CHAPTER 1

1. Suitable ruler to use in laboratory

Suggestion
Smallest size scale 0.1 cm
High accuracy
High consistency
Plastic material
Thin thickness

Explanation
More accurate
Less error in measurement
Low relative deviations
Avoid parallax error
Avoid parallax error

CHAPTER 2
2. Explain the suitability feature of arm exercise equipment.
Suggestion
Spring made of steel
Two // more spring arrange in parallel
Spring with ticker wire
Smaller diameter coil of spring
Choose large force constant spring

Explanation
Can withstand higher force
The spring system is stiffer
Wire will not easily break
The smaller the diameter coil less elastic the
spring, so the arm exercise would not so hard
Will make strong spring, the spring will stiffer and
not broken easily

3. Suggest the suitable cloth , equipment and techniques to improve high jumper athlete and
suggestion
Use tight and light suit
Use spikes shoes
Use thicker mattress
The athlete have to sprint before jump
Athlete have to bend the body during
fall
their safety .

Explanation
Less air fraction
Better grip support while running and prevent
slippery
Increase time impact , reduce impulsive force .
prevent back injury
Can increase kinetic energy
Increase the time impact , reduce impulsive force

4. Explain the characteristic of spring to make babys cradle.

Suggestion
Choose large force constant spring
Choose large diameter of wire
Large diameter coil of spring
The spring is made of steel or alloy
The arrangement of spring is two or
more line in parallel

Explanation
Will make strong spring, the spring will stiffer and
not broken easily.
The larger diameter the stiffer the spring is.
The larger the diameter coil more elastic the spring
is
Steel and alloy is stiffer than iron
The spring is stiffer

5. Explain the most suitable design of spring for shock absorber for motorcycles.
Suggestion
Small diameter of spring coil
Choose large diameter of wire
Force constant is more than 1000N
Higher spring constant
Small natural frequency

Explanation
Enough space for the spring
The larger the diameter the stiffer the spring
Can support motorcyclist and passenger up to
100kg
Small compression of the spring
To reduce bumping, comfortable for user

6. Explain the simple characteristic of the rocket than can travel with greater acceleration.
Suggestions
Choose metal with high strength and
hardness
Frame of rocket is made of low density

Explanations
Even under pressure the shape will not change
easily
Lighter, can increase acceleration

metal
Multistage rocket invented

Rocket need to carry a tank of oxygen

Silver color rocket
Cover the body of rocket with heat
insulator
Aerodynamic shape

Each stage has burning fuel, pump and combustion

chamber. It will slip off when fuel of each chamber
completely burn. When the mass decreases, the
acceleration increase
To enable the combustion of fuel in space
Reflect light efficiently so the temperature of the
rocket will not rise
Friction between air and body will increase heat.
The insulator will reduce heat conductivity
Reduce air friction, move faster

7. Suggest and explain the build of water bottle rocket in school competition to move higher
altitude and has longer time on the air.
Suggestions
The body of rocket must be tough
Smaller mass
The shape is streamline/aerodynamic
Nose cone or bullet shape on top of
body
45 angle of launching
The volume of water is half or 1/3 from
the whole volume
Attach 3 or 4 fins at the tail of rocket
space equally
Attach parachute

Explanations
Do not break easily in high pressure and when
landing
Rocket will accelerate faster
Reduce air resistance
To improve the aerodynamic of rocket
The rocket can travel maximum distance
To increase momentum and impulsive force
Rocket will move smooth and stable
will make the rocket floating and has longer time
on the air before landing//decrease the speed of
falling due to air resistance

8. Give suggestion to improve the design of jet engine so that it can be use for larger airplane at
the higher speed.
Suggestions
Increase more fuel injectors
Increase the size of the combustion
chamber
Decrease the diameter of the nozzle
Increase the speed of blade/use bigger
blade
Blade and engine made of strong
materials

Explanations
More fuel to be burnt to produce greater force
More space for fuel to burnt
Exhaust gas ejected at higher velocity
Increase the air intake
Can withstand strong pressure and wont break
easily

9. Base on the physic principle, suggest the design of roller skate track so it can be use to
oscillate skate continuously.
Suggestions
Semi circular curve shape
Smooth surface
The slope slightly increase and
decrease
Use strong material such concrete of
foundation of the track
Soft layer at the surface

Explanations
Exchange between kinetic energy and gravitational
potential easily
Reduce frictional force/easy to slide
Easy to oscillates cause by changing of energy
Withstand high impact such as high force of
jumping and landing
Reduce impulsive force when landing, low risk if
accident

10. Explain the most suitable design of motorcycle that can move fast, safe and save time in
racing.
Suggestions
Lower seat height
Bigger width of tire

Explanations
Lower center of gravity or more stable or safer to
turn.
Bigger surface area, better support or low pressure

Less thread pattern

Smaller mass
With ABS

acts on the tires or more friction when breaks.

To decrease friction of tires to the road, can move
fast
Lighter, can move faster or low inertia
Motorcycle does not stop immediately or can be
controlled if direction changes or does not move
sideways or more friction with ABS

11. Suggest and explain how to make suitable beach motorcycle which able to move on the sand
smoothly and comfortable.
Suggestions
Deep thread patter // more definitive
pattern
Large tire (big surface contact with
ground)
Soft seat and water resistance
Excellent resistance to rusting
Attach shock absorber with higher
spring constant and small natural
frequency.
Low density body

Explanations
Better grip on sand, able to move smoothly on
sand
Reduce total pressure of car, increase stability and
the car would not get stuck in the sand
Comfortable for cycles and would not get wet
easily
Everlasting. Would not rust easily
Reduce bumping, comfortable to cycle with
Lighter, would not stuck in sand

12. Suggest the suitable cloth and the best techniques to catch ball to prevent injury for
goalkeeper.
Suggestion
Wear glove
Use soft material for glove
Wear cloth which is made from material
with moderate specific heat capacity
Base of shoes has stud
When catching the ball, the goal keeper
should move his hand backwards
The ball should have enough air
pressure inside

Explanations
Reduce painful of the players hands when
touching the ball with big impulsive force.
Lengthen the time impact, reduce impulsive force.
The cloth can absorb more heat when the player is
sweating to maintain the temperature of player.
Player give great pressure to make stud sink into
ground and give stronger support without slipping.
This action lengthen the time impact between ball
and hand, so it reduce the impulsive force.
Shorter the time impact between foot and ball, so
impulsive force increase then the ball will has high
speed and travel far away.

