Introduction FE

Introduction Examples Bibliography on finite element Discrete versus continuous Element Global problem
Introduction to Finite Element Method

Georges CAILLETAUD & Saber EL AREM
Centre des Mat
eriaux, MINES ParisTech, UMR CNRS 7633
WEMESURF course, Paris 21-25 juin
1/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
3 Bibliography on finite element
4 Discrete versus continuous
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
2/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Introduction
3/79
Numerical methods for PDE solving
Many physical phenomena in engineering and

science can be described in terms of partial
differential equations (PDE) .
In general, solving these equations by classical
analytical methods for arbitrary shapes is almost
impossible.
The finite element method (FEM) is a numerical
approach by which these PDE can be solved
approximately.
The FEM is a function/basis-based approach to
solve PDE.
FE are widely used in diverse fields to solve static
and dynamic problems Solid or fluid mechanics,
electromagnetics, biomechanics, etc.
Introduction
4/79
Google search results for FEM
Introduction
5/79
Google search results for FE+course
Introduction
6/79
FE problem solving steps
Two key words: Discretization & Interpolation

1 Definition of the physical problem: development of
the model.
2 Formulation of the governing equations.
Systems of PDE, ODE, algebraic equations,
define initial conditions and/or boundary conditions to get a
well-posed problem.
3
4
5
6
Discretization of the equations.

Solution of the discrete system of equations.
Interpretation of the obtained results.
Errors analysis.
Introduction
7/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Examples
8/79
AUTOMOBILE
Abaqus et lautomobile
* Engine durability * Transmission performance * Seal integrity * Component design *
Powertrain bending * Noise & vibration * Gasket analysis * Thermal cycling * Sheet metal
forming * Forging analysis * Mechanisms analysis * Assembly (bolt loading)
(dapr`
es http://www.abaqus.com)
Examples
9/79
AERONAUTICS
Crash-test, Boeing 737 par la NASA

* Static, dynamic, and coupled acoustic-structural analysis of aircraft frames *
Simulations of large deployable space structures such as solar sails, space radars and
reflector antennas * Simulating the performance of various aircraft components, such as
bulkhead under pressurization, wing panel buckling, and crack propagation in the fuselage *
Blade containment evaluations and bird strike simulations * Thermomechanical simulation
of aircraft engines and rocket motors under different operating conditions * Verification of
turbine blade designs *Simulation of various aircraft mechanisms such as landing gears, wing
flaps, and cargo doors
Examples
10/79
Power generation equipment
Examples
11/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Bibliography on finite element
12/79

Bathe, K. (1982).
Finite element procedures in engineering analysis.
Prentice Hall, Inc.
Batoz, J. and Dhatt, G. (1991).
Mod
elisation des structures par
el
ements finis, IIII.
Herm`
es.
Belytschko, T., Liu, W., and Moran, B. (2000).
Nonlinear Finite Elements for Continua and Structures.
Besson, J., Cailletaud, G., Chaboche, J.-L., and Forest, S. (2001).
M
ecanique nonlin
eaire des mat
eriaux.
Herm`
es.
Buchanan, G. (1995).
Finite element analysis.
Schaums outlines.
Ciarlet, P. and Lions, J. (1995).
Handbook of Numerical Analysis : Finite Element Methods (P.1), Numerical Methods for
Solids (P.2).
North Holland.
Crisfield, M. (1991).
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Structures.
12/79
Wiley.
Dhatt, G. and Touzot, G. (1981).
Une pr
esentation de la m
ethode des
el
ements finis.
Maloine.
Hughes, T. (1987).
The finite element method: Linear static and dynamic finite element analysis.
PrenticeHall Inc.
Kardestuncer, H., editor (1987).
Finite Element Handbook.
Mc Graw Hill.
Mc Neal, R. (1993).
Finite Element: their design and performance.
Marcel Dekker.
Simo, J. and Hughes, T. (1997).
Computational Inelasticity.
Springer Verlag.
Zienkiewicz, O. and Taylor, R. (2000).
The finite element method, Vol. I-III (Vol.1: The Basis, Vol.2: Solid Mechanics, Vol. 3:
Fluid dynamics).
ButterworthHeinemann.
Discrete versus continuous
13/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
13/79
Continuous DiscreteContinuous
How much rain ?

