PARIS, 11 March 1985 Original: Spanish UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION GENERAL HISTORY OF THE CARIBBEAN VOLUME II: Formation of New Societies by Germn CARRSRA DAMAS ”9 SEP, jugs ‘The following pages contain some keys to an understanding of the preliminary draft of the plan for Volume II of the Unesco General History of the Caribbean. Basic criteria: The preliminary draft of the plan for Volume IT has been prepared in accordance with the following basic criteria: A. The aim 1s to describe an historical process consisting of the formation of new societies, one which has generally been studied in terms of the expansion of the respective metropolitan countries. The present intention is to obtain a view which, without undervaluing this fundamental link with the metropolitan countries, would offer an explanation :. “he process through which new societies were formed, starting with the -ocieties themselves and consequently attempting to determine to what extent this process was specific, if indeed it was specific at all. B. The aim is also to produce a history of societies, which means endeavouring, within the limits of the period under consideration, to identify the features of the particular historic actuality of each and every one of the societies involved in the process, transcending for this purpose the ‘civilizing’ and ‘Creole’ viewpoints. C. The final aim is to locate this history of societies based on the societies themselves, within an integrating regional perspective that not only constitutes the foundation for a general history of the Caribbean but also under- takes the processes shaping national projects; the latter, in their turn, should seek to establish their own historic actuality in terms of their own development. Period: The intent is to cover the period 1492 to circa 1650, dealing with events from the first contact of the Spanish groups with the indigenous societies up to the time when other new societies began to be formed in accordance with specific (non-Spanish European and African) patterns of land occupation and population. Structure: The preliminary draft of the plan has the following structure: A. . Up to and including Part IV, the basic perspective is the relationship between the indigenous societies and the Spanish population: (cLT-85/Ws/8)B, Parts v and VI record the establishment of new forms of tt lement; C, Part VII aims to retrace the independent historical a of the indigenous societies; opment D, Starting with Part VIII, all the ways in which new societies were formed will be dealt with jointly. The concept of new societies during this period is employed in its two basic versions: (a) new societies formed through a process of settlement and (b) new societies formed through a process of colonization. It is clear that in both cases the product is colonial societies. The concept of settlement aims to bring out the specific nature of the process of the formation of new societies, starting with the contact between the Spanish groups and the indigenous societies. I should like to quote some extracts from the findings of a research project carried out at the Centre for Development Studies (CENDES) of the Central University of Venezuela, published under the title of Formacién hist6rico-social de América Latina (Historical and social formation of Latin America), (Coleccién Historia, No. XIZ, Caracas, Ediciones de la Biblioteca Central de la UCV, 1982): The concept of settlement: ‘Latin American economic and social formation(s) was/were created and developed in the course of a complex process, the specific nature of which may, in our opinion, be understood by studying it as a process of settlement. In defining it as a process of settlement, we are responding to the need to accommodate conceptually, at the highest level of generality envisaged in this investigation, the fundamental features which demonstrate its specific natuce in relation to the variety of forms historically assumed by the processes governing economic and social formation: «+. "Its viability as a hypothesis depends on its ability to accommodate, firstly, the most general features of the process through which the economic and social formations of Latin America took shape and developed, situating those features within the complex and varied interplay of factors which gave rise to the process, and, secondly, the features of diversity that indicate the richness of that process in the specific areas where it historically occurred. The process generated by a continuous fusion of the features of different social formations, a trend which ultimately meant that the historical develop- ment of the process was incorporated in the concurrent long-period European phenomenon, more particularly, the process of the formation and development of the world capitalist system. Meanwhile, the historical development of the indigenous social formations which participated in this fusion was arrested or even disappeared, as such, in some areas. £In reality - a point of great importance - it continued along lines which have not been clearly evaluated; this fact has far-reaching implications that have scarcely been perceived as yet./' (pp. 21-22) + (ps 20)‘The primary early centres of settlement: ‘This