SI units and in converting from U.S. cus- tomary units. 2) Excerpted from American National Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement, ANSVIEEE 260- 1978, 33‘Style Manval 6th Editon Chapter 1 7 Special ANSI policies 7.1 Patented items Although there is no objection in principle to developing an American National Standard that calls for the use of a patented item, this prac- tice should be avoided if practicable. Where it is considered necessary for technical reasons to include a patented item, the technical con- tact should follow the procedures Annex | of the American National Standards Institute Procedures for the Development and Coordination of American National Standards, approved September 9, 1987. 7.2. Commercial equipment References to commercial equipment in a standard shall be generic and shall not include trademarks or other proprietary designations. Where a sole source exists for essential equip- ment or materials, it is permissible to supply the name and address of the source in a foot- note, so long as the words “or the equivalent” are added to the reference. 7.3 Effective dates ‘American National Standards are promulgated through ANSI for voluntary use. However, users, distributors, regulatory bodies, certifi cation agencies, manufacturers, and others concerned may apply American National Stan- dards as mandatory requirements in commerce and industry. Such applications may require the establishment of effective dates for the provisions of the standard. Effective dates shall not be part of the stan- dard approved by ANSI. Such dates may be included in published American National Stan- dards only when authorized by the technical contact and only if itis clearly shown that they are not part of the standard. Effective dates may appear on the cover of the publication, in the foreword, as footnotes, or in parentheses following a provision to which such a date applies. When an effective date appears in any portion, of a published American National Standard (or in a proposed American National Standard), the following statement or its equivalent shall be included: The effective date is established by the standards-developing organization and 34 not by the American National Standards Institute, 7.4 Copyrighted material of other organi- zations I an SDO proposes to incorporate in a stan- dard, verbatim, material from the copyrighted publication of ‘another organization, it shall obtain written permission from the publisher for ANSI to reprint the material in the published ‘American National Standard. The letter grant- ing permission shall be forwarded directly to ANSI's Publications Department. 7.5 Synchronization and adoption of ex- isting ISO/IEC Standards as an American National Standard A “synchronized” standard is a text simulta- neously being developed and processed as an International Standard and as an American National Standard. ‘The text published as the American National Standard shall be the international text. When an existing ISO/IEC standard is adopted as an American National Standard, the text used as the American National Standard shall also be the international text. In both cases, the text may not be altered in any way. However, the following non-normative material may be added: running heads; domestic toreword; ' title page; informative annexes. 8 Preparation of camera-ready pages 8.1. Summary The final stage of the preparation of an Ameri- can National Standard is the creation of pre- press or camera-ready pages. These pages constitute the final layout of all document ele- ments and will be used as camera-ready art the printing of the final published standard. There are three basic steps in the creation of camera-ready pages. These steps are de- tailed in 8.2 to 8.4 and are summarized below: a) placement of tables and figures relative to text;b) final layout of text elements; ©) pagination. The goal of this stage of the publication pro- cess is to create a final published document that is as visually consistent within itself as possible. 8.2 Placement of tables and figures rela- tive to text Before final formatting can be completed on the main text, a decision must be made regard- ing the positioning of tables and figures (if any) ‘elative to the text. There are two options: = _ tointersperse these elements where ref- erenced; = {0 place them following main text (pre- ceding any annex(es)). Tables are most often interspersed within the main text, although a series of numerous or complex tables may follow the main text (see 8.2.2). Figures may be interspersed or may follow the main text, depending on their quan- tity and complexity. Tables and figures do not have to be treated the same with regardto placement; figures can be placed after the main text and tables can be interspersed, or vice-versa. However, all fig- ures shall be treated the same with regard to Placement and all tables shall be treated the same with regard to placement. 8.2.1 8.244 When tables or figures are interspersed with the main text, they shall be placed at the top or bottom of the page or column on which they are referenced in the text and only at the first reference. The interspersed table or figure shall be flush with the top or bottom margin of the page. i many tables or figures are referenced in one Portion of the text or if the table or figure wil fill an entire page (before or after a reduction), these figures and tables may appear on the Pages that follow their reference. Any figure or table appearing alone on a page shall be cen- tered both vertically and horizontally on the page. Interspersing General Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 8.2.1.2 Adjustment of columns The length of the columns of text appearing above or below referenced figures and tables depends on the length and width of the figure or table. The length of the columns shall be adjusted to accommodate the length of the figure or table. When there are two 18-1/2 pica columns on a page, a figure or table that is wider than 18-1/2 picas shall affect the length of both columns of text equally. If the figure or table can fit within the dimensions of a single 18-1/2-pica column, then only the length of that particular column of text shall be affected, 8.2.1.3 Spacing The baseline of the main text preceding or following an interspersed table or figure shall be spaced 3 picas from the closest element of the figure or table (the first or last line of a table or the top or bottom of a figure). 8.2.1.4 Figure reductions Oversized figures shall be reduced to fit within a maximum width of 39 picas and a maximum length of 54 lines of 10/12 type (or a maximum width of 54 lines of 10/12 type (approximately 53.67 picas) and a maximum length of 39 picas ona landscape (horizontal) page). The clarity of the figure shall not be lost in the reduction. 8.2.2 Following main text Itthere are more than 10 tables or figures, and placing them within the text would cause the text to be interrupted too frequently, they may allbe placed as a group following the main text and before any Annex(es). If both tables and figures are placed after the main text, tables, shall precede figures. Any figure or table appearing alone on a page shall be centered both vertically and horizon- tally on the page. 8.3. Final layout of text elements 8.3.1 Breaking text The first step in preparing text for final layout of text elements is the proper breaking or separa- tion of text at the top and bottom of text columns, When breaking text into columns, two rules must be followed: = no column shall end with a heading or the first line of a multiple-line paragraph. In 35Style Manual 6th Edition Chapter 1 typesetting language, thi be called a widow; ingle line would — no column shall begin with the last line of a multiple-line paragraph. In typesetting language, this single line would be called an orphan. 