Aci 350R 89 PDF

ACI 350R-89 Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures Reported by ACI Committee 350 Frank Kein Robert ithe Anand B. Gogste Chainer hsinan, editorial subcommittes Secretary James P. Archibald Ashok K.Dhingra Gerard B, Hasselwander Predrag L. Popovic Jon B. Ardahl Doral R. Dressi=r Dov Kantnoteky ‘Stith K.Schdey Paul A. Beckmana, J Donald L. Dube Devid A. Kloveisr Harold N. Schaeider Reginald H. Benioo Anthony L, Felder [Nicholas A. Legatos SudbaterP. Verma Patrick J. Croegen Timothy 1. Ronee Gena E. Noble Roger H. Wood ne report eens ecommenstons Jor srt deg ma ale ard contri fret tans seri eet ac fares common eee i moter comes inal and donestc ter, and waconcter cians nevis where dest. apansece Smeets th high rence chem atack i rented Stecel ephane placa on 2 ouch sini he Pc 20a Ibs Design we soci of fin ae coder Popo ig of conc. placement and proven ent dem lealnor to demraea Inari 21260 geOGN ME. ayworae eompeume: aggngzas; comets; shania) stick cosings; com ‘beaten, volume { Flexural members | ‘ Giatnes 2295) | ate | 038000 ian aan EET oe, rete | cam | aon MAXIMUM spacing. ‘(davimumn Z= 118) | (es.oo0) | (38,000, = 1 eee Nell acme serene EEE E00 | tlm [ato 14 a 22,00 | 20,000 5 ue (Maximum Z = 115) | @52,000)| 038,000) paste = < Grade GO} Eecconenne roo | 7.c00 a ene in| SEES on | AS | lth ce Flewural members | Remaster” | suo | snmo | eS an | ae ON | aes SS eee ae eo ans is agen “Erase, faye Hl SEU re er age mae or ot 4 ie 47 48 19 20 28 22 29 24 28 2627 2 28 30 Allonable service load stress, f,, ksi Fig. 2(cj-Bar spacing for flexural crack control (#9 ongh Hi barge Table 2.6.7(2) — Recommended allowable stresses" for concrete in environmental engineering concrete structures that must be weter tight and resistant to chemicals Rescmeeniae ‘ale. Be Deseion Masulas of els tis » 4 lect: ‘Esrene Sher sess in compression 0a ‘Bure Sher ares in tson i pla Seon fouiuse and walls 16 oon Beams wth no web reinfirosment am Sess qui so web fealrcencnt Rg ‘Members wih web znforeenent or propsry Ganpued bent bar and vericel seus 3 Sits cad fotiam Guipbenl shea) 2 Bess oo Sa we Ge onedhie area or less escvaiows doje woe oE Beal srcngis of vaxrae For cman tended ftw Sein 3.5.1. Ober poco shal cn App (tei design meted) of AC Tisai members, bar spacing should be limited so that caleu- lated 2 values do not exceed 115 kips per in. Deformed bar or wire spacings should not exceed 12 in, (308 mm). Preferably bar sizes should not excced #11 te Fawn ein he cammenty ACT SR ‘ar tas WT roa Hw Gee 2) ve be dazed Som ASIC A For severe environmental exposures.* structural design should conform to Section 2.6 6 with the quantity Z which does not exceed 95 kipsiin, and surface or ‘ther protection or barrier should be provided suitable for the particular conditions of exposure 2.67 Alternate design method, ACI 318, Appendix B (working. stress. design) — Except 28 noted below, the alternate design method should be in accordance with ACI 318, Appendix B. Recommended concrete and steel stresses for design at scrvice loads are presented in Tables 2.6.7(a) and 2.6.7(b). These stresses are for a maximum bar spacing of 12 in. and have been estab- lished to control crack widihs for concrete surfaces exposed to conditions encountered in environmental en- sgincering concrete structures. The stresses for 12 in. bar spacings should not exceed 27,000 psi (186 KPa) for Grade 60 reinforcement nor 20,000 psi (137 KPa) for Grade 40 reinforcement. Fig 2.6.7(a), 2.6 70), and 2.6 7(c) are presented for lesser bar spacings and a broader range of Z values. Development lengths and anchorages should conform (o the requirements of ACT 318. 2.7 — Reinforeement splices Splices in reinforeement should conform to the requirements of ACI 3 18. In circular tanks designed for ring tension, the location of splices should be stag- ‘gered. Adjacent hoop reinforcing splices should be Teer may apes acy ction ch the Ue Sting oe vil sey eeu ie Be350R-10 Bar sies #9, #1G andi 11 with in, cover 3 (zy Tees MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE Table 2.6.7(b) — Recommended maximum stresses at Service load for recommended maximum 12-in. (805-mm) spacing of reinforcing bars in environmental engineering concrete structures 1 T Og Say Sas | Naan aes = exons oe \ ‘ = ‘od acs 2 Ia fe (Pa) 1 WI Lo lat ies | ["oiaae Gal Grate a v 7 Menten dre | 20000 | 16000 ¥ LU All sizes ‘sion (138.000 | 66:00 \ | ree | on | ane | | B45 (Maximum Z~95)_| (152,000) | (138,000), ¢ . OY re MAXIMUM spacing aikten | abe ‘spe em | rx.a0 Bn SGSLAEE- 9m | old | aatinn ahs Ter ame | am ame warn | | drxime 2 = 115) | ann ae, a ecules ® Grade 60s Severe eo | 17,00 zea sac, nip [tina = 99) | azo | «37.00 r Si ‘Flexural members. Nomalasas” | 109 | 29.000 : Oieamam? = 9 | aden | ation MAXIMO SS ge = Se » wiggled STS pees ole Soe Pie he a ape Sree STE nayye netee os 46 16 47 48 19 20.20 22 25 24 % 25 27 282990 “Barc FY trngh ils Gre Ai ate Ben ett fom ASTICA 1S Allowable service load stress, f,, ksi = For severe environmental exposures,* structural de- tig ar Gi ee. Jor flexural crack contro! (8 sien should conform to Section 2.6.6 with the quantity Table 26.7(¢) — Recommended allowable stresses" for concrete in environmental engineering concrete structures that must be Water tight and resistant to chemicals Recommended Desciion “ales Medi ty ratio 1 aeenee Meds of sans rat m we Fleas: ‘Beene fiber ares in compression f. 04s 5 6 Ly 1a 5 2h Por Ea ave oasé see of oie Fe mimin seminal fe Seen 341 _— fan te Appear item Sogn mats), members, bar spacing should be limited so that caleu- lated Z values do not exceed 115 kips per in. Deformed bar or wire spacings should not exceed 12 in. (305 mm). Preferably bar sizes should not exceed #1 1 Z which does not exceed 95 kipsfin, and surface or ‘other protection or barrier should be provided suitable for the particular conditions of exposure. 2.6.7 Alternate design method, ACI 318, Appendix B working stress. design) — Except as noted below, the alternate design method should be in accordance with ACI 318, Appendix B, Recommended concrete and steel suesses for design at service loads are presented in Tables 2.6.7(a) and 2.6.7(b). These stresses are for a maximum bar spacing of 12 in. and have been estab- lished to control crack widils for concrete surfaces exposed 10 conditions encountered in environmental engineering concrete strmctures. The stresses for 12 in. bar spacings should not exezed 27,000 psi (186 KPa) for Grade 60 reinforcement nor 20,000 psi (137 KPa) for Grade 40 reinforcement. Fig 2.6-7ia), 2.6.7(b), and 2.6 7(c) are presented for lessor bar spacings and a broader range of Z values. Development lengths and anchorages should conform to the requirements of ACT318. 2.7 — Reinforeoment splices Splices in reinforcement should conform to the re- ‘quirements of ACT 18. In circular tanks designed for ring tension, the location of splices should be staggered. Adjecent hoop reinforcing splices should be Tr ftany ion se tins tech the Lens Gein oo si Salis pone ae cucaENVIRONNENTAL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES staggered horizontally (center of lap to center of lap) by aot less than one lap length nor 3 ft and should not coincide in vertical arrays more frequently than every third bar. It should be noted that due to the unusually thick slabs found in some liquid retaining structures, the slab top bar mats may require “top bar” lep lengths, Top bar requirements are set forth in ACI 318. 28 — Joints 28.1 Volume changes - Volume chenges in con- crew generally are caused by expansion or contraction in response to changes in creep, shrinkage, temperature, or moisture content Tomperature variations, being daily and seasonal, are somewhat more regular and prodictable than moisture changes. Contraction due to evaporation of excess water be- gins during or afier the curing period, depending on the quality of the moisture and temperature controls Shrinkage may continue for several years, as is shown in Fig. 2.8.1, unless water is added to the hardened concrete for extended periods. However, in environmental engineering concrete structures dasigned to contain liquids, the shrinkage may be halted when the structures are placed in use and even reversed during hot, humid weather. To provide for volume changes in 2 manner that will ‘minimize damage to the concrete, movement joints and reinforcement should be provided for in the structure bby the design engineer. All joints should be shown on the engineering drawings. Additional guidance on joints is contained in ACI SOAR. Shrinkage-compensating concrete can be used to reduce shrinkage cracking in environmental engineering concrete structures, but this committee is not yet in a position to recommend detailed requirements for its use. Additional detailed information on shrinkage compensating conerete is contained in ACI 223. It should be noted that additional care and control should be exercised during design and construction. 2.8.2 Movement joints 2.8.2.1 Expansion joints - Expansion joints are movement joints used to allow for expansion and contraction of concrete during the curing period! and during service to permit dimensional changes in concrete due to loed, 19 separate or isolaic arcas or members that could be affected by such dimensional changes, and to allow relative movements or displacements due to expansion, contraction, differential foundation ‘movement, or applied loads. Expansion joints also can fimction as contraction joints or consinuction joints. In general, expansion joints should be provided near abrupt changes in the siructure configuration. As stated in the foreword of the Federal Construction Council Technical Report No. 65 (National Academy’ of Sci- ences), “Many factors affect the amount of temperature-induced movement that takes place in a building. and also the extent fo which this movement can take place before serious damage will occur of extensive maintenance will be required. Because of the complex as0R1 109) = eot nage ver ane T Average of 56 cylinders [NN Tsar tap ee Tyr he Tisai tg ae °. ‘deve Beare Fig. 28.1 - Dying shrinkage rato curves, based on cylinders ciired for 28 or 90 days, then stored at 50 10 70 percent humidity (from Troxell et al.”) ity of this problem, no one has yet esiablished nation accoptable procedures for precisely det-rmining the siz and location of expansion joints.