acage expresses the thrust or the initial Spanien ana Portuguese relationship with America, This relationship was essentially actuated by private Iberian groups which, in the main, formed "companies" designed to achieve economic aims and, in practice, enjoyed a wide margin of independence with respect to the political and administrative bodies of the metropolitan countries. The most important feature in its development was the formation and increasing predominance - until the emergence of opposing forces - of the trend towards the permanent establishment of these groups on American soil. This trend, which in the Spanish case emerged after five years of contact with the New World and in the Portuguese case three decades later, developed within the context of close interaction between European and indigenous social and demographic factors, thereby determining the shape of a series of embryonic socio-economic formations, the primary early centres of settlement which were not only a dialectical aynthesis of elements of both the above-mentioned factors but also the actual starting-points of the subsequent growth of Latin American societies’ (pp. 24-25). ‘The alternative forms of settlement: ‘During the shaping of the settlement process, that is, the dialectical synthesis between the highly variable indigenous society and the more or less homogeneous elements of European society (in addition to African contingents, increasing in numbers at different rates in different areas), the varied forms which the process took derived ultimately from the high degree of variability of the indigenous society. Thus, the level and nature of indigenous participation in the fusion which shaped Latin American societies were the result of alternative forms of settlement. In this sense, two alternative forms of settlement have been described: symbiotic implanted societies and simple implanted societies. Nevertheless, we may also note the existence of certain societies to which the typical features of the basic alternative forms apparently do not fully apply, in so far.as can be determined in the present state of research. To date such societies have been grouped in a residual category which we shall call variant implanted societies. In areas inhabited by the most complex indigenous social formations (areas of New Spain, Peru and New Granada), with economic, social and political structures possessing a relatively high level of development and with lezge populations, the implanted society was formed on the matrix of the indigenous social formations (labour force, technology, specific forms of economic, social and political organization etc.) - but with the addition of a new network of socio-economic, political, legal and ideological inter~ actions, in an intense process of ethnic and cultural cross -fertilization - on the basis of the control and utilization of the indigenous structures. ‘The so-called symbiotic implanted societies, were formed in this way: based on the conjunction of indigenous social formations characterized by a high level of complexity and spatial integration on the one hand and the existence of mineral resources considered essential in the metropolitan context on the other, they were organized and developed at a rapid rate. It 4s worth pointing out that the parallel presence of indigenous social formations as such, made it possible for the latter to'function as a permanent source of initiatives throughout the historical process of the symbiotic implanted societies.-4- On the other hand, the European relationship with indigenous social formations featuring less-developed structures and slighter spatial integration than the formations already mentioned and with small populations (areas of ‘Tierra Firme, Chile, the estuary of the River Plate, the West Indies and Brazil) was the starting-point for the formation of the so-called standard (or simple) implanted societies. Given the features of this indigenous base, the participation of the indigenous social formations in the fusion meant their destruction as identifiable entities and the incorporation of their elements on an unstructured basis in a new economic, social, political and ideological structure, that is to say, a structure whose form was not based on the pre-existing indigenous structures as such. The conjunction of an indigenous base possessing the above-mentioned features with the rapid depletion of trade and surface mining as sources of gold, was responsible for the slow process of organization of these societies. ‘The first efforts to investigate the development of the process of settlement in the areas of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama and Paraguay inter alia have not, so far, enabled us to assign them legitimately to either of the two alternative forms indicated above. Accordingly, we include them in the category of variant societies, without implying an identity of features which would make it possible to speak of a genuine alternative form of settlement, (pp. 26-29) The areas of settlement: + "The process of the organization and development of the different Latin American social formations has involved the existence and gradual integration of alternative forms of settlement within a geographical