8.3.2 Balancing of columns ‘Two side-by-side columns on a given page are said to balance when the baselines of the first, and last lines of text in each column are aligned. Columns must be balanced in an American National Standard throughout the main text of the document, including the text of any annex(es). The single 30-pica columns of the front matter shall be made to “balance” by filling the full 54-line standard column length. NOTE - Columns shall be balanced in two short ‘ened columns in the following instances: = last page of text; = before the beginning of any annex; = on a page preceding a shift from two-column to t-collmn format (see 4.12.2.1.1); page containing an interspersed figure or ‘The right columa of two shortened columns may bbe set slightly shorter than the left, itnecessary. As stated in 4.12.2.1.2, 54 lines of uninter- rupted 10/12 text will precisely fill one column in an American National Standard. Because of the additional spacing requirements between paragraphs and before and after headings (see 4.12.2.9), and because of restrictions about how text can be broken (see 8.3.1), however, columns of text will rarely balance without making certain adjustments. The acceptable methods used to balance columns are defined in 8.3.2.1 through 8.3.2.3, While these methods can be used both indi- vidually and together to balance columns, they should be applied as uniformly as possible. An effort should be made to avoid disturbing the visual continuity of the text. 8.3.2.1. “Opening up” space It a given column of text falls short of the proper column length, the base-to-base spac- ing specified in 4.12.2.9 may be expanded or “opened up” in certain circumstances to lengthen the column. Specified base-to-base spacing shall never be decreased, however, to 36 achieve balanced columns. There are five acceptable methods of opening up spacing: = Before main heads: The base-to-base spacing above a main heading may be ex- panded up to a maximum of 5 picas base-to- base; = Expanding 18-point base-to-base spac- ing: Spacing may be expandedin the follow- ing places where 18-point base-to-base spacing is the norm. These methods are listed in order of preference: - Before subheads: Spacing may be expanded up to a maximum of 2 picas (24 points) base-to-base. The 18-point base- to-base spacing between a subhead and the text of the corresponding subclause may not be expanded; In between members of a list: Spac- ing may be expanded between members of a list up to a maximum of 2 picas (24 points) base-to-base. This method shall be applied uniformly within a list; = Before deeper-level subheads: ‘Spacing may be expanded up to a maxi- mum of 2 picas (24 points) base-to-base. The 18-point base-to-base spacing be- tween a subhead and the text of the cor- responding subclause may not be ex- panded; NOTE - The spacing between a clause heading land the first subclause heading (specified as 24 points base-to-base) shalll not be expanded. — Above footnotes: The space between the 3-pica rule above any footnote(s) and the baseline of the last lines of text on that page may range between 1 pica and 2 picas; — Title on first page of text: The base-to- base spacing between the last line of the standardtitle on the first page of text andthe first line of text may range between 6 picas (preferred) and 8 picas (maximum); — Distance from figures or tables, place- ‘ment of figures or tables: The distance be- tween an interspersed table or figure and the surrounding text (as described in 8.2.1.3) may be expanded to a maximum of 4 picas base-to-base. Tables and figures placed at the top or bottom of a page (see 8.2.1) may be positioned up to a maximum of 2 picas from the top or bottom margin.Regardless of the method chosen, space should be opened up evenly. if a column containing two main heads needs to be lengthened by two picas, for example, it would be preferable to add 1 pica of space above each of the two main heads as opposed to adding 2 picas of space above only one of the main heads. Inthe same way, it would be preferable to add a slight amount of space above each of a group of Paragraphs than to add the maximum space above only one paragraph. 8.3.2.2 Adding or losing lines Under certain circumstances, the addition or subtraction of a line of text is possible, and this technique (called “turning” a line up or down) can be used to help balance columns. These techniques should be applied as described in 8.3.2.2.1 and 8.3.2.2.2 8.3.2.2.1 Adding a line The last word(s) of a line of text may be forced to the next line. This method should be used only when the last line in a paragraph fills the entire column. As a result of forcing the last word(s) to the next line, the spacing between words on the new next-to-last line will be ex- panded, because fewer words will be stretched across the same column width, 8.3.2.2.2 Losing (subtracting) a line When text in a column is left-justified, a line of text can be eliminated by bringing a word or Part of a word that stands alone at the end of a Paragraph up to the previous line. However, because text in an American National Stan- dard is both right- and left- (fil-) justified, it is virtually impossible to balance columns with this method. In some cases, it may be possible to decrease either the spacing between words or the text kerning on the next to last line of a paragraph, thus allowing the single word or part of a word of the last line to be absorbed into the previous line. 8.3.2.3 Lengthening columns and low: Ing folios Under certain circumstances, increasing the standard length of side-by-side columns will help to achieve balanced columns. While the standard column length is equal to 54 lines of 10/12 text (see 4.12.2.1.2), columns may be ‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 lengthened up to the equivalent of 56 lines of 10/12 text. When a column is lengthened on a given page, the column alongside shall be lengthened by the same amount; columns on any given page must always balance. It is not required, how- ever, that the two pairs of columns on facing Pages be balanced. If the columns are length- ened and balanced on a left-hand page, they need not balance with the two balanced col- umns on a facing right-hand page, and vice versa. When columns are lengthened, the base-to- base spacing between the last line of text and the folio on a given page shalll remain constant, (2 picas, see 4.12.2.1.3). Thus, folios may be lowered to a maximum equivalent of 58 lines of 10/12 text to maintain this constant 2-pica spacing. While pairs of facing columns do not, have to balance, facing folios must always balance. If a pair of columns is lengthened on one page and the corresponding folio is low- ered, the folio on the facing page must be lowered to balance. 8.4 Pagination 8.4.1 General After the processes described in 8.2 and 8.3, have been completed, the final step in the Preparation of camera-ready pages is to a: semble the pages of the document as they will appear in the final published version. This final step involves the determination of a total Page count or “multiple” and the subsequent assignment of folios. 8.4.2 Proper page count or “multipl Total page count shall be measured from the title page (always an odd, right-hand page) to the last page of the standard (always an even, left-hand page). This total page count must always be a whole-number multiple of four, for printing purposes. The length of the table of contents, the foreword and committee lists and the main text are the variables that determine Page count. ‘The proper pagination for a sample standard that has a three-page table of contents, a three-page foreword and committee list, and 12 pages of main text is listed in table 1 37‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 Table 1 - Sample standard pagination Numbers Page name Left orright __Folio(s)_In page count Title page Right No folio a Copyright page Left No folio 2 Table of Contents Begins right i 35 Foreword/Lists Begins left ivi 68 First page of text Right 1 9 12th page of text Left 12 20 While the Arabic folios in this sample standard ‘only go up to 12, the actual page count is 20, which is an acceptable whole-number multiple of four. This sample standard illustrates the required placement of the title page and first page of text, and the preferred placement of the copyright page and first page of the table of contents. 8.4.3 Adjusting page count Frequently the page count does not fall exactly into a multiple of four as shown in table 1. The page count may need to be increased or de- creased to achieve the proper multiple. To accomplish this, pages may either have to be removed or added. Acceptable methods for adjusting page count through the removal and addition of pages are detailed in 8.4.3.1 and 8.4.3.2. Two elements have the following restrictions regarding adjustment: - Title page: The title page shall be the first printed page and shall be a right-hand page. It cannot be moved; First page of text: The first page of text shall be a right-hand page and it shall be Paginated 1. 