NAME:

STUDENT ID:

Ryan Hahn
1460768

Chem 152 Lab #2: Buffers

Total Points = 60 pts (5 notebook, 55 template)

By signing below, you certify that you have not falsified data, that you have not plagiarized any part of this
other than the reporting of raw data are your own independent work. Failure to sign this declaration will re
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Deprotonation of Acetic Acid

Provide the acid dissociation reaction for proton removal in water:

HC2H3O2 (aq) + H2O(l) <-------> C2H3O2- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

DATA AND CALCULATIONS

Parts A - D: Buffer Capacity of Various Acetic Acid/Acetate Solutions

CH3COOH

CH3COONa3H2O

Solution ID
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
DI Water

Molar Mass
(g/mol)
136.08

Mass of Solid
Used (g)
1.360

mL of CH3COOH mL of CH3COONa
20.00
0.00
15.00
5.00
10.00
10.00
5.00
15.00
0.00
20.00
0.00
0.00

Moles of Solid
(mol)
0.010000

mL Water
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
50.00

Part E: Buffer Capacity of Aspirin and Buffered Aspirin Solutions

Aspirin
Buffered Aspirin

Mass of Solid
(for acid test)
(g)
0.220
0.436

Molarity of HCl for acid test:

Volume (mL) of HCl added:
Millimoles of HCl added:

Solution ID
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
DI Water
Aspirin (acid)
Aspirin (base)
Buffered Aspirin (acid)
Buffered Aspirin (base)

Mass of Solid (for

base test)
(g)
0.220
0.425
0.50
0.25
1.25x10-1

Initial Measured
pH Measured
pH
After H+ Addition
2.88
2.96
3.85
3.89
4.38
4.42
4.90
4.91
6.82
6.87
8.67
8.05
2.68
2.70
2.77
-4.60
4.65
4.83
--

Molarity of NaOH for base test:

Volume (mL) of NaOH added:
Millimoles of NaOH added:
pH Measured
After OHAddition
3.52
4.12
4.64
5.33
11.60
11.29
-3.15
-5.73

Provide the calculation for the concentration of the stock CH 3COONa solution you prepared (actual, not t
CH3COONa3H2O = 136.08 g/mol
1.36g CH3COONa3H2O/ 136.08 g/mol CH3COONa3H2O = 0.01 mol CH3COONa3H2O
0.01 mol CH3COONa3H2O/ 0.10 L = 0.10M for the CH 3COONa solution

Give the predominant chemical reaction that occurs when CH 3COONa is dissolved in water (omit spectat
CH3COO- (aq) + H2O(l) <------> CH3COOH(aq) + OH- (aq)
The weak base undergoes hydrylosis, producing hydroxide ions and its conjugate acid.

Provide the calculation for the expected initial pH of solution #1. (3 pts)
(0.02L)(0.10M acetic acid) = (0.05L)(x) x=0.04M acetic acid in solution before equilibrium, Ka=1.8x10 -5
HC2H3O2 (aq) + H2O(l) <-------> C2H3O2- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)
0.04
~
0
0
-x
+x
+x
0.04+x
x
x
-5
2
1.8x10 = x / 0.04 x=0.00085 5% rule validates approximation, (x/0.04) x 100% = 2.12%
pH = -log10 [x] = 3.07

Provide the calculation for the expected initial pH of solution #2 (as an example of the calculation for solu
Ka=1.8x10-5 , (0.1M acetic acid x 0.015L)/(0.05L) = (x), x=0.03M acetic acid (0.1M acetate solution)(0.0
HC2H3O2 (aq) + H2O(l) <-------> C2H3O2- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)
0.03M
~
0.01M
0
-x
+x
+x
0.3-x
x
x
-5
1.8x10 = 0.01x/0.03 x=0.000054 pH=-log10[x] = 4.27
5% rule validates approximation, x/0.03 x 100% = 0.18%

Provide the calculation for the expected initial pH of solution #2 (as an example of the calculation for solu
Ka=1.8x10-5 , (0.1M acetic acid x 0.015L)/(0.05L) = (x), x=0.03M acetic acid (0.1M acetate solution)(0.0
HC2H3O2 (aq) + H2O(l) <-------> C2H3O2- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)
0.03M
~
0.01M
0
-x
+x
+x
0.3-x
x
x
-5
1.8x10 = 0.01x/0.03 x=0.000054 pH=-log10[x] = 4.27
5% rule validates approximation, x/0.03 x 100% = 0.18%

Provide the calculation for the expected initial pH of solution #5. (3 pts)
(0.10M CH3COO- )(0.02L) = (0.05)(x) x = 0.04M CH3COO- before equilibrium, Kb=5.6x10-10
CH3COO- (aq) + H2O(l) <------> CH3COOH(aq) + OH- (aq)
0.04
~
0
0
-x
+x
+x
0.04-x
x
x
5.6x10-10 = x2 /0.04 x=0.000005 5% rule is valid, (x/0.04) x 100% = 0.012%
pOH = -log10 [x] = 5.32 pH =14 - pOH = 8.68