13. Using physics concept, suggest and explain suitable athletes attires, running, jumping, landing
techniques and other aspects to help the long jumper can jump further.
Suggestion
Use tight and light suit
Use spike shoes
The athlete have to sprint before jump
The athlete have to push the body
infront while jumping
Athlete have to bent the body during
fall

Explanation
Less air friction
Better grip support while running and prevent
slippery
Can increase the kinetic energy//momentum
Increase the elastic potential energy//able to
increase longer distance of jumping
Increase the time impact, reduce impulsive force,
less injured

14. Safety feature in car

Characteristic
The bumper of car is prone to crash
The sitting space of the passenger is
reinforced
Use safety belt
Use air bag
Antilock breaking system(ABS)

Explanation
It will increase the time impact, the impulsive force
will reduce
To protect the passenger
During collision, safety belt will hold the
passengers from thrown infront due to inertia
Will inflate when accident occurs, the driver safe
from hitting steering
Allow car to stop quickly on slippery road and

Strong steel struts

Tire with tread

prevent from skidding

Give good protection from side on collision
Can stays contact with road, prever slippery

15. Explain the suitable loaded lorry which can carry liquid, such as petrol
Suggestion
The load of lorry should be divided into
many smaller tank
The load must be tied
Far gap distances between tractor and
trailer
Use more tire for lorry
Small belt behind lorry
Use antilock break system (ABS)

Explanation
To reduce effect of inertia
So it will no fall of from the lorry
Prevent collision between tractor and trailer, easier
when turning
Pressure will be separate to all tires, able to carry
more loads. Lower pressure better support and
stability
To discharge spark, safety reason to prevent from
burning the petrol
The lorry can stop easily without skidding

16. Explain the design of and how kayak which can travel faster and safer.
Suggestion
Streamline /aerodynamic shape of body
Smooth surface body /coated with wax
Low density material
Strong material body and peddle
Wider peddle surface
Wear safety jacket

Explanation
Reduce water resistance
Reduce friction of body towards water
Lighter , easier to float, easy to carry and sail
faster
Everlasting , not easily broken
Greater force because more water are peddled up
Passenger can float and safe if they fall into water.

17. Give suggestion to design a sail boat which can travel faster and smooth.
Suggestion
Streamline /aerodynamic shape of
board
Smooth surface board/coated with wax
Low density material
Strong material
Wider sail

Explanation
Reduce water and air resistance,can increase
lifting
Reduce friction toward water
Lighter, easier to float and sail faster
Withstand strong wind, not easily damage
Greater lifting force because more wind are
captured

18. Modified the ship that can carry more and heavier load, move faster and safe while travelling.
Suggestion
Strong material
Low density material
Has more than two stage,plimsoll line
Big size
Aerodynamic/streamline shape
Waterproof sail

Explanation
Can withstand great force
Light weight
Safe to travel on the fresh and salt water
Can place more goods
Reduce water friction.
Sail would not get e=wet easily.

19. Suggest how to increase the safety for motorbike racer to reduce injuries / accident
Suggestion
Use helmet
Use helmet with hard outer casing and
soft inner liner

Explanation
20.
To protect the head
A
Helmet reduce head injuries in a crash by
spreading the impact with hard outer casing and
absorb energy with soft inner linear of styrofoam
Use safety jacket
To protect the from injuries , cut ,burn
Use gloves
To protect the hand
Use padded leathers suit
Will soften any impact and protect the skin from
abrasion
n earth-monitoring satellite falls into the earths atmosphere at a high velocity and reaches a
high temperature. This is caused by the earths gravitational force and air resistance.Using the
appropriate physics concepts, suggest and explain suitable designs or ways to protect the
satellite and its equipment:

Suggestion
Aerodynamic shape
Heat shield / material that is hard to
burn
High melting point //ceramic
Landing in water // air bag
Light material / / small mass // low
density
Paracute / /Retro rocket
Hard material // stiff composite

Explanation
To reduce air resistance
To protect the capsule
Do not melt
Increase time of impact// Reduce impulsive force
-Reduce the inertia // -reduce the momentum //
-reduce impuls
To reduce speed
Not easy to bend

21. Explain how you would design the pile driving system.[the ram hammer is lifted to a height by
the crane and allowed to fall on the pile.
Modification
Large hammer weight
Ram hammer made from hard material
such as alloys
Hammer raised at higher position
Stronger End of the top of the concrete
pile
Sharp End of the bottom of the
concrete pile

Reason
Large momentum when it hit the pile
Not break easily/last longer
Inrease the gravitational potential energy
To avoid break at the top couse by the hammer
To increase the pressure

CHAPTER 3
22. Efficient brake system
Suggestions
Type of liquid: oil
Thickness of brake line :high
The ratio of cross sectional area for
wheel piston and master piston :high
The chosen of type of brake for front
rear wheel:
Front wheel - disc
Rear wheel - drum

Explanations
Uncompressible
To counter the high pressure from the liquid
To produce larger force on wheel piston
Disc brake is more efficient than drum brake

23. Explain the design of hydrometer which can be use to determine a wide range of densities of
liquid.
Suggestions
Small stem and long
Glass wall
Large diameter of bulb
Scale can be made bigger or smaller
than the density of water.[calibration]
- The hydrometer is floated in
alcohol. The liquid level at the
stem is marked (upper level)
- Then, the hydrometer is floated
in higher density liquid like
mercury and marked (lower
level)
Lead shots

Explanations
Increase sensitivity where the scale division are far
apart so that small changes in density can be
detected
Do not erode and small adhesive force
High up thrust / displaces more liquid / able to float
easily
Ability to measure a wide range of densities of
liquids.

Hydrometer can stay upright

24. Describe the suitable design to build mobile tent for Sure Heboh event which will be construct
at open space for a week. Using appropriate physics concept, suggests and explain.
Suggestion
Choose low density metal for frame
Use hollow rod which can assemble easily
Water proof canvas
Anti rust rod
Sharp end rod

Explanation
Light weight and strong
Hollow rod is not heavy, but equally strong,
easy to mobile anywhere, faster to build, can
reduce the cost of construction and transport
If raining, would not getting wet
Can withstand rain and long lasting
Small surface area, so higher pressure to
ground, yet the tent can be planted into ground
firmly and stand still

25. Explain the necessary modification for the structure of dentist chair for children that are
suitable and save for the adult.
Suggestion
Increase the cross-sectional area of big
piston and decrease the cross-sectional
area of small piston
The wall of pipe is made up of strong alloy
to hold the fluid
Change the less control into electric touch
control
The surface area of the seat enlarged
Use non-corrosive oil in jack

Explanation
To increase the output force acting on big piston
/ to lift havier adult / to increase force multiplier
of system
To withstand the strong pressure that might
cause cracking in the channel
To lift or lowered the chair to the desire weight
more easily and safety
To support the people with the large bodies
So that the wall of the pipe will not be controlled
and cause leakage

26. Explain the build and design of hot air ballon wich can fly higher altitude faster and suggest
some safety aspect.
Suggestion
Large ballon
Many hot air burner
Synthetic nylon ballon
Gas temperature is high
Total of mass is low
Rattan basket
Fly on early morning or late afternoon

Explanation
Produce bigger buoyant / upthrust force,
increase the volume of air displacement
Heat up the gas inside faster
Air proof, light weight and strong material
Reduce the density of air in ballon
Ballon move upward faster
Longer the time impact, reduce the impulsive
force to passanger when landing
The temperature outside the ballon is cooler
compare to the inside of ballon, so the ballon
will rise higher