8.4.3.4 The following methods may be used to de- crease page count by removing pages: - Moving copyright page/shitting front matter: The copyright page may be moved from the back of the title page to the inside front cover. When this is done, the first page of the table of contents shall be shifted to a left-hand page ii. The title page is, in this Removing pages 38 instance, considered page i, but no folio is placed on that page. These two methods shall be implemented together; = Shifting the foreword: If there is a halt page or more of blank space lett at the end of the table of contents, the beginning of the foreword may be shifted to that page, thus potentially eliminating one page. If this technique is used, the vertical spacing be- tween the end of the table of the contents and beginning of the foreword should be a minimum of 7 picas base-to-base; = Series of lengthened columns and dropped folios: Mf a small amount of text remains on the last page of text, columns may be lengthened and folios may be dropped (see 8.3.2.3) on the pages leading Up to the last page so that the small amount of text is absorbed into those previous pages. This method would eliminate one page: = Figures start on last page of text: Ita half page or more of blank space is left on the last page of text, non-interspersed fig- ures may begin on the bottom half of that page. This method can potentially eliminate one page. 8.4.3.2 Adding pages The following methods may be used to in- crease page count by adding pages: a) insert a blank last page (left hand page) (see Chapter 2, page 34); b) insert a blank page before start of the annex(es). Blank pages shall not be assigned running heads or folios.8.4.4 Adding pagination to table of con- tents Alter all pagination has been completed, page numbers should be added appropriately to the table of contents. 9 Preparation of standards in single- page format 9.1. Single page format - Content Manuscripts that are the equivalent of five pages of double-spaced type or less are gen- erally published in a single-page format (see 4.2.1). Standards published in a single-page format do not include a cover, title page, copy- right page, table of contents, or foreword and committee list(s). All other content specifica tions applying to booklet format also apply in single-page format, 9.1 Single page format - Style All style specifications applying to booklet for- mat also apply to single-page format with the exception of the elements detailed in 9.1.1 to 9.1.3. 9.1.1. Front page elements 9.4.4.1 Banner ‘A banner is included on the first page of all single-page format standards. This banner is ‘composed and positioned as shown in Chapter 2, page 29. The title of the standard is inserted between the top and bottom elements of the banner (see 9.1.1.2). 9.4.1.2 Titles While the same 3-tiered title system applies in single-page format (see 4.3.1.1), the presen- tation of single-page format titles varies as shown in Chapter 2, pages 29 and 31. 9.1.1.3 Designations ‘Two copies of the standards designation are positioned on the front page of a standard in single-page format as shown in Chapter 2, page 29. 9.1.1.4 Copyright page elements Copyright page elements are positioned on the front page of a standard in single-page format as shown in Chapter 2, page 29. ‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 9.1.2 Running heads (folios) and running fe Folios in single-page format standards are set as running heads in the form “Page Xot Y,"with X being the current page number and Y being the total number of pages. These running head folios are set in 9 point Helvetica and are positioned beginning with the second page, as. shown in Chapter 2, page 32. The front page folio (“Page 1 of Y*) is positioned as shown in Chapter 2, pages 29 and 31. Beginning with the second page, the standard’s designation is used as a running foot. These running feet are set in 9 point Helvetica bold and are positioned as shown in Chapter 2, Page 32. 9.1.3 Page multiple Calculating and allowing for a proper page multiple as described in 8.4.2 is not necessary in the single-page format: 10 Reference and source material 10.1 Recommended general references The following references are recommended as guides on points of editorial style and usage. (The most recent edition of each publication shall be used): NOTE - In the event of a discrepancy or conflict, specifications detailed in this Style Manual su: porsede specifications detailed inthe references listed in 10.1-10.3, The Chicago Manual of Style. Chicago: Uni- versity of Chicago Press. Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language (Unabridged). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc. Collins, F. H., Authors & Printers Dictionary. Oxtord, England: Oxford University Press. The Oxford Guide to the English Language. Oxford, England: Oxtord University Press. Fowler, H.W., A dictionary of Modern English Usage. New York: New American Library. 39‘Style Manual 8th Edition Chapter 1 Collins Gem Dictionary of Spelling and Word Division. London, England: William Collins Sons & Co., Ltd. 10.2 Recommended International Stan- dards Following is a listing of International Stan- dards that deal with both technical and edito- rial aspects of standards publication. 10.2.1 Standardized terminology IEC 50: International Electrotechnical Vo- cabulary (all parts). NOTE - Si also the IEC Multilingual Dictionary of Electricity. Terminological standards developed by indi- vidual ISO technical committees are listed in the ISO Catalogue under the group heading "0010 Vocabulary” for each field concerned. International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology (BIPM/IEC/ISO/OIML). 10.2.2 Principles and methods of terminol- ogy 180 704: Principles and methods of terminol- ogy. 10.2.3 Quantities, units and their symbols IEC 27: Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology (all parts). 180 81: Quantities, units and symbols (all parts). 180 1000: S/ units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units. 10.2.4 Abbreviations 180 639: Code for the representation of names of languages. ISO 1951: Lexicographical symbols particu- larly for use in classified defining vocabular- ies. ISO 3166: Codes for the representation of names of countries. 10.2.5 Bibliographic references ISO 690: Documentation ~ Bibliographic refer- ences ~ Content, form and structure. 40 10.2.6 Technical Drawings ISO 128: Technical drawings - General prin- ciples of presentation. ISO 129: Technical drawings - Dimensioning — General principles, definitions, methods of ex- ecution and special indications. 1SO 406: Technical drawings - Tolerancing of linear and angular dimensions. IEC 113: Diagrams, charts, tables (all parts). 10.2.7 Graphic symbols IEC 416, 1S0 3461: General principles for the presentation of graphic symbols. 1EC 417: Graphical symbols for use on equip- ment — Index, survey and compilation of the single sheets. ISO 7000: Graphical symbols for use on ‘equipment — Index and synopsis. IEC 617: Graphical symbols for diagrams. 10.2.8 Limits and fits Standards developed by ISO/TC 3: Limits and fits (see ISO Catalogue). 10.2.9 Preferred numbers Standards developed by ISO/TC 1: numbers (see SO Catalogue). IEC 63: Preferred number series for resistors and capacitors. referred 10.2.10 Statistical methods Standards developed by IEC/TC 56: Reliability and maintainability (see IEC Yearbook) and by ISO/TC 69: Applications of statistical methods (see ISO Catalogue) 0.2.11 Environmental conditions and as- sociated tests Standards developed by |EC/TC 75: Classifi- cation of environmental conditions and 1EC/TC 50: Environmental testing (see IEC Yearbook) and by ISO/TC 125: Enclosures and conditions for testing (see ISO Catalogue). See publications listed in IEC Guide 104: Guide to the dratting of safety standards, and the role of Committees with safety pilot functions and safety group functions.10.3. Recommended American National Standards The following American National Standards on abbreviations, letter symbols, drafting. prac- tices, graphic symbols, documentation, etc., should be used in preparing a manuscript. See also the most recent ANSI Catalog for stan- dards on definitions of terms. 