Lee

Dam-Break Flood Risk Management :
Nakdong River Case Studies
Soontak LEE
Professor of civil and Hydrosystems Engineering
Dean, Graduate School of Industrial Sc. & Tech.
Yeungnam University
Daegu 712-749, Korea
Water Resources Research Center

YEUNGNAM University, Daegu, KOREA
Dam, like all structures, will be broken in the end

just as all people will die in the future. It is the purpose
of the medicine and engineering to postpone these
occurrence for a decent interval.
(J. F. Gordon)

Modern dam safety regulations

! Risk assessment at downstream floodplains
! Consideration of potential damages due to dam-break
to increase the safety level along the river basin against
abnormal floods caused by dam accidents
! Following items should be considered by dam managers or
exploitants :
dam risk classification
design flood selection criteria
inundation maps and zoning
basin vulnerability to floods

Main objectives
! To improve the engineering capability for dam-break flow
analysis and prediction on real complex situations
! To develop methodologies and guidelines for dam-break flood
risk management in Nakdong River, Korea, as a first step
toward a new integrated flood safety system based on structural
and non-structural measures
! To create a new concept for operational crisis control and
integrated dam safety management

Integrated dam safety concept

supported by three pillars :
! Technical - operational
dam design, construction and exploitation
minimize the failure probability
! Monitoring
opportunity to observe and control the dam behavior
! Emergency and risk management
planning and organization along the basin and all emergency
procedures in order to anticipate and mitigate the
downstream dangers from a dam accident
" To develop new methodologies for this third aspect

Downstream risk level - a new concept
DRL
IA
ED
DM
AN
ION
AT
N
TIO ITS
ICIP
RT
MA EF
PA
OR EN
IC
INF CAL B
BL
PU
LO
CO
NST
RA
INT
SA
ND
RE
SAF
GU
E
LAT
OP DE
ERA SIG
ION
S
TIO N A
N
ND
DAM OWNERS
SOCIETY BENEFITS
BETTER PROTECTION
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND MEDIA
AUTHORITIES
PUBLIC

Social sciences contributions to dams and

safety management at downstream basins
To know in order to define and support intervention
Risk
communication
UNDERSTAND
UNDERSTAND
informing
without alarming
Specific features of communities in floodable areas

Who is at risk ?
Dam break risk public perception
People living in
Sociological, demographic
and housing knowledge
People beliefs, attitudes, judgments and

feelings towards dams
dam s risks, benefits and safety
SocioSocio - geographical
SocioSocio -structural
Diagnoses of vulnerabilities
Local authorities
disaster support institutions
Socio
Socioocio -demographic
SocioSocio -cognitive
AIMS
AIMS
Promote acceptability and viability
of warning systems against spillways
And dam break risk
Guarantee the efficiency of emergency plans
in case of dam break

Nakdong river basin channel system with dams

Nakdong River system with
a catchment area of 23,393.7km2
and a river length of 509.7km
Andong Dam
Dalji
Imha Dam
Andong
largest river system in river
Sabeol
length and 2nd in catchment area

Nakdong
7 large multi-purpose dams in

Gumi
operation
Youngcheon Dam
Goryeunggyo
Unmun Dam
Milryang Dam
Hapcheon Dam
Jeokpogyo
Namgang Dam
Jindong
Samrangjin
Gupo
Estuary
Estuary
barrage

Dams in Nakdong river basin

Dam
Andong
Imha
Hapcheon
Namgang
Milryang
Yeungcheon
Unmun
ECRD
ECRD
CG
CFRD
CFRD
ECRD
ECRD
Dam height(m)
83.0
73.0
96.0
34.0
89.0
42.0
55.0
Total storage
capacity(106m3)
1,248.0
595.0
790.0
309.2
73.6
96.4
135.3
PMF peak inflow (m3/s)
9,913.0
9,362.0
8,984.0
14,892.0
3,054.0
2,959.0
7,594.0
Reservoir area in
HWL(km2)
60.0
31.0
30.3
53.0
2.5
7.2
7.8
Dam crest length(m)
612.0
515.0
472.0
1,126.5
535.0
300.0
407.0
Dam crest width(m)
8.0
10.0
10.0
7.5
10.0
10.0
10.0
Dam upper slope(1V:H)
2.0
2.2
0.1
1.5
1.4
2.7
2.2
Dam down slope(1V:zH)
1.7
1.8
0.8
1.5
1.4
2.0
1.8
Core mean slope

(1V:zH)
0.18
0.25
0.25
0.30
0.20
0.20
Dam foundation
width(m)
200.0
200.0
75.0
135.0
230.0
160.0
138.0
Index
Dam type