27. Explain the basic structure of small submarine that can be use for underwater exploration.
Suggestion
Strong material
Aerodynamic shape
Thick wall
High density materials
Ballast tank
Sonar transmitter and receiver

Explanation
Does not break easily
Reduce water resistance
Water pressure increase with depth
Increase mass / can submerge easily
To increase or reduce weight
To estimate and depth

28. Suggest the design of submarine which can submerge and float in the sea.
Suggestion
Ballast tank are partially filled with water
Aerodynamic // streamline body
Use hard and stiff materials for body
Attach periscope
Use nuclear power sources to generate
power

Explanation
The submarine will partially float
To reduce water resistance
To overcome the pressure of water in the sea
To view surrounding area when submarine float
Cheap and lasting power

29. Explain the characteristic of material to be use for making the sole of jungle trekking shoes.
Suggestion
Rubber sole
Low density
Many stud
Low expansion effect
Excellent ability of stretch

Explanation
Good impact absorber
Light weight
Give extra grip
Not loose easily
Comfortable to feet, foot can move unstressed

30. Using physics concept, explain necessary deep sea diving suit and other accessory to carry.
Suggestion
Choose strong helmet with thick metal and
glass to cover head

Explanation
To withstand high pressure of water and protect
the head

Use thick glass in front of diver face

Enable the diver to see surrounding and at the

same time able to withstand the pressureof
water

Use water proof suit and able to withstand

pressure

Due to depth, the pressure under water is very

high

Bring along gas containing mixture of

oxygen
Use very heavy suit

To provide oxygen to diver for breath

The diver enable to stand on the floor of ocean
and able to fight buoyancy of water

31. Modified the passanger airplane to cargo airplane that needs to carry more laod, less use of
fuel, effenciency and safety to travel.
Suggestion
Increase the size of the body
Increase the length of the wing
Increase the thickness of the body
Use a more powerful engine
Increase the number of tyres
Protective bar between the cabin and the
pilot
Pilot has ejected seat during emergency

Explanation
To increase the space
To increase the upthrust
To stand higher pressure difference
To overcome bigger inertia and do more work
per unit time
To support higher mass or pressure while
landing
To prevent moving object to knock at the pilot
while landing
To save the pilot if plane crash happened

32. Design Vacuum Cleaner

Suggestion
Large fan driven
Powerfull of lectric motor
Narrower inlet opening
Using a very large filter to block dust
particles while allowing air moleculs to pass
through
Larger spaced for depositing and collecting
the dust particles

Explanation
Inrease the spped and amaunt of airflows
Inrease the spped and amaunt of airflows
Inrease the velocity/decrease air pressure
To have a lots of surface area and many pores
for air to flow through
Ensure that the air flows through the filter is
not block by too many dust particles

33. Design paint sprayer

Suggestion
Large size of air vessel
Rubber material for the vessel
Narrow shape of the tube
Fibre glass material for the rod
Size of nozzle is narrow at the end
34. Design hidraulic jack

Explanation
Compress more air/can exert large pressure
More elastic/easier to squeeze
Air can move with high speed
Stronger and last longer
The paint can be sprayed evenly

Suggestion
Bigger crossectional area of slave piston(big
piston)
Small crossectional area of master
piston(small piston)
Longer handle
Low density of a body
Oil for liquid
Release valve between small and main
reservoir(reset)
35. Design hydrometer
Suggestion
Bulb with lead shot at the lower section
Cylinder with bigger diameter at the bottom
Cylinder with smaller diameter at the upper
section
Smaller scale
Filled with air
Glass wall

Explanation
Produced higher force
Less forced is needed/produced bigger
pressurre
Less forced is needed to press small
piston(master piston)
Lighter
Non-compressable
Liquid can flows into small reservoir easily
when push the reset button.
Explanation
To submerge the hydrometer and not overturn
not overturn/increase stability
A small reading scale can be
incorporated/inrease the sensitivity
inrease the sensitivity
Inrease the beyoncy force
Not corrode easily

CHAPTER 4
36. Most suitable design of thermometer to use in Antarctica
Suggestion
Use alcohol as liquid in glass thermometer
Use thin wall of bulb
Use small diameter of capillary tube
Use thick glass wall
Use round glass stem

Explanation
Freezing point of alcohol is -115oC .So , it will
not freeze at low temperature
So it will sensitive to the change of heat
Alcohol can expand at high rate for the small
change in temperature
The loss of heat to surrounding is small
Can act as magnifying glass , so the alcohol
level can be seen clearer

37. Most suitable design of clinical thermometer

Suggestion
Use mercury
The scale range from 35oC to 42oC
Small diameter of capillary tube// extra fine
bore tube
Use thin glass wall of bulb
Use round glass stem and wall

Explanation
Easy to read because it colour and opaque
To measure human body heat
Mercury can expand at high rate for a small
change in temperature
Sensitive to change of temperature
Can act as ,magnifying glass. So, mercury can
be seen clearly

38. Explain the design and the characteristics of the cooking pan
Suggestion
Base is made of a copper
High density of base
Body is made of aluminium
Handle is made of wood or plastic
Choose low density material for handle
Transparent pot cover

Explanation
Copper has a lower heat capacity it become hot
very quickly
Heavier base make the pot stable and not topple
over easily
Low specific heat capacity becomes hot very
quickly but it low density make it overall weight
of weight lighter
High specific heat capacity so the handle do not
become hot . Safe
Does not add much to the total weight of pot
Able to cooker to see the food. Food cover will
trap the heat

39. Suggest and explian the design of water heater to boil a large quantity of water faster ,efficient
and safely

Suggestion
Use tungsten
Coiled
High melting point
Lower rate of rusting
Use thermostat

Explanation
High melting point,high heat energy
Longer wire,increase the resistance
Not easy to melt at high temperature
Does not get rust easily
When temperatures reach 100 Celsius, the
water heater will automatically turn off

40. Determine the modification to be made for container,so the cut fruit will keep cool, remain
fresh and easily seen by customers.
Suggestion
Use container with high specific heat
capacity
Place small ice packet below the bottom of
the cut friuts
Add salt to the packet of ice
White wall colour of container
The container has double wall
Transparent wall of container in front of
customer

Explanation
Able to slow down the loss of heat from the
container
The cut fruits is chill and juicy, ice able to
absorb a large amount of latent heat when
melt
Foreign matter will increase the freezing point
of ice, so this will slow down the ice from
melting
Can avoid absorbtion of heat from the
surrounding
Avoid heat from surrounding transferred easily
to container. The inside container remains cool
The customer can see and choose the cut fruits
easily

41. Investigate the most suitable liquid that can be use as coolant for car engine using physics
concept.
Suggestion
Low freezing point liquid
High boiling point liquid
High specific heat capacity liquid
Low ability to react with metal