10.3.1 Abbreviations ANSI/ASME Y1.1, Abbreviation for use on drawings and in text ANSI Y15.1M, Illustrations for publication and projection ANSI Y15.2M, Time series charts ANSI Y15.3M, Process charts 10.3.2 Drafting Practices ANSI Y14.1, Drawing sheet size and format ANSI Y14.2M, Line conventions and lettering ANSIY14.3, Multi and sectional view drawings ANSI Y14.4, Pictorial drawings ANSI Y14.5M, Dimensioning and tolerancing for engineering drawings ANSI 14.6, including supplement ANSI Y14.6aM, Screw thread representation ANSI Y14.7.1, Gear drawing standards ~ Part 1, Spur, helical, double helical, and rack gears ANSI Y14.7.2, Gear and spline drawings stan- dards - Part 2, Bevel and hypoid gears ANSI Y14.13M, Mechanical spring represen- tation ANSI Y14.15, including supplements ANSI Y14.15a and Y14.15b, Electrical and elec- tronics diagrams ANSI Y14.17, Fluid power diagrams ANSI Y14.36, Surface texture symbols ANSI/ASME Y14.34M, Parts lists, data lists, and index lists 10.3.3 Graphic symbols ANSI Y82.2.6M, Heat-power apparatus ANSI Y32.2.4M, Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning ‘Style Manual &th Edition. Chapter 1 ANSI Y32.4, Plumbing fixture diagrams used in architectural and building construction ANSI Y32.7, Railroad maps and profiles ANSI 32.9, Electrical wiring and layout dia- grams used in architecture and building ANSI Y32.10, Fluid power diagrams ANSI Y32.11, Process flow diagrams in the petroleum and chemical industries ANSI 32.18, Mechanical and acoustical ele- ments as used in schematic diagrams ANSI/AWS A2.4, Welding and nondestructive testing, including brazing ANSI/IEEE 91, Logic diagrams (two-state de- vices) ANSI/IEEE 200, Electrical and electronics parts and equipments ~ Reference designations ANSU/IEEE 315, including supplement ANSI/ IEEE 8154, Electrical and electronics diagrams ANSIIEEE 623, Grid mapping used in cable television systems ANSUISA $5.1, Instrumentation symbols and identification ANSUNFPA 172, Fire-protection symbols for architectural and engineering drawings ANSINFPA 174, Fire-protection symbols for risk analysis diagrams ANSUNFPA 178, Fire fighting operations 10.3.4 Letter symbols ANSI Y10.1, Glossary of terms ANSI 10.4, Heat and thermodynamics ANSI Y10.12, Chemical engineering ANSI Y10.17, Greek letters used as letter symbols for engineering mathematics ANSI 10.18, illuminating engineering ANSI 10.20, Technology math signs ANSIASME Y10.3M, Mechanics and time re- lated phenomena ANSU/ASME 10.11, Acoustics ANSI/IEEE 260, Units of measurement ANSV/IEEE 280, Quantities used in electrical sciences and electrical engineering aStyle Manual 8th Edtion Chapter 1 10.3.5 Metric practice ANSW/IEEE 268, Metric practice ANSI/IEEE 945, Preferred metric units for use in electrical and electronics science and tech- nology 10.3.6 Publishing practices ANSI 239.4, Basic criteria for indexes ANSI 238.5, Abbreviation of titles of publica- tions ANSI 239.14, Writing abstracts ANSI 239.29, Bibliographic references ANSUINISO 239.22, Proof corrections ANSUNISO 239.41, Spine formatsChapter 2 Sample standard elementsIMPORTANT NOTES ABOUT CHAPTER 2 1 Chapter 2 contains sample standard elements. It was created only for the purpose of illustrating the written specifications of Chapter 1. While the written content of some “boiler-plate” material is relevant and is indicated as being so, the majority of the written content of Chapter 2 is provided for illustrative purposes and should be ignored. 2 The specifications found in Chapter 1, clause 8 are not applied in Chapter 2. This Chapter was ‘designed to illustrate the general style rules without the modifications required to prepare camera- ready pages. 3 All comments in Chapter 2 (including cross-references to Chapter 1) are placed in proximity to the referenced material and are set in 9-point Times Roman italic. Headings are used to cross- reference major standard elements. These headings are set in 14-point Times Roman italic bold.2 pi BB from top of page NST X3.182-1990 Times Roman 10 Bold lalic 13 pifromri Cover Sample 1 tate Sppage (see Chapter I, 4.3.2) 15 picas from left edge of page for Information Systems — Times Roman 16118, lalic Bar Code Print Quality — times roman 20122, hatie Guideline 2 Pi above BB 34 picas from top edge of page 40.5 picas from top edge of page NOTE: Page numbering for cross-references to Chapter I begins here. 4 RS 3BLANK PAGE ‘This page is left blank so that the pages of these sample standard elements appear as they would in an actual standard,ANSI MHS.1.9-1990 Cover Sample 2: with title variation (see Chapter I, 4.3.2) for Freight Containers — Automatic Identification ANSI MHS.1.9-1990 Both title tiers Times Roman 20122, Italie. No additional SpacingBLANK PAGE ‘This page is left blank so that the pages of these sample standard elements appear as they would in an actual standard.Distances from baseline of designation("X3.182-1990") Title page Sample 1 (see Chapter 1, 4.4.2) 18/20, right justified, 3 pi above BB Designation for American National Standa, (see Chapter 1,442.1) ANSI® 11112 Bold, right justified, baseline is first line of text X3,182-1990 919.5, right justified 1 Pi above BB Revision of ANSI X3.162-1985 Title, sample 1 (see Chapter 1, 4.4.2.2) I7pi____________ 14116 right justified __ American National Standard for Information Systems — Bar Code Print Quality — Guideline 37 pi Secretariat py 49 pi_Approved March 20,1990 American National Standards Institute, Inc. Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association 11/12 Bold, 18 pts BB above 0g 11112 Bold, 18 pts BB aboveBLANK PAGE ‘This page is left blank so that the pages of these sample standard elements appear as they would in an actual standard.Distances from baseline of designation (“ANSIIISO 6543-1990") Designation for joint standards (ANSI-approved documents (sce Chapter 1.4.4.2.) 11112 Botd,right.jusified, = baseline isfirstlite ofied ANSVISO 6549-1990 Title page Sample 2 (see Chapter 1, 4.4.2) Title sample 2 (see Chapter 1, 4.4.23) : 14116 American National Standard 1320 rex jwwtied, for Freight Containers — Automatic Identification ‘pi Secretariat Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association 32 pi_Approved March 30,1990 American National Standards Institute, Inc. Abstract (see Chapter 1, 4.5) fog on. 10112, 39 picas wide 44 pi Abstract 1/12 bold, 18 Pts BB above This standard provides a form of coded identification for equipment entities in the North American Telecommunications System for the purpose of efficient information exchange. The standard describes the data elements within the format structure and lists the applications of various ordered combinations of data elements within the structure. COMMON LANGUAGE® CLEl is adopted as the uniform data representation, and documentation references are provided hereinCopyright page (see Chapter 1, 4.6) ee ‘i Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI line of text pi American (i'n roqurenont tr tee paca a ecu veal by forvomtoneiseof National approval have been met by the standards developer. ag Standard Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Copyright page ite, Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and 18220 fiuhiefr‘™aterially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more ‘against lef margin, than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires ‘flush oop ofpage. that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. ‘The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, trom manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using dahon nat Products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. Standards 10/12, The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and {sot Bf between il in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Baseline offirst ine Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an isfirs line oftex. interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American igi margingfied National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be ad- see eaeOGeh dressedto the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the ttle page Chopier462. of this standard, CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reattirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. 9195 Published by 36 pi 11/12 Bold American National Standards Institute 38 pi 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018 g i s 10112 Copyright © 1991 by American National Standards Institute spi EF Al rights reserved. ? 9195 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any an 2 form, in an electronic retrioval system or otherwis a ithout prior written permission of the publisher. : 8 10112 Printed in the United States of America Sispi 9195 INSERT CODE HERE S4piTable of Contents (see Chapter 1, 4.8) R2pBold Contents 9195, 1 PiBB Page above ‘10112, 18 pts BB above Foreword .. ‘to "Page 1 Scope 2 Normative references... All istngs, 1012, ‘ ‘I8pts BB above 3 Definitions... 