Professional Documents
Culture Documents
E
nergy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every
sector of Indian economy – agriculture, industry, t r a n s p o r t ,
commercial, and domestic – needs inputs of energy. The
economic development plans implemented since independence have
necessarily required increasing amounts of energy. As a result,
consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the
country.
This growing consumption of energy has also resulted in the country
becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal and oil
and gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and potential shortages in future
lead to concerns about the security of energy supply needed to sustain
our economic growth. Increased use of fossil fuels also causes
environmental problems both locally and globally.
Against this background, the country urgently needs to develop a
sustainable path of energy development. Promotion of energy
conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the
twin planks of a sustainable energy
supply.
Fortunately, India is blessed with
a variety of renewable energy
sources, the main ones being
biomass, biogas, the sun, wind, and
small hydro power. (Large hydro
power is also renewable in nature,
but has been utilized all over the
world for many decades, and is
generally not included in the term
‘new and renewable sources of
energy’.) Municipal and industrial
wastes can also be useful sources of
energy, but are basically different
forms of biomass.
34567890123456
4567890123456
4567890123456
4567890123456
4567890123456 R ENEWABLE E NERGY IN I NDIA
4567890123456
4567890123456
2
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
R ENEWABLE E NERG Y IN I NDIA 12345678901234
12345678901234
Table 1
Cumulative
Estimated installed capacity /
Source/System potential number*
Wind power 45 000 MW 3595 MW
Biomass power 16 000 MW 302.53 MW
Bagasse cogeneration 3500 MW 447.00 MW
Small hydro (up to 25 MW) 15 000 MW 1705.63 MW
Waste to energy
P Municipal solid waste 1700 MW 17 MW
P Industrial waste 1000 MW 29.50 MW
Family-size biogas plants 12 million 3.71 million
Improved chulhas 120 million 35.20 million
Solar street lighting systems — 54 795
Home lighting systems — 342 607
Solar lanterns — 560 295
Solar photovoltaic power plants — 1566 kWp
Solar water heating systems 140 million m 2
1 million m 2 of
of collector area collector area
Box-type solar cookers — 575 000
Solar photovoltaic pumps — 6818
Wind pumps — 1087
Biomass gasifiers — 66.35 MW
* as on 31 March 2005
3
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
N ATION AL E LECTRICIT Y P OLICY 2005 12345678901234
12345678901234
5
34567890123456
4567890123456
4567890123456
4567890123456
4567890123456 T HE E LECTRICIT Y A C T 2003
4567890123456
4567890123456
Section 4
Section 4 states that the Central Government shall, after consultation
with the state governments, prepare and notify a national policy,
permitting stand-alone systems (including those based on renewable
sources of energy and other non-conventional sources of energy) for
rural areas.
Section 61
Section 61, 61(h) and 61(i) state that the appropriate commission shall,
subject to the provision of this Act, specify the terms and conditions
for the determination of tariff, and in doing so, shall be guided by the
following, namely, the promotion of cogeneration and generation of
electricity from renewable sources of energy; and the National Electricity
Policy and Tariff Policy.
Section 86(1)
Section 86(1) and 86(1)(e) state that the state commissions shall
discharge the following functions, namely, promote cogeneration and
generation of electricity from renewable sources of energy by providing,
suitable measures for connectivity with the grid and sale of electricity
to any person, and also specify, for purchase of electricity from such
sources, a percentage of the total consumption of electricity in the area
of a distribution license.
6
Solar Energy Centre
Introduction
Functions
The SEC serves as an effective interface between the Government and
institutions, industry and user organizations for development,
promotion, and widespread utilization of solar energy in the country.
The functions of the Centre are as follows.
Research and development
• Cooperation with institutions and industry
Testing and standardization
• National test facility
• Coordination with regional test centres (RTCs) and standards
organizations
Technology demonstration and assessment
• Evaluation of technical, environmental, and economic
performance
Human resource development
• Training and Visitors’ Programme
• Dissemination and diffusion of solar energy technologies
Advisory and consultancy services
International cooperation
9
23456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345 S OL AR E NER GY C ENTRE
3456789012345
3456789012345
Besides the SEC, the Regional Test Centres (RTCs) established by the
MNES in different parts of the country also provide facilities for testing
solar thermal collectors and solar cookers. These regional centres are
recognized test centres accredited by the BIS. The SEC provides
technical coordination for these RTCs.
The Centre and the programme division of the MNES have been
working closely with the BIS for standardization of solar thermal
products. The BIS brought out the Indian standards on solar flat-plate
collectors in 1990 (revised in 1992) as IS 12933 (parts 1–5) and those
on solar cookers in 1992 as IS 13429 (parts 1–3). All these standards
have further been revised taking into account the technological
developments that have taken place over the years and to make them
at par with the international standards. The revised Indian standards
are as follows.
