References

Andrews v. Fowler, 98 F.3d 1069 (8th Cir. 1996).

Case involves assault and battery-specifically sexual assault-by police. Plaintiff is
female.
Batista v. Weir, 340 F.2d 74 (3d Cir. 1965).
This court case involves the assault and battery of a civilian by police officers. Basista
won against Scalese only, and was in turn found guilty of assault and battery.
Caldeira, G. (1985). The Transmission of Legal Precedent: A Study of State Supreme Courts.
American Political Science Review, 79(1), 178-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1956126
This source specifically looks at supreme court decisions and their relation to
precedent.
Civil Liability for the Use of Pepper Spray (OC), Tear Gas, and Chemical Agents. (2014). AELE
Monthly Law Journal, 101-109. Retrieved from http://www.aele.org/law/2014all04/201404MLJ101.pdf
Discusses the usage of police pepper spray.
Eisenberg, M. (1999). Corporate Law and Social Norms. Columbia Law Review, 99(5), 12531292. Retrieved from Google Scholar database.
This source looks into specific types of social norms and their influences on the law. It
defines three specific norms and then further elaborates them.
Grawey v. Drury, 567 F.3d 302 (6th Cir. 2009).
This case involves assault and battery and police. People were male.

Heiner, R. (1986). Imperfect Decisions and the Law: On the Evolution of Legal Precedent and
Rules. The Journal of Legal Studies, 15(2), 227-261. Retrieved from Google Scholar
database.
This source details the evolution and changes to legal precedents. It describes the
reasoning for certain decisions and why they changed.
O'Callahan v. Parker, 395 U.S. 258 (1969).
References a case of assault and battery-involving attempted rape-of a woman. Case is
not about this situation, merely referencing it and stating the perpetrator receiving
adequate punishment.
Owens v. Okure, 488 U.S. 235 (1989).
This case involves assault and battery and police officers. Involves severe
maliciousness and lack of empathy.
Police Use of Force. (2015, April 13). Retrieved May 4, 2015, from National Institute of Justice
website: http://www.nij.gov/topics/law-enforcement/officer-safety/use-offorce/pages/welcome.aspx
Posr v. Doherty, 944 F.2d 91 (2d Cir. 1991).
This citation involves assault and battery with police involvement. Plaintiff was at a
protest.
Priest v. Rotary, 634 F. Supp. 571 (1986).
Case involves assault and battery-as well as sexual harassment-between a woman and
her employer.
Schwarz, T. (2007). Cases Time Forgot: Why Judges can Sometimes be Caught Ignoring
Precedent. Emory Law Journal, 56(5), 1475-1510.

This source focuses on Judge decisions to ignore precedents. Precedents are what
should remain constant but change over time as a result of changing norms.
Stringer v. Dilger, 313 F.2d 536 (10th Cir. 1963).
Involves both assault and battery as well as infringement on civil rights.
Tanberg v. Sholtis, 401 F.3d 1151 (10th Cir. 2005).
This citation involves assault and battery and police. This case also involves women.