Air pollution

Submitted by:
Nusaibah.k
10102024 s9 B Arch

AIR POLLUTION:
AIR POLLUTION CAN BE DEFINED AS THE INTRODUCTION OF
CHEMICALS, PARTICULATES, BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS OR OTHER
HARMFULL MATERIALS IN TO EARTHS ATMOSPHERE.
AN AIR POLLUTANT IS A SUBSTANCE IN THE AIR THAT CAN HAVE
ADVERSE EFFECTS ON HUMANS AND THE ECOSYSTEM.
THE SUBSTANCE CAN BE SOLID PARTICLES, LIQUID DROPLETS, OR
GASES. A POLLUTANT CAN BE OF NATURAL ORIGIN OR MAN-MADE.
MAIN CAUSES: GLOBALISATION, POPULATION GROWTH.
INDUSTRIALISATION, AIR POLLUTANTS

NATURAL SOURCES:
1.DUST FROM NATURAL SOURCES, USUALLY LARGE AREAS OF LAND
WITH FEW OR NO VEGETATION.

2. METHANE, EMITTEDBY THEDIGESTIONOF FOOD BYANIMALS, FOR

EXAMPLECATTLE
3.RADONGAS FROMRADIOACTIVE DECAYWITHIN THEEARTH'S
CRUST. RADON IS A COLORLESS, ODORLESS, NATURALLY OCCURRING,
RADIOACTIVE NOBLE GAS THAT IS FORMED FROM THE DECAY OF
RADIUM. IT IS CONSIDERED TO BE A HEALTH HAZARD. RADON GAS
FROM NATURAL SOURCES CAN ACCUMULATE IN BUILDINGS,
ESPECIALLY IN CONFINED AREAS SUCH AS THE BASEMENT AND IT IS
THE SECOND MOST FREQUENT CAUSE OF LUNG CANCER,
AFTERCIGARETTESMOKING.
4.SMOKEANDCARBON MONOXIDEFROMWILDFIRES
5.VEGETATION, IN SOME REGIONS, EMITS ENVIRONMENTALLY
SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF VOCS ON WARMER DAYS. THESE VOCS
REACT WITH PRIMARY ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTANTSSPECIFICALLY,
NOX, SO2, AND ANTHROPOGENIC ORGANIC CARBON COMPOUNDSTO
PRODUCE A SEASONAL HAZE OF SECONDARY POLLUTANTS.
6.VOLCANIC ACTIVITY, WHICH PRODUCESSULFUR,CHLORINE, AND
ASH PARTICULATES

ANTHROPOGENIC (MAN-MADE) SOURCES:

THESE ARE MOSTLY RELATED TO THE BURNING OF MULTIPLE TYPES
OF FUEL.
STATIONARY SOURCES,INCLUDE SMOKE STACKS OFPOWER
PLANTS, MANUFACTURING FACILITIES (FACTORIES) AND WASTE
INCINERATORS, AS WELL AS FURNACES AND OTHER TYPES OF FUELBURNING HEATING DEVICES.
MOBILE SOURCES, INCLUDES MOTOR VEHICLES, MARINE VESSELS
AND AIRCRAFT.
FUMES FROM PAINT, HAIR SPRAYS, VARNISH, AEROSOL SOLVENTS.
CHEMICALS IN AGRICULTURE AND FOREST MANAGEMENT.
WASTE DEPOSITION IN LANDFILLS WITH GENERATION OF METHANE.
MILITARY RESOURCES SUCH AS NUCLEAR WEAPONS, TOXIC GASE,
ROCKETRY ETC.

EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

1. RESPIRATORY AND HEART PROBLEMS:THE EFFECTS OF AIR
POLLUTION ARE ALARMING. THEY ARE KNOWN TO CREATE
SEVERAL RESPIRATORY AND HEART CONDITIONS ALONG WITH
CANCER, AMONG OTHER THREATS TO THE BODY. SEVERAL
MILLIONS ARE KNOWN TO HAVE DIED DUE TO DIRECT OR INDIRECT
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. CHILDREN IN AREAS EXPOSED TO AIR
POLLUTANTS ARE SAID TO COMMONLY SUFFER FROM PNEUMONIA
AND ASTHMA.
2. GLOBAL WARMING:ANOTHER DIRECT EFFECT IS THE IMMEDIATE
ALTERATIONS THAT THE WORLD IS WITNESSING DUE TOGLOBAL
WARMING. WITH INCREASED TEMPERATURES WORLD WIDE, INCREASE
IN SEA LEVELS AND MELTING OF ICE FROM COLDER REGIONS AND
ICEBERGS, DISPLACEMENT AND LOSS OF HABITAT HAVE ALREADY
SIGNALED AN IMPENDING DISASTER IF ACTIONS FOR PRESERVATION
AND NORMALIZATION ARENT UNDERTAKEN SOON.
3. ACID RAIN:HARMFUL GASES LIKE NITROGEN OXIDES AND SULFUR
OXIDES ARE RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE DURING THE
BURNING OFFOSSIL FUELS. WHEN IT RAINS, THE WATER DROPLETS
COMBINES WITH THESE AIR POLLUTANTS, BECOMES ACIDIC AND
THEN FALLS ON THE GROUND IN THE FORM OF ACID RAIN.ACID
RAINCAN CAUSE GREAT DAMAGE TO HUMAN, ANIMALS AND CROPS.

4. EUTROPHICATION:EUTROPHICATION IS A CONDITION WHERE

HIGH AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PRESENT IN SOME POLLUTANTS GETS
DEVELOPED ON SEAS SURFACE AND TURNS ITSELF INTO ALGAE AND
ADVERSELY AFFECT FISH, PLANTS AND ANIMAL SPECIES. THE GREEN
COLORED ALGAE THAT IS PRESENT ON LAKES AND PONDS IS DUE TO
PRESENCE OF THIS CHEMICAL ONLY.
5. EFFECT ON WILDLIFE:JUST LIKE HUMANS, ANIMALS ALSO FACE
SOME DEVASTATING AFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. TOXIC CHEMICALS
PRESENT IN THE AIR CAN FORCE WILDLIFE SPECIES TO MOVE TO
NEW PLACE AND CHANGE THEIR HABITAT. THE TOXIC POLLUTANTS
DEPOSIT OVER THE SURFACE OF THE WATER AND CAN ALSO AFFECT
SEA ANIMALS.
6. DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER:OZONE EXISTS IN EARTHS
STRATOSPHERE AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROTECTING HUMANS
FROM HARMFUL ULTRAVIOLET (UV) RAYS. EARTHS OZONE LAYER IS
DEPLETING DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS,
HYDRO CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. AS OZONE
LAYER WILL GO THIN, IT WILL EMIT HARMFUL RAYS BACK ON EARTH
AND CAN CAUSE SKIN AND EYE RELATED PROBLEMS. UV RAYS ALSO
HAVE THE CAPABILITY TO AFFECT CROPS.

EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH

IT CAUSES LUNG CANCER, ASTHMA, CHRONIC BRONCHITIS,
EMPHYSEMA.
SO2 CAUSES CONSTRICTION OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGE AND
CAUSE BRONCHITIS.
NO2 CAN IRRITATE THE LUNGS AND CAUSE
EPHYSEMA AND CHRONIC BRONCHITIS.
CARBON MONOXIDE CAUSE SUFFOCATION
AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE MAY CAUSE
DEATH.
BENZENE, FORMALDEHYDE CAN CAUSE
MUTATIONS, REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS.