area. Nevertheless, within this diversity, one of the alternative forms tends to predominate in most Latin American social formations, pervading the whole with ite own characteristics so that the nature of the social formation can be defined in terms of the predominant form of settlement. In this sense, we may speak of standard (or simple) implanted societies, symbiotic implanted societies or variant implanted societies, although this in no way implies the presence of only one of these alternative forms’. (pp. 30-31) ‘The concept of colonization is applied to the formation of new societie: with Very limited or no participation by the indigenous societies. It appears generally to have been based during this period on the participation of non- Spanish Europeans and Africans The indigenous societies are seen from two viewpoints: as participants in the process of formation of new societies (the more easily chronicled aspect) and as subjects of an independent historical development (which might be difficult to investigate?),It is extremely important to make a special effort in order to overcome this difficulty or, at any rate, to explore this area of study. It 1s also desirable to explore systematically the role played by the Andigenous societies in the process of settlement, as there is evidence which appears to indicate that that role was much more decisive than is recognized by the European and Creole views of the process of settlement; the latter have regularly assigned an essentially passive, or at any rate subordinate, role to indigenous societies. Th African slave population refers to the nature of the participation of the Africans in the process of formation of the new societies and aims to present forms which developed at a very early stage and which can not be seen merely as collateral expressions of slavery. In this sense, independent African settlement is admitted. Naturally, it is intended to deal only with the beginning of these processes in this volune.qThe socio-legal system consists of the totality of social inter- relationships seen in terms of their close connection with the legal order, It constitutes the basic level of social life with regard to persons, work and property at the legal and practical levels, ‘The politico-legal system consists of the totality of social inter- relationships seen In tome of their close connection with the political and administrative order established and practised by the society, Formal and organizational aspects: A. ‘The division into parts and chapters basically indicates the intended lines of approach. It will be the task of the specialists to evaluate it critically and determine its final form. B, ‘The linkage with Volumes I and III poses certain problems, some of which I have referred to in my observations on the corresponding plans I see this linkage as follows: 1. Aw regards Volume 11 the Linkage depends to a great extent on whether it 1s agreed to concentrate all material concerning the indigenous societies in this volume. I think that the plan for Volume I should be reconsidered: it should end with the study of the state of the indigenous societies at the time when contacts were beginning, leaving the treatment of the relationship for Volume II. In this way, needless to say, the same specialists will be able to collaborate on more than one volume and thus contribute to thematic continuity between volumes. 2. As regards Volume III: the Linkage depends on such questions as the extent to which it is treated as a history of societies and the emphasis that should be given within the framework of a general history to such phenomena as slavery, plantation agriculture, etc. At all events, the definitive form and development of the new societies would be dealt with in Volume III. For that reason, Volume I should end with the middle of the seventeenth century. €. ‘The choice of contributors: my only contribution to this difficult operation is to suggest some names for the treatment of specific topics. I would greatly appreciate the assistance of the other members of the Drafting Committee in suggesting other possible authors for parts or chapters, in view of the great authority of my fellow Committee members in the various areas of study concerned.GENERAL HISTORY OF THE CARIBBEAN VOLUME IT Detailed Preliminary Draft PlanPART It loa 2B DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF NEW SOCIETIES AND DESCRIPTION AND DELIMITATION OF AREAS ‘The settlement process as new society formation (a) ‘The concept of settlement within the framework of the historical forms of relationship between societies (trading posts, enclave colonization, etc.) (b) Characteristics of the settlement process in the Caribbean: 1, Formation of a productive structure 2, Generation and satisfaction of needs: the Creole master 8 between societies and 3. Operation of interchange proces: areas 4, ‘The relative independence of the ruling-class sector: the proc and administrative frameworks (c) The main features of the settlement process (a) The alternative forms of the settlement proce 1, Simple settlement 2, Symbiotic settlement 3, Other forms of settlement (variants) Areas in which the settlement process occurred in its alternative forms (a) Area of Hispaniola (b) Area of cuba (c) Area of Puerto Rico (a) Area of Jamaica (e) Area of Tierra Firme (£) Area of Castilla del oro (g) Area of Guatemala-Honduras (h) area of Nicaragua (4) Area of New Spain (Yucatan) (3) Area of Florida (k) Area of Barbados of settlement and the operation of colonial-politicalPART IIt 3.0 4. B = 10 - (1) Area of the Windward Islands (m) Area of the Leeward Islands (n) Area of the Bahamas (0) Area of Curagao, Aruba and Bonaire (p) are of the Guyanas ‘THE GENERAL PROBLEM OF THE INITIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH AMERICA ‘The relationship within the framework of the developing expansionist trend of European commercial capital (a) America and Spanish expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuris (b) The relationship with America and ‘the idea of settlement! ‘The dominant role of therj.an private groups in the development of the initial relationship with America (a) ‘The essentially economic objectives of Iberian private groups 1, The means of attaining the economic objectives of the companies - Appropriation of the wealth already generated by the indigenous societies: trade and plunder ~ Raids against the indigenous societies = Direct exploitation of mineral and pearl-bearing resources - Comprehensive exploitation of American productive factors (land and labour force) by means of effective occupation of the territory 2, The scientific, technological, political and ideological implications of the attainment of the companies’ economic objectives . - Ships, navigation aiid navigators - Exploration and knowledge of American territory ~ The effective occupation of areas of American territory ‘The religious subjugation of the indigenous societies The initial legitimation of the process: doctrine and practice (b) The temporary nature of the companies and their structures of participation- ie 1, Organization and management 2, Participation through voluntary enlistment 3. The ‘national’ and social composition of the companie 4, The ‘captain’ as a factor of cohesion in the companies 5. Presence of the State and the Church in the companies +The shape and increasing prevalence of the trend towards the establishment of Iberian private groups on American territory 1. The shape of the trend towards establishment on American soil. 2, The increasingly ‘endogenous! nature of the developing trend towards permanent establishment 6. D, Forms of the initial Spanish relationship with the indigenous societies (a) Dynamics of the initial Spanish relationship with the indigenous societie 1, The Spanish groups vis-a-vis productive activities and patterns of food consumption in the indigenous societies 2, The Spanish groups, the technology of the indigenous societies and adaptation and development with regard to the American environment (b) simple spoliatory form of the initial relationship (c) Complex spoliatory form of the initial relationship (a) Structural form of the initial relationship PART III, THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRIMARY EARLY CENTRES OF SETTLEMENT 7 The effective occupation of territory (a) The effective occupation of territory: scope and historical validity of the concept 1, Temporary occupation of territory for the sole purpose of extractive activities 2, Occupation of territory for the establishment of the first sugar mills (b) The subjugation of the indigenous socio-historical formations{e) -12- 1, The legitimation of subjugation 2, Military subjugation = Military resources > Fighting techniqu = The importance of the horse and of firearms 3. The subjugation of the indigenous societies by means of political action 4. Voluntary submission for reasons relating to magic and religion 5, The resistance of the indigenous societie: ‘The formation of a new network of interactions between man and the physical environment ha structural diversity of the indigenous societies and their conditioning role in the establishment of the primary early centres of settlement @) (b) ‘The structural diversity of the indigenous societi 1, Hunters, gatherers and fishermen in the nomadic state 2. Mixed structure of hunters and agriculturalists with limited migration 3, Agricultural settlements in permanent villages 4, Development of complex socio-historical formations with an agricultural base supplemented by a variety of other economic activities ‘The conditioning role of the indigenous societies in the establish- ment of the primary early centres of settlement 1, The structural adaptation of primary early centres of simple settlement. 