Explanation
Will not freeze easily during winter weather
Do not easily boil when absorbing heat from
the engine
Can transfer large contain of heat with a small
rise in temperature. Able to cool up the engine
The metal part of the engine will not corrode
easily

42. Most suitable thermometer for laboratory to measure the temperature of ice and boiling point
of water
Suggestion
Size of the bulb is small
Use thin wall of bulb
Use mercury

Use thin wall capillary

Has minimum size scale with small
division

Explanation
Does not need a lot of heat to heat up the
mercury to expand
So it is sensitive to change of heat
Freeezing point of the mercury is -39 degree
celsius and boling point 357 degree celsius .
Able to has a range from -10 to 110 degree
Celsius. Mercury can expand a high rate for
small change of temperature
Able quick heat transfer from the surrounding
to the mercury. So, the thermemeter is more
sensitive
Making thermometer a sensitive instrument

43. Modified and explain the design of an efficient solar water-heating system on the roof.
Suggestion
Pipe embedded in plate must be long
Use metal pipe as pipe inside the plate

Explanation
Longer pipe will has greater surface area
which can absorb heat faster
Metal is good heat conductor , so heat will
easily transmit to water

Use insulator behind the absorber panel

Use black absorber panel
Cover the top of the panel with glass
Put the tank at higher level

Insulator will prevent the heat loss

Black is good heat absorber
Heat will trap inside due to green house effect
To give higher pressure

44. Explain the build of solar cooker oven that been use in science month competition at your
school to boil 500ml water in short time.
Suggestion
Build the solar cooker with shiny// silver
colour reflector inside
Use metal cooker
Paint the outside part of the solar cooker
and the cooker ( contain water ) with
black colour
Wrap the cooker with plastic or glass
To trap heat, the temperataure will
increase

Explanation
The light will reflect to the cooker and heat up
the water
Good conductor
To absorb
Avoid heat from release to sorrounding
To absorb heat, the water boil faster

45. Suggest the design of heating system in the house and characteristics of heating agent. The
house use central heating system with boiler, radiator and pipelines.
Suggestion
Use strong material
Use metal pipe with good heat conductor
Increase length of cooling coil
Use greater boiling point liquid
Low rate of rusting material
The bigger size of radiator fan
Pipe in coil structure is used

Explanation
Not easily break
Increase the rate of heat transfer
Can transfer the heat faster to surrounding
Liquid not easily change into vapour
Long lasting, not easily rust
Can blow and cool down larger area
Increase the time of floe and increase the
quantity of haet transferred.

46. Suggest the characteristic of material to build food container which can keep the food
warm.
Suggestion
Food container should made of low
density material
Melting point of container should be
high
Specific heat capacity should be high
Thermal conductivity is low.i
Double wall

Explanation
Lighter , the container able to be move from
one place to another.
To prevent the container from melting up
when hot food is store inside
So the container will not get hot easily. Safe
to touch and handle.
Good heat insulator , to ensure the heat not
loss and the food remain hot.
To prevent hest loss.

47. Explain the characteristic and design of thermos flasks to maintain hot water.
Suggestion
Use hollow plastic stopper
Vacuum space
Has double wall
Double walled tube coated with shiny
paint
Double walled made of glass

Explanation
Able to trap air as air is poor heat
conductor.so,less heat loss through stopper.
Prevent heat loss through conduction or
convection
Has vacuum in between heat not easier pass
through the wall of thermos.
Shiny surface reflect heat from the wall of
thermos flasks back to water.so the water
remain hot.
Glass is bad conductor.it will reduce heat loss.

48. Explain how the design of radiator of the car and characteristic of cooling agent which can
absorb heat at short time,
Suggestion
Increase the length/area of cooling coil
Increase the number of fin blades

Explanation
Can transfer the heat faster to the surrounding
Can cool down faster

Use larger fan

Use cooling agent liquid with greater
boiling point
Use cooling agent liquid with higher
specific heat capacity

Can cool down larger area

It wont boild easily in high temperature
Able to absorb large amount of heat

CHAPTER 5
49. Determine and explain in the build of magnifying glass to be use for enlarging the image of
stamp
Suggestion
Choose convex lens
Excellent clarity of lens
Small focal length
Medium diameter of lens
The object is place less distance than
focal length

Explanation
The image will magnify
The image is clearer
Able to focus nearer
Able to be hold by hand to identify the stamps
The image form is magnify, virtual and upright

50. Explain the suitability of the mirror that be use in shop to watch over the customer
Suggestion
Use convex mirror
Greater reflectivity of material
Choose a bigger size of mirror
Place the mirror at the corner of shop
ceiling
Low density

Explanation
Wider field of view
Clearer image
Enable wider view and sharper image
Easier to look at and wont disturb the
customer pathway
Lighter to hang up

51. Design fibre optic

Suggestion
Use refractive index of outer layer is less
than the refractive index of inner layer
Use high flexibility material
Use strong material
Use thin material
Low density material

Explanation
So that total internal reflection can happen in
the fiber optic.
so that it can be bend easily
do not break easily
Lighter // can be use in small area
Lighter

52. Determine and explain the build of microscope using lens P and Q with focal length of 15 cm
and 5 cm respectively. Suggest modification that need to be done to get brighter ang bigger
image.
Suggestion
P as eye piece and Q as objective lens
Fo < u <2fo
Adjusted so that u < fe
Distance between lenses > fo + fe
Store in a cool and dry place
Use more powerful// shorter focal length
lenses
Use a lamp near the object// use bigger
diameter of objective lens

Explaination
Focal length of P is longer than Q
To produce real, inverted and magnified image
To produce virtual. Inverted and bigger image//
to acts as a magnifying glass
To produce bigger image from the eyepiece // to
increase the magnification
To avoid formation fungus at the lenses
To produce bigger image
To produce brighter image

53. Explain the suitable characteristic of the mirror to be use as outdoor safety mirror at the corner
of the road
Suggestion
Use convex mirror
Excellent weather resistance
Excellent impact resistance of material
Bigger size mirror

Explanation
Wider field of view
Able to withstand bad weather
Save cost, everlasting
To enable a wider view and sharper image

Greater reflectivity of material

Place at the sharp road corner , at
bending road
Small roof

Clearer image even in bad weather

To minimize from accident occur, to enable
motorist see the oncoming traffic
Protect from rain drop for better image

54. Detemine and explain the build of Astro disc using appropriate physics concepts.
Suggestion
Choose convex curve parabolic
All signal are focus on focal point
Smooth surface of disc
Locate the disc at high and facing towards
satellite
Clean surface of disc, no water drop or dirt

Explanation
The signals come can be focus at one point
Better reception
Better reflection
No obstacle, better signal
Better reflection, almost 100% reception
receive by feed horn

55. Modified the slide projector that need to be place in school hall and can be seen by many
student with clearer image.
suggestion
Use higher power bulb
The filament of the bulb is at the focus
point of the concave mirror
More curvature
Lens between f and 2f
Increase the distance or further away the
screen
Electric fan operates during and after the
lamp is switches on
Use condenser mirror
Use a concave mirror instead of plane
mirror
Place the filament at centre of curvature
of the converging mirror // use high
powered lens
Use heat filter