EFFECTS ON PLANTS
AIR POLLUTANTS CAN ENTER INTO PLANT BODY
THROUGH STOMATA AND CAN STOP
PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
DAMAGE TO LEAF STRUCTURE CAUSES
NECROSIS, CHLOROSIS, EPINASTY, ABSCISSION.
SO2 CAUSES BLEACHING OF LEAVES,
CHLOROSIS, INJURY AND NECROSIS.
PAN CAUSES SILVERING OF LOWER SURFACE OF
LEAF AND SUPPRESSED GROWTH.
SIGNIFICANCE
AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ARE NOT LIMITED TO
THE SHORT TERM NOR TO THE PLANT DAMAGED
OR KILLED.
AIR POLLUTION CAN HAVE LONG TERM EFFECTS
THAT AFFECT NOT ONLY PLANTS, BUT THE
ANIMALS THAT
DEPEND UPON THEM.
IT CAN CAUSE IRREPARABLE HARM TO WATER
RESOURCES AND ECOSYSTEMS.
RAPID DECLINE OF ECOSYSTEM HEALTH CAN
LEAVE SYSTEMS UNLIVABLE.

EFFECTS ON MATERIALS:
SO2 AND MOISTURE CAN ACCELERATE CORROSION OF METALLIC
SURFACES.
SULFURIC ACID ALSO DAMAGES METALLIC SURFACES, MARBLE
AND LIME STONE.
OZONE CAN CAUSE CRACKING OF RUBBER.

TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION:

MINIMIZE ACTIVITIES WHICH CAUSE POLLUTION LIKE
TRANSPORTATION AND ENERGY PRODUCTION.
MODIFICATION OF PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT.
USE OF APPROPRIATE MATERIALS.
USING LOW SULPHER COAL IN INDUSTRIES.
REMOVING SULPHER FROM COAL.
REMOVING NOX DURING THE COMBUSTION PROCESS AND
CONTROLLING THE FLOW OF AIR AND FUEL IN INDUSTRIAL
BURNERS
USING MASS TRANSPORT SYSTEMS.
SHIFTING TO FUELS SUCH AS HYDROGEN GAS.
USING NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution

 AIR POLLUTION CAN BE

CONTROLLED THROUGH
PROPER LANDSCAPE
PLANNING, AND THROUGH
WHICH URBAN
SUSTAINABILITY CAN BE
ENHANCED.
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS
ARE SENSITIVE TO THE ISSUE
OF AIR POLLUTION IN THEIR
EVERYDAY PRACTICE
THROUGH A WIDE VARIETY OF
:
PLANTING APPLICATIONS
PRESERVATION OF NATURAL
VEGETATION RESOURCES
REVEGETATION EFFORTS
PRESERVATION
&MANAGEMENT OF OPEN
SPACES
USE OF PLANT MATERIALS

REMEDIAL MEASURES

BENEFITS OF USING VEGETATION

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS ARE USING VEGETATION SUCH AS STREET
TREES AND SHRUBS TO IMPROVE AIR QUALITY, PARTICULARLY
DURING EXCESSIVELY HOT WEATHER.
ANOTHERAND PARTICULARLY MORE INNOVATIVEUSE OF
VEGETATION INVOLVES THE GREEN ROOF (ALSO KNOWN AS THE
LIVING ROOF). COMPRISED OF TREES, SHRUBS, LOW-GROWTH
GRASSES, AND SEDUMS, GREEN ROOFS CAN CAP JUST ABOUT ANY
STRUCTURE IN A COMMUNITY. THE VEGETATION ON A GREEN ROOF
IS DROUGHT TOLERANT, WEED RESISTANT, CAN WITHSTAND
EXTREME TEMPERATURES.
ONE OF THE MAIN PURPOSES OF A GREEN ROOF IS TO CONTROL
STORMWATER RUNOFF. RAINWATER CAN BE COLLECTED, FILTERED,
AND STORED IN A CISTERN. THE WATER IS THEN UTILIZED IN
IRRIGATION AND WASH-DOWN SYSTEMS. ALSO, DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
CAN HELP CONTROL THE AMOUNT OF STORMWATER BEING RELEASED
INTO A COMMUNITYS SEWER SYSTEM.