DAM-BREAK FLOOD SIMULATION

Choice of the breach model
Model depend on the objectives :

! To simulate a more accurate outflow for flood mapping and for a
risk assessment analysis ;
! To support crisis management (including a potential evacuation
action) during a dam incident with a threat of dam overtopping or
piping ;
! To reproduce a dam incident with failure and opening of a breach

Dam-break flood simulation model
Models used :
! Parametric model (DAMBRK model)
! Physical - parametric model (BREACH model)

Dam - break mechanism and outflow hydrograph
! Breach formation (breach width, time and shape) assumed or

estimated
! Different flood hydrograph types and flood peak values
(including PMF) as well as reservoir water level before dambreak considered
! Dam-break flood peak values and outflow hydrographs
estimated and compared with results by empirical estimation

Dam - break flood peak discharges by

different models
Unit : m3/s
Dam
Andong
Imha
Hapcheon
Namgang
Milryang
Yeungcheon
Unmun
BREACH
92,964
78,749
20,522
51,327
BREACH + DAMBRK
105,598
79,143
26,609
38,778
55.3
48.3
61.0
17.0
59.3
28.0
36.7
1.0
154,159
108,423
(0.1hr)
94,686
(0.1hr)
23,667
(0.1hr)
159,000
25,717
42,596
2.0
145,645
98,959
(0.2hr)
94,206
(0.2hr)
23,716
(0.2hr)
129,723
22,717
37,291
3.0
137,568
90,088
(1.0hr)
24,063
(1.0hr)
40,345
20,094
32,017
110.7
97.7
122.0
34.0
118.7
56.0
73.3
1.0
221,818
145,400
(0.1hr)
148,682
(0.1hr)
35,690
(0.1hr)
217,403
35,133
58,556
2.0
204,309
125,153
(0.2hr)
146,321
(0.2hr)
35,653
(0.2hr)
163,388
29,173
47,116
3.0
187,839
106,580
(1.0hr)
35,343
(1.0hr)
43,494
24,027
37,145
166.0
146.0
183.0
68.0
178.0
84.0
110.0
1.0
283,917
166,193
(0.1hr)
280,616
(0.1hr)
48,907
(0.1hr)
263,248
43,528
72,551
2.0
254,371
135,274
(0.2hr)
276,699
(0.2hr)
47,660
(0.2hr)
184,169
33,580
53,231
3.0
226,701
113,929
(1.0hr)
46,589
(1.0hr)
45,512
25,808
39,129
Model
Bavr
Bb(m)
T(hr)
1Hd
Bavr
Bb(m)
T(hr)
DAMBRK
2Hd
Bavr
3Hd
Bb(m)
T(hr)

Uncertainty analysis of dam - break flood

peak discharges
100, 000
P e a k Outf lo w(m / s )
1, 000, 000
Hagen(19 82, Envelope Eq. based on S *Hd)

MacDonald and Langridge- Mono polis(1984 , based on S *Hd)
Costa(1 985, based on S *Hd)
BREACH
BREACH+DAMBRK
DAMBRK(BREACH + 1Hd)
DAMBRK(BREACH + 2Hd)
DAMBRK(2 Hd, 1 hr)
DAMBRK(2 Hd, 2 hr)
Fro ehlich(1995 a)
10, 000
1, 000
1. E+06
1. E+07
1. E+08
1. E+09
1. E+10
1. E+11
4
To ta l Re s e rv o ir S to ra g e ( S ) *Da m he ig ht( Hd) ( m )
1. E+12

Dam - breach shape (Andong dam)
L = 612.0m
EL. 166.0m
Bt = 332.0m
EL. 151.0m
1:1
Bb = 166.0m
83.0m

Dam - breach shape (Imha dam)
L = 515.0m
Bt = 292.0m
EL. 151.0m
1:1
Bb = 146.0m
EL. 168.0m
1:1
73.0m

Dam - breach shape (Hapcheon dam)
L = 472.0m
EL. 181.0m
Bt = 183.0 m
EL.166.0m
Bb = 183.0 m
96.0m

Dam - break flood outflow hydrograph
300,000
Ando ng dam Qp = 283, 917c ms
Dis c ha rg e (m3 / s e c )
250,000
200,000
Imha dam Qp = 166, 193c ms

150,000
Hapc he o n dam Qp = 148, 682c ms

100,000
50,000
0
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
Time (hr)
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00

