Avogadro Amdo (1776-1856)

B tc Amdo Di Quaregna e Ceretto Avogadro sinh nm 1776 ti Turin

(Italie), l con mt quan ta. Avogadro hc Lut, c C nhn xong ng lm
th k cho ta tnh (prfecture). Sau ng vo ngnh Vt l v Ton hc.
ng c b nhim lm gio s Ton v Vt l cho trng Collge royal de
Verceil. Nm 1820, Avogadro c gi chc "Vt l cao cp", chc v ny
m ra c bit ch cho ring ng ti i hc bch khoa Turin ni ng dy
hc cho n nm 1850.
Hai nm sau khi nh lut GAY-LUSSAC c pht minh v s ha hp cc
kh, Avogadro cho in ra mt cng trnh nghin cu quan trng gii ngha
cho thuyt phn t kh.
Nm 1811 ng l tc gi ca thuyt m ngy nay mang tn ng: "Trong
cng iu kin v nhit v p sut, cc kh khc nhau c cng mt
th tch s cha cng mt s phn t." nh lut ny ch c th gii
cng nhn nm 1850.
ng mt nm 1856
n v Avogadro:
nh lut Avogadro da trn cn bn Ha hc ni ln s lin h gia khi
lng phn t va t trng ca kh.
S Avogadro l s N phn t cha trong mt mol.
Gi tr ca N = 6,023 x 1023
Con s ny dng xc nh n v s lng vt cht: mol.

Th d :
* Khi lng nguyn t ( trong bng phn loi tun hon c gi l A) ca
Carbon l 12 g c ngha l trong 12 gam
Carbon c cha 6,023 x 1023 nguyn t Carbon.
* Hydrogen c khi lng nguyn t l 1 g , ngha l phi cn 6,023 x 10 23
nguyn t Hydrogen mi cn nng 1gam
Vy n v mol tng ng vi 6,023 x 1023 ca bt k cht no
N = 6,023 x 1023
cho ta khi nim v con s to ln ny, hy tng tng 1 mol ngi.
Ngha l 6,023 x 1023 ngi: nu mi ngi cng nm bn cnh nhau trn
mt tri t (k c ni v i dng), 1 mol ngi s bao ph ht 250
triu qu t.

nh lut Avgar.
1. Ni dung: cng mt iu kin (nhit v p sut) nhng th tch
bng nhau ca mi cht kh u cha s phn t kh bng nhau.
2. H qu:
a) Th tch mol phn t. cng iu kin (T, P), 1 mol ca mi cht kh
u chim th tch bng nhau.
c bit, iu kin tiu chun (T = 273K, P = 1atm = 760 mmHg) 1 mol
kh bt k chim th tch 22,4 l. Th tch ny c gi l th tch mol ktc.
Cng thc lin h gia s mol kh (n) v th tch (Vo) ktc l.

Khi n = 1 mol Vo = 22,4

Khi lng mol: M = 22,4.D

D l khi lng ring ca cht kh o ktc, tnh bng g/l.
b) T khi ca kh ny so vi kh khc:
T khi ca kh ny (hay hi) A so vi kh B (k hiu l d A/B) l t s khi
lng ca 1 th tch kh A so vi khi lng ca mt th tch tng ng
kh B, khi o cng T v P.

mA, mB l khi lng ca cng th tch kh A v kh B.

Vi n mol kh th:

c) T l th tch cc cht kh trong phn ng ho hc. Cc cht kh tham

gia phn ng v to thnh sau phn ng theo t l th tch ng bng t l
gia cc h s phn t ca chng trong phng trnh phn ng v cng
chnh bng t l mol ca chng. V d:
N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3.
T l mol: 1 : 3 : 2.
T l th tch : 1V : 3V : 2V ( cng T, P)

MT S CU CHUYN VUI HA HC

1. HA HC KHC TON HC CH NO?

Mt hm, nh ton hc c Karl Gauss tranh lun vi nh ha hc

Avogadro. ng Gauss t ra khinh thng ha hc v cho rng ch c ton
hc mi c cc nh lut, cn ha hc ch l ngi phc v cho ton hc m
thi.

Avogadro dn Gauss vo phng th nghim v t mnh lm phn ng: Cho

mt th tch O2 tc dng vi hai th tch H2 to thnh hai th tch H2O
dng hi:
2H2 (k) + O2 (k) --> 2H2O (h)
Lc nh ha hc mi mm ci bo nh ton hc rng:
Ngi thy cha! Nu ha hc mun th ton hc phi cho thua.
Hai cng mt, bt chp ton hc cng vn ch l hai y thi.

2. MT CHUYN TNH CM NG NHNG...

Hi u th k XIX, cc nh bc hc pht hin ra st c trong mu ngi

di dng huyt cu t (hemolobin). Mt sinh vin khoa Ha lm g khi
nghe c gi mnh yu hi anh ta ly g lm chng cho tnh yu ang chy
cun cun trong c th anh ta?

Anh ta quyt nh tng ngi yu du mt chic nhn bng... st nhng

khng phi bng st thng thng m bng st ly t chnh mu ca mnh!
C nh k ly mu ra, chng trai thu c mt hp cht m t tch st ra
bng phng php ha hc.

Nhng chic nhn khng bao gi c eo trn tay c gi nh mt bng

chng tnh yu bi... n cha c lm xong th chng trai cht v b mt
mu, cho d lng st ly ra khi c th chng cha ti... 3g!

Cc chng trai, c gi ngy nay vn rt nh cu chuyn ny. Nhng chng ai

chng t tnh yu bng cch ny na, cho d tht l cm ng.