USE PUBLIC MODE OF TRANSPORTATION:

ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO USE MORE AND MOREPUBLIC MODES OF
TRANSPORTATIONTO REDUCE POLLUTION. ALSO, TRY TO MAKE USE
OF CAR POOLING. IF YOU AND YOUR COLLEAGUES COME FROM THE
SAME LOCALITY AND HAVE SAME TIMINGS YOU CAN EXPLORE THIS
OPTION TO SAVE ENERGY AND MONEY.
CONSERVE ENERGY:
SWITCH OFF FANS AND LIGHTS WHEN YOU ARE GOING OUT. LARGE
AMOUNT OF FOSSIL FUELS ARE BURNT TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY.
YOU CAN SAVE THE ENVIRONMENT FROM DEGRADATION BY
REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF FOSSIL FUELS TO BE BURNED.
UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF REDUCE, REUSE AND
RECYCLE:
DO NOT THROW AWAY ITEMS THAT ARE OF NO USE TO YOU. IN-FACT
REUSE THEM FOR SOME OTHER PURPOSE. FOR E.G. YOU CAN USE
OLD JARS TO STORE CEREALS OR PULSES.

EMPHASIS ON CLEAN ENERGY RESOURCES:

CLEAN ENERGYTECHNOLOGIES
LIKESOLAR,WINDANDGEOTHERMALARE ON HIGH THESE DAYS.
GOVERNMENTS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES HAVE BEEN PROVIDING
GRANTS TO CONSUMERS WHO ARE INTERESTED IN
INSTALLINGSOLAR PANELS FOR THEIR HOME. THIS WILL GO A LONG
WAY TO CURB AIR POLLUTION.
USE ENERGY EFFICIENT DEVICES:
CFL LIGHTS CONSUMELESS ELECTRICITY AS AGAINST THEIR
COUNTERPARTS. THEY LIVE LONGER, CONSUME LESS ELECTRICITY,
LOWER ELECTRICITY BILLS AND ALSO HELP YOU TO REDUCE
POLLUTION BY CONSUMING LESS ENERGY.
SEVERAL ATTEMPTS ARE BEING MADE WORLD WIDE ON A
PERSONAL, INDUSTRIAL AND GOVERNMENTAL LEVELS TO CURB THE
INTENSITY AT WHICH AIR POLLUTION IS RISING AND REGAIN A
BALANCE AS FAR AS THE PROPORTIONS OF THE FOUNDATION GASES
ARE CONCERNED. THIS IS A DIRECT ATTEMPT AT SLACKINGGLOBAL
WARMING . WE ARE SEEING A SERIES OF INNOVATIONS AND
EXPERIMENTS AIMED AT ALTERNATE AND UNCONVENTIONAL
OPTIONS TO REDUCE POLLUTANTS.
Source: AIR POLLUTION IS ONE OF THE
LARGER MIRRORS OF MANShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution
FOLLIES, AND A CHALLENGE WE NEED

DEVICES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION

BIOLOGICAL FILTERS:
USING BIOLOGICAL FILTERS AND BIO SCRUBBERS.
PLANTING MORE TREE.
REDUCTION OF POLLUTION AT SOURCE.

WET SCRUBBERS :
USE WATER SPRAY TO FILTER THE POLLUTED AIR.

CYCLONE FILTER:
USES CENTRIFUGAL FORCE TO SEPARATE
POLLUTANTS.

BAG HOUSE FILTER:

USES FABRIC BAGS TO FILTER OUT THE POLLUTANTS.

Sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_from_the_Air
http://www.nrdc.org/air/ -natural resources defense council
Fundamentals of air pollution daneil vallero
Air pollution and health stephen T holgate, Hillel S. Koren,
Jonathan M. Samet

Thank
you