Explaination
Higher intensity of light or more light produced
The light focuses at one point. // parallel ray
can be obtained after reflection by concave
mirror
More light to be reflected (upward) // less light
toward other direction other than upward
To produce real ang enlarge or bigger images
Larger image produced
Cooling system to stabilized the temperature
(heat energy produced by filament bulb) to
increase the projector lifetime
To concentrate more light to the slide
Focus the light directly to the lens // increase
the intensity og light
Light goes directly from the lamp and reflect
back on the same path // increase the intensity
of light toward the transparency // to get
brighter image
To absorb excess heat to the transparency

56. Determine and explain the build of telescope using lens J and K with lens K is thicker than lens J
which produce bigger and clearer image.
Suggestion
C hoose lens K as eyepiece lens
Lens K is thicker than lens J

Choose lens J as objective lens

Use bigger diameter lens as objective
lens

Use low power convex lens as the

objective lens
Use high power convex lens as the eye
lens
Use bigger diameter of objective lens
CHAPTER 6

Expalanation

Light ray is refracted more in lens K than

lens J, focal length of lens K is shorter than
lens J
Therefore the thickerthe lens, the greater
the refraction of light and with that the
shorter the focal length of a lens will be
Characteristics of objective lens for telescope
is
Has larger surface area which allow
more light enter
Has a longer focal length
Magnification of telescope =f0/fe
Low power lens has a longer focal length ,fo
higher, magnification higher
High power lens has a shorter focal length,fe
higher, magnnification higher
More light permitted to enter the telescope
and a clearer image is seen

57. Design a good beach

Suggestion
near the bay
High retaining walls

Wall from concrete

Concrete barrier structure with a gap
Tambak laut supaya lebih cetek
More number of tree
Uneven surface of retaining wall

Explanation
divergence of the waves
energy /calmer
Over flow
To reflect the waves from the shore
Reduce direct impact of the waves on the
shore
reduce erosion are built
Waves passing through the gap will be
diffracted in the childrens area.
-reduce amplitude
Reduce speed
Diffraction occur will reduce tha amplitude
Reduce energy

58. Suggest and explain how ordinary fishing boat can be upgrade to the new boat which complete
equipment to detect the crowd of fish.
Suggestion
Attach radar system to the ship
a) Ultrasonic transmitter
a) Microfone reciever
b) CRO
Use ultrasonic wave
Use high energy wave

Explanation
This equipment needs to detect crowd of fish
and for measurement the depth of the crowd
of fish
-Use to produce ultrasonic pulses
To detect ultrasonic pulses
-To measure the depth of fish by calculating
d=vt/2; d=depth, v=velocity, t=time
-Ultrasound not produce sound
-Ultrasonic wave has higher frequency, more
energy, so it can move further
The penetrating power is higher

59. Explain the suitable design or method to build quality concert hall.
Suggestion
Cover the hard wall with soft board or
thick curtain
Place the wall with hole or egg carton
design
Fixed 2 loud speaker in concert hall
Arranged the sit at antinodal place
Use glass or mirror hall which is the type
which are not easily broken
Use special computer to generate sound
wave which produce destructive
inteference

Explanation
Soft surface can absorb sound and reduce
reflection of sound
Can reduce reflection of sound so sound will
be clearer/reduce echo
Loud speaker can act as coherent sources for
constructive inteference
Strong sound can be heard
Sound with high frequency might break the
glass
Audience can enjoy better presentation
without disturbance

60. Explain the suitable design of retaining wall to protect the ship at the harbor
Suggestion
Build concrete retaining wall
Retaining wall should be curved and
uneven surface
Build retaining wall in front of the bay
Retaining wall has gap
The gap at retaining wall is
narrow( smaller than wave length)
There are slope at the bottom of retaining
wall
Retaining wall should be build higher
Build the jetty at bay

Explaination
Can withstand impact of the wave, difficult to
crack
Prevent reflection of wave back to the ship
The wave are calmer at thr region
Diffraction will occur
The greater the curvature of wavefront will
occur. Amplitude after passing gap is smaller
At shallow region, the wavelength of wave is
smaller, so the velocity of the wave smaller
To ensure no spill over of wave
The wave at bay is calmer

61. Explain the characteristics of parabolic radar system to detect signal from satellite
communication.
Suggestion
Large diameter size of parabolic disc
Type of wave transmited is Microwave
The distance of the signal receiver from
the centre of parabolic disc is the same as
the focal length
Place parabolic disc higher from the
ground
Place parabolic disc at clearplace

Explanation
Able to receives more electric signal
Has high frequency, high energy, short
wavelength so it is easy to be reflected
The signal can be focus to the centre of the
parabolic disc
The signal with not be block by trees or
anything and the signal easy to be detected
No signal disturbance

CHAPTER 7
62. Suggest the suitable lamp that can be use in the library, cheaper yet become the room
brighter
Suggestion
Lamp with parallel circuit
Attach shiny reflector
Low power lamp
High efficiency lamp // fluorescent
Long life span lamp
Low price lamp

Explanation
If any lamp were burn out, others can still be
used
Can reflect light more, no need to install more
lamp, the room will become brighter.
Safe cost
The room looks brighter
No need to replace often
Save money

63. Explain the modification of menthol bulb lamp to efficient lamp to be use in study room.
Suggestion
Use the fluorescent lamp not a
filament bulb
Bigger cover with white colour
Use the adjustable stand or portable
Connect with the earth wire
Use an energy saver lamp

Explanation
Fluorescent lamp use less power and economic
(consume less power) compare to filament bulb.
Less reflection on eyes and absorb less heat
energy and good heat reflector
The height of the lamp can be adjusted can be
used anywhere
Avoid short circuit and damage on the bulb
Produce same brightness with less power
consumption

64. Suggest the suitable design of fuse to protect an electrical equipment which is label
240V,2400W
Suggestion
Thin fuse wire
Ceramic cartridge
Fuse rating is 13A
Low melting point
Low specific heat capacity
Metal is used
Resistance to oxidation

Explanation
Less space/to carry a limited electrical current/less
mass hence low heat capacity/shorter time to
heat up to melting point and blow
Can withstand higher temperature because spark
created by high voltage.240V can be huge
Maximum rating must be sligthly higher than
normal current
For fast blow/melting faster when excessive
current flow/easy to cut the current flow
The fuse wire easily heated,melt and break the
circuit
Good electric conductor
Does not interface with other function

65. You have to choose one of the cables to be used in the National Grid Network. Explain the
suitability of each of the characteristics of the cables.
Suggestion
Diameter should be large
density should be low

Explanation
To reduce the resistance of the cable
The cables will be lighter and can be

supportedsecurely
So thre is less expansion and less sagging in the
cables during hot days
So the cables does not melt in high temperature