~* Historically, in environmental engineering concrete structures, the spacing: of expansion joints has been conservative and much influenced by the restraints in herent in the geometry of tmks and buildings, with spacings varying from 50 to 250 ft for walls and super- structures. Basc slabs with frequent construction joints have been built, without expansion joints, up to 600 ft in length In goncral, cxpansion joint spacing preferably should ot be spaced greater than 120 ft (36.6 m). When the spacing of expansion joints exceeds 150 A (46 m), a special investigation should be made for the reinforce- ‘ment requirements and the expansion joint details. The restraint exeried on the base slab by the soil should also be investigated. It is often desirable to locatc expansion joints at abrupt changes in the structure configuration ‘but when so placed, the joint details must be designed to transfer the shear caused by differential deflection of the elements on each side of the joint or, if shear transfer is not provided for, to accommodate the distortion in the joint dotels caused by the differential deflection such as in the waterstop. ‘The recommendations of the preceding paragraph are for normal environmental engineering concrete structures partially filled with a liqnid. When tanks or other structures will remain empty for long periods of time, particularly in hot climates, eloser spacings should be Used. In this respect, particular attention should be paid to conditions during construction, ‘Many satisfactory expansion joint details have been devised and used, some of which are illustrated in Fiz. 2.8.2.1. Other suggested details are found in Fig. 8, 11, ‘and 12 of the ACI S04R, All expansion joints should include some type of compressible preformed filler and 2 joint sealant or compression seal at the liquid fece. If the member must be watertight, a suitable waterstop, made of rubber, neoprene, or plastic, should be included to act as the primary barrier to leakage. Water tops preformed joint filler. and joint sealant should be selected to allow for tho moyoment anticipated. Reinforce- mientshonldterminate 2 in. ($1 mm) from the face of the joint.C ah Smet Expansion joints (not to scale) ms ern eakcnt plese jae for slabs end paving Fig. 2.8.2.4 - Contraction joints (not to scale) 2.8.2.2 Rubber waterstops permit the greatest joint movement and last indefinitely when kept in a dark and humid environment. Polyvinyl chloride waterstops permit somewhat less movement than rubber and are Tess sensitive to light and drying out, Polyvinyl chloride may be spliced by applying heat. The minimum thickness of either type should be % in. (9.5 mm), and they should be at Ieast 9 in, (230 mm) wide for expansion joimss and 6 in, (150 mm) wide for other types of joints to provide adequate embedment in the concrete.” In any creat, the engincer should verify that the water stop is chemically compatible with the liquid it must contain ‘The preformed joint filer has the twofold task of serving as a form for the second placement of concrete and preserving the space into which the concrete may expand. An ideal joint filler will permit compression to ‘one-half its original width and will ceexpand to fill dhe joint when the adjacent members contract. Cork, 100- pprene, rabber, foam, and other materials conforming, to ASTM D954, D 1056, D 1751, and D 1752 are satisfactory joint fillers. 2.8.23 Sealants should be recommended by’ the ‘manufacturer for the intended service. Only a few nonsag sealants have been recommended for submerged service, For other services, nonsag and sclfleveling sealants may be used. AG! COMMITTEE REPORT Water treatment plants and reservcirs require sealants approved for potable water. In addition to taste, ‘odor, end toxicity concems, the sealant should be resistant to chlorinated water. Consideration should be given to the cfieets of prolonged exposure to chlorine at nommeal drinking water concentrations, as well es short-term exposure to chlorine at the high concentrs- tions required for disinfection. Scalants intended for use should be approved by agencies having jurisdiction cover the specific project or resource. 2.8.2.4 Contraction joints - Some designers use contraction joints as a type of movement joint to dissi- pate shrinkage stresses. Where used, a contraction joint should be located at intervals not exceeding 30 f1 (9.1 1m) unless additional reinforcement is provided, as rec- ‘ommended in Fig, 2.5. Two types of contraction joints Known as “full” end “partial” conirection joints are in commen use. In full contraction joints, all reinforce ment is terminated 2 in. (51 mm) clear of the joint. The abutting onds of the concrete are coated with a bond breaker (see Fig. 28.2.4), Waterstops, which may be metal, plastic, or rubber, should be used for water- tightness. Whore necessary to insure equal deflection of each side of the joint, a method of stress such as smooth dowels, should be provided. A sealant usually is provided along the exposed perimeter of the Joint to exclude water or foreign mater. It may be desirable to pass tension forces through the joint to tie portions of the structure together. In this cease a partial contraction joint may be used. This joint is similar to the full contraction joint: however, in order to weakon the joint and assure erack formation, not more than 50 percent of the reinforcement is passed through the joint. Inserts which reduce the cross section of the concrete and form a weakened plane heve ‘been used to form partial contraction joints in slabs and paving. If the insert is removable, the resultant void should be filled with sealant. It is desirable to use reduced spacing for partial contraction joints. This spacing should be approximately % that of the full contraction joint, If splices are used at partial contraction joints, they should be positioned as shown in Fig, 2824. ‘Contraction joints may not be required when using shrinkage-compensaiing concrete. Typical contraction Joint details are shown in Fig. 2.8.24 28.25 Additional reinforcement at joints-Move- meat joints, particularly expansion joints, should have the concrete ends reinforced to resist spalling and/or spliting of the concrete due to inadvertent contact with the concrete on the other side of the joint. The reinforcement should not be smaller than #3 bars spaced 12 in. on center, should be along each face of the joint, and should be anchored back along the normal concrete reinforcement. 2.8.3 Construction joints-Constraction joints which should not be takon as movement joints unless designed in accordance with Section 2.8.2.4, should be Jocaied so 2s to least impair the strength of the structure, to provide logical separations between segments ofENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES the sructure, and to facilitate constmetion. Additional construction joints, or revised locations of joints, may be proposed by the contractor but should be subject to approval of the designer. Before placing new concrete against it, the surface of the joint should be prepared 10 insure a good bond, unless designed as a contraction joint (Section 28.24) All reinforcement should be continued across or through construction joints, unless designed as in See- tor 28.2.4 Whore the joint must be watertight, a wa- lerstop should be used. 2.8.4 Shear keys for movement joinks-In some instances, shear keys have proved troublesome in prac~ tice, Failure of the key can result in leakage due to by- passing of the waterstop. When shear keys are used, special precautions should be taken 10 avoid this prob- Jem, A number of techniques have been used, including shear transfer with dowels and steel waterstops, relocation of the waterstop, and redesign to avoid the me~ cessity of shear transfer. 2.9-- Impact, vibration, torque, and seismic loads To mainiain the watertighiness of o structure, it is essential that cracking and crack widths be kept to minimum, Accordingly, special care is needed in de- signing for impact and vibration, cither of which ean initiate or propagate cracks. In particular, the effect of vibration is cumulative and cracks will continue to develop and grow with time. It is, therefore, important that corrective action to reduce the vibration be taken as eatly as possible in structures where vibrations have caused cracking 291 Impact -Impact loads are occasionally cn- countered in environmental engineering concrete structures. When they are present, a conservative design approach is recommended to keep cracking to a minimum. Design for impact should be as thorough as possible. However, where a complete shock analysis is not practical, appropriatc impact factors should be uscd and design should be based on the stresses recommended in Section 2.6. An appropriate impact allow. ance, frequently in the range of 25 percent of the weight, is used for heavy machines. 2.9.3 Vibration- Most of the mechanical equipment associated with environmental engineering structures, such as scrapers, clarifiers, certain types of floceula- tors, and rotating vacuum screens, is basically slow- moving and will not cause structural vibrations. For such equipment, a separate design for dynamic loading is unnecessary. Other commonly used machines, such as centrifugal pumps, fans, centrifuges, blowers, gen- crator engines, end compressors, haye much higher ro- tational speeds and require special considerations in the design of their support structures and foundations. Usually, the value of such machines is so much more than the cost of the foundation that it is imprudent 10 econamiz on foundation costs and mun the risk of shortened machine life, increased maintenance costs, and breakdowns 360R-13 In enyironmental engineering structures, the ma chines that most offen cause vibration problems are forced-draft fans and centrifuges used for dewatering clarifier sludge or digester sludge. These are very sensi- live machines and need carefully designed foundations with no critical resonant vibration. Chemical mixers may also serve as the source of significant dynamic loads. The supports of such mixers are particularly prone to vibration. ‘The key to successful dynamic design is to insure that the natural ffequency of the machinery support structure is significantly different from the frequency of the disturbing force. If the two frequencies approach exch other. resonant vibrations will be set up ia the support ‘structure. To minimize resonant vibrations, the ratio of the natural frequency of the structure w the frequency of the disturbing force should be kept out of the range from 0.5 to 1.5. As discussed later in this section, it is preferable to maintain a fequeacy ratio above 1.5, For spread foundations, the safe-bearing load fie- quently is assumed 2s one-half of the permissible safe load for statically loaded foundations at the same location and on the same soil or rock” Some equipment manufacturers recommend minimum foundation/equipment mass ratios, generally in the range of four to six Adherence to this rule has not always proved satisfactory," and to insure that the equipment vill not be in resonance with the foundation, itis ree- commended that the natural frequency of the foundation system be calculated, For natural frequency caleu- lations, ‘ollow the