DAM - BREAK FLOOD WAVE ANALYSIS

AND
INUNDATION MAPPING

Flood wave simulation model

Models used :
! HEC-RAS Version 3.1.1
! DAMBRK model
compared in solution of governing equations,
use of GIS and input of channel cross section data
found HEC-RAS .3.1.1 more efficient in GIS application
and geographic data input

Geographical - spatial simulation by GIS

Models used :
! Terrain model (Arc View)
! HEC - GeoRAS
Numerical maps syntheses
Convert to shape file
TIN composition (3-D surface model)
Stream section abstraction
HEC-RAS import
Formulated dam downstream section, dam-break flood
simulation and inundation mapping

Numerical maps syntheses

Shape file in Arc View

Elevation layer shape file

TIN composition

Stream section abstraction

HEC-RAS import in GIS format

Formulated stream section

Flood wave mapping

Dam-break scenarios
The following three scenarios were assumed :
! Sc-A : Single dam-break
! Sc-B : Two dam-break (Andong + Imha)
! Sc-C : Three dam-break (Andong + Imha + Hapcheon)

River channel system and dams
Andong dam
Dalji
Imha dam
Andong
Sabeol
Nakdong
Gumi
Youngcheon dam
Goryeunggyo
Unmun dam
Hapcheon dam
Namgang dam
Jeokpogyo
Jindong
Milryang dam
Samrangjin
Gupo
Estuary barrage

River channel cross sections applied in

simulation

River channel longitudinal profile
Imha dam
Hapcheon dam
Andong dam
Hwang river
Nakdong river

Single dam-break simulation

! Andong dam-break results by extreme flood(PMF)
Stations
Peak
Discharge(m3/sec)
Max.
flood W.L.(EL.m)
Flood wave
arrival time(hr)
Max. flood W.L.

arrival time(hr)
Andong dam
283,917
141.16
0.00
0.00
Andong
175,584
116.19
0.25
1.05
Sabeol
69,408
68.31
2.63
5.47
Ilseongyo
64,890
45.00
4.38
8.42
Gumi
59,081
40.45
5.32
11.82
Waegan
52,721
38.31
5.63
13.10
Goryenggyo
45,711
33.98
7.75
18.98
Jeokpogyo
36,702
24.34
12.23
28.27
Jindong
35,590
17.67
14.30
33.20
Samrangjin
35,313
12.94
22.15
42.30
Gupo
33,324
10.40
23.26
50.60
Estuary barrage
30,441
10.31
23.35
51.02

Downstream flood hydrograph

by Andong dam-break
300,000
Andong dam
Dis c ha rg e ( m / s e c )
250,000
200,000
Andong
Goryenggyo
150,000
Jeokpogyo
Sabeol
Jindong
100,000
Samrangjin
Estuary barrage
50,000
0
20
40
60
80
S imula tio n Time ( hr)
100
120
140

Downstream longitudinal flood profile

by Andong dam-break
Andong dam
Sabeol
Jeokpogyo
Jindong
Estuary barrage
Goryenggyo

Downstream flood inundation map (1/2)

by Andong dam-break


by Andong dam-break
Hyenpung 1:5,000

Two dam-break(Andong + Imha) simulation

! Andong + Imha dam-break results by extreme flood (PMF)
Stations
Peak
Discharge(m3/sec)
Max.
flood W.L.(EL.m)
Flood wave
arrival time(hr)
Max. flood W.L.

arrival time(hr)
Andong dam
283,917
142.59
0.00
0.00
Imha dam
166,193
136.76
0.00
0.00
Andong
278,190
122.38
0.72
1.03
Sabeol
105,328
71.59
2.75
4.75
Ilseongyo
93,646
47.96
4.15
7.47
Gumi
81,029
43.00
5.05
10.60
Waegan
69,958
40.78
6.17
11.85
Goryenggyo
59,529
36.34
7.93
18.97
Jeokpogyo
43,816
25.99
12.58
27.80
Jindong
42,605
18.84
14.38
32.33
Samrangjin
41,104
13.60
21.53
42.22
Gupo
38,487
10.67
24.48
51.22
Estuary barrage
34,706
10.57
25.72
51.63


by Andong + Imha dam-break
350,000
Andong dam
Andong
D is c h a rg e ( m
/sec)
300,000
250,000
200,000
Imha dam
150,000
Goryenggyo
Jeokpogyo
Sabeol
Jindong
100,000
Samrangjin
Estuary barrage
50,000
0
20
40
60
80
S imu la tio n Time ( h r)
100
120
140