Define the terms buffer and buffer capacity, identifying the differences between them. For a buffer, wh
(4 pts)
buffer: a weak acid/conjugate base pair or a weak base/conjugate acid pair that can effectively maintain
a pH range when the ratio between the weak acid/conjugate base or the weak base/conjugate acid have
neutralize small amounts of other acids or bases when they are added to the solution thus maintaining a

buffer capacity: the moles of an acid or base necessary to change the pH of a solution by 1 on the pH s
buffers in liters of the solution. This calculation is a unitless value. The number represents how much of a
maintaining a specific pH range. In this lab the buffer capacity is calculated by taking the number of millim
the solution and dividing by the solution's pH change. The buffer capacity is a magnitude, therefore the n
change is negative.
Provide the calculation of the buffer capacity for solution #2 after the addition of HCl. (3 pts)
Buffer capacity = (mmol H+ added /pH)
(0.50M HCl)(0.00025L) = 0.000125 mol HCl
(0.000125 mol HCl)(1000 mmol / 1 mol) = 0.125 mmol HCl = 0.125 H + mmol added to solution #2
pH = pH (final) - pH (initial) for the addition of H +
pH = 3.89-3.85 = 0.04
Buffer capacity = 0.125/0.04 = 3.125

Based on your experimental results, which acetic acid/acetate solution was the best at resisting pH chang
acid/acetate solution(s) had the least ability to resist pH changes? Explain these observations. Also com
the other solutions.
(4 pts)
The best buffer for resisting pH changes after the addition of acid was the #4 acetic acid/acetate solution.
0.01 on the pH scale. The appreciable amount of conjugate base and the presence of some acetic acid a
acid and keep the pH stable. The best buffer for the addition of hydroxide ions was solution #3. The soluti
smallest of all of the solutions for the addition of the base. The acetic acid in solution neutralized the hydr
was the worst at buffering against the addition of the base solution due to its lack of acetic acid to neutrali
worst solution to buffer against the addition of hydrogen ions with the pH actually lowering (becoming mor
conjugate base to consume the added acid. Out of the remaining solutions, solution #1 buffered the wors
amount of available conjugate base to consume the acid. The deionized water also was unable to effectiv
experiencing a 2.62 increase in pH. This is notably less basic than solution #5 with base added because s
the hydroxide ions that contributed to the pH. With the DI water, the hydroxide ions are the only base in s

1) Look up the chemical name of aspirin and then its conjugate base (as the sodium salt) and provide tho
Acetylsalicylic acid (C9H8O4) and sodium acetylsalicylate (NaC9H7O4).

2)The manufacturer's label for the "aspirin" lists aspirin as the active ingredient and various fillers and bin
label for the "buffered aspirin" lists aspirin as the active ingredient and calcium carbonate, along with filler
lists of ingredients, is "buffered aspirin" a true buffer? Explain why it is or is not. If it is a buffer, what are t
(2 pts)
According to the ingredients provided, buffered aspirin is not a true buffer. In order for the aspirin to be a b
cation). Calcium carbonate is a base but it's the conjugate base of hydrogen carbonate and a salt of carb
with acetylaslicylic acid. Carbonate is also a strong base; effective buffers are a weak acid/conjugate bas

How do your measured initial pH values compare to the expected initial pH values for the acetic acid/ace
pH values for solutions #1 - #5 and comment on the accuracy of your results. Identify possible sources o
Solution #1 has a percent error of 6.19%. Solution #2 has a percent error of 9.84%. Solution #3, #4, and
21.42% respectively. The deionized water had a percent error of 23.86%. These calculations utilized the
(theoretical value) x 100%. The deionized water was much more basic than anticipated; deionized water
#5 had a large percent error in comparison to the other solutions perhaphs because the acetic acid that w
5mL so its ability to contribute to the pH was minimal.
Possible sources of error include inaccuray in collecting the volume of each solution (acetic acid, acetate
solute, and not waiting long enough for the pH of the solution to stabilize. The state of the glassware may
experiments if not cleaned appropriately. This could be a reason why the deionized water was basic rathe
water becomes acidic due to exposure from carbon dioxide in the air creating carbonic acid.

Laboratory Waste Evaluation (1 pt)

Laboratory waste is considered anything generated during an experiment that is disposed of down the sewer drain, thro
by the UW Environmental Health & Safety department, or released into the environment. Based on the written lab proce
approximate amount (mass or volume) of waste that you generated while performing this experiment.
6 paper towels for cleaning
+180 mL of deionized water
100mL of acetic acid
100 mL of acetate solution
0.44 g of aspirin
0.861 g of buffered aspirin

QUIZ SECTION: CJ
LAB PARTNER: Kirsten Gilchrist

Note:
All sections of this
report must be typed

you have not plagiarized any part of this lab report, and that all calculations and responses
ork. Failure to sign this declaration will result in 5 points being deducted from your lab score.