method recommended in Reference 16. For pile-supported foundations, follow the recommendations found in References 19 through 21. Often the machine foundation is insulated or entirely sepa- raed from the floors and other parts of the structure, muimizing transmission of vibration to other areas of the building. If the anticipated vibration is of a frequency and amplitude that can be transmitted through the ground, the equipment foundation also should be insulated from the ground by shock-absorbing supports. More detailed information on the dynamic design of foundations can be found in Reference 22. If the machine is not supported directly on a solid foundation but on columns and beams, it is the natural frequency of the support members that is of primary importance. Needless to say, the sirength of these members also must be within acceptable limits. The natural frequency of a structure should be calculated for the vertical direction and for the two prin- cipal horizontal directions. To combine the effect of several masses, such as those duc to the machine and the structure, the natural frequency can be calculated using the following formula wherecombined natural frequency natural frequency due to Mass 1 natural frequency due to Mass 2 = natural frequency duc to Mass 3 F, = natural frequency due to Mass 4 The individual frequencies, in eycles per min, can be caloulated using the expressions given in Table 2.9.2(a), in which Dis the immediate deflection due to the mass being considered. Gravity should be assumed to act in the direction of vibration, and in licu of a comprehen sive analysis, D can be calculated using the method outlined in Section 95.2.3 of ACI 318. ‘The preceding equations provide a simple method of computing the ratural frequency of a structure from its static deflection. For the ease of a concentrated load only, Tabic 29.2(b} relates the static deflection of a sinicture supporting an item of equipment to the natural frequency of thet structure as calculated using the equations. A similar table can be developed for structures in which the uniform loads or other loads are sig~ nificant As stated, the ratio of natural frequency of the structure to frequency of the machinery or other disturbing force should be cither less than 0,5 or greatcr than 1.5, preferably the latter. Table 29.2(b) shows recommended maximum structural deflections for siven equipment operating spceds. “Theoretically, the natural frequency of the structure also could be lower than the operating rotation of the Table 2.9.2(a) — Natural frequencies of beams: Natual Fey. = oie per tame Ta sedi Whee D | Wise D Postin of sensi, End |Esd2| toed _| deer | =e 7 Food [Free ind 2 Hy Fe Ire |e, un iad Pia o ied [Fed ized free |Conesurated |tnter ja | on ae any postaam|Uaéer tend | Te) Pia L Table 2.9.2(b) — Recommended maximum structural deflection for given equipment ‘operating speeds eS aaa set (Gs pe PS pe og eg ee osupr aati in | a | geen a Be Be eae oe a Bos Ba Hag ACI COMMITTEE REPORT machine and thus avoid resonant vibration. In this ccase, the natural frequeney of the support should be at least 50 percent below the operating frequency of the muchinery. A disadvantage is that the machine would ass through the critical ayole at startup and shutdown It is not likely that the short coincidence of time would cause damage to the machine, but generally itis pref ‘erable to keep the deflection low and the natural ffequency of the structure well above operating speed. It is also possible that thc machine will be operated at a Tower speed for some time, and this lower speed could coincide with, or be close to, the critical frequency of resonant vibration, If the machinery is installed on an upper floor, the use of vibration isolators is recommended, but this should not be considered a substitute for dynamic structural design, since all isolators transmit some vibration. ‘A more complete discussion of dynamic analysis othods is givon in References 23 through 26. 2.93 Torque-In some cases, it may be necessary to consider torque in the design of the structure. Large ireular clarifiers frequently fall into this category. Most clarifiers support the catire mechanism on a center column. The diameters of clarifiers are steadily increasing, and there are now clarifiers of $00 fi (152 m) diameter in operation. These clavificrs have cantilever scrapers close to 250 ft (76 m) in length. Stalling torques of up to 5,000,000 Ib-ft (6,780,000 N-m) are specified, and the foundation must be able to resist this load. There have been cases where the center column has sheared off ftom the foundation. Often, a limit switch is included in the mechanism to prevent over load of the structure. Tn a few types of clarifiers, the radial scrapers are supported on @ center column but driven by’ a carriage that rides on the periphery of the clorifier. With this type, horizontal reactions occur at both the contcr columa and the periphery, and there is no torque. ‘The sludge accumulation, which produces the specified stalling torque, is assumed to be « triangular horizonial load on the cantilever arms, the maximum being at the center and tapering off to zero at the circumfer- cence. This comesponds with the probable patiem of the sludge accumulation. ‘From the viewpoint of the foundation, the load dis- tribution of the steel structure is immaterial. However, the magnitude of the stalling torque is important, and the foundation and the center column usually are designed to resist a torque of 50 percent in excess of the stalling torque, The resisting earth friction and passive carth pressure have small lever arms about the conter of the torque, and itis possible, if the foundation is small cr in loose fills or sippery silts, for the clarifier dave mechanism to start turning the center columa founds tion. However, the concrete center column may be Keyed and doweled into the clarifier base slab to resist this torque The torque resistancs of the foundation can be increased by the use of batter piles at the periphery of theENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES foundation. Increasing the fiction by increasing the foundation weight and/or increasing the area of the foundation to give a bigger lever arm also will provide greater torque resistance 294. Desiga of tanks io resist seismic Ioads-- In design of tanks to resis: seismic loads, the hydrodynamic mass of the contained fluid should be considered in the seismic load determination. This applies to both open and enclosed tanks and all sizes end shapes, e.g, square, rectangular, and circular. ‘Hydrodynamic pressures should include both impulsive and convective components. Impulsive pressures are developed by accelerations of the tank walls acting against the mass of the contained liquid. Convective pressures are those produced by oscillations (sloshing) Of the liquid within the wnks. In addition to the preceding, the tanks should also be designed to include seismic effects of external earth pressures and dead loads of the sirucuue, Methodology for developing hydrodynamic pressures has been developed by G. W. Housner and is contained in Reference 27. Additional information on seismic-mduced loadings of environmental facilities is contained in Reference 28. Other rational methods for determining the scismie resistance of tanks, such as the energy method described in References 29 aad 30, may be used. Seismic action can induce large horizontal and over- tuming forces on environmental engineering concrete structures. Special provisions may be required when joints at the base of tanks are required to resist high shear forces and tension loads and, at the same time, fulfill the movement requirements outlined in Section 28. CHAPTER 3~ MATERIALS, MIXTURE PROPORTIONING, AND TESTING Selection and storage of materials and mixture proportioning for environmental engineering concrete structures should be in conformance with ACT 301, except as specifically recommended in this report. 3.4 Cementitious materials 3.1.1 Cement— Except for the limitations of Sections 3.1.2 and 3.1.3, cement should conform to one of the following specifications 1. Portland cement ASTM C 150, Types 1, IA, IL, MIA, II, HLA, of V. 2. Blended hydraulic cement ASTM C 595 Types 1M), (SM), IP, and their air-entrained modifications, as denoted by Suffix A. 3. Expansive hydraulic cement ASTM C 845, Type EK If air-entrained concrete is required, an air-entrain~ ing admixture as noted in Section 3.2 should be used These different cements should not be used inter- hangeably in the same clement or portion of the work. Additional guidance on cement may be found ia ACI 2258. 250R-15 3.2 Suffate-resisiame cement- The CA content of the cementitious material should not exceed 8 percent in any concrete exposed to moderate sulfate attack (150 to 1000 ppm). Portland blast furnace slag cement (ASTM C595), Types IS (MS) or IS-A (MS), also may be used for such exposures as well as portland poezo- lan cement (ASTM C 595). Types IP of IPA, provided the pozzolan content docs not exceed 25 percent by \weight of the cementitious materials. For severe sulfate exposure (1000 ppm or more), @ cementitious material with not more than $ percent C.A should be used. If this type is not available, a coment with a CA content between 5 and 8 pereent may be used with @ 10 percent reduction in weter-cement ratio. Altematively, substituting « pozzolan such as fiy ash for cement by weight so that the total CA content of the resulting cement plus pozzolan is not greater than 5 percent may be done. In this ease, the pozzolan should not exceed 25 percent by weight of the cement plus pozzolan. Higher alkali could be permitted if a suitable fly ash or other pozzolan, or ground granulated blast- fumace slag, can be used as an inhibitor of the reac- tion. Some expansive hydraulic cements (shrinkaze-com- peasating) madc with Type Il or Type V portland coment clinker and adequately sulfaied can provide adequate sulfate resistance, (See Section 2.5.7 of ACI 223.) 3.1.3 Low alkali cement- Where aggregates arc al- ‘kali reactive, a cement containing less than 0.60 percent alkalies should be used. 3.1.4 Pazzolans- Pozzolans should conform to ASTM C 618 and should have a loss on ignition of less than 3 pereent. Not all pozzolans are beneficial to sulfate resistance. Pozzolans should not exceed 25 percent by weight of the cement plus pozzolans to avoid erratic absorption of admixtures. 