Chapter 6 : Statistic III

6.1 Class Intervals

*Completing class intervals
For class interval : - Lower limit is the lowest value of the class.
- Upper limit is the highest value of the class.
- Lower boundary is the midpoint between the upper limit of the previous
class and the lower limit of the class.
-Upper boundary is the midpoint between the upper limit of the class and
the lower limit of the next class.
*Size of a class intervalThe size of a class interval is the difference between the upper
boundary and the lower boundary of the class.
*Determining suitable class intervals

1. To determine class intervals for a given set of data,use the following formula :
Size of class interval = The highest limit - The lowest limit
2.When determining the class intervals of a set of data given the number of classes,make sure
that :
-The size of class interval is rounded off to the nearest highest integer.
-The first class interval has the lowest value of data.
-Each data is fit into only one class interval.
-Each class interval is of the same size.
3.When determining a suitable class interval for a set of data,consider :
-The number of values and the range of data.
-The number of class intervals - normally is from 5 to 12.

*Constructing a frequency table1.A frequency table is table that show the frequency of each
class interval.
2.When constructing a frequency table,
STEP 1 : Find the highest value and the lowest value of data.
STEP 2 : Determine the size of class intervals.
STEP 3 : List the class intervals.
STEP 4 : Use tally marks to represent the frequency of each class.

6.2 Mode and Mean of Grouped Data

*Modal classThe modal class is the class interval with the highes frequency.
*Midpoint of a class intervalThe midpoint of class is the middle value between the limits of
the class interval.
*Calculating the meanFor a grouped data the formula to calculate the mean is :
Mean = Sum of ( midpoint frequency )
Total frequency

6.3 Histograms

*Drawing histograms
1. A histograms with class intervals of the same size represents the frequency of each class
using rectangles of similar width.
2. The height of each rectangle is proportional to the frequency of each class.
3. The width of each rectangle represent the size of class interval.
4. To draw a histograms from a grouped frequency table,follow the steps below :
STEP 1 : Find the lower and upper boundary of each class intervals.
STEP 2 : Using a suitable scale,mark the vertical axis with frequencies and the horizontal
axis with
the class boundaries.

STEP 3 : Draw rectangles to represent each class interval with its height representing the
frequency.

*Interpreting information from histograms We can interpret useful information from given
histograms such as the modal class,the mean of the data and others. The information
interpreted is then used to solve problems involving histograms.
6.4 Frequency Polygons
*Drawing frequency polygons
1. A frequency polygon is a graph that joins all the midpoints of the class intervals by straight
lines at the top of successive bars of histograms.
2. A frequency polygon can be drawn based on :
` a histograms
` a frequency table
3. To draw a frequency polygon based on a histogram :