4 Aclause 5 Another clause . : 6 Another clause more of another clause more of another clause more of another clause .. Tables 1 Title of first table.......... 2 Title of second table... Figure 1 Title of first and only figure... Annex A. Title of first and only annex 39 picas 30 pica column column begins 13 picas Jrom left edge of page on righthand page (13 pias from right edge Front matter page layout of page on ef-hand (see Chapter 1.4.7.2) Front matter pagination (see Chapter I,4.7.23)Foreword (see Chapter 1, 4.9.2) Committee lists (see Chapter 1, 4.10.2) 12prBold. FOreWOrd (This foreword is not part of American National Standard X3.182-1990,) Disclaimer is 99.5 Accredited Standards Committee on Transformers, Regulators, and Reac- 10112, 24 pte tors, C57, has for many years been developing and correlating standards on BB below transformers and regulators. The data used in this work have been “lainer gathered from many sources, including the standards of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the National Electrical Manufac- turers Association, reports of committees of the Edison Electric Institute, and others. This standard was prepared by the Subcommittee on Distribution Trans- 10112, 18 pts BB above formers, Overhead and Pad-Mounted, C57.12.2. There are two annexes in this standard. Annex A is normative and is Annex statement (see considered part of this standard; Annex B is informative and is not consid- Chapter 1,4.9.1.1) ered part of this standard. ‘Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sentto the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 2101 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the Acoredited Standards Committee on Transformers, Regulators, and Reac- tors, C57. Committee approval of this standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved column begins 13 picas this standard, the C57 Committee had the following members: cee son, ‘onal hand page Richard Gibson, Chairman 10112, 24 ps cas from left edge of Donald C. Loughry, Vice-Chairman BB above. 21 picas from left oem Jean-Paul Emard, Administrative Secretary eotura marge bases) Organization Represented lame of Representative 9105, 18 ps BB above Allen-Bradley Company vo jonald H. Reimor 1 pica BB above o headings. ‘American Library Association aul Peters American Nuclear Soiy Geraldine ©. Main Alt tsings 9195 AMP, no. “Edward Kelly Palrick Lannion (Al) Apele Karen Higginbottom ‘Michael J. Lawier (Alt) Association of the Institute for Certification of ‘Computer Professionals. Kenneth Zamrowski Dw Bosing Co alt cing Company Gat Gail Bonmen (At) Compaq Computer Corporation Jamea Bar Control Data Corporation Ernest Fogle Cooperating Users of Burroughs Eqi ‘Donald Miller Digital Equipment Computer Users Society “doseph Sciuto ‘James Ebright Digital Equipment Corporation .-Howard Kaikow Gary S. Robinson .-Jamos D. Converse Eastman Kodak. Michael Nior (Alt) Electronic Data Systems Corporation... nond@rt0ld 8. Foley GUIDE International “Frank Kirshenbaum Kei Yamashita Donald C. Loughry David M. Taylor Robart H. Fatt Mary Anne Gray (A\t.) David F Stovors Robert L. Fink (Alt.) Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory... 10I pica BB above to headings 10112, 24 pis BB above. 0112, 18 pts BB above. 10112, 24 pis BB above. Organization Represented ‘Name of Representative MAP/TOP .. Mark Lively ‘Mike Kaminski (Alt) Moore Business Forms... elmer H. Oddy National Communications System ‘Thomas J. Drury Dennis Bodson (Alt) Robert E. Rountrec National Institute of Standards and Technology .... ‘Mike Hogan (Alt) NCR Corporation .nnsennennennnnnnnnnnnnesnnes TOMAS Kern ‘AR. Daniels (Al.) OMNICOM, Inc. Harold C. Folts ‘Cheryl Siobodian (Alt) Fritz Schultz ‘Maryann Patriarca Edward Feustel (Alt) Open Systems Foundatio Prime Computer, Inc. Recognition Technology Users Associaton... SHARE, In. wennenene sates Sony Corporation Gary Ainsworth (A Sook Jameson aul D. Jahnke Stoven P. Oxsala ohn L Hil (Ait) Wiliam C. Rinehuts “Thomas HKurinara (A) ‘Sun Microsystems, Inc. ‘3M Company. Unisys Corporation U.S. Department of Defense U.S. General Services Administration Douglas Arai Lary L. Jackson (Alt) US West .~-Gary Dempsey ‘Sue Capraro (Alt.) VIM, Inc. ‘Chris Tanner’ John Ulrich (Al) ‘Wang Corporation JJ. Cinecoe ‘Sarah Wagner (Alt) Wintergreen Information Services : John L. Wheeler Xerox Corporation .. Roy Pierce Subcommittee X3A1 on Optical Character Recognition, which developed this standard had the following members: ©. Knoedel, Chair $1, Blane 9195, balanced ©. E. Biss, Vice-Chair 6. Bloss cours. (See 1. Bradshaw Chapter 1, C. P, Newman, Secretary J: Grawtord Snelson 41025) W Far 1. Newsome &! Goukier DL H Oddy WE Head 7: Polignani T.B.Janning N.C. Selke D.L: Keller Traglia J.-S. Kinley inski Working Group T1M1.1 on Internetwork Planning and Engineering, which developed this standard, had the following participants: E. B. Tiemeyer, Current Chair Art Wright, Chairman of Common Language Data Representation Project Joe David, Co-Chairman of Task Group S.L. Blane K.Kright Variation on placement Flows Miler fol ce NOTE adsnaw jon! 102 of Chapter J. Crawtord J. Nelson ae Nar 1 Newsome & Govkter D. He Ode W.E Head T. Polignani Tp Jamning N.C. Selke 0. Keller P. J Tragila ulThis text would be part ofthe Foreword 9195 24 pis BB above Sample of Canvass Method list (See Chapter I, 4.11) Consensus for this standard was achieved by use of the Canvass Method. The following organizations, recognized as having an interest in the stan- dardization of safety requirements for nail hammers were contacted prior to the approval of this revision of the standard. Inclusion in this list does not necessarily imply that the organization concurred with the submittal of the proposed standard to ANSI. Alliance of American Insurers ‘American Forestry Association ‘American Insurance Service Group ‘American Iron and Steel Institute ‘American Sociely of Safety Engineers ‘American Vocational Association Associated General Contractors of America Association of American Railroads — Mechanical Division AT&T Technologios BAC Associates, Inc. United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America U:S. Department of Labor Occupational Safely and Health Administration U.S. General Services Administration FSS U:S. Naval Construction Battalion 156 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University College of Engine Western Wood Products Association 129 Bold Banner (see Chapter 1, 4.12.2.10). Top rule of banner is 4 picas from top edge of page (same as base line of running heads). AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI X3.182-1990 9 Bold American National Standard for Information Systems — Bar Code Print Quality — Guideline 1 Scope and purpose 1.1 Scope This standard describes the procedures to be followed and the precautions to be observed in ‘measuring the characteristics of high-pressure sodium lamps as specified in American Na- tional Standards covering these lamps (see clause 2) 1.2 Purpose It is the purpose of this standard to outline methods of measurement that will make it pos sible to obtain reproducible and accurate measurements of high-pressure sodium lamp characteristics. Deviations from the procedures given in this standard are permissible for production or other testing, provided that the methods used give results in substantial agreement with the methods given herein. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, consti- tute provisions of this American National Stan- dard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this American National Standard are en- couraged to investigate the possibility of ap- plying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. ANSI C78.379-1983, Electric lamps — Incan- descent and high-intensity discharge lamps ANSI/EIA 232-C-1969, Interface between date terminal equipment 13 First page of text titles (see Chapter 1, 4.12.2.11), 14116, 2 pi BB below bottom banner rule 18/20, 3 Pi BB above Main text page layout (see Chapter 1, 4.12.2.1) 11112 Bold (see Chapter 1,4.12.2.4,4.12.2.9for all ype specifications and spacing) 10/12, 24 Pts BB above 10112, 18 Pts BB above 10112 Bold, 18 Pts BB above 10112, 18 Pts BB above L112 Bold, 36 Pts BB above Introductory paragraph and listing of normative refer- ‘ences (see Chapter 1,4.12.1.7 and 4.12.2.12) Normative references listings Main text pagination (see Chapter 1, 1 4122.13 and4.12.2.3)‘ANSI X3.182-1990 TAPPI T425 om-86, Opacity of paper") Davidoff, Jim, The Davidoff Guide to Ashtrays, Harper & Row, New York, NY; 1987" 3 Definitions There are many terms and definitions associ- ated with bar code symbology that have spe- cial meaning to this industry. The following are definitions of terms used in this document: 3.1. achleved width: The calculated element width based on measurements. 