3.2- Admixtures An air-entraining admixture should conform to ASTM C 260. It has been found that this type of ad- ‘mixture has a number of beneficial effects, in addition to improving resistance to the effect of freeze-thaw ‘gycles. Those include improved workability (with con ‘Sant slump), less bleeding, better paste stucture, and Tess shrinkage. As a result, their use contributes to a dense watertight structure, and they should be used in all concrete covered by Scotion 3.5.1. if chemical admixtures are used. they should mect the requirements of ASTM C 494. Pozzolans should ‘ect the requirements of ASTM C 618. The use of all admixtures should be in accordance with ACI 2122R and should be acceptable to the engineer. The use of water-reducing admixtures is recommended. Addi- tional guidance may be found in ACI 226R. ‘Admixtres intended for use with shrinkage-compensating cement should be used only with the prior knowledge and approval of the cement manufacturer. 3.2.1 Chloride content— The maximum. water-soluble chloride ion content, expressed es a percent of the cement, contributed from all ingredients of the von- crete mix, including water, aggregates, cementitiouss50R-46 materials, and admixtures, should not exceed 0,06 per- cont for prestressed concrete or 0.10 percent for all other concrete. If the structure is exposed to chloride, the maximum water-soluble chloride content should be 0.10 percent similarly expressed and measured, Only those admixtures expressly stated by the manufacturer as being chloride-free should be used. Determination of water-soluble chloride ion content should be in accordance with Federal Highway Administration Report No. FHWA-RD-77-85, “Sampling & Testing for Chloride Ton in Concrete.” No calcium chloride or admixture containing chloride from otber than incidental impuri- ties should be used. 3.3-Water Mixing water should be potable, except that fresh rnonpotable water may be used if mortar cubes made with the water in question have 7- and 28-day strengths equal to at least 90 percent of the strength of similar specimens made with potable water when tested in accordance with ASTM C 109. 3.4-Aggregates 3.4.1 Ageregates for watertight, chemical resistant conerote- Fine aggrogates should conform to the provisions of ASTM C 33, Coarse ageregates should be sized to be as large as practical, consistent with the placing constraints, as re- uired by the engineer and as described in ASTM C 33, aad should conform to all quality requiremeats noted therein. The nominal maximum size of course aggregate should not be larger than one-fifth of the narrowest di- mension between sides of the forms, one-third of the depth of slabs, or three-fourths of the minimum clear spacing between reinforcing bars These limitations may be waived if, in the judgment of the engineer, workability and methods of consolidation are such that the concrete can be placed without honeyeomb or void. 3.4.2 Aggregaies for ordinary structural concrete- In ‘gencral, aggregates for all concrete other than that referred fo in Sections 3.4.1 and 3.5.1 should be in accordance with Section 2.4 of ACI 301. For further information, rofor to ACI 221R. 3.5-Mix proportioning 3.5.1 Watertight, chemical resistant concrete- All concrete that must be watertight and resistant to freeze thaw cycles and to naturally occurring or commonly used chemicals should be air entrained. All materials should be proportioned fo produce a well-graded mixture of high density and maximum workability, with a minimum specified 28 day compressive strength of 3500 psi (24. MPs) where the conerete is not exposed to se- ‘vere and frequent freezing and thawing, or 4000 psi 28 MPa) where the concrete is exposed to severe and fre- ‘quent freezing and thawing, except where special struc tural or other considerations require concrete of greater strength. The conerete should be proportioned in accordance with ACT 211.1, subject to the following requirements. ‘AG! CONMITTEE REPORT 1 Type of cement: See Section 3.1. 2. Maximum water-cement ratio: 0.45. Ifa pozzolan is used in the concrete, the maximum waier-cemeat plas pozzolan ratio should be 0.45, 3. Minimum cementitious materials content: Gane epee see ne me 151 BM mG mn) acm ee a sae) Si ae emcee te toms S[k ety amen se fos 19 Concrete mixtures with less cement than shown in the preceding table may be used when it is demonstrated to the engineer that the proposed mixtures will produce concrete that will mect the other requirements of Sec- tion 3.5.1 and will have acceptable durability, im- permeability, workability, compactability, and finish- ability, as listed in Section 11 4. Air content (as determined im accordance with ASTM C 173 or C 231). 51/2 1 percent for coarse ag- grogate size No. 467; 6 + 1 percent for coarse agare- gate size No. 57 o No. 67. 3. Slump (es dotcrmined in accordance with ASTM C 143), measured at the point of placement inio the structure: 1 in, (25 mm) minimum; 3 in. (75 mm) maximum for footings, eaissons, substructure walls; 4 in. (100 mm) maximum for slabs, beams reinforced walls, columns. Because of the high slump loss associated with shrinkage-compensating cement-concrete, it requires higher slumps at the batch plant than those just given (See Section 4.3 of ACI 223.) These slump numbers do not apply when an acceptable high-range water reducer ss used. 3.5.2 Ordinary structural concrete- In general, all soncrete other than thet referred to in Section 3.5.1 should be ned in accordance with Chapter 3 of ACI 301 and ACT 211.1. 3.5.3 Acceptance of proportions- The contractor should furnish for the engineer's review mixture proportions prepared by a testing laboratory acceptable to the engincer, in accordance with ACI 301 and ACI 318. 3.6- Evaluation and asceptance 3.6.1- During construction, 7 day compressive strength tests should be used to supplement the 28-day tests by comparing the average relative 7- and 28-day strengths as determined by the laboratory. At least two test cylinders should be made for testing at cach age during each concreting operation for cach 100 ye (76.45 m’) of concrete of fraction thereof. All test cyl ingers should be cured under laboratory conditions, except that the engineer may require an equal number of field control cylinders cured under job conditions. For details, see ASTM C 31, € 39, C 172, and ACI 214, 3.6.2. If the concrete fails to meet the specified 28- day strength, the engineer may order tests on the hardened concrete, as described in Section 17.3 of ACI 301 If the concrete is cored and the cores fail to meet the requirements of Section 17.323 of ACI 301 or SectionENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES 4.7.44 of ACI 318, the engineer should have the right to reject the concrete, change tie mix proporions, or both, at the expense of the contractor. CHAPTER 4 -GONSTRUGTION Construction of environmental engineering concrete stractures generally should be in conformance with ACI 301, particularly Chapters 4 through 13, except as specifically recommended in this report 4.1 -Conerete 4.1.1 Concrete mixture design.- In addition to the mixture design parameters csiablished pursuant 10 structural charactenstics, chemical resistance, and durability requirements, the conerete mixtures should be suitable for the placing systems to be employed Generally, well-proportioned mixtures leaning to- ward the coarse range in coarse-to-fine proportioning with good cohesive qualities will be able to be placed well with all placing systems. Loose, sandy, or bleeding mixes should be avoided. ‘Mix proportions should be prepared in accordance with ACI 301 and ACI 211.1. - 4.1.2 Mixing concrete Because uniformity is partic ularly important in obtaining wateriight concrete, the concrete materials should be mixed sufficiently to produce concrete uniform in color and consistency with the required slump and air content. Concrete may be cither realy-mixed or mixed at the job site, as recommended in Chapter 7 of ACT 301 4.2+ Placement of concrete Detailed recommendations for acceptable placing Practices to obtain durable and watertight concrete, which is absolutely nevessary in environmental engineering concrete structures, are given in ACI 304R. The contractor should provide for the continuation of concrete placemenis in the event of plant or equipment breakdowns. Backup concrete placing equipment should be available for use within 30 min in the event the primary plocing equipment breaks down. An alternate concrete source with acceptable materials and mixtures on hand will assure the continuation of con- rete placements without unplanned and frequently un- scceplable, irregular construction joints, To prevent segregation, the concrete should be deposited in approximately 12 to 24 in. G0S to 610 mm) cep horizontal layers as near as possible to its final position (see ACI 309R). It should not be allowed to drop freely more than 4 f (1.2 m) or through a cage of reinforcing sicel (see Section 42.3). 4.2.1 Buokets- Botiom-dump buckets may be used for transporting mixed concrete to the desired location Particular care should be taken to avoid jarring or bumping that may cause sepregztion. 4.2.2 Chutes- Chutes used to transport concrete should be of metal, except afuminum, or wood with metal lining and should have a slope not exceeding one vertical to two horizoatal and not less than one vertical to three horizontal so that the conereto will travel fast ‘ORT enough to Keop the chute clean but slow cnough 10 avoid segregation of materials. The end of each chute should be provided with a baffle to help prevent segregation, or the concrete should be discharged through a drop chute, tremie, or elephant trunk directly into the form. 423 Drop chutes, elephant trunks, and tremies- Drop chutes, elephant trunks, and/or tremies should be used in walls and columns to prevent free-fall of the concrete and to allow the concrete to be placed through the cage of reinforcing steel. They should be moved at short intervals to prevent stacking of concrete. Vibra- tors should not be used to move the mass of concrete through the forms. Tremies should be used to place concrete under water and to avoid sezregation. 4.24 Pumping- Pumping equipment should be a suitable type with adequate pumping capacity for the reqnired slump and macimum size aggregste to be used. Pumplines should not contain aluminum. Loss of slump in pumping from pump hopper to point of placement should not exceed 1% in. (38.1 mm). 4.25 Conveying- Concrete conveying equipment should be designed specifically to place concrete with- ‘out segregation. Conveyor systems should not impair the sirength, slump, or sir content of the concrete placod. The placement system should be capable of de- livering conerete continuously over the entire place- ‘ment arva without delays for equipment relocation. 42.6 Back-up placement systems- Alternate placing equipment should be immediately available for use in the event that the primary placing equipment or systom breaks down during a placement. Such equipment should be able to commence placing operations with 30 min notice tp avoid cold joints in the structural element being placed. Provisions should be made for the use of retarders. 