14/79
Geometry discretization
15/79
Unknown field discretization

16/79
Use elements
17/79
Finite Element Discretization

Replace continuum formulation by a discrete representation for unknowns
and geometry
Unknown field:
ue (M) =
Nie (M)qei
Geometry:
x(M) =
Nie (M)x(Pi )
Interpolation functions
and shape functions Nie such as:
X
M,
Nie (M) = 1 and Nie (Pj ) = ij
Nie
Isoparametric elements iff Nie Nie

18/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Element
19/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Element
20/79
2D-mapping
Subparametric
element
Superparametric
element
Isoparametric
element
Geometry
Geometry
Geometry
Unknown field
Unknown field
Unknown field
more field nodes

than geometrical nodes
more geometrical nodes

than field nodes
same number of
geom and field nodes
Rigid body displacement not represented for superparametric element that has nonlinear edges !
The location of the node at the middle of the edge is critical for quadratic edges
Element
21/79
Shape function matrix, [N] Deformation matrix, [B]
Field u, T , C
Gradient
, grad(T ),. . .
Constitutive equations
=
:
,
q = kgrad(T )
Conservation div (
) + f = 0, . . .
First step: express the continuous field and its gradient wrt the
discretized vector
Element
22/79
Deformation matrix [B] (1)
Knowing:
ue (M) =
Nie (M)qei
Deformation can be obtained from the nodal displacements, for

instance in 2D, small strain:
xx =
ux
N1 (M) e
N2 (M) e
=
q1x +
q2x + . . .
x
x
x
yy =
uy
N1 (M) e
N2 (M) e
=
q1y +
q2y + . . .
y
y
y
2xy =
Element
ux
uy
N1 (M) e
N2 (M) e
+
=
q1x +
q1y + . . .
y
x
y
x
23/79
Deformation matrix [B] (2)

Matrix form, 4-node quadrilateral
e
q1x
e
q1y
...
e
q4y
{u} = [N]T {q} =
{} = [B]T {q}
N1,x
0
N1,y
= 0
N1,y N1,x
N1
0
N2,x
0
N2,y
0
N1
N2
0
0
N2,y
N2,x
0
N2
N3,x
0
N3,y
N3
0
0
N3,y
N3,x
0
N3
N4
0
N4,x
0
N4,y
0
N4
q1x
0
e
q1y
N4,y
...
N4,x
e
q4y
Shear term taken as = 212
Element
24/79
Reference element
Reference element
Parent space (, )
Actual geometry
Physical space (x, y )
Z
+1
+1
f (x, y )dxdy =
f (, )Jdd
1
J is the determinant of the partial derivatives x/. . . matrix

Element
25/79
Remarks on geometrical mapping
The values on an edge depends only on the nodal values on the same
edge (linear interpolation equal to zero on each side for 2-node lines,
parabolic interpolation equal to zero for 3 points for 3-node lines)
Continuity...
The mid node is used to allow non linear geometries
Limits in the admissible mapping for avoiding singularities
Element
26/79
Mapping of a 3-node line

1.5
x2 =0
1
x
0.5
x2 =1/2
x2 =1
-0.5
-1
-1
-0.5
Physical segment:
Parent segment:
0.5
x1 =-1 x3 =1
1 =-1 3 =1
x = + 1 2 x2
Element
1 6 x2 6 1
2 =0
27/79
Jacobian and inverse jacobian matrix
x

= y
dx
dy
x
=
x
[J]
d
d
x

d = [J] d
y d
d

y dx = [J]1 dx
dy
dy
y
Since (x, y ) are known from Ni (, ) and xi ,

is computed from the known quantities in [J], using also:
J = Det ([J]) =
Element
x y
y x