2, The structural adaptation of primary early centres of synbiotic settlement 3, The structural adaptation of primary early centres of variant forms of settlement ‘The structuring of the alternative forms of primary early centres of settlement. (From the organization of the company to the organization of the settlement.) (a) ‘The structuring of primary early centres of settlement: the economic level10. (b) (ce) (a) = 13 = 1, Primary rly centres of simple settlement = Productive activities and units of production = Relations of production (free and unfree labour) = Technology ~ Forms and terms of trade 2. Primary early centres of symbiotic settlement Productive activities and units of production Relations of production (free and unfree labour) ‘Technology Forms and terms of trade ’ 3. Primary early centres of variant forms of settlement Productive activities and units of production Relations of production (free and unfree labour) = Technology - Forms and terms of trade The structuring of the primary early centres of settlement: the Politico-legal level 1, Primary early centres of simple settlement 2. Primary early centres of symbiotic settlement 3, Primary early centres of variant forms of settlement ‘The structuring of primary early centres of settlement: the level of ‘social organization’ 1, Primary early centres of simple settlement 2. Primary early centres of symbiotic settlement 3. Primary early centres of variant forms of settlement ‘The structuring of primary early centres of settlement: the religious and ideological Level 1, Primary early centres of simple settlement 2, Primary early centres of symbiotic settlement 3. Primary early centres of variant forms of settlement ‘The permanent establishment of Spanish private groups on American soil and problems of a geospatial nature~14- (a) Location of suitable points for settlement on American soil (b) Failure of settlement for foreseeable reasons of a geospatial nature (c) Failure of nature ttlement for unforeseeable reasons of a geospatial= 15- GENERAL HISTORY OF THE CARIBBEAN PLAM OF VOLUME II (1492 - Circa 1650) (PRELIMINARY DRAFT) Proposed by Germén CARRERA DAMAS Volume editor I DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF NEW SOCIETIES AND DELIMITATION AND DESCRIPTION OF AREAS . 1A, The settlement process as new society formation 2B. Areas in which the settlement process occurred in its alternative forms qr, ‘THE GENERAL PROBLEM OP THE INITIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH AMERICA 3A. ‘The relationship within the framework of the developing expansionist trend of European commercial capital 4B. ‘The determining role of tberian private groups in the evelopment of the initial relationship with America 5, The shape and increasing prevalence of the trend towards the establishwent of Iberian private groups on American soil 6D. Forms of the initial relationship of the Spanish. groups with the indigenous societies rrr. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRIMARY EARLY CENTRES OF SETTLEMENT 7A. The effective occupation of territory 8B, ‘The structural diversity of the indigenous societies and their conditioning role in the establishment of the primary early centres of settlement. 9C. The structuring of the alternative forns of the primary early centres of settlement. (From the organization of the company to the organization of the settlement). 10D, ‘The establishment of the primary early centres of settlement and problems of a geospatial nature wv. PROGRESSIVE INTEGRATION OF THE PRIMARY EARLY CENTRES OF SETTLEMENT 411A, Structural adaptation and functioning of the basic economic structures of the new societies 12B. Structural adaptation and functioning of the new societies from the viewpoint of social organization (socio-legal system)- 16 - 13.¢, Structural adaptation and functioning of the politico- legal system THE BEGINNINGS OF THE DUTCH, ENGLISH AND FRENCH COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. (First half of the seventeenth century) 14a, Smugglers, privateers and colonists 15.8. The companies 16 C. Bases of privateers and buccaneers, trading posts and plantation settlements 17D. Progressive integration of the new forms of settlement. vr. THE AFRICAN SLAVE POPULATION. 18 A. Roots and initial processes involving the Africans in the formation of the new societies 19.B, ‘The ‘national’ and social origins of the African slave Populations 20, ‘The African slave population as a driving force in the Process of formation of the new societie: 21D. the teblishment of an ideology of slavery vIT. INDEPENDENT HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDIGENOUS SOCIETIES OF THE CARIBBEAN. 22.A, Identification of the historical development of the indigenous societies after the first contacts with the Europeans: social and/or geographical marginalization:. and autonomy 23.B, The changing relationships between the autonomous indigenous societies and the new societies and the components of the latter. 24°C, Primary form of the ‘native problen': gradual occupation of the territory and viability of the indigenous societies viir. HOUSES, TOWNS, FORTRESSES AND CIVIL WORKS 25a. The house 26.8. The tom 27, Fortresses 28D. Civil works-17- Ix. INTELLECTUAL AND ARTISTIC CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY OF THE NEW SOCIETIES. 