42.7 Portholes in wall and column forms. Limita- tions-Temporary openings or portholes in wall or column forms may be used to limit the free-fall of the concrete to less than 4 fi (1.2 m) and should be so located to facilitate the placing and consolidation of ihe concrete. The ports should be spaced no more than 6 to 8 f (18 to 24 m) apart to limit the horizontal flow of ‘consrete and to prevent segregation. 4.2.8 Placing in forms- Sections of walls between Joints should be placed continuously to produce a ‘monolithic unit, At least 48 hr should elapse between casting of adjoining units, Placing of concrete in beams or slabs should not be- ain until the concrete previously placed in walls or col- ‘umns has attained initial sct. As soon as possible after concrete has been deposited, it should be consolidated in an acceptable manner to work the conctet> around the reinforcement and inscrts and to prevent formation, of voids. Each horizontal layer should be consolidated by the use of acceptable mechanical vibratory equip- meat. The vibralor should extcnd into the underlying layer to bond the two layers together. To avoid excessive pressure on the forms, the vibrator should pene- trato no more than 2 ft (610 mm) into the underlying360R-48 layer. The use of vibrators to move concrete horizan- tally within the forms should noi be allowed. Mechan- ical high frequency vibrators with a minimum tre- quency of 8000 revolutions per min are preferred for consolidation of the concrete within the forms. The concrete should be vibrated in accordance with the rec ommendations contained in ACI 309R. Vibration should be continued until the escapo of large bubbles at the surface stops and before the onset of any segreze- tion ‘Vibrators attached to the forms provide an excellent ‘means of vibrating high walls and columns. ‘The forms must be designed to allow for the full liquid head pressure produced by the use of form vibrators. For more information on vibration and consolidation of concrete, refer to ACI 309R. 4.29 Temperature limitations 4.2.9.1 Cold weaiher- Unless the temperature is at least 40 F (4.4 C) and rising, water andlor aggregates should be heated so that the temperature of the con- qrcic, when placed, is not less than 55 F (13 C), Provi- sion should be made for maintaining the concrete moist and at 2 minimum temperature of not less than 50 F (10 ©) for a period of at least 7 days. Insulated tarpaulins and blankets may be used to cover concrete slabs or draped over and around wails, columns, and beams to retain the heat gencrated by hydration of the cement. Forms may be msulated or heated. Atmospheric steam curing may be utilized to accclerate curing and strength gain. Detailed recommendations are given im ACI 306R. Because of potential dangers, form removal should be governed by attainment of adequate strength in the field-placed concrete. 42.9.2 Hot weather- When the ambient tempera tare is 90 F (32 C) of ebove, special precautions should. be taken during batching, mixing, placing, and curing. Aggregate and cement should be kept cool. The use of 2 setretarding admixture may be beneficial, particularly with shrinkage-compensating concrete, ‘Sometimes itis desirable to cool the mixing water by the use of liquid nitrogen, by refrigeration, or by re- placing pan of the water with shaved or crushed ice. Wall forms should be removed as soon as the con- crcie has hardened sufficicatly to prevent damage to the concrete. Curing should be commenced immediately with water and burlap covers ot with the application of @ nonsiaining, nontoxic white-pigmented euring compound acceptable to the engineer. Curing of concrete slabs should be started as soon as possible, when finishing has been completed and/or the water sheen has disappeared. If liquid membrenc-curing is used (see Section 4.6), the compound should be noastaining. nontoxic, and white-pigmented, Detaled rec ommendations are given in ACI 305R. 4,3-Joints 43.1 Construction joinis- Vertical construction joints should be prepared and bonded as provided in ‘Chapter 6 of ACI 301. This practice also may be used for horizonial joints. When the wall height exceeds 8 £, ‘ACI COMMITTEE REPORT neww concrete should be placed on a laver of cement mortar evenly spread ever the previously placed concrete. This mortar should be a mixture of cement, sand, and water in the same proportions used in the concrete but with all coarse aggregate omitted, 43.2 Movement jomts- Concrete surfaces must be clean and dry; free from grease, oil, bitumen, or curing, compound: and should be primed according to the reo- ommendation of the manufacturer of the sealant. When a joint sealant is used, it should be investigated for compatibility with tho liquid boing retained. For detailed recommendations on sealanis, sce ACI S04. 4.3.3 Fatersiops 43.3.1 Steel - Steel waterstops have boon used successfully in construction joints. This type of waterstop is usually a 6 x in. (152 x 6 mm) steel plaie ‘embeded 3 in, (76 mn) into the concrete om cach side of the joint, To facilitate bonding to the concrete, the surfaces of steel waterstops should be free of all mud, oil, loose rust, or other material that would inhibit bond. Splices should be made by butt-welding the ends of the plates together. 43.3.2 Flexible waterstops - Waterstops fabri- cated of rubber, vinyl, metal, or other acceptable material should be of shapes and patterns to accomplish the required fimetion. Where movement is anticipated as in expansion joints, a bulb or U-shaped center see~ tion with “tear-away” closure should be provided of such size and pattem as required to accommodate anticipated movement. ‘When a flexible-type waterstop is used, all portions inchiding ends and edges should be firmly tied and/or fixed in position to provent movement during placement of the concrete, See Fig. 12 and 16 of ACI S04R for installation recommendations. 4.4 ~ Formwork 4.4.1 Goneral - Formwork should be designed, fab- ricated, erected, used, and removed in accordance with the recommendations and guidelines of AC! 347 and sP-4 4.4.2 Form design ~ Formvork should be designed so that all components and members of the structure will be cast to the comect dimensions, shape, align smcat, elevation, and position, without cxcessive doflec- tion. Formwork also should be designed to be erecied, supported, braced, and maintained so that it will support safely all vertical and lateral loads that might be applied until such Toads can be supported by the con crete structure The form panels for liquid-containing structures and conduits should be constructed in the largest size consistent with the lifting equipment available to handle ‘them. Form surfaces should be constructed of sheet sieel, smooth-dressed wood or plastic-faced plywood, or fiberglass Assemblies should provide for ease of stripping with minimum damage to the formed surfaces Vertical or lateral loads should be carried to the ground by the formwork and shoring system or by theENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES in-place construction that has adequate capacity for that purpose. Formwork and falsework vertical and lateral loads should also include live loads, wind loads, and con- suction loads, together with appropriate safety factors and load multipliers as recommended by ACI 347. All formwork should be mortar tight. Tie systems should provide for positive pressure at all joints to pre~ clude grout leakage. 4.4.3 Form des —~ Form tie assemblies for exviron- mental engineering concrete structures should permit tightening of the forms and should leave no metal or other material within 1 in (38 mum) of the surface. ‘The assembly should provide cone-shaped depressions at the forms at the surface at least 1 in. in diameter and 1A in. deep to allow filling and patching. Ties should be tight fitting, or tie holes in forms should be sealed to prevent leakage where ties pene- wate the form, ‘When 2 portion of single rod ties are to remain in a liquid-retsining structure, the portion that is to remain should be provided with a tightly fitted washer at mid- point. Multi-rod ties do not require washers. Through fies that are to be entirely removed from the structure should be tapered over the portion that passes through the concrete, The larec ead of tapered ties should be on the liquid side of the wall. The contractor should be required to demonstraic the methods and malctials to be used 10 fill the void thus formed. 4.4.4 Form coating or release agents - Form surfaces that will be in contact with concrete: should be coated with an effective bond-breaking form coating in accordance with Section 4.4 of ACI 347. For water treatment plants. the form coating should be nontoxic after a specified period, usually 30 days, 4.45 Inspection before concreting - Prior to placing conerete, forms should be inspected for cleanliness, accuracy of alignment, and reinforcing steel clearances. Inspection ports should be provided if, in the opinion (of the inspector, they are necessary to clean and inspect properly the interior of the formed clemeat. 4.4.6 Removal of forms - Removal of forms should bbe in accordance with ACI 347-78 (Reaffirmed 1984). In hot, dry climates, wood forms remaining in place may not provide adequate curing and should be kept wet or removed or loosened so that the conerete surfaces can be kept moist or coaied with a curing membrane. In cold weather, removal of formwork should be deferred and insulated until concrete has attained ade- guaic sirength, or formwork should be replaced with insulation blankets to avoid thermal shock and conse- quent crazing of the conerete surface. 44.7 Reshoring - Restoring, if permitted, should be in accordance with ACI 347-78 (Reaffirmed 1984), 4.5 — Finishes for exposed surfaces 45.1 Finishing unformed surfaces - Detailed rec ‘ommendations are given in Section 6.4.4 and Chapter 7 of ACI 302.1R. Concrete should be spread evenly ahead of the strike-off and worked as litle as possible 380R-48 during carly finishing operations. Any water brought to the surface by the strke-off or rough floating should be allowed to evaporate, If the amount of water or Iait- auce is excessive, it should be removed before the surface is floated or troweled again, If a smooth surface is required, final troweling should be delayed as long as possible, Generally, the proper time for final troweling is after the surface water hes disappeared and when the surface cannot be dented easily with the finger. Final toweling should be only as required to produce the specified finish and close any surface cracks that may have developed. 