3 pt rxn, 2 pt for Ka, 2 pt for Kb (correct & entered)

Provide the Kb value for the
Provide the Ka value for
the acid
conjugate base

+ H3O+ (aq)

Ka = 1.8 x 10-5

cetate Solutions

Volume of Water
(mL)
100.0

Total Volume (mL)

50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00

Kb = 5.6 x 10-10

3 pts, ALL data entered

1 pt ea, all initial calc pH correct & entered
Molarity of Stock Soln
(M)
0.10
*Molarity
(M)
0.10

*(from calculation on pg 2)

*Summary of Expected
Initial pH
3.07
*(from example
4.27
calculations on pg 2)
4.74
5.22
8.68
~7.00

rin Solutions

olarity of NaOH for base test:

Volume (mL) of NaOH added:
Millimoles of NaOH added:
*Buffer Capacity
(mmol H+ added
/pH)
1.56
3.12
3.12
12.50
2.500
0.202
6.25
-2.50
--

0.50
0.25
1.25x10-1

*Buffer Capacity
(mmol OH- added /pH)
0.20
*(from example
0.46
calculation on pg 3)
0.48
0.5 pt each test soln:
0.29
all calc capacities entered
0.026
0.048
-0.330
-0.140

OONa solution you prepared (actual, not theoretical). (3 pts)

01 mol CH3COONa3H2O
a solution

OONa is dissolved in water (omit spectator ions). (3 pts)

and its conjugate acid.

(3 pts)
lution before equilibrium, Ka=1.8x10 -5

on, (x/0.04) x 100% = 2.12%

as an example of the calculation for solutions #2-4). (3 pts)

acetic acid (0.1M acetate solution)(0.005L)/(0.05L) = 0.01M acetate solution

as an example of the calculation for solutions #2-4). (3 pts)

acetic acid (0.1M acetate solution)(0.005L)/(0.05L) = 0.01M acetate solution

(3 pts)
e equilibrium, Kb=5.6x10-10

0% = 0.012%

erences between them. For a buffer, what are the required solution components?

te acid pair that can effectively maintain a pH range. A buffer is must effective at maintaining
e or the weak base/conjugate acid have a 1:1 mole ratio in solution. The buffer is able to
added to the solution thus maintaining a pH close to the initial buffer pH.

nge the pH of a solution by 1 on the pH scale, divided by the pH change and the volume of
. The number represents how much of another acid or base the buffer can consume while
calculated by taking the number of millimoles of hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions added to
capacity is a magnitude, therefore the number should never be negative even if the pH

the addition of HCl. (3 pts)

25 H + mmol added to solution #2

lution was the best at resisting pH change upon addition of acid? of base? Which acetic
? Explain these observations. Also comment on the buffer capacity of DI water relative to

was the #4 acetic acid/acetate solution. This solution experienced only a change of pH by
and the presence of some acetic acid allowed for the conjugate base to neutralize added
ydroxide ions was solution #3. The solution experienced a minimal pH change of 0.26, the
cetic acid in solution neutralized the hydroxide ions to maintain a stable pH level. Solution #5
n due to its lack of acetic acid to neutralize the base. The deionized water was the absolute
the pH actually lowering (becoming more acidic). This is due to the absence of any
solutions, solution #1 buffered the worst against the added hydrogen ions due to its small
ionized water also was unable to effectively buffer against the hydroxide ions added,
n solution #5 with base added because solution #5 had both the weak conjugate base and
he hydroxide ions are the only base in solution accountable for the pH.

ase (as the sodium salt) and provide those names here:
e (NaC9H7O4).

(1pt)

tive ingredient and various fillers and binders as inactive ingredients. The manufacturer's
t and calcium carbonate, along with fillers and binders, as inactive ingredients. Given these
y it is or is not. If it is a buffer, what are the relevant conjugate acid/base pairs.

ue buffer. In order for the aspirin to be a buffer, it would need acetylsalicylate (with a
of hydrogen carbonate and a salt of carbonic acid, therefore it would not buffer in conjuction
e buffers are a weak acid/conjugate base pair or a weak base/conjugate acid pair.

d initial pH values for the acetic acid/acetate solutions?. Calculate the % error for the initial
your results. Identify possible sources of error.
(4 pts)
ent error of 9.84%. Solution #3, #4, and #5 have a percent errors of 7.59%, 6.13%, and
23.86%. These calculations utilized the formula |theoretical value - actual value| /
basic than anticipated; deionized water is most useful when its pH is near 7.00. Solution
perhaphs because the acetic acid that was added in solutions may have been less than

me of each solution (acetic acid, acetate solution, and water), measuring the mass of each
stabilize. The state of the glassware may also affect the pH due to residue from previous
why the deionized water was basic rather than neutral; often the case is that the deionized
e air creating carbonic acid.

that is disposed of down the sewer drain, thrown in the garbage, collected in a container for disposal
e environment. Based on the written lab procedure and your actions during the lab, list the identity and
performing this experiment.