Andong dam
Imha dam
Sabeol
Jeokpogyo
Jindong
Estuary barrage
Goryenggyo




Gumi 1:5,000

Three dam-break
(Andong + Imha + Hapcheon) simulation
! Andong + Imha + Hapcheon dam-break results by extreme flood (PMF)
Stations
Peak
Discharge(m3/sec)
Max.
flood W.L.(EL.m)
Flood wave
arrival time(hr)
Max. flood W.L.

arrival time(hr)
Andong dam
283,917
142.59
0.00
0.00
Imha dam
166,193
136.76
0.00
0.00
Hapcheon dam
148,682
124.15
0.00
0.00
Andong
278,190
122.38
0.72
1.03
Sabeol
105,328
71.59
2.75
4.75
Ilseongyo
93,646
47.96
4.15
7.47
Gumi
81,029
43.00
5.05
10.60
Waegan
69,958
40.78
6.17
11.85
Goryenggyo
59,529
35.93
7.93
18.97
Jeokpogyo
91,259
31.11
10.50
19.15
Jindong
52,062
21.14
18.17
23.90
Samrangjin
66,266
15.32
20.90
31.83
Gupo
50,692
11.67
22.43
41.47
Estuary barrage
49,552
11.52
23.33
41.85


by Andong + Imha + Hapcheon dam-break
300, 000
Andong dam
Andong
Dis c ha rg e (
m3 / s e c )
250, 000
200, 000
Imha dam
150, 000
Hapcheon dam
Sabeol
Goryenggyo
Jeokpogyo
Jindong
100, 000
Samrangjin
Estuary barrage
50, 000
0
20
40
60
80
S imula tio n Time ( hr)
100
120
140


Andong dam
Imha dam
Hapcheon dam
Sabeol
Jeokpogyo
Jindong
Estuary barrage
Goryenggyo


by Andong + Imha + Hapcheon dam-break (time-1)
Andong dam
Imha dam
Sabeol
Hapcheon dam
Jeokpogyo
Jindong
Estuary barrage
Goryenggyo


Andong dam
Sabeol
Hapcheon dam
Jeokpogyo
Goryenggyo
Jindong
Estuary barrage
Imha dam


Andong dam
Sabeol
Hapcheon dam
Jeokpogyo
Jindong
Estuary barrage
Goryenggyo
Imha dam

Convert HEC-RAS simulation bitmaps to an AVIfile

300,000
Andong dam Qp = 283,917cms

2010/7/21 23:16
Dis c h a rg e ( m3 / s e c )
250,000
Imha dam Qp = 166,193cms

2010/7/21 23:00
200,000
150,000
Hapcheon dam Qp = 148,682cms

2010/7/22 14:20
100,000
50,000
0
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
Time(hr)
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00




Jindong 1:5,000

EMERGENCY
ACTION
PLANS
For dam-break flood risk management

Internal and External EAP
IEAP
Dams owner
EEAP
Civil Protection

Main action for EAP

! Detection
! Decision making - - - - - - - - - - IEAP
! Alert
! Warning
! Evacuation
- - - - - - - - - - EEAP

Interaction between IEAP and EEAP
! Definition of alert levels

! Alert and warning systems

Alert levels (1/4)
- Authority
(MOCT, KOWACO)
- Dam owner

Alert levels (2/4)
- Authority
(MOCT, KOWACO)
- Dam owner
- Civil Protection

Alert levels (3/4)
- Authority
(MOCT, KOWACO)
- Dam owner
- Civil Protection

Alert levels (4/4)
- Authority
(MOCT, KOWACO)
- Dam owner
- Civil Protection

Warning system (1/2)

Warning system (2/2)

30. 00
Imha Dam
5. 00
Gumi
Andong
Sabeol
Samrangjin
Gupo
Estuary barrage
10. 00
Waegan
15. 00
Jindong
Ando ng + Imha + Hapc he o n Dam
Goreunggyo
Ando ng + Imha Dam
20. 00
Jeokpogyo
Ando ng Dam
0. 00
0
Imha
Tra ve l Tim e ( hr)
25. 00
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Dis ta nc e ( km)
Flood arrival time to downstream areas of the dam
400

Key points for EAP

! Inundation maps - Dam owners or managers
dam-break flood simulation
flash floods, abrupt waves
! Risk zoning criteria
water levels
velocities
times of flood arrival
! Basin vulnerability criteria
land use
social and
economical characterizations

Basin vulnerability
Downstream zoning criteria
! Vulnerability
defined as a measure of the level of exposure and of damage
susceptibility toward the dam-break flood
physical vulnerability and socioeconomic vulnerability
should be included for each sub-zone downstream of the dam