4.5.2 Nonslip finish - All exoosed floor areas, side- walks, and steps subject to foot traffie and likely to be wet should have a nonslip finish, as described in Sec- tion 7.11 of ACI 302.1, 45.3 Finishing formed surfaces - Requirements vary from merely removing fins and repairing obvious imperfections (0 finishing, which involves grinding, tubbing, floating, or brushing. Such work should be done as soon as forms can be removed. If surfaces are to be finished by grinding, chipping, bushhammering, oe sandblasting te coucce tust tix be cod Br” oughly. Chapter 10 of ACI 301 adequately covers these and other types of concrete finishes. 45.4 Repair of surface defects - Repeir of surface defects should be in accordance with Chapter 9 of ACT 301 and with ACI 309.2R 4.5.4.1 Tie holes ~ After being thoroughly cleaned and dampened, the tie holes should be grouted solid with a nonmetallic, nonshrinking grout The tic hole should be filled from the large end of the cone-shaped hole and packed solid by rodding. The use of rubber of plastic plugs wedged deep in tho wall prior to filling ‘with grout is recommended. The grout miaterial and the entire tichole filling process should be acceptable to the engineer price to the stert of the work. 454.2 Patching minor defects - Surfaces to be paiched or repaired after removal of foms should be corrected by acceptable methods and not by plastering over them. Patching of defective arcas should be done 2s soon as the forms can be removed and before curing compound is applied. ‘A good paich vell-bonded to adjacent concrete is ¢s- sential. Nonshrink, nonstaining grout should be used where appearance is important. Curing requirements for patches should be the same as for the mass of the concrete. 4.5.4.3 Honeycombed areas - Honeycombed see- tions may result from improper placement and inade- quate vibration, Whether patching of honeycombed areas is permissible depends on the extent and depth of the defective concrote and its location. If patching is allowed, all unsound matcrial should be chipped out back fo sound, solid concrete and inspected prior to the start of filling and patching operations 46 - Curing Proper curing of fresh concrete requires that moisture be retained to promote additional hydration of ce-30-20 ‘ment during the curing period and to prevent formation of surface cracks due to rapid loss of water while the concrete is plastic. Detailed recommendations are given in ACI 308. When surfaces are cured with membrane curing compound, all finishing operations, except grinding, chipping, busthemmering, and sandblasting, should be completed prior to application of the membrane. ‘Curing should commence as soon as possible following initial set or completion of surface finishing, and as soon as marring of the concrete surface will not occur. Various methods commonly used include sprinkling, ponding, using moisture retaining covers, or applying & liquid membrane-forming curing compound seal coat to form a thin water-impervious membrane. Leaving wall forms in plece provides an excellent means of retzining moisture. However, in hot, dry weather, the dry forms tend (o absorb moisture from the concrete and inhibit dissipation of the heat of hy- ration. Therefore, in kot, dry weather, the forms should be kept moist or removed as soon as the concrete has hardened sufficiently to prevent damage to the concrete. Moist or membrane curing should be commenced immediaiciy aficr removal of the forms. The membrane curing compound should cover the entire surface to be cured with a uniform film that will remain in place without gaps or omissions for the full duration of the curing period, steel, keyways, or concrete to be surfaced should be protected from the curing compound unless tests show that satisfactory adherence of the surface is obtained Membrane curing compounds sheuld conform to ASTM C 309 and should have a minimum of 18 per- ceat solids, be nonyellowing, and have a unit moisture loss of less than 0.039 gm/cm* maximum at 72hr. Rate of application of curing compounds should follow manufacturer's recommendation or be in the range of 130 to 200 fi'fgal. [See Section 2.3.3 of ACI 308-81 (Revised 1986)]. Polyethylene film for curing concrete should conform to ASTM C 171. Curing compounds used in water teatment plant construction must be nontoxic and free of taste and odor. 4.7 - Leakage testing It is normal practice to test liquid-retaining struc tures for water tightness. The leakage test should be performed while the tank walls are exposed so that leaks can be easily found and repaired. Thus, leakage tests usually are performed prior fo backfilling or clad- ding the tank. For potable water facilities, the leakage test is oftea donc in conjunction with the disinfection in order to save water. The acceptance leakage criteria and method of test should be specified in the construction contract. Tanks generally are filled to full overflow level. If the structure has dried out, the water should be left standing for a period to allow for absorption. Tanks are usually considered acceptable if: 1a There are no visible leakage or visible damp arces, and ‘ACI COMMITTEE REPORT ». The volume of leakage in a given time period (af ter correcting for evaporation losses) i less than a specified amount, Acceptable leakage volumes will vary depending on the specific application. Leakage raios of iy of | pe cent of the tank volume in any 24 br period (after absorption and stabilization) would be generally acceptable for a water reservoir where the consequences of Jedkage would not be significant. CHAPTER 5 - PROTECTION AGAINST CHEMICALS $4 - Resistance of concrete and reinforcing steel Concrete made with the proper type of cement, which has been properly proportioned, batched, mixed, placed, consolidated, and cured, will be dense, strong. watertight, and resistant to most chomical attack; therefore, under ordinary service conditions, quality concrete does not require protection against chemical deterioration or corrosion. Likewise, reinforcement ‘embedded in quality conorete normally is well-pro- ‘tected against corrosive chemicals. ‘Quality concrete, properly air entrained, is also resistant to ficece-thaw deterioration, which in many lova- tions may be more severe than chemical zction. 5.2 - Need for protection ‘The corrosive conditions that require concrete su ‘ace protection can range from comparatively mild to very severe, depending on the chemicals used and the domestic and industriel wastes encountered, ‘The type of protection employed against chemical attack will also vary according to the kind and concen- tration of the chemical, frequency of contact, and physical conditions such as ‘emperature, pressure, me- ‘chanical wear or ebrasion, and freeze-thaw cycles. Where conditions exist that may be expected to do- teriorate, remove, or otherwise destroy the concrete immediately around the reinforcing steel, direct protec- Bon of the reinforcing steel, such as epoxy coating as specified in ASTM A775, may be desirable. 53 - Types of prote Many types of proteetive coatings or barriers will prevent contact with the concrete surfaces. To be suc- ‘cessful, such coatings skould exhibit good adhesion to the concrete and be completely impervious. Among these are various coatings of thermoplastic and thermosetting types. ceramics, chemical-resistant smaectars, sheet or linear materials, and composite bar- Fes, If conditions are severe enough to deteriorate good- quality conerete, itis difficult to provide complete and lasing protection, even with the best of these types of protection. Consideration should be given to neutraliz- ing severely aggressive liquid wastes ‘When special protection is required for the reinfore ing bars, epoxy-coated bars are preferable. Specifica- tions for such coatings should be pattemed upon ASTM A775ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES 5.4 - Recommended ceatings 5.4.1 Warer treatment plants - In generel, normal concentrations of the chemicals used in water treatment plants for coagulation, taste and color control, and disinfection do not affect concrete, except for liquid alum, which requires a continuous, inert barrier, such as PVC or rubber, at least 20 mils (0.508 mm) in thickness. 54.2 Domestic sewage plants - Conerete in domes- tio sewage treatment plants scldom requires special ‘Proection, although the mechanical equipment in such environments generally is provided with a protective coating of coal-tar-based paint or some type of cpoxy due to its much greater susceptibility to damage from mildly corrosive conditions. Tn exceptional cases, for example, where hydrogen sulfide evolves in a stagnant, unventilated environment that is difficult or uneconomical to comect or clean ‘regularly, a coating such as that normally provided for metal may be necessary. Care should be exercised in using such coatings, and they should be fully tested to ingure their suitability for the proposed application. 5.4.3 Indusirial wastewater treatment plants - in- dustrial wastewater treatment may at times involve acid waste with pH as low as 1.0. ‘The type of protection generally used is chemicab-resistamt mortar, acid proof brick or tile, thick bituminous coatings. epoxies, and heavy sheets or liners of rubber or plastic 5.4.4 Protection of floors in treaiment plants - Concrete floors. wiere docasional spillage of ecids may occur, should be protected with vinyl lacquer, epoxy, chlorinated rubber, or phenolic coatings. 85 - Selection of protection system Each project should be considered individually because various materials and techniques used from time {0 time cause new problems of chemical attack. De- tailed recommendstions are given in ACI 515.1R. Manufacturers of protective materials should be consulted for information on the best preparation of concrete surfaces and the proper mixing and applica. tion of their coating products. It is important that the ‘surfaces be clean, dry, and sound in order to obtain proper coverage and bond. Generally, muriatic. acid washing and/or sandblasting are recommended for cleaning 86 - Safety precautions ‘The toxicity of any product should be investigated ‘When applying coatings, the need for ventilation should be checked. Requited protective equipment such as gloves, goggles, and masks should also be checked before application. 