29 A, ‘The intellectual culture of the new societies 30 B, The artistic culture of the new societies 31C, The ideology of the new societies x SOURCES AND MAPS 32 A. Written sources 33 B. _Non-written sources 34°C, Critical evaluation of the historiography 35D, Maps PART IV: PROGRESSIVE INTEGRATION OF THE PRIMARY EARLY CENTRES OF SETTLEMENT A. 12 B. ic. Structural adaptation and functioning of the basic economic structures of the new societie: a. In the centres of simple settlement b. In the centres of symbiotic settlement ¢. In the centres of variant forms of settlement. Structural adaptation and functioning of the new. societies from the viewpoint of social organization (socio-legal system) a. In the centres of simple settlement b. In the centre of symbiotic settlement ¢. In the centres of variant forms of settlement Structural adaptation and functioning of the politico-Legal systen a. In the centres of simple settlement b. In the centres of symbiotic settlement ¢. In the centres of variant forms of settlementPART Vi PART Vir ~18- THE BEGINNINGS OF THE DUTCH, ENGLISH AND FRENCH COLONIAL SET LEMENTS laa. 15 B 16 c, 17D, ‘Smuggler: a privateers and colonists Smiggling as the firet stage in the penetration of the Caribbean by the Spanish Empire Privateering within the framework of the struggles between the European crowns Prolegomena for a new pattern of colonization ‘The first contacts with the indigenous societic ‘The companies a. Private initiative and state action ‘The forms of jocdation and management of the companies Operation and aims of the companies 'National' and social origin of investors in the companies Bases of privateers and buccaneers, trading posts and plantation ttlements Privateers and buccaneers ‘The trading post Beginnings of the plantation formation process ive integration of the new forms of settlement Structural adaptation and functioning of the basic economic structures of the new settlements Structural adaptation and functioning of the new settlements from the viewpoint of social organization (socio-legal system) St~uctural adaptation and functioning of the politico- ‘Legal system ‘THE AFRICAN SLAVE POPULATION tea, Roots and initial processes involving the Africans in the formation of the new societi b. © Metropolitan background Smuggling Settlement19 B, 20 c. 2p. = 19 = The 'national' and social origins of the African slave populations a. Africa and slavery b, ‘The European slave trade The African slave population as a driving force in the Process of formation of the new societies a, Role of the African slave population in the structuring of the primary early centres of settlement (labour and technology) b, Role of the African slave population in the structuring of the Dutch, English and French colonial settlements c, The free African population and resistance to slavery The establishment of an ideology of slavery a, Slavery as an economic, social and religious principle b, Slavery, racial discrimination and racial mixing PART VII: INDEPENDENT HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDIGENOUS SOCIETIES OF THE CARIBBEAN 22a. 23 B. zac. Identification of the historical development of the indigenous societies after the initial contacts with the Europeans; social and/or geographical marginalization and autonomy a. carbs bd, Mayas ©. Goajizos, etc. ‘The changing relationships between the indigencus societies and the new societies and the components of the latter Primary form of the 'native problem! @. Gradual occupation of the territory: 'Creolization' of the first contacts b, Viability of the indigenous societies seen as a Process of confrontation, adaptation and development, but, above all, in terms of technological ability. ¢. Creole view of the process of formation of new and ‘historic destiny! of the indigenousPART VIII1 PART Ixt = 20 = HOUSES, TOWNS, FORTRESSES AND CIVIL WORKS 25 A. 26 2B. 27 ¢, 28 dD. ‘The hous: Situation and layout b, Squares and streets ¢. Public buildings, government/administrative and educational/religious 3 a, Forts b. Castles Garrisons Civil works a. Hydraulic enginaneing b. Roads ce. Ports INTELLECTUAL AND ARTISTIC CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY OF THE NEW SOCIETIES 29 A 30 2B. aoc. je intellectual culture of the new societies a. Chronicle and history b. Knowledge of the physical environment c. Education ‘The artistic culture of the new societies a. Popular arts b. Applied arts c. Visual arts The ideology of the new societies a. Creole consciousness b. Creole culture e. Racism and social controlPART Xt -21- SOURCES AND MAPS 32 33 34 35 A Written sources Non-written sources Critical evaluation of the historiography Maps= 23- UNESCO GENERAL HISTORY OF THE CARIBBEAN VOLUME IT Some poesible editors of Parts and authors of chapters N.B. The names mentioned reflect an assessment by the volume editor; the acceptance of the persons concerned and, of course, contributions from the members of the Drafting Committee are required in order to revise and improve the list. Clearly, most of the potential contributors proposed here are capable of dealing with more than one of the chapters making up this volume. I regret that I am not as familiar as I might be with the special fields of some members of the Drafting Committ G.c.D. PART It Pieter EMMER Leslie MANIGAT German CARRERA DAMAS PART IT: Francisco MORALES PADRON Leslie MANIGAT PART IIT: Frank MOYA PONS M,N, MENEZES PART Iv: Germin COLMENARES Horst PIETSCHMAN Josefina HERNANDEZ Rubén SILIE PART V: Fitzroy AUGIER R, ROMER A. J. PAULA 1H, BANGOU Pieter EMER R. ACHEEN Felix BECKER Anthony P, MAINGOT PART VIs F. KNIGHT W. MARSHALL M, MORENO FRAGINALS H, TOLENTINO PART VII: M,N, MENEZES Carlos BUZMAN BOECKLER G, BONFILL B. N, SANCHEZ ALBORNOZ M. VELOZ MAGGIOLO PART VIII: A, CASTILLERO CALVO G. GASPARINI M, MORENO FRAGINALS PART IX: S, MINTZ G, MARTIN FRAGACHAN PART X: ‘A, LEMMO BRANDO P, ENMER F, MORALES PADRON B, SILVESTRINI