3.2. ANSI: Abbreviation for the American Na- tional Standards Institute, Inc. 3.3 aperture: The effective opening in an optical system that establishes the field of view. 3.4 application specification: A set of rules for using bar code symbols. 4 Measurement of lamp voltage 4.1 Ballasts 4.1.1 IWelectrical readings are to be taken on a lamp of a size for which no American Na- tional Standard exists, the ballast used shall be one complying with the general require ments® for high-intensity-discharge lamp ref- ‘erence ballasts and having an impedance ap- propriate for the lamp. NOTE - Current terminal of instruments are shown as this symbol. Potential terminals of instruments are shown as this symbol. This is more text of a note within the text. Color 1 Color 2 Value Blue Green 24.67 Yellow Orange 200.55 Green Pink 34.678 Running heads (see Chapter 1, 4.12.1.1.1 and4.12.2.2) Definitions clause (see Chapter 1, 4.12.1.8 and 4.12.2.13) 10112 Bold, 24 Pts BB above Notes in text. 919.5, 18 Pts BB above, indented (see Chapter 1, 5.3) Informal table, 18 pts BB above and below (see Chapter 1,4.13.2.7) Footnotes 919.5 x39 pi. Rule is 3 pi x05 pi. (see Chapter 1, 5.4) The text of a footnote runs across 39 picas at the bottom of the page of the first mention. This procedure is unlike the one you would encounter in former ANSI style. 2) Here is a second footnote. The text of a footnote runs across 39 picas at the bottom of the page of the first mention. Tt 2 14 procedure is unlike the one you would encounte former ANSI style.4.1.3 The following parts of the engine shall be cleaned and inspected regularly: = piston; = piston rings; = spark plugs; = distributor cap. The carburetor shall be examined as follows: a) Unscrew and remove the lid; 1) Turthe screw counterclockwise until it comes free of the vertical bolt; 2) Twist the lid slightly to loosen; 3) Hold the edges of the lid firmly and litt it upward and over the vertical bolt. NOTE - The tid shall be held perfectly hori- zontal and lifted upward in one swift move- t to avoid stripping the treads of the ver- tical bolt. b) Remove the air filter; c) Examine the pan for flooding. NOTE ~ Thore may be a thin layer of fluid on the walls oft that might not be visible to the human eye. In all cases, the pan should be wiped with a paper towel to determine that itis, absolutely dry. ‘The driver shall start the machine as follows: a) The key shall be placed in the ignition slot and turned clockwise. The ignition keys shall always be accessible to the driver; b)_The stick shift shall be moved into the REVERSE position; c) The driver's foot shall remain on the brake while the driver checks the rear-view mirror for hazards or pedestrians. When all, is clear, the driver shall release the brake and press the accelerator. When operating this machine, the driver shall be equipped with the following apparatus: - a hardhat. The employer shall make sure that all hardhats meet or exceed OSHA. requirements; = protective goggles; = protective overcoat; - rubber gloves. ANSI X3.182-1990 List example, see Chapter 1, $.2.3.1.1 List example, see Chapter I, $.2.3.1.2 Procedural list, second level, see Chapter 1, 5.2.2.2 Note in second level, see Chapter 1, 5.2.2 Note in first level, see Chapter 1, 5.2.2 List example, see Chapter 1, $.2.3.1.3 List example, see Chapter 1, $.2.3.1.4ANSI X3.182-1990 Children under the age of 16 shall not be allowed to operate the machine for the follow- ing reasons: = Severe harm to themselves or others: Although every safety precaution has been taken in the manufacture of this machine, young adults may not be strong enough to keep the machine under control once it is in operation; — Inability to operate controls: The con- trols on this machine were positioned to accommodate a fully grown adult; = Inability to actuate emergency proce- dures: Children under 16 may not have the dexterity necessary to enact these proce- dures in the allotted time. The engine shall be cleaned and inspected regularly in order to = cut down on friction and wear; = remove and replace deteriorated parts; — prevent breakdowns. Before operating the machine, the driver shall always make sure that - the blades are sharp and clean; = there is no fluid leaking out of the engine; = the mulcher bag is firmly attached. When examining the protective clothing, the driver shall make sure that = the hardhat has not cuts or abrasions. (Owing to the vibration of the machine, even small nicks may widen quickly, rendering the hardhat useles: = the protective goggles allow for periph- eral vision. All machines shall be checked for = loose wiring. Allwiring shall be checked by a trained electrician; ~ unexplained leaks under the engine, such as — oil leaks; — transmission fluid leaks; radiator leaks. — worn-out bald tires. List example, see Chapter 1, 5.23.15 List example, see Chapter 1, 5.2.3.2. List example, see Chapter 1, 5.2.3.2.2 List example, see Chapter 1, $.2.3.2.3 List example, see Chapter 1, 5.23.24 Nonprocedural list, second level, see Chapter 1, $.2.2.1Test enclosure Figure (see Chapter 1, 4.14.1 and 4.14.2) R, x, Rated ao x maximum voltage Ler Note 2 nx Figure notes (see Chapter 1, 4.14.23) NOTES 1 All dimensions are in inches unless otherwise spe: 2 Minimum opening at bottom of compartment is provided for cable entrance. fied, ANSI X3.182-1890 919.5, 18 pts BB below figure Figure 1 - Fault-closing test circuit (for fused switches) 10112 bold, 24 pts BB above Formal table (see Chapter 1, 4.13.1 and 4.13.2) Table 1 ~ Fault-closing test circult (for fused switches) 6 pts BB to top of table Separable insulated connector high voltage rating elelele kV Figure| Min | Min | Min | Min 8.3 and 8.9/14.4 Ya} is] 5] a] 4 15.2 and 15.2/26.3 va} is] 6 | a] 4 21.4 and 21.1/36.6 a) | 16] 6 4 6 24.4 and 21.1/36.6 1b] 19] 5 | 4] 6 1) See 4.5.5 for more detailed information 919.8 NOTE — All dimensions are in inches unless otherwise specified. 17ANSI X3.182-1990 Formal table showing use of rules and number alignment (see Chapter 1, 4132.3 and 4.13285) NOTE - Fractions and decimals shall not normally be combined in a table (see Chapter 1, 4.13.2.8.3). Done here for illustrative purposes. Table 2 - Dimensions of threads for rigid steel conduit ~ Very large threads ‘Customary Inch-pound units Metric units Nominal lor trade size of Pitch Pitch conduit |Threads| diameter | Length of thread | Threads | diameter | Length of thread in mm mm in (mm) mm mm in (mm) 5-3/8 8 | 0.6120 0.41 (0.60) 4 0.61209| 0.41 (0.60) 7-112 | 14.5 | 0.7584 05 (0.7) 18 0.75842} 0.5 (0.7) 2-3/4 | 14 | 0.96 0.85 (0.79) 23 0.98 0.55 (0.79) ao-sii6| 11 | 1.2136 0.68 (0.98) 34 1.2136 | 0.68 (0.98) 114 | 11 | 1.557 12.5 (15.0) 45 1.557 | 12.5 (15.0) 1 11 | (1.7961 13.72 (17.03) 55 | 15.7961 | 13.72 (17.03) 2 115 | 22690 | 18.76 (20.06) 165 | 22.2690 | 18.76 (20.06) NOTES. 1 Applicable tolerances: Thread length (Lt): #1 thread 2 Pitch diameter: + 1 turn is the maximum variation permitted from the gauging face of the working thread gauges. 3. This is equivalent to + 1-1/2 turns from basic dimensions, since a variation of + 1/2 turn from basic dimensions Is permitted in working gauges. 