The rate of expansion should be low

The melting point should be high

66. Explain the characteristic of electric pylon and the cable taht been use for electric transmission
Suggestion
Material: steel alloy
V shape steel alloy
Trust and supprt join
Made from small diameter and laminated
wire
Cable made from low density material

Explanation
Strong,will not break easily
Not too heavy
Can support bigger weight
Reduce addy current
Cable is not heavy/ light weight

67. Investigate the characteristic of electric oven that can toast more cupcakes at less time
Suggestion
The space inside oven is build bigger
Increase the number of resistance heater
at the top and bottom
The wall is made of good insulator
Fix a fan inside the oven
Internal space of oven is painted silver
Fix the step up transformer

Explanation
It can fil up 180 slices of bread
So it can supply enough heat
Tyhe heat will not lost to surrounding
Heat energy releaswed can spread uniformly
in oven
So the heat will radiated at wall and reflected
back completely
Oven can receive higher voltage and can
function with higher power

68. Explain the designof electric kettle

Suggestion
Material of heating is made from nichrome
High number of loop
Use high power
High melting point coil
Low rate of rusting
Use thermostat
3 plug in

Explanation
To produces high heat energy
To increase surface area so that more heat is
released
To produce more heat energy in the coil
Nit easy melt under high temperature
Does not get rust easily
When temperatures reach 100oC
If short circuit the overload current flows to
earth(for safety reason)

69. Design incubator used to hatch eggs

Suggestion
Parallel circuit
Multi storey rack
Using fan
Bulb with same brigthness and
power
Using alarm

Explanation
When one bulb damage the another bulb still
function/heat can distributed uniformly
More eggs can be arranged
heat can distributed uniformly
heat can distributed uniformly
To ensure that correct timing is employed in the
hatching of eggs

70. Design circuit for cabin or house

Suggestion
connected in parallel
Fit fuse at the live wire in the fuse
box
Earth connection to the metal case of
electrical appliances

Explanation
Allow each electric appliances to be switched on
and off independently
To stop the flow of current by melting when a
high voltage of electric current flows through the
circuit // switches itself off very quickly if the
current exceeds e.g. 15A (for 15A mcb)
Earth wire connected to earth, so that when a fault
occurs and a current flows through the live wire

Use low power lamps / install

fluorescent lamp
Regularly cleaning and removing dust
from the air filters of air conditioners//
Do not put more water in a kettle
than needed for hot drinks

and the earth wire, the fuse in the live wire will
blow and cut off the supply. It will protect a person
who may touch a faulty or live appliance
To save the energy
To save the energy

CHAPTER 8
71. Suggest modification that need to be done on dc motor to increase efficiency of the motor.
Suggestion
Low density material
Increase the number of
turns in the coil
Use high strength of
magnets/ Add more
magnets
More segments
Increase the magnitude of
current

Explanation
Coil hass smaller mass/ lighter
Can increase magnitude of force/ higher electromagnetic field
strength
Increase the strength of magnetic field
Coil rotates smoothly
Can increase the magnitude of force/ can increase the
strength of magnetic field

72. Investigate the design and the characteristic to improve the efficiency of transformer.
Suggestion
Use soft iron core
Laminated core
Use thick wire
Use copper wire to make coil
Wind the secondary coil on top of the
primary coil

Explanation
Easy to magnetized and demagnetized
Less eddy current or reduce energy lost
Reduce the resistance or more current flow
Low resistance or reduce the lost of heat
Reduce leakage of field lines

73. How to design a moving coil ammeter that can function better and able to detect small change
of current?
Suggestion
Use stronger magnet
Use curve magnet or concave
Use cylindrical core
Use soft iron core
Use linear scale
The sensitivity of moving coil
galvanometer can be increased
by increasing the strength of the
radial magnetic field
Using hairspring of lower
stiffness
Use lighter pointer
Use a coil of a lighter mass
Increase the area of coil

Explanation
Strong magnetic field or larger rotation
Produce radial magnetic field/to get linear scale
To supply uniform magnetic field
To concentrate the magnetic field
The angle of rotation is linear
Increase the force between the current carrying coil and
magnetic field
Smaller opposing force to stop turning of coil
Smaller inertia easier to move
Smaller inertia able to move easily
More changes of magnetic flux,a bigger force are
produce

74. Suggest and explain the build of adaptor to charge the 8V handphone from 240V power supply.
Suggestion
Use step down transformer
Ratio of turns 30 : 1 // 240V:8V
Use four diodes
Full wave rectifier
Using a capacitor
CHAPTER 9

Explanation
Able to reduce voltage
Can reduce voltage from 240V to 8V
Full wave rectification
To convert au current to dc current
To smooth output current (steady direct current

75. Suggest and explain the build of adaptor to charge the 8V handphone from 240V power supply
Suggestion
Use step down transformer
Ratio of turns 30 : 1 // 240V:8V
Use four diodes
Full wave rectifier
Using a capacitor

Explanation
Able to reduce voltage
Can reduce voltage from 240V to 8V
Full wave rectification
To convert au current to dc current
To smooth output current (steady direct
current

76. Consult and modified the automatic switch light (diagram A) above which can switch on at
night and switch off during morning to be automatic switch on fire alarm when there are fire ,
explain using diagram and the function of component.
Suggestion
Change R1 to termistor
Change LED with alarm// siren

Explanation
Thermistor can be detect heat from fire
Able to produce sound of alarm if fire is
detected
Change LDR with R1
During fire, R1 has greater resistance compare
to LDR so, no current flow
When the temperature is high, the resistance of thermistor is low. This will increase the voltage
acroos R1. So, currnt will flow to the base of transistor , than the transistor is switch on followed by
greater increase in collecter current. The alarm will switch on.

12V,24W

77. Suggest the modification need to be done to the circuit in Diagram C so that it can function as
automatically fire alarm switch that need high voltage.
Suggestion
Replace LDR with thermistor
Replace bulb with siren/bell
Connect relay switch to output transistor
Interchange the position of resistor R and
thermistor
Use 240 V power supply

Explanation
To detect heat when temperature is high
To produce sound
To switch on the siren
To increase base voltage//voltage across
R//base current
Siren is function as high voltage

78. Modified the circuit 240V and Np = 4000 turns circuit to switch on 12V d.c radio.
Suggestion
Step-down transformer
Ratio of turns 20 :1 // 240:12 Np = 4000
turns and Ns = 200 turns
Using four diodes
Using a capacitor
79. Moving coil microphone

Explanation
Capable of reducing potential difference /
voltage
Reduce potential difference 240V to 12V
Full wave retification
To smooth out output current // produce
output to steady direct current.