5.7 — Chemicals usedin treatment plants Chemicals sometimes encountered in water_ and wastewater treatment were previously listed in Table 23.2. Some type of protection may be required where some of these materials contact concrete surfaces. Ta- ble 252 of ACI SI5IR provides additional information on the effect of chemicals on concrete 3608-21 Group 1 ‘These chemicals are not considered harmful to concrete but are listed because in some instances treatment is desired to prevent staining or the absorption of lig- uid into the concrete which may react with other chem- jeals in the future ‘Activated carbon (except when agitated, then in Group 3) Activated silica (except when agitated, then in Group 3) Caleium hydroxide Calcium oxide Potassium permanganate Sodium bicarbonate* Sodium carbonate Sodium fuoride Sodium hydroxide (except over 20 percent concen- tration, then in Group 3) Sodium silicate Socium siliconfluoride Trisodium phosphate Group 2 Concrete exposed to the chemicals listed in this group should be made with sulfate-resisiant cement (See Sec- ‘ion 3.1) of should be given a protective coating, as described in Section 5.4 Copper sulfate Ferre sulfate Group 3 Conerete should be protected against these chemicals swith a protective coating, as described in Section 5.4. Activated carbon (when not agitated, then in Group » Activated silica (when not agitated, then in Group 1) Alum, liquid Aluminum ammonium sulfate Aluminum chloride solution Aluminum potassium sulfate Aluminum sulfate Ammonium sulfete Calcium hypochloride Chlorine Ferric chloride Fluosilicic acid Sodium bisulfite Sodium hydroxide (except less than 20 percent con- centration, then in Group 1) Sulfuric acid CHAPTER 6 - REFERENCES 6.1 - Recommended references The documents of the various standards-producing organizations referred to in this document are listed below with their serial designation, including year of scloption or revision The documents listed were the TERE win respect to aialeemthe sagese0R22 latest effort at the time this document was revised. ‘Since some of these documents are revised frequently, geocrally in minor detail only, the user of this document should check directly with the sponsoring group if it is desired to refer to the latest revision. American Assoctation of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) T 26084 ‘Sampling and Testing for Total Chloride Ton in Concrete and Concrete Raw Materials Amertoan Concrete Institute (ACI) 2012-77 Guide to Durable Concrete (Reapproved 1982) ACT 2111-81 Standard Practice for Selecting (Revised 1985) Proportions for Normal, Heavy- ‘weight, and Mass Concrete 212.2881 Guide for Use of Admixtures in (Revised 1986) Conerete 24-77 Recommended Practice for Eval- (Reapproved 1983) uation of Suenglh Test Results of Concrete 228 Guide for use of Nonmal Weight Aggregate in Concrete 23 Standard Practice for the Use of Shrinkage-Compensating Con- erete 224R-80 Control of Cracking in Concrete (Revised 1984) Structures 224 1R-84 Causes, Evaluations, and Repair of Cracks in Concrete Structures 225R85 Guide to the Selection and Use of Hydraulic Cements s01-84 Specifications for Structural Revised 1988) Concrete for Buildings 302.1R-80 Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction ORS Guide for Measuring, Mixing. Transporting, and Placing Con crete 305R-77 Hot Weather Conereting (Revised 1982) 306R-88 Cold Weather Conereting 308-81 Standard Practice for Curing Revised 1986) Concrete 300-87 Guide for Consolidation of Con crete 309.2R-82 Identification and Control of Consolidation-Relaicd Surface Defects in Formed Concrete 318-83 Building Code Requirements for (Revised 1986) Reinforced Concrete 318K Commentary on Building Code (Supplement 1986) Requirements for Reinforced Concrate 349R-70 Design and Construction of Cir (Reapproved 1981) cular Prestressed Concrete Struc- ‘Act COMMITTEE REPORT MP8 Recommended Practice for Con- (Reapproved 1984) crete Formwork S0AR-77 Guide to Joint Sealants for Con- crete Structures S1SIR-79 Guide to the Use of Waterproof: (Revised 1985) ing, Dampproofing, Protective, and Decorative Barrier Systems for Conereio sp Formwork for Concrete, 4th Edition, 1981, Revised 2nd Printing American National Standards Instimte (ANSI) ‘8581-1982 ‘American National Standard Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Sructures ASTM AGIS-86 Standard Specification for De- formed and Plain Bille’-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement Standard Specification for Rail- Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement Standard Specification for Axle- Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement Standard Specification for Low- Alloy Steel Deformed Bers for Conerete Reinforcement Standard Specification for Zinc- Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement Standerd Specification for Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Stcel Bars Standard Practices for Making and Curing Conorete Test Speci- mens in the Field Standard Specification for Con- crete Aggregaics Standard Test Method for Com- pressive Strength of Cylindrical ‘Concrete Specimens Standard Test Method for Com- pressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube Specimens) Standard Test Method for Slump of Portland Cement Concrete Standard Specification for Port- and Cement ‘Standard Specification for Sheet Materials for Curing Concrete Standard Method of Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete 8 Standard Tes Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Con- crete by the Volumetric Method AGIIGR AGIT-86 A 706-86 A 767-85 A T1586 C3187 CR C3386 C 109-86 Cc u378 C 15086 c 69 (Reapproved 1985) C7282 cENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES cBLE Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freskly Mixed Con- ‘rete by the Pressure Method Standard Specification for Air Entraining Admistures for Con- crete Standard Specification for Lig- uid Membrane-Forming Com- pounds for Curing Conerete Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Con- crete Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natu- ral Pozzolan for Use as a Min- eral Admixture in Portland Ce- ment Concrete Standard Test Method for Re- strained Expansions of Expan- sive Cement Mortar Standard Specification for Ex- pansive Hydraulic Cement Stendard ‘Test Method for Re- strained Expansion of Shrink- age-compensating Concrete Standard Specification for Pre- formed Expansion Joint Filler for Conereis (Bituminous Type) Standard Specification for Flexi- ble Cellular Materials-Sponge or Expanded Rubber Standard Specification for Pre- formed Expansion Joint Fillers for Concrete Paving and Struc- ‘ural Construction (Nonexirad- ing and Resilient Bituminous Types) Standard Specification for Pre- formed Sponge Rubber and Cork Expansion Joint Fillers for Con- crete Paving and Structural Con- straction C 260-86 C 30981 C 494.85, C 595-85 Ce18ss C 806.75 C 845.80 C 878-80 D994-71 (Reapproved 1982) D 1056-85 D 1751-83 D 1752-84 The previously mentioned publications may be ob- tsined from the following organizations: American Association of State Highway and ‘Transportation Officials (AASHTO) 444.N. Capitol Street NW, Suite 225 Washington, DC 2001 American Concrete Institute (ACD) P.O, Box 9094 Famnington Hills, MI 48333-9094 ‘American National Standards Institute (ANSD) 1430 Broadway New York NY 10018 ASIM 1916 Race St. Philadelphia, PA 19103 6.2.Cited references L “Water Treatment Plant Design” Manual of Engineering PractceNo. 19, American Society of Civil Engineers, New Yerk, 1969, 353 pp. 2. “Wastewater Treatment Plant Design” Manual of Engincor ing Pacice No. 36, American Society of Civil Engineers, New Verk, 1977, 574 pp. 23) “Design anal Construction of Seritary and Storm Sewers Mamal of Engmeering Practice No. 37, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 1969, 332 pp. 4. “Underground Concrete Tanks,” Information Sheet No. 1S07ID, Portiand Cement Association. Skokie. 1973. 4 pp 5. “Cirelar Conerete Tanke Without Presressing” information ‘Skeet No ISO72D, Portand Cement Associstion, Skatie, 1942, 32 PP. 6. “Recianguler Conorote Tonks,” Iyformaiion Sheet Now 18003.03D. Porland Cement Associaton, Skokie, 198 (Revised 1981) 16 pp. 7. Moody, W. T., “Moments end Reactors for Rectangular Plates” Engineering ienograpk No. 27, US. Bureau of Reclamatin, Denver, 1560 (Revised 1963), 74 pp. & Veter. C.P., “Stresses in Reinforced Conerete Due to Vol- sane Changes” Tromactins, ASCE, V.98, 1933, pp. 10301059 9, Kiein, Frank; Holla, Edward Sand Rise, Patt F., “Ape plication of Strmglh Design Methods to Saritiry Structires;” Com rete lnternationa. Design & Construction, Y. 3, No. 4, Apt. 1981, peo, 10. Gogate, Anand B, “ Stuetucel Design Considermtions for Set- sting Tanks end Similar Structures,” ACI Joumt, Proceedings V. 68, No. 12, Dee 1968, pp, 1017-1020. 11, Gogate, Anand B, Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Sanitary Strctures-Past Present. end Future.” Conerete interna tional Pesign Const, V_3, No. 4, Apr 1981. pp. 24-28. 12, Gogate, \nand B., “An Anaiysi of AC] Commitee 350° Recommended Design Standards,” Conerete international. Design & Construction, V. 6, No. 16, Oct. 1984, pp. 17-19. 13, Tronell. 0. E Raphael, 1M, and Davis RE “Long-Time Creep and Strinkage Tests of Man ané Reinforced Conerew.” P= ceedings, ASTM, V, 58, 1958, pp. 1101-1120, 1g. “Expansion Joints in Buildings” Technical Report No. 65, Federal Consrustion Counc, National Academy of Sciences, Ne- tional Resear Council, Washington. DC, 1974. 43 pp. 15. Allen, E. A., and Higginson, F. C., “Waterstons in Adio. lated Concrete Construction,” ACI Joursat, Proceedings V. 52 No. J, Sept. 1955, pp. 8391. Also, Discussion, Pat 2, Deo. 1956, pp, Hast. 16, Whitman, Robert V. and Richa, Frank E, “Design Proce- dures for Dynamically Loued Foundailons,” Proceedings, ASCE, V.S4, SM, Nov. 1967, pp. 159-183, 17. Insh, K., and Walker, W. P., Fowsdatons for Reciprocating Mactines, Concrete Publications Lid., Lortion, 1969, 103 pp. 18, Kenbinis A. Hany, and Fowler. Timothy J. “Design Con Siderstions for Dynamically Loaded Equipment Foundations.” Fomdasions for Rgieipment & Machiners, SP-78, American Cop cree institute Detroit, 1982. pp 61-78. 19, Novale Miles, “Vertical Vibration of Flasting Piles” Pro: coedings, ASCE, Y, 103, EMI, Feb. 1977, pp. 153-168. 20. Nowak, Milos, ard Howall, John F, “Torsional Vibytion of Pile Foundations” Proceedings, ASCE, V. 103, GTS, Apr. 1977, pp. 228. 21. Singh, Jogeshwar P; Donovan, Neville C.; and Jobsis, Acri- anus C., "Design of Machine Foundatons on Piles,” Proceeds, ASCE, V. 102, GTB, Avg. 1977, pp. 863-87. ‘22. Barkan, D. D._ Dimon of Bases ond Famsdations. MeGran- Fill Rook Co, New Vor, 1662. 425 pp. 23. Biggs, 5. M. Inoodvcton o Structural Dynamics, MeGran il Book Co, Now York, 1964, 341 pp.350R-24 24 Church, A. HL, Mechanical Tibvaiions, Joha Wiley & Sons, Now Yor. 1963, 32 pp 25. Shipp, B. ©, Ecitor, Vibration bn Chil Pngtnerong, Buster works, Londen, 1555, 298 pp. 28, Major, A. Vibration lnalyss and Design of Feundations for Machines and Turbines, Cllets, London, 1962, £28 21, Houses, G. W... “The Dyramic Behavior of Water Tanks,” Bulletin, Seismic Society of America, V. $3,No. 2, Feb. 1953, pp, 381397 28. Ballantyne, D.B.; Pinkham, C, W. and Weinberger, L. W. ‘Seismic Induced Loadings on Sanitary Taclities”” ASCE Specialy Conference on Lifline farthgquake Engineering (Oakland, Aug 1981), Amerian Seciety of Civil Engineers, New York, 1981 29, Housner, George W., “Limit Design of Stuetures to Resist Eaithquskes,” Proceedings, Warlé Conference on Earthquske Es- sineecing, Universi of Califoria, Berkeley, 1956, po. $-1- 5-13. 