1) Applicable tolerances: Thread length (L 2) Pitch diameter: + 1 turn is the maximum variation permitted from the gauging face of the working thread gauges. : #1 thread 18A continuing vertical table (portrait orientation) (see Chapter 1, 413.261) ANSI X3.182-1990 Table 3 - Environmental factors 19 Environmental ‘Application Recommended factor examples ‘action Temperature (Outside marking Spociy temperature Roceiving docks Tequirements Rligeratod areas PC board processing Engine areas Humidity High-humidiy areas | Spocity humiity Warehouses requirement of test requirement Sat spray Marine transport Specty when Marine application required Light Outdoor storage Specty minimum (Utraviolet) susceptibility requirements to UV tght Abrasion Shipping Spocity abrasion Test or laminate Chemicals Various (industry Specity spectic ‘and appication chemical the dependent) Symbol willbe subjected to Solvents and Hospitals Specity specie ‘cleaners Machine shops ‘solvents and Utrasonic cleaners cleaners the symbol willbe subjected to Lubricants Machine shops Spocity specie Lubricated materials ‘brian he tw subjected to Packaging toms whose surfaces | Specily spect Preservatives Toque packaging presewvatives fd protective ina preservative {he symbol wil coatings be subjected to Aging Longtif labels Spocity desired Tengevity Utra-high PC boards Spocity tomperature temperature Engine areas requirement Fungi- Tropics Speciy ant-fungus resistant ‘Woatmont (continued)ANSI X3.182-1990 ‘A continuing vertical table (portrait orientation) (see Chapter 1, 413261) Table 3 (continued) Environmental ‘Application factor examples Temperature Outside marking Receiving docks Retigorated areas PC board processing Engine areas Humisiy High-humidiy areas | Specily humility Warehouses requirement of test requirement Sat spray Marine transport Specity when Marine appication required Light Outdoor storage (utravolt) foU-ght Abrasion Shipping Specity abrasion fest or laminate Chemicals Various (industry Specily spectic ‘and application ‘heme the dependent) symbol willbe Stbjected to Solvents and Hospitals Speciy spectic canes Nebine shops fateh and Utrasonic cleaners Cleaners the symbol willbe subjected to Lubricants Machine shops Speciy speciic Lubricated materials Tubricans the symbol wil be subjected 12 Packaging toms whose surtaces | Specly spect preservatives require packaging preservatives, Land protective ina preservative. {ho symbol wil coatings be subjected to Aging Longe labels ecity desired uty Utvashigh PC Boards Specily temperature temperature Engine areas requirement Fungi- Tropics Specity ant-fungus rooetant ‘esther (continued) 20A continuing vertical table (portrait orientation) (see Chapter 1, 4.13.2.6.1) ANSI X3.182-1990 Table 3 (concluded) Environmental Application Recommended factor ‘examples action ‘Temperature ‘Outside marking ‘Specify temperature Receiving docks requirements Refrigerated areas PC board processing Engine areas Humidity High-humidiy ares Specify humidity Warehouses Tequirement or test requirement Salt spray Marine transpor ‘Spocity when Marine application required Light Outdoor storage Specify minimum (utraviolety ‘susceptibility requirements to ULV. ight Abrasion Shipping Spocity abrasion test orlaminate Chemicals Various (industry Specify specific ‘and application ‘chomical the dependent) symbol willbe subjected to Hospitals Specity specific Machine shops solvents and Uttrasonic cleaners cleaners the ‘symbol will be subjected to 21ANSI X3.182-1990 21m wonog on 68 vS8l | SZistP iyOL 2602 82802 68 eL 2etly 08 2 26 SO6L | Szlete'z60L ze0e 8'7807, 26 SL zerey os 28 62 S29b | Szete zis 9°9002 v'LS0% 6L 9 zerze 6L 18 68 828 | eezer 9°9002 y'LS0% 6s aL aL 6L 18 06 vS8l | BZ1Sty tho 9°9002 y'LS02 06 eh etly 6L 1s £6 S06} | SzLetzz601 9°9002 ¥'LS0e 6 SL zetey 6L 1s 08 S29l | Szete 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ul uw ul peziin & suojeujquioo wy6iey qwBjey pezinn & Suopeujquos | yBey | i461ey quBiey |uwnjoo 16104 Bupyom | sous | ruBley juwnjoo] — ryBiey — | Bupiom) soeLu 408i) uy peol-Hun 4oeyu up peol-uun Jo siyBoy 40 ueded | S1y6joy Wuedseq |J0 12101, 40 [e10L = v & z L - v & z L ‘Sa11YeA eoeLNg — UONeZIIIIN IUBI9y jWedied - » eIqeL, (caver pr sardoyy 295) (worrorvayo advospuny) 21901 poruoz}u0y Suymuyrwod Y 10 22‘ANSI X9.182-1990 (penunuos) 18} ezet | e'ezer e60zz | g'09zz 18 ek | ed ie 68 ze | poet | eztetyiyot e6ozz | g'09zz ze e | zeriy ie 68 va | sos | ezie+z-z6or e6ozz | g:0927 ve sz | zerer ie 68 26 | zeoz | vtroityivor g60zz | g'09zz 26 ze | iytiy 18 68 v6 | eelz | vtyoste'zeor g6ozz | g'09z2 6 ve | iytey 28 68 46 | vale | zz6o1+e'ze0r seozz | g'0922 46 9g | evtey 28 68 46 | valz | ezistoizer eeozz | 097 6 9 | zetes 8 68 ze | ezai | eeest vveiz | sez ze ee | ee 98 88 €8 | poet | eztetytyor val | see eg ez | zerey 98 88 s@ | so6t | ezie+z'z6or vale | sez se sz | zetey 98 98 €6 | ze0z | rLvolty'troL vreiz | zsezz &6 zg | tvtly 98 ee 96 | eetz | rLvoite'zeor vrelz | zseze 96 va | iptey 98 98 96 | vetz | ez6o1te'zeor vez | zgeze 86 98 | ertey 98 88 96 | vetz | ezieteizer vez | zgeze 86 9a | Zerg 98 88 ea | szes | sezer esiz | e6oze ee ze | ae se 28 va | poet | eztetpiyor esiz | e'6oze 8 ez | zetiy se 28 9a | soet | e'zte+z'z601 esiz | e6oze 98 sz | zerer se ze 6 | ze0z | v'ivotty'LyoL estz | e6oze 6 ze | iytiy se is 46 | eetz | rtvotte'zeor egiz | e6ozz 6 ve | tyre se ze ve | szes | evezer geez | vrai v8 ze | 2 ve 98 se | vse | eztetyiyol geez | vrai se ez | zeriy ve 98 48 | so6t | eztetz'z6oL geez | vrei 28 sc | zetey ve 98 $6 | ze0z | rbyolty'tvoL geez | yale 96 2a | tetty ve 98 86 | eetz | vtvoite'zeor geez | rele 86 va | Lptey ve 98 ss | szai | sezer ze01z egtz ry a | 2 ee se 9g | set | sztetr yor zg01z esiz 98 ez | zetiy ee se e@ | so6t | ezretz-zeor z'801z giz 98 se | zetey 8 se 46 | ze0z | vtvottp'iyor zaoiz esiz “6 za | iptiy 8 98 se | szet | sezet eze0z | oeciz 98 ek | ek ze v8 ze | voat | eztetytvor eze0z | oeciz ze ez | zetiy ze 8 6e | sos | szietz'zeor ezeoz | geciz ee sz | zeter ze v8 96 | ze0z | rLroltrLyOL ezeoz | geciz 86 ze | rte za 8 ze | ezei | gezer vizgoz | z'e01z 18 ze | ee 18 8 ea | poet | gzietytyoL viegoz | ze0le 88 ez | zery 18 8 06 | sost | szre+zz6or yesoz | z801z 06 sz | zetey 18 ee ez | szou | gztetezie zeoz | e'zg0z BL vo | zerze 08 ze ee | szas | sezer zeoz | e'z80z 98 ze | ee 08 ze " 23ANSI X3.182-1990 18 | S06 | eziste'zeoL vvbez | zz9e7 18 se | zeter 16 86 eg | 2902 | ytyotty'tyor vpbez | zzgez 98 ze | iytty 16 86 06 | eetz | vtyotte'zeor yviez | zzgez 06 ve | iter 16 86 26 | vate | ezeor+z'z601 viele | z'z9ee 86 9g | ever t6 86 e6 | veiz | sztetotzer vviez | zzgez 86 gg | zetrs 46 86 ez | szet | eezer egzz | socez ae ee | ed 06 26 6L | vSBt | szlaty'tyoL geez | s9cez 6 ec | zetiy 06 2 18 | soet | ezistz'zeor geez | s9cez 18. sz | zerer 06 2 68 | zg02 | riyoLtr'tyoL gezz | s9ccz 68 ze | iptiy 06 26 6 | cele | 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(govere' 1 sardoyg 228) (vorroruays0 adoospuv}) 21401 foruoz}soy Sumurwos y 12—_(panuyuoo) 8 be | szie | viportp ivory ivortsye| ore | g'0986 te eh | betivtiptzer!| ost | est g ze | szie | vipor+ytroitezeoitesy| oree | gosee |. 28 S2i | ivtivtertsy | ost | 2st 7 eg. | ooze | oizerteezer oige | sooge | es gz | wstee ost | 2st 2 ve | seze | sztety iyol+o'lzeL sorge | e'098e ve deb | cetiptrs ost | 2st se eel2 | vLyol+z'z60t, , g'eobe | “o'bse 98 ve | iptey 6 66 ze | vaiz | zzeoi+e'z60r ses | avive | > ze 98 | evter 16 66 zg | vaiz | gzistotzer were | gvisz | 26 98 | zetrs 6 66 96 | elpe | yiyorto™tzer gesve | -gvise | 96 6 | bytes 16 66 us | sevz | eziste'zistozis seorz | arise | 26 96 | zerzerze 16 66 86 | sore | ezeoits ier sear | gvise | 96 46 | evtys 16 66 ve | ze0z | rtvol+y Lyon veers | zeave | 8 ze | ively 96 86 98 | eeiz | vipoltezeor veere | zeave | 98 va | iter 96 86 se | verz | z:z6oitz'z6or veere | zeare | 98 98 | erter 96 86 eg |] veiz | szisto er veeve | 2eeve | 98 9g | zerys 96 86 46 | eiv2 | rtvorto ter veere | zeare | 26 36 | tervs 96 86 86 | serz | ezisteziste zie vere | zearz | 86 96 | zetzerze 96 86 se | zgoz | rtyoL+r'tyoL eivz | georz | se ze | iptiy $6 16 za | eeiz | rtvorte'z6or eivz | seorz | 28 ve | uvtey $6 46 6g | vaiz | zz60r+z'z601 give | seave | 68 ge | evtey $6 te 6g | vaiz | ezistotzer give | s'eave | 68 98 | zeres $6 46 96 | etre | rirorto izes give | seave | 96 6 | bytes $6 46 ez | soet | ezis+z'z6or susez | veeve | ez sz | zerer +6 96 se | 2802 | rtrortytvor gsusez | veeve | se ze | tetiy +6 96 ee | eetz | rivoite'zeor susez | veeve | 98 ve | iytey %6 96 os | vase | zzsoi+e'zeor susez | vere | 06 98 | ertey ¥6 96 06 | vasz | e'zsetoizer gsusez | veeve | 06 ge | ze+rs +6 96 ez | soe | e'zts+z-z6or zesez | eive | Be se | zerey £6 $6 9a | zaoz | rsvortytyor zesez | eive | 98 ze | betty £6 $6 ee | cesz | rtroi+e'zeor zesez | eive | 98 ve | irter €6 $6 46 | vaiz | ez6o1+z-z601 zesez | eve 16 92 | evtey €6 $6 te | vaiz | ezteto'rzer zesez | eive 16 ee | zerys €6 $6 os | so6t | ezistz'z6or eseez | ozeez | 08 sc | zerer 26 +6 ze | 2g02 | rivoL+y'ivoL eseez | ovzeez | ze ze | iptiy 26 +6 68 | seiz | rivoitz'z60L eseez | ovzecz | 68 ve | iptey 26 ¥6 ze | vaiz | zz6or+e'z601 egeez | ozeez | 26 ge | evtey 26 6 z6 | vaiz | ezieto ter eseez | ozeez | 26 98 | zetvs 26 6 6z | vser | ezie+yteor wre | zesez | 6z ez | zetip 16 86 13 25ANSI X3.182-1990 te | pete | vy LyOLty LpOL+y LyOL oree | s'098e 18 ezt | Urtietiy est 9st te | vate | vivortyLyor+y' tor cree | s'ov8e 48 ezi | ietietiy est 9st te | pate | rivotty tyorty'tyoL cree | s'o98e 18 ez | itietiy ast sgt be | pete | PLvoLte LpOL+y LyOL ores | s'o98e 18 ezt | iytietiy 9st sh te | vate | vLvoitetvoL+ytyoL ore | s'098e 18 eat | ivtiytiy est esh ww wu uu wus u ut uw u! £ suopeuiquios wBiey | wubiey | peziinn & suopeujquios | iyBiey | sy61eu quBjey |uunjoo qw61eu Bupuom | rove) | auBiey |uwnios| — ryBiey —|Supom| soUeIUT soe | ut peoriun soya | uy peorun jo |suBjey 10 quedseq] siusie4 quaoied [Jo 1e0L 40 (e104 s Y & z b s v & z L (papnjoue2) » e1ges (zo'cerp 1 s21doya 295) (wononayso adoospunt)2yQ01 yoruoz04 Buymunsu09 Vy 14 26Annexes (see Chapter 1, 4.15) ee Annex A 1112 bold and medium (normative) Text running across 39 picas (see Chapter 1, 4.12211) Decode and decodability 11112 bot, 2 pi BR above A.1 Applicable symbologies Applicable symbologies are those presently covered by AIM uniform symbology specifications. Reference ballasts may be set up either with or without the impedance of the ammeter and wattmeter current coils included in the measured ballast characteristics. Reference ballasts may be set up either with or without the impedance of the ammeter and wattmeter current coils included in the measured ballast characteristics. Reference ballasts may be set up either with or without the impedance of the ammeter and wattmeter current coils included in the measured ballast characteristics. Reference ballasts may be sot up either with or without the impedance of the ammeter and wattmeter current coils included in the measured ballast characteristics. A.2 Decode ‘Symbols are decoded in accordance with the appropriate reference decode algorithm. Decodable symbols must have: = all characters valid; legal start and stop characters (or patterns); = correct check characters when specified; - legal quiet zones; - intercharacter gaps below specified maximum widths (USS-39 and USS-CODABAR only); = correct number of characters, when specified. Algorithm formulas are as follows: Equations = (see Chapter, = 0.144% 108x A\ / 4 jog, 22-20 + (15150/6) aa) 15d) 1799, = 20 + (1815076) 1 020+ (2540/6) [y= 0.22 x 108 x A + tog) 2 2 oa t 995, 20+ (2540016) 2 where: J, is the maximum rms amperes for aluminum conductor; J, is the maximum rms amperes for copper conductor; A is the cross-sectional area in square inches: tis the duration of constant current flow in seconds; zis the temperature limit (°C). 18 27ANSI X3.182-1990 Bibliography annex (informative) Annex B se Chapter 1,415.12 ( tap: ) (informative) Bibliography TAPPI 1519 om-86, Diffuse opacity of paper AIM uniform symbology specification USS-CODABAR, 1986" AIM uniform symbology specification USS-1 2/5, 1986") AIM uniform symbology specification USS-39, 1986 AIM uniform symbology specification USS-93, 1986") AIM uniform symbology specification USS-128, 1986°) 9) The toxt of a footnote runs across 39 picas at the bottom of the page of the first mention. This procedure is unlike the one you would encounter in former ANSI style. 16 28Single-page standard format, front page a ‘ANSIT1.1032-1990, Sample I (see Chapter I, clause 9). Top of banner is 4 picas from top edge of page. American National Standard Unser ite here flush right against righ main aie 7028 al Gap bemcen cp and ton elements of be mi a | lst ter for roadway lighting a I Title ype isesFoszn@ .. enclosed post luminaires Ceca spam So Behe ae St omc] ANSI T1.1038-1990 819 9 point 2piaa | S pivas preferred Spoin Page 1 of 11 pages Text in 1 or 2 columns. Position variable to accommodate text breaks. "An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with ite scope and provisions, An American National Standards intended as a guide to aid the manutacturer, the consumer, and the goneral public. The existance of an ‘American National Standard does notin any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standard or not, from manulac- turing, markoting, purchasing, of using products, processes, or procedures not conforming tothe standard, American National ‘Standards are subject to poriacic review and users are cautioned to obtain the latest odtions. ‘The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and willn no circumstances give an intorprotation of any ‘American National Standard, Moreover, no person shall have the ight or author to issue an interpretation of an American National ‘Standard in the name ofthe American National Standards incite. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be rovised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American ‘National Standards institute require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or witharaw this standard no later than five years fom the dato of approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by caling or wring, the American National Standards Institute, ‘opyriehi. 7-5 Helvetica with ANSI Topo 29 Pub code 919.5 Helv copytight ©1991 by GSARSI. American Nationa Standords Instute, 1430 Broedwoy, New York, WY. 10018 INSERT CODEBLANK PAGE ‘This page is left blank so that the pages of these sample standard elements appear as they would in an ‘actual standard. 30ANSIT1.103a-1990, Single-page standard format, front page eres Sample 2 (see Chapter 1, clause 9). American National Standard for roadway lighting — Title ype? 116.820, 3 pi BB age (2nd and 3rd ters are 3 or more lines) second tier title — a long third tier title continuation of a long third tier title (Crepe ecw Ege Con Sn con) Page 1 of 11 pages --------------+--5 -------------------4 | | ! | | | ! | | | | | | I 1 I ! | 1 r | | I I | | | | | . | | | | ! | | | | | 7 | ( ‘An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concemed with its scope and provisions. An Amorican ‘National Standard i intondad as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. ‘The existence of an ‘American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standard or net, from manufac- turing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming tothe standard, American National ‘Standards are subject to peri review and users are cautioned to obtain the latstealtons. ‘The American National Standards Institute does not dovelop standards and wl in no circumstances give an interpretation of any ‘American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have tho right of authori to issve an intorpretation of an American National ‘Standard in the name of the American National Standards Instituto CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Insitute require that action be taken to reaffirm, roviso, or withdraw this standard no later than five yoars from the. ‘ate of approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may rocelve cutront information on all standards by calling or writing, ‘the American National Standards Intute 31 copyright ©1991 by SANT American Nations! Stendards Institute, 1620 Brosdway, New York, RY. 10016 INSERT CODEPage 2 of 11 pages Running head folios, 9 point (page 2 on) Single-page standard format, second page on (see Chapter 1, clause 9). Text in I or 2 colunas. Same column lengih and page width as booklet format. ANSIT1.1032-1990 Running feet designation, 9 point bold (page 2 on) 32Left margin is 6 picas 4 picas BB top of page to Vera 2 picas BB running head | to first line of text ‘ANSI X3.182-1990 ae TS ~~~ This Ts The TirSt The oF text --4- Paes teel aria | I | I Top ef page I | | I I ! Maximum width of text I I 39 picas 4 I | | | I | | Global page specifications and main text page format | | (see Chapter 1, 4.2.3 and 4.12.2.1) ; | 1 | I I | | I \ I IThe following standards contain provisions} [The following standards contain provisions Which, through reference in this text, consti fute provisions of this American National Stan lard. At the time of publication, the edition indicated were valid. All standards and publi tions are subject to revision, and parties t greements based on this American National tandard are encouraged to investigate the| ossibilty of applying the most recent editions| the standards and publications listed below4 Which, through reference in this text, const ute provisions of this American National Stan lard. At the time of publication, the editions Indicated were valid. All standards and publi, ations are subject to revision, and parties to, \greements based on this American Nationa Standard are encouraged to investigate th possibility of applying the most recent editions! Pf the standards and publications listed below! 18.5 pica column { ! L | | | | | | | | | | | : | | | | | c — ———WJhisis the 54thine of 10/12 text (the last line oLtext) 33 t ISS pica column 2 picas BB S4zh line 919 RiANSI X3.182-1990 BLANK PAGE ‘This page is left blank in to allow for a proper page count or “multiple” (see Chapter 1, 8.4.3.2(a)) 22 34