28/79
Expression of the inverse jacobian matrix

y
1
= x
J
[J]
y

x
For a rectangle [a, b] in the real world, the mapping function is

the same for any point inside the rectangle. The jacobian is a
diagonal matrix, with x/ = a, y / = b, and the determinant
value is ab
For any other shape, the mapping changes according to the
location in the element
For computing [B], one has to consider Ni /x and Ni /y :
Ni
Ni
Ni
=
+
x
x
Ni
Ni
Ni
=
+
y
y
Element
then
Ni /x
Ni /y
= [J]
Ni /
Ni /
29/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Element
30/79
2D solid elements
Type
shape
C2D3
C2D4
C2D6
C2D8
C2D9
tri
quad
tri
quad
quad
Element
interpol
of disp
lin
lin
quad
quad
quad
# of
nodes
3
4
6
8
9
polynom
terms
1, ,
1, , ,
1, , , 2 , , 2
1, , , 2 , , 2 , 2 , 2
1, , , 2 , , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 2
31/79
3D solid elements
Type
C3D4
C3D6
C3D8
C3D10
C3D15
tetra
tri prism
hexa
tetra
tri prism
interpol
of disp
lin
lin
lin
quad
quad
C3D20
hexa
quad
20
C3D27
hexa
quad
27
Element
shape
# of
nodes
4
6
8
10
15
polynom
terms
1, , ,
1, , , , ,
1, , , , , , ,
1, , , , 2 , , 2 , , 2 ,
1, , , , , , 2 , , 2 , 2 ,
2 , 2 , 2 2 , 2 , 2 2
1, , , , 2 , , 2 , , 2 , ,
2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , ,
2 , 2 , 2
i j k , (i, j, k) 0, 1, 2
32/79
Isoparametric representation
Example: 2D plane stress elements with n nodes
Element geometry
n
X
1=
Ni
x=
n
X
N i xi
Displacement interpolation
n
X
ux =
Ni uxi
uy =
i=1
Matrix form

1
1
x x1

y = y1

ux ux1
uy
uy 1
n
X
N i yi
i=1
i=1
i=1
Element
y=
n
X
Ni u y i
i=1
1
x2
y2
ux2
uy 2
1
x3
y3
ux3
uy 3

N
... 1 1
N2
... xn
N3

... yn
.
... uxn
.
... uyn
Nn
33/79
IFEMFelippa
The linear triangle
Element
Terms in 1, ,
34/79
IFEMFelippa
The bilinear quad
Terms in 1, , ,
Element
35/79
IFEMFelippa
The quadratic triangle
Element
Terms in 1, , , 2 , , 2
36/79
IFEMFelippa
The biquadratic quad
Terms in 1, , , 2 , , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 2
Element
37/79
IFEMFelippa
The 8-node quad
1
(1 + i )(1 + i )(i + i 1)
4
1
Mid nodes, i = 0: Ni = (1 2 )(1 + i )
2
1
Mid nodes, i = 0: nI = (1 2 )(1 + i )
2
Terms in 1, , , 2 , , 2 , 2 , 2
Corner nodes: Ni =
Element
38/79
Approximated field
Polynomial basis
Examples :
C2D4
C2D8, corner
C2D8 middle
Element
(1 + i )(1 + i )
0.25(1 + i + i )(1 + i )(1 + i )
0.25(1. 2 )(1. + i )
39/79
The 2-node infinite element
Displacement is assumed to be q1 at node 1 and q2 = 0 at node 2

x
x2
x1
Interpolation
N1 =
1
2
N2 =
1+
2
Geometry
1+
1
=?
N1 such as x = x1 +
N2 = 0
Resulting displacement interpolation

u(x) =??
Element
40/79

x
x2
x1
Interpolation
N1 =
1
2
N2 =
1+
2
Geometry
1+
1
x x1
=
x x1 +
u(x) =?
N1 such as x = x1 +
Element
N2 = 0
41/79

x
x2
x1
Interpolation
N1 =
1
2
N2 =
1+
2
Geometry
1+
1
x x1
=
x x1 +
N1 such as x = x1 +
u(x) = N1 (x) q1 = N1 ((x)) q1 =

Element
N2 = 0
q1
x x1 +
42/79
Connecting element
7
Connection between
a linear and a
quadratic quad
4
quad.
lin.
1
Quadratic interpolation with node number 8 in the middle of 17:

u(M) = N1 q1 + N8 q8 + N7 q7
On edge 17, in the linear element, the displacement should verify:
q8 =?
Overloaded shape function in nodes 1 and 7 after suppressing node
8:
u(M) =??
Element
43/79
Connecting element
7
Connection between
a linear and a
quadratic quad
4
quad.
lin.
1

u(M) = N1 q1 + N8 q8 + N7 q7
q8 = (q1 + q7 )/2
8:
u(M) =??
Element
44/79
Connecting element
7
Connection between
a linear and a
quadratic quad
4
quad.
lin.
1

u(M) = N1 q1 + N8 q8 + N7 q7
q8 = (q1 + q7 )/2
8:

N8
N8
q1 + N7 +
q7
u(M) = N1 +
2
2
Element
45/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Global problem
46/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Global problem
47/79
Thermal conduction
Strong form:
GIVEN
FIND
r
d
Td
T
R, a volumetric flux,
f R, a surface flux,
u R, a prescribed temperature,
R, the temperature, such as:
:
:
:
:
in
on u
on F
i,i
T
i ni
=r
= Td
= d
Constitutive equation (Fourier, flux (W /m2 ) proportional to the

temperature gradient)
i = ij T ,j
Global problem
conductivity matrix:
[]
(W /m.K )
48/79
Thermal conduction (2)

Weak form:
S,
V,
GIVEN
FIND
trial solution space, such as T = T d on u

variation space, such as T = 0 on u
r : R, a volumetric flux,
d : f R, a surface flux,
T d : u R, a prescribed temperature,
T S such as T V
Z
Z
i T ,i d =
Z
Trd +
T d d
For any temperature variation compatible with prescribed temperature

field around a state which respects equilibrium, the internal power
variation is equal to the external power variation: T ,i i is in W /m3
T is present in i = ij T ,j
Global problem
49/79
Elastostatic
Strong form:
volume with prescribed volume forces f d

surface F with prescribed forces Fd
surface u with prescribed displacements ud
Constitutive equation: ij = ijkl kl = ijkl uk,l
So that: ijkl uk,lj + fi = 0
Global problem
:
:
:
ij,j + fi = 0
Fid = ij nj
ui = uid
50/79
Principle of virtual power
Weak form:
volume V with prescribed volume forces : f d

surface F with prescribed forces : Fd
surface u with prescribed displacements : ud
Virtual displacement rate u kinematically admissible (u = u d on u )
The variation u is such as: u = 0 on u . Galerkin form writes, u:

Z
Z
Z
d
u
d
+
d
=
f
Fd u dS
Global problem
51/79
Discrete form of virtual power

Application of Galerkin approach for continuum mechanics:
virtual displacement rate u w h
u h ,x
{u e }, nodal displacements allow us to compute u and

:
u = [N]{u e }
= [B]{u e }
Galerkin form writes, {u e }:

X Z
X Z
{({u e }).[B].{u e } d =
f d .[N].{u e } d
elt
elt
Z
+
Fd .[N].{u e } dS
Global problem
52/79
Internal and external forces

In each element e:
Internal forces:
e
{Fint
}=
{({u e }).[B] d =
[B]T {({u e }) d
External forces:
e
{Fext
}=
f d .[N]d +
Fd .[N]dS
e
e
The solution of the problem: {Fint
({u e })} = {Fext
} with Newton
iterative algorithm will use the jacobian matrix :
e
{Fint
}
{u e }
Z
{} {}
d
= [B]T .
.
{} {u e }
Z
{}
= [B]T .
.[B] d
{}
[K e ] =
Global problem
53/79
Linear and non linear behavior
Applying the principle of virtual power Stationnary point of

Potential Energy
For elastic behavior
Z
[K e ] = [B]T .[
] .[B] d
is symmetric, positive definite (true since

and
are conjugated)

{}
For non linear behavior, one has to examine [Lc ] =
. Note
{}
that [Lc ] can be approached (quasi-Newton).
e
{Fext
} may depend on {u e } (large displacements).
Global problem
54/79
Elastostatic, strong and weak form, a

summary
BCu
Displacements
u
Body forces
f
Kinematics
Equilibrium
Strains
Stresses
Constitutive
equations
STRONG
BCs
WEAK
d
BCu: u = u on u
BCu: u h = u d on u
Kinematics: = [B] u in
Kinematics: = [B] u h in
Constitutive equation:
=
Constitutive equation:
=
Equilibrium: [B] + f = 0
Equilibrium: = 0
BCs: n = F on F
BCs: = 0
Global problem
55/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
Global problem
56/79
Matrixvectors formulation of the weak form

of the problem
[K ] {q} = {F }
Thermal conduction:
Z
T
[K ] =
[B] [] [B] d
{F } =
Elasticity:
Z
T
[K ] =
[B] [] [B] d
[N] d d
[N] rd +
[N] f d d +
{F } =
[N] Fd d
In each element e:
Internal forces:
e
{Fint
}
[B]T {({u e }) d
{({u }).[B] d =
External forces:
Global problem
e
{Fext
}=
f d .[N]d +
Fd .[N]dS
57/79
The stiffness matrix
Example of a 4-node quad and of a 20-node hexahedron ()
[B]
[D]
3 (6)
8
(60)
[B]
3 (6)
3
(6)
[K ]
8 (60)
3
(6)
8 (60)
8
(60)
The element stiffness matrix is a square matrix, symmetric, with no zero