30, Medearis, Kenneth, “Enerey Absorption of Structres under (Cyclic Loading.” Proceedings, ASCE. V_ 90, STI, Feb. 1954, op. 61- ©. 231. Stark David, “Longtime Shufy of Concrete Dura Iie: Soils” George Verbeck Sympesium on Sulfate Resistance of Concrete, $P-77, American Concrete Insitute, Det, 1982, pp. 21- 4, ‘32, Lamond, Joseph F., “Twenty-Five Years’ Experience Using Fly Ash in Concree,” Fl Ash Silica Fume, Slag and Oter Migeral By- ProdictsinConcete SP-79, American Concrete Institue, Detroit 1983, pp. 47-63 §.3 Additional references ‘Biezok. Imre. Concrete Corrosion and Concrele Protection. Sih ison. Chemical Publishing Co, New York, 1967, 543 pp. ‘AOI COMMITTEE REPORT 2. “Code of Practise for the Design of Concrete Structues for ‘Retaining Agucous Liquids” (B88007-1987), Bish Standatds In- stinuion, London, 1987. 3, Crileell Peter 1. Jomts and Cracks in Concrete, Contractors Record Lid, London, 1958, 232 pp. 4, Daxies, John Dunemn, and Long. John Biward, “Bebavior of ‘Square Tens on Elastic Foundations." Proceedings, ASCE, V.94,, EMG, June 1968, pp. 753.772 5 Manning, G. P. Conerote Reservoine amd Tarts, Comseste Pubiicasons Lil, London, 1967. 384 pp. 6 Kleinlogel, Adol, fluences ox Concrete, tarsisted tom the ‘German by F. S. Morgenroth Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., New York. 1930, 281 pp. 7. Concrete Manuel, 8th Edition, US. Bureau of Redlamaion, Denver, 1975, 27 pp. 8 “Coneree far Massive Structures,” Information Sheet No SSOWI28T, Poctand Cement Association, Skokie, 1987, 24 pp. 9. “Coneree for Wastawater Trestmert Werks,” Information ‘Shoot No, ISISIW. Portland Cement Acoeiation, Skokie, 1976, 15 Po, sconce fir Wile Tieatnen Works,” Publication No, PADGOW, Perhné Camert Asovation, Skokie, 1952, 24 pp. 11 *Eitet of Various Sutstinces on Conoree and Protective Treaties” lafermation Sheet NoISOOIT, Porisod Cenext AS section, Skokie, 1986, 2p. 12. "Volume Changes af Concrete” Information Shet No, ISOST. Poctlnd Cement Associaton, Skokie, 1959, 4 pp. 1. “Design of Crelae Domes," hfermation Shoet No ISOTED, Parlin Conest Assocation, Skkig, 190 © pp Ts rapert ue eabmitedtoloter bale. te commitesnd [Proved m accordance wah ACT balloting is‘THE FOLLOWING DISCUSSIONS, WHICH WERE PUBLISHED IN THE MARCH-APRIL 1990 AGI Structure’ ours! (PP. 338-939), ARE NOT PART OF THE REPORT ACI 350R-89, BUT ARE PROVIDED AS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO THE READER. Environmental Engineering Concrate Structures. Report by ACI Committee 350 Diseuscion by Himat Solentl and Committee 260 By HIMAT SOLANKI Ment dmtcen Corot nite, Senor Deen Engine, ara, ACI Committee 350 should be congratulated for its fine work in preparing the proposed report, The report should facilitate the design of environmental engineer- ig concrete structures. However, the discusser has some questions regarding Section 2.4 — Structural De sign. This section does not address the design criteria that are required for the design of the structures. In this section, the committee states in Section 2.6.1 — Gen- eral: “ACT 318 contains general requirements... [for] environmental engineering concrete structures.” This slalement may not be true in all cases, because neither ACI Committees 350 nor 318 address adequately several design parameters)“ euch as the minimum reinforcement ratio to control the cracks where the structure requires 2 leakproof condition; loading conditions/combination where an impact due to tornado- tossed objects hit on the structure and the effective ratio of reinforcement; temperature gradient (i.e, temperature of liquid in the structure versus the outside temperature); pressure gradient with respect to time (pressure increases/decreases in the structure in a timely manner); and tensile strength of concrete, etc., in the crack widths and crack spacing computations of the structures. Also Fig. 2.6.7 (a), (b), and (c) are primarily devel- ‘oped from the Gergley-Lutz equation for one-way flexural members. These figures cannot be applied to en ronmental engineering concrete structures beceuse the figures do not take into account the previously mentioned parameters. ‘The discurser had an opportunity to review and design an environmental engineering concrete structure (Sewage treatment plant). The consideration of the previously mentioned parameters was given to the design, and it was found that secondary-type crack widths and spacings were developed so far REFERENCES 3A, Langhow, MLS, “Dikwandige betoncomsin widiebeneering ex minimum wapesingsperceetage, alstadcerver bewehrang cleker wande,"* Beton end Stahibetonbou (Merlin), No, 4, ‘ADL 1983, po. 100113, and Na 3 May 1983, po. 134126, 35. traam, CK. and Langnout, M.S), "erhening van de Scheursste bi dkwanaige tetonconstrucies,” PY/Civele Technic (he Neteriands), No.3, 1988 36. Jascoul. J, "Aematare minimale pour le coat dle des fis suraion des Siructures en Beton” These NO. 686, EPFL-IBAP, W1 Jaccoul,3-P, etal, “Armatwe misivale pour le conusle de la isurauon.” Rappers desi. EPELABAP, Lawanne, May Hite Senn 18S. and Jly 1986 MY Kove, Gert Reseang, Ceacke Shih Conta ang Misinace Reinforcemces in Thick Concrete Members,” Darmitadt Concrete (Derma, V. 1, 1926, pp: 9.22 39. Helms, Manfred, “Experimental Approach tothe Minimum Reinforcement in Thick Concrete Plennts," Darmstad Concrete (Darmstad), V2, 1987, pp. 11512 4, Schisl, P., Beschrinkuog der Rinsbrtea bel Zwangsbean- spouchung.” Deronwerk & Ferigill- Technik (Wlesbeden), NO. 6, 1976, pp. 209274. ‘1; Dimnrieyané Birulin “Opening of Cracts in Prestressed Con- rete Members.” Befon | Ztelezebeton (Moicow),V. 15, May 1970, ‘pp. 1622 (in Ressan) Holmberg, Ake, ané Lindgren, Stee, “Cracks in Concrete Walls.” Docement D7:1972, National Swedish Bulldiag Reveares, Stockholm, 1972, 7 pp. Les fissuratons des beions," Annales, Inatitat Techriave ds ‘Bhtment et dex Travaux Publics (Par), serie Bon No. 202, Ot. 1581, 99. 44. Carie. J. L. "Cempartemest de elements an biton prison train se Pee de pradients de tempartrescylgis," seminire flats cyeigue et wantioives dans le stroctrey, Seat Remy lr chevreote, Oct 197% 45, Beewpel, Var Ke, "Kap tit whcurgateag van dkelrormige constrosies worden voorspeld?," Cement (wHertogeaboach), V. 4, No.1, Jem. 1988, pp. 47-3 COMMITTEE CLOSURE ‘The committee thaaks Mr. Solanki for his helpful comments and corrections, which have been carefully reviewed and answered as follows. Mr. Solanki had essentially six comments that were related to his belief that Section 2.6—Structural Design does mot address the design ctiteria that are required for the design of the structures. In the same vein, he questions the committee's statement in Section 2.6.1 of the report which says, “ACI 316 contains general require ments for reinforced concrete building structures that are also for environmental engineering concrete structures. The design engineer chould establizh the design sriteria for a specific concrete structure within the limitations of the ACI or local building codes based om the special requirements of envitonmental engineering structures," Mr. Solanki believes that “these state ments may not be true in all cases because neither ACI Committees 380 nor 318 address adequately several design parameters,” including Minimum reinforcement ratio to control the ‘cracks where the structure requires a leakproof condition. ». Loading conditions where an impact due to tor nado-tessed objecis hit the structure, c. The effective ratio of reinforcement (0 withstand loading conditions where an impact due to tornado- tossed objects hit the structure. 4. Temperature gradient (ie, oF liquid in the strue- ture yersus the outside) ¢. Pressure gradient with respect to time (pressure increases or decreases in the structure in a timely man ner). [. Tensile strength of concrete, eie., in crack widths and crack spacing computations of the structure 3598-01350R-02 8. Also, “Fig. 2.6.7 (a), (b), and (c) are primarily developed from the Gergely-Lutz equation for one-way flexural memabers. These figures cannot be applied to the environmental engineering concrete siructures because the figures do not take into account the previously mentioned parameters.” In answer to Mr. Solanki’s general objection, the committee believes that the report was not intended to be a workbook of design aids or a handbook of design. ‘The tables and curves are intended 10 be illustrative of the committee's recommendations, The design engineer should consider devising appropriate design aids for the various grades of steel and valucs of concrete strength, concrete cover, bar sizes and sanitary exposure. It is the committee's opinion that Section 10.6 in the Commentary to ACI 318, and the figures and text of Section 2.6 in ACI 350, do address and illustrate the design criteria referred to by Mr. Solanki (Points a and b previously mentioned). They do, however, require some effort by the designer to develop a complete design criteria for each project. In answer to Points b and ¢ of Mr, Solanki’s comments, the committee has not found it necessary to design most environmental engineering concrete struc tures, such as tanks, for tornado loads caused by flying objects. The buildings in treatment plants would ordi- sarily de designed to resist wind loads and seismic loads set by local codes, ACI 318, or ANSI. MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE We do not understand Mr. Solanki's concern over temperature gradients. Temperature gradients in envi, ronmental engineering concrete structures are limited in their effects on the structure by details of design, including reinforcement, which limit deterioration of the structure. Examples of structures affected by tempera. ture gradients are sludge digestion tanks and blower buildings, with their galleries. The temperature gra. dicnts in sludge digestion tanks are not extreme, and ‘heir effects are limited by details of design, including reinforcement and insulation. The effects of high tens perature in blower buildings and air main galleries are also dealt with by details of design, including expan, sion joints and expansion couplings. Mr. Solanki’s concern with regard to “pressure gradients"” has not teen a problem. The committee does not understand his concern. Changes in pressure usu. ally do occur associated with basically slow moving equipment and do not cause serious structural vibra. tions or impact loads. In response to Mr. Solanki's comment concerning the Gergley/Lutz equation governing one-way flexural members but not two-way slabs, Section 13.4, ACI 318. 83, states, ‘Area of reinforcement in esck direction for two-way slab systems shall be determined from moments at critical sections but shall not be less than re. quired by Section 7.12" (shrinkage and temperature reinforcement).

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