10
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
S OL AR E NER GY C ENTRE 12345678901234
12345678901234
11
23456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345 S OL AR E NER GY C ENTRE
3456789012345
3456789012345
12
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
S OL AR E NER GY C ENTRE 12345678901234
12345678901234
13
23456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345 S OL AR E NER GY C ENTRE
3456789012345
3456789012345
14
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
S OL AR E NER GY C ENTRE 12345678901234
12345678901234
Solar buildings
The buildings of SEC were designed and constructed using solar passive
concepts. To counter the composite climate of the region, features that
have been incorporated in the buildings for comfort and energy
efficiency include the following.
A spread-out structure arranged around court yards
Hollow concrete block walls to reduce the outside heat input
Earth berming for better indoor temperature
Insulation and reflective finish on the roof surface to minimize heat
gain
Energy-efficient window designs for view, thermal comfort, and
daylighting
Rooftop evaporating cooling during dry summer
Terrace garden
A view of the Solar Energy Centre guest house, which is partially earth-bermed
15
23456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345 S OL AR E NER GY C ENTRE
3456789012345
3456789012345
Energy plantation
Plant species that produce oilseeds are now getting special attention
because of the ever-increasing demand for fuel. Jatropha curcas is one
such species that falls into this category. Besides its oil-yielding capacity,
it is also recognized for its soil protection properties, and as a provider
of green manure and medicine. A joint project has been taken up with
the National Botanical
Research Institute,
Lucknow, for plantation of
Jatropha curcas and
Pongemia pinnata for large-
scale plantation at the
Centre to study the
feasibility of production of
bio-diesel and its further
applications.
The technology
assessment studies
Daylighting concept in workshop building undertaken by the Centre
of Solar Energy Centre on solar water heating
systems, solar refrigeration
and air-conditioning, solar energy materials, GHG (greenhouse gas)
emission reduction from renewable energy systems, etc. have
contributed to further development of these technologies.
16
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
S OL AR E NER GY C ENTRE 12345678901234
12345678901234
The ongoing and the recently concluded R&D projects include the
following.
Preparation of a handbook on solar passive architecture jointly with
the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Monitoring and performance evaluation of solar buildings
constructed in different climatic zones jointly with Devi Ahilya
University, Indore; and Science, Technology, and Environment
Council, Himachal Pradesh
Development of standardized test procedure for domestic
thermosyphon solar hot water systems jointly with the Indian
Institute of Technology, Bombay
Development of course material on solar passive architecture for
inclusion in the curricula of B. Arch jointly with the Indian Institute
of Technology, Delhi and Council of Architects.
Resource assessment
Solar radiation resource assessment is an important step for arriving at
the optimized design of a solar system, which, in turn, dictates its
performance reliability and economics. The amount of solar radiation
incident over India has been recorded continuously by the Indian
Meteorological Department for a number of years. Through an initiative
taken by the Department of Science and Technology, the Handbook of
Solar Radiation Data for India was published in 1981, which contained
data on solar and terrestrial radiation and associated meteorological
parameters for 18 stations of the country where reliable measurements
were made for a number of years. Immediately after this, an analytical
technique was devised to derive radiation data for another 127 stations
where radiation measurements were not available. Two methods were
used to compute solar radiation, one using regression techniques to
derive radiation from sunshine and cloudiness, the other from
extraterrestrial radiation, taking into account depletion of radiation
by absorption and scattering when it passes through the atmosphere.
The results were published in 1982 as the second volume of the earlier
publication and titled as Solar Radiation Over India. The volumes were
prepared by the Bangalore field unit of the Indian Institute of Tropical
Meteorology, Pune. An initiative has recently been taken by the Centre
17
23456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345 S OL AR E NER GY C ENTRE
3456789012345
3456789012345
International Cooperation
The SEC, right from the beginning, has implemented a number of
international projects for establishing its own facilities, providing
technical and training assistance to other nations and offering its test
facility to technical organizations of various countries. In the process,
it has interacted with major international and bilateral organizations
and institutions of repute world over. Now, as an established institution,
18
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
S OL AR E NER GY C ENTRE 12345678901234
12345678901234
19
23456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345 S OL AR E NER GY C ENTRE
3456789012345
3456789012345
20
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
S OL AR E NER GY C ENTRE 12345678901234
12345678901234
21
23456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345
3456789012345 S OL AR E NER GY C ENTRE
3456789012345
3456789012345
Campus:
Solar Energy Centre Tel. +91 124 2579208
Gurgaon–Faridabad Road +91 124 2579207
(19th Milestone) E-mail sec@nic.in
Gwal Pahari, Dist. Gurgaon Website mnes.nic.in
Disclaimer
Every effort has been made to provide correct information in this booklet. However, the Ministry of
Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) does not assume any responsibility for the accuracy
of the facts and figures mentioned here, nor for any consequences arising out of use of any
information contained in this publication.
22
Shri Vilas Muttemwar
Minister of State (Independent Charge)
Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Government of India
New Delhi – 110 003
1 Biogas
2 Biomass
3 Solar Heat
4 Solar Electricity
6 Wind Energy
8 Hydrogen Energy