Suggestion
use thin diaphragm
Use strong material
More number of turns of coil
Thicker diameter of wire of coil
Using more powerful magnet

Explanation
Easy to vibrate
Not easy to break
Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage //
The magnitude of the induced current or is also
increased
reduce the resistance of the coil
to increase the strength of the magnetic
field.//Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux
linkage//The magnitude of the induced current or
induced electromotive force is also increased

CHAPTER 10
80. Explain the suitability of characteristic of radioisotopes to be used as treatment in brain tumor
radiotherapy?
Suggestion
Short half life
Gamma ray radiation
Low ionozing power
Liquid state of matter
High penetrating power

Explanation
Radioactive is dangerous substance,
short half lfe can decay faster
Gamma can kill cancerous cell and can
penetrate skin of patient
Minimum damage to tissue organ
Easy to dissolve
Can penetrate easily

81. Suggest and explain the safety ways, which are required when handling radioactive substance.
Suggestion
Use thick lead box
Use forceps / robotic hand
Wear photographic film
Wear plumbum safety suit
Use siren
Packed into concrete drum and buried
underground
Always place GM detector nearby
Label the radioactive container with
symbol

Explanation
Radioactive rays evem gamma cannot pass
through
Avoid direct touch
Able to detect exposure radiations
To protect the body from expose to radiation
Faster warning when leakage
Prevent the radioactive waste discharge to
environment
To detect the amount of radioactive nearby,
for safety
Easy to detect radioactive substance

82. Explain the suitability of characteristic odf radioisotope to be use in controliing the population
of pest
Suggestion
Use gamma ray
Solid state of matter
Long half life
High penetrating power
High ionizing power

Explanation
Able to mutate the insect
Easy to handle
Last longer
Able to penetrate thick object/material
Able to change// mutate the biology of insect

83. . Explain the suitability of characterisitc of radioisotopes to be used in th trace of water

pipeline.
Suggestion
Short lhalf life
Few hour half life
Beta particle or Gamma ray radiation
Liquid state
84. Suggest the design of nuclear reactor.

Explanation
Radioactive is dangerous substance, short half
life can decay faster
- Enough time for worker to detect the
pipe leakage
- Radioactive uis dangerous
Can penetrate pipe and soil, can be detected
Can be inject and dissolve into water

Suggestion
Use uranium-235
Nuclear fission
Boron or Cadmium rad use as control rods
Use moderator (graphitr)
Bulid thick concrete wall
Coarbon dioxide or water is use as coolong
agent
Use steam

Explanation
Use as nucler fuel
A lot of heat will produce
To control the rate of nuvlear fission and to stop
the radiation
To slow the motion of neutron to the best reaction
rate. So the rate of nuclear fission can be
controlled
Lead or thick concrete wall can prevent the
escape of radioactive rays, keep the radiation
inside the reactor
To remove heat of reaction for turbine generator.
This produce steam as heat carrier
To turn the turbine and able to generate current

85. Explain the suitability of charactersitic of radioisotopes to be used in sanitiza medical equip,ent
Suggestion
Gamma ray
Longer half life
Silid state of matter
High penetrating power

Explanation
Able to kill ant virus/ bacteria
No need to change radioactive frequently
Easy to handle
Able to penetrate any equipment to sanitize

86. Explain the suitability of characteristics of radioisotope to be used in detecting the position of
blood clot in veins (Deep vein thrombosis)
Suggestion
Use liquid state of matter
Short half life
Use beta ray
Low ionizing power

Explanation
Able to inject into patient body, dissolve easily
Active in body in short time
Able to penetrate skin
Minimum damage to tissue organ

xplain the suitability of characteristics of radioisotope to be use in the trace of blockage in the
kidney patient.
Suggestion
Use Iodine-123
Gamma ray
Low energy
Liquid state of matter
Short half life

Explanation
Used as nuclear imaging tracers to evaluate
the anatomic and physiologyc function
Able to penetrate trough body, bones and be
detected
Do not cause serious damage in cells
Easy to inject to patient body
Active in body in short time

88. Explain the suitability of characteristics of radioisotope to be use in control the thickness of
paper in factory
Suggestion
Long half life
Beta ray
Solid state of matter

Explanation
Can be used for long time, no need to replace
frequently so, it save cost
Can penetrate paper and be detected
Easy to handle

89. Explain the suitability of characteristics of radioisotope to be use in control the thickness of
aluminium sheet in factory.
Suggestion
Long half life
Gamma ray
Solid state of matter

Explanation
Can be used for long time, no need to replace
frequently7 so, it save cost
Can be penetrate aluminium sheet and be
detected
Easy to handle, does not spill

87.
E

MAKING DECISION-SECTION C
90. The transmission of electricity over the National Grid Network uses high voltage cables. You are
assigned to study the characteristics of cables which could be used as transmission cable.
Table 12 shows the characteristics of four transmission cables. Determine the most suitable
transmission cable to be used and give reasons for your choice.
Resistivity /mCable
Density / kg m-3
1
Cost
Rate of thermal expansion
P
Q
R
S

3.0
1.8
7.5
7.0

x
x
x
x

l0-7
l0-8
l0-7
l0-8

5
2
8
4

x
x
x
x

l05
l03
l02
l03

Low
Medium
High
Medium

High
Low
Medium
High

Jawapan
Characteristic
Low resistivity
Low density
Low cost
Low rate of thermal expansion
Cable Q

Explanation
To reduce heat loss in the cables
The cables will be lighter
Cost of project will be lower
The cables will not expand under hot weather
Low resistivity, low density, medium cost, low rate
of thermal
expansion

91. You are required to build a hydrometer that can be used to measure densities of
concentrated acids.Table 11.1 shows the characteristics of 4 types of hydrometers L, M, N and
O. Decide which hydrometer is most suitable and give reasons.
Hydromet
er
L
M
N
O

Type of
material of
hydrometer
Plastic/Plastik
Plastic/Plastik
Glass / kaca
Glass/ kaca

Diameter of
capillary tube/
cm
0.5
2.0
0.5
2.0

Density of
shots/ kgm-3

Diameter of
bottom bulb/ cm

1000
1300
9800
8000

1.0
3.0
3.0
1.0

Jawapan
Characteristic
Material made from glass
Small diameter of capillary tube
High density of shots
Big diameter of bottom bulb
Choose N

Explanation
Glass does not corrode with acid
To increase the sensitivity of the hydrometer
Makes the hydrometer stays upright
To obtaine a bigger upthrust.
N is made from glass, has small diameter of
capillary tube, high density of shots and a big
diameter of bottom bulb

92. As a researcher , your duty is to study the characteristics of a material to make a water
heater. You are given four choices of metal type T, U,V and W. The table below shows the
characteristics of the four metals.Determine the most suitable metal to be used as the material
to make the heater and give your reasons.
Metal
T
U
V
W
Jawapan

The cross sectional

area
Smaller
Larger
Smaller
Larger

Characteristic
Smaller surface area
High melting point
Low specific heat capacity
Long (coiled) metal
Choose V

Melting
Point
Low
High
High
High

Specific Heat
Capacity
High
Low
Low
Low

Length
Long
Short
Long
Short

Explanation
the resistance is higher
not easy to melt
the temperature arises shortly
to increase the resistance
because it has,smaller surface area, high melting

point, low specific heat capacity and long metal

93. You are given four choices of metals P, Q, R and S. The table below shows the characteristics
for the four metals. Determine the most suitable metal to be used as the material to make the
boat and give your reasons.
Metal