Physical vulnerability
should include a quantification of the dam - break flood
impact as a function of variables like the following :
!
maximum depth (water levels) (D)
maximum flow power (V*D)
maximum depth gradient

Socioeconomic vulnerability
be a weighted function of several characteristics factors :
! Social
families (number of members)
individual (age, education)
! Property
buildings
economic activities
! Strategic infrastructures
power and water networks
hospitals
! Warning and emergency system
! Civil protection response (including training)
! Psycho-social (public perception)

External EAP
! Means and resources allocation
for each vulnerability zone
! Actions of entities involved in crises management
Water organization or authority (Ministries, Institutes)
Civil protection national service
Dam owner or manager
! Action of entities involved in emergency
Civil protection national service
(National disaster prevention organization)
Civil protection agents
Municipalities
! Type of evacuation
by own people means
help of civil protection agents

Information system
DAM INFO
Dam-break flood simulation

Flood wave analysis
Inundation
EAP

EAP in Nakdong River Basin
! EAP for dam-break flood risk management in Nakdong river

is being developed
! All dams will dispose of emergency action plans, with
proper alert and warning systems, in compliance with the
legistration
Dam-Break Flood Risk Management :

Some Dam Break Accidents

Teton dam failure

! Location :
Teton river, Madison county, Southeast Idaho, U.S.A.
! Dam type :
305-foot high earthfill dam
! Failure time :
11:57 AM, 5 June , 1976
! Damage :
Loss of 14 lives
Cost estimated to be nearly $1 billion

Teton dam failure (1)









St. francis dam failure

! Location :
Santa clarita, California, U.S.A.
! Dam type :
185 feet high curved concrete gravity dam
! Failure time :
12 March , 1928
! Damage :
Lost 450 people
Destroyed 1,200 homes and 10 bridges

St. francis dam failure (1)

St. francis dam failure (2)

Sheffield dam failure

! Location :
Base of the Santa ynez mountains,
northern end of Santa barbara, California, U.S.A.
! Dam type :
720 feet long, 25 feet high concrete gravity dam
! Failure time :
1925
! Failure cause :
Earthquake

Sheffield dam failure

Other dam-break examples (1/2)
Other dam-break examples (2/2)
THANK YOU
FOR
YOUR ATTENTION

YEUNGNAM Univ., DAEGU, KOREA

Lee

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Dam-Break Flood Risk Management :

Nakdong River Case Studies

Water Resources Research Center

Dam, like all structures, will be broken in the end

Water Resources Research Center

Modern dam safety regulations

Water Resources Research Center

Water Resources Research Center

Integrated dam safety concept

Water Resources Research Center

Downstream risk level - a new concept

Water Resources Research Center

Social sciences contributions to dams and

Specific features of communities in floodable areas

People beliefs, attitudes, judgments and

Water Resources Research Center

Nakdong river basin channel system with dams

largest river system in river

length and 2nd in catchment area

7 large multi-purpose dams in

Water Resources Research Center

Dams in Nakdong river basin

PMF peak inflow (m3/s)

Dam crest length(m)

Dam crest width(m)

Dam upper slope(1V:H)

Dam down slope(1V:zH)

Core mean slope

Water Resources Research Center

DAM-BREAK FLOOD SIMULATION

Water Resources Research Center

Choice of the breach model

Model depend on the objectives :

Water Resources Research Center

Dam-break flood simulation model

Water Resources Research Center

Dam - break mechanism and outflow hydrograph

! Breach formation (breach width, time and shape) assumed or

Water Resources Research Center

Dam - break flood peak discharges by

Water Resources Research Center

Uncertainty analysis of dam - break flood

Hagen(19 82, Envelope Eq. based on S *Hd)

To ta l Re s e rv o ir S to ra g e ( S ) *Da m he ig ht( Hd) ( m )

Water Resources Research Center

Dam - breach shape (Andong dam)

Water Resources Research Center

Dam - breach shape (Imha dam)

Water Resources Research Center

Dam - breach shape (Hapcheon dam)

Water Resources Research Center

Dam - break flood outflow hydrograph

Ando ng dam Qp = 283, 917c ms

Imha dam Qp = 166, 193c ms

Hapc he o n dam Qp = 148, 682c ms

Water Resources Research Center

DAM - BREAK FLOOD WAVE ANALYSIS

Water Resources Research Center

Flood wave simulation model

Water Resources Research Center

Geographical - spatial simulation by GIS

Water Resources Research Center

Numerical maps syntheses

Water Resources Research Center