inside.
Its size is equal to the number of dof of the element.
Global problem
58/79
Nodal forces (1)
e
{Fext
}=
[N] F d dS
Ft
Fn
1
6
Fx ds = Ft dx Fn dy
Fy ds = Fn dx + Ft dy
Global problem

with
dx
dy

= [J]
d
d
59/79
Nodal forces (2)

x
y
d
dy =
d
Components 9, 10, for the nodes 5; 11, 12 for nodes 6; 13, 14 for nodes 7
Integration on edge 57:
dx =

y
x
Fn
d
1) = e
Ni F t
1

Z 1
x
y
e
Ni F n
Fext
(2i) = e
+ Ft
d
1
Z
e
Fext
(2i
Example, for a pressure Fn = p, and no shear (Ft = 0) on the 57 edge

of a 8-node rectangle
a 6 x 6 a
represented by 1 6 6 1
y =b
x
=a
N5 = (1 + )/2
Global problem
=1
y
=0
N6 = 1 2
N7 = (1 )/2
60/79
Nodal forces (3)

(4)
(1)
(1)
F10 = F5y = e
1
1
Z
F12 = F6y = e
1
ap
(1 + )pad =
2
3
(1 2 )pad =
4ap
3
The nodal forces at the middle node are 4 times the nodal forces at
corner nodes for an uniform pressure (distribution 12121... after
adding the contribution of each element)
Global problem
61/79
Nodal forces (4)

Axisymmetric 8-node quad
z
(2)
(1)
7
Face of a 20-node hexahedron

(4)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(4)
(1)
Global problem
62/79
Nodal forces (5)

who knows ?
(3)
(3)
(3)
Global problem
63/79
Assembling the global matrix

6
C
4
3
A
1
Local versus global numbering

Global problem
64/79

0
F1
BF2
B
BF3
B
BF4
B
BF5
B
@F6
F7
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
F1A
F2A
F3A
1
+F1B
+F2B
+F4B
+F3B
0
q1
Bq2
B
Bq3
B
Bq4
B
Bq5
B
@q6
q7
C
C
C
C
+F1C C
C
C
+F2 C
C
+F C A
4
+F3C
6
q1A
q2A
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
q3A
=
=
=
=
C
C
C
C
= q1C C
C
C
= q2 C
C
= qC A
4
= q3C
3
1
q1B
q2B
q4B
q3B
C
4
3
A
1
Global problem
65/79

11
C
4
3
A
1
Global problem
66/79

11
21
12
22
C
4
3
A
1
Global problem
67/79

11
21
31
12
22
13
23
32
33
C
4
3
Global problem
68/79

11
21
31
12
22
13
23
11
32
33
C
4
3
Global problem
69/79

11
21
31
12
22
13
23
11
32
33
C
4
3
Global problem
70/79

11
21
12
22
11
21
31
13
12
23
22
32
33
C
4
3
Global problem
71/79

11
21
12
22
11
21
31
13
12
23
13
23
22
32
33
31
4
3
Global problem
A
1
33
32
72/79

11
21
12
22
11
21
31
32
41
31
13
12
23
22
42
32
13
14
23
24
44
11
43
33
4
3
Global problem
A
1
33
34
73/79

11
21
12
22
11
21
31
32
41
31
13
12
23
22
42
32
13
14
23
24
44
11
43
12
33
21
22
4
3
Global problem
A
1
33
34
74/79

11
21
12
22
11
21
31
32
41
31
13
12
23
22
42
32
13
14
23
24
44
11
43
12
33
33
34
21
22
13
Global problem
32
C
23
4
3
31
4
1
33
75/79

11
21
12
22
11
21
31
32
41
31
13
12
23
22
42
32
23
24
44
11
43
12
33
33
34
21
22
14
13
24
23
C
4
41
42
44
31
32
34
Global problem
13
14
43
33
A
1
76/79
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Examples
5 Element
Interpolation
Element list
6 Global problem
Formulation
Matrix formulation
Algorithm
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Global algorithm
For each loading increment, do while k{R}iter k > EPSI :

iter = 0; iter < ITERMAX ; iter + +
1
2
3
4
Update displacements: {u}iter +1 = {u}iter + {u}iter

Compute {} = [B].{u}iter +1 then
for each Gauss point
Integrate the constitutive equation:

, I ,
Compute int and ext forces: {Fint ({u}t + {u}iter +1 )} , {Fe }
Compute the residual force: {R}iter +1 = {Fint } {Fe }
New displacement increment: {u}iter +1 = [K ]1 .{R}iter +1
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Convergence
Value of the residual forces < R , e.g.
!1/n
||{R}||n =
Rin
||{R}|| = max |Ri |
Relative values:
||{R}i {R}e ||
<
||{R}e ||
Displacements

{U}
k+1

{U}k n < U
Energy

T
{U}k+1 {U}k . {R}k < W
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Bathe, K. (1982).
Finite element procedures in engineering analysis.
Prentice Hall, Inc.
Batoz, J. and Dhatt, G. (1991).
Modelisation des structures par elements finis, IIII.
Herm`es.
Belytschko, T., Liu, W., and Moran, B. (2000).
Nonlinear Finite Elements for Continua and Structures.
Besson, J., Cailletaud, G., Chaboche, J.-L., and Forest, S. (2001).
Mecanique nonlineaire des materiaux.
Herm`es.
Buchanan, G. (1995).
Finite element analysis.
Schaums outlines.
Ciarlet, P. and Lions, J. (1995).
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Handbook of Numerical Analysis : Finite Element Methods (P.1),

Numerical Methods for Solids (P.2).
North Holland.
Crisfield, M. (1991).
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Structures.
Wiley.
Dhatt, G. and Touzot, G. (1981).
Une presentation de la methode des elements finis.
Maloine.
Hughes, T. (1987).
The finite element method: Linear static and dynamic finite element
analysis.
PrenticeHall Inc.
Kardestuncer, H., editor (1987).
Finite Element Handbook.
Mc Graw Hill.
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Mc Neal, R. (1993).
Finite Element: their design and performance.
Marcel Dekker.
Simo, J. and Hughes, T. (1997).
Computational Inelasticity.
Springer Verlag.
Zienkiewicz, O. and Taylor, R. (2000).
The finite element method, Vol. I-III (Vol.1: The Basis, Vol.2: Solid
Mechanics, Vol. 3: Fluid dynamics).
ButterworthHeinemann.
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Introduction FE

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Introduction Examples Bibliography on finite element Discrete versus continuous Element Global problem

Introduction to Finite Element Method

WEMESURF course, Paris 21-25 juin

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Two key words: Discretization & Interpolation

Discretization of the equations.

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Bibliography on finite element

Bibliography on finite element

Bibliography on finite element

Discrete versus continuous

Discrete versus continuous

How much rain ?

Unknown field discretization

Finite Element Discretization

Isoparametric elements iff Nie Nie

more field nodes

more geometrical nodes

Shape function matrix, [N] Deformation matrix, [B]

Deformation matrix [B] (1)

Deformation can be obtained from the nodal displacements, for

Deformation matrix [B] (2)

{u} = [N]T {q} =

Shear term taken as = 212

J is the determinant of the partial derivatives x/. . . matrix

Remarks on geometrical mapping

Mapping of a 3-node line

Jacobian and inverse jacobian matrix

Since (x, y ) are known from Ni (, ) and xi ,

Expression of the inverse jacobian matrix

For a rectangle [a, b] in the real world, the mapping function is

The linear triangle

The bilinear quad

The quadratic triangle

The biquadratic quad

The 8-node quad

The 2-node infinite element

Displacement is assumed to be q1 at node 1 and q2 = 0 at node 2

Resulting displacement interpolation

The 2-node infinite element

Displacement is assumed to be q1 at node 1 and q2 = 0 at node 2

The 2-node infinite element

Displacement is assumed to be q1 at node 1 and q2 = 0 at node 2

u(x) = N1 (x) q1 = N1 ((x)) q1 =

Quadratic interpolation with node number 8 in the middle of 17:

Quadratic interpolation with node number 8 in the middle of 17:

Quadratic interpolation with node number 8 in the middle of 17:

Constitutive equation (Fourier, flux (W /m2 ) proportional to the

Thermal conduction (2)

trial solution space, such as T = T d on u

For any temperature variation compatible with prescribed temperature

volume with prescribed volume forces f d

Principle of virtual power

volume V with prescribed volume forces : f d

The variation u is such as: u = 0 on u . Galerkin form writes, u:

Discrete form of virtual power

{u e }, nodal displacements allow us to compute u and

Galerkin form writes, {u e }:

Internal and external forces