Shape

P
Q
R
S

Streamlined
Oval
Circle
Streamlined

Density
900
452
387
500

Specific Heat
Capacity
Low
High
Low
High

Strength
High
High
High
High

Jawapan
Characteristic/cirri
Streamline / larus
Density /ketumpatan rendah

Reason/Sebab
reduce the resistance of water/
higher buoyant force/ daya apungan
tinggi
absorbs heat slowly/serap haba dengan
perlahan
Difficult to damage / sukar rosak
because its streamline,low density, high
specific heat capacity and high strength

Specific heat capacity high /

High strength / Kekuatan tinggi
Choose S

94. A student plans to fix a lamp in his room. Table 12.1 shows the features of 4 different types of
lamps. Explain the suitability of each feature in Table 12.1 and then determine the most
suitable lamp to be used. Give a reason for your choice
Type of lamp
Compact
fluorescent
lamp
Filament lamp
Long fluorescent lamp
Round fluorescent lamp

Power
18 W

Efficiency
50 %

Life Span
7000 hours

Price
High

75 W
20 W
24 W

12 %
45 %
40 %

1000 hours
14000 hours
10000 hours

Low
Medium
High

Jawapan
Characteristic
Low power lamp
High efficiency

Explanation
Safe cost//electric bill
The room looks brighter//high output power//less
power wastage
No need to replace often
Save money/cost
Low power with highest efficiency, long hours of
life span and low price

Long life span

Low price
Long fluorescent

95. Table 11.1 shows 5 materials which can be used to make an optical fibre. You are asked to
investigate the characteristics of the materials in Table 11.1 which could be used to make the
optical fibre.
Explain the suitability of each characteristic and hence, determine the most suitable material
to be used to make the optical fibre. Give a reason for your choice.
Material

Refractive
index

% of light energy
absorbed

Rigidity

Strength

P
Q
R
S
T

1.75
1.80
1.70
1.52
1.48

2%
10 %
2%
3%
10 %

Strong
Weak
Weak
Strong
Weak

Weak
Strong
Strong
Strong
Weak

Jawapan
Characteristic
High refractive index
Small amount of light energy being
absorbed by the material
Material with weak rigidity

Explanation
Total internal reflection can occur easily
The object under observation can be seen clearly //
more light can be transmitted
The optical fibre can be bent easily

Material with great strength

Material R

The optical fibre can last longer/not easily spoil

High refractive index, low % of light energy
absorbed, weak rigidity and great strength

96. You are asked to investigate the characteristics of hot air balloon as below. Explain the
suitability for each characteristic for the hot air
balloons and then determine which hot
balloon will move up the fastest into the air. Give a reason for your choice

Jawapan
Characteristic
Volume of the balloon is high
Density of the balloon material is
low
Gas temperature is high
Total of mass is low
Choose Q

Explaination
Displace a larger amount of air/
Produce a higher buoyant force.
Lower mass/Light
Produce a maximum expansion of balloon.
Upwards resultant force is higher/ Balloon move
upwards faster.
Because it has a high volume,the density of the balloon
material is low,the gas temperature is high and the
total mass is low.

97. Table 11.1 shows the characteristics of five types of materials that can be used for making the
soles of the trekking shoes. You are asked to study the characteristics of the materials shown in
Table 11.1. Explain the suitability of each characteristics in Table 11.1 and then determine the
most suitable material to be used. Give a reason for your choice.
Type of
material
P
Q
R
S
T

Density
(Kg/m -3)
820
700
720
750
880

Number of studs x Area

of 1 stud
6 x 30 cm2
8 x 30 cm2
5 x 30 cm2
4 x 30 cm2
3 x 30 cm2

Expansion
effect
Low
Low
Medium
High
High

Ability to
stretch
Good
Good
Average
Poor
Poor

Jawapan
Characteristic
Low density
Many/fewer/very few studs
Expansion effect is low
Ability to stretch is good
The most suitable material is Q

Reasons
Small mass/light
Gives extra/higher grip
Always fits/Does not loosen when hot.
Less stress on the feet/Can be pushed in all directions/
Can walk on uneven surface.
Because it has a low density,many studs,low
expansion effect and good ability to stretch.

98. Table 12.2 shows the characteristics of five radioisotopes P, Q, R, S and T. As a factory
engineer, you are required to determine the most suitable radioisotope that can be used by the
system to ensure the volume of guava juice is uniform.Study the characteristics of all 5
radioisotopes and explain the suitability of the aspects.Determine the most suitable
radioisotope and give the reason for your choice.
Radioisoto
pe
Radioisoto
p

Half life
Separuh
hayat

Types of ray
Jenis sinar

State of
matter
Keadaan
jirim

Ionising power
Kuasa
pengionan

P
Q
R
S
T

7 hours
10 days
100 days
10 years
30 years

alfa
beta
gamma
gamma
beta

solid
liquid
solid
liquid
solid

high
moderate
low
high
low

Jawapan
99. You are assigned to investigate the design for the location to keep the boats and the
characteristics of the retaining wall as shown in Diagram 12.2 based on the following aspects:
- the location to keep the boat
- material used for the retaining wall
- the height of retaining wall
- size of slit
Explain the suitability of the location and the characteristics of the retaining wall and
determine the most suitable design to keep the boat safely.

Characteristics
Has a long half-life
Emits beta
Solid form
Low ionising power
Radioisotope T

Explanation
Can be used for a long time hence save cost
Can penetrate box and liquid and is less
dangerous than gamma
Easy to handle and contain.
Does not change the state and taste of juice.
It has long half life, emits beta, in solid form and has low
ionising power.

Jawapan
Characteristic
Bay
Concrete retaining wall
High wall
Smaller opening/aperture / slit of
retaining wall
Choose P

Reasons
Wave is calmer
Stronger/ / lasting
Prevent high wave
Diffraction obvious //low wave energy
At bay, concrete retaining wall , high wall and smaller
slit

100. Diagram 11.4 shows five designs of Newtons Cradle, P, Q, R, S and T, with different
specifications. You are required to determine the most suitable design to make the ball at the
end swings up to higher level and at bigger speed. Study all the five designs from the following
aspects:
The arrangement of the balls
The type of material used to make the
balls
the number of string used to hang the balls
the position of the ball to start the
oscillation

Jawapan
Characteristic
The balls touch each other
The type of material used to
make the
balls is steel
Two strings used to hang each
ball
High position of the ball
The most suitable design is Q

Reasons
This will reduce losses of energy which will reduce the
speed of the
balls
Steel balls are hard and produce highly elastic collision.
Energy can
easily propagates through the intermediate balls.
This string arrangement restricts the balls movements to
the same plane. the position of the ball to start the
oscillation
High potential energy and will change to high kinetic
energy. The last end ball will swing at bigger speed.
because the ball s touch each other, made from steel, use
two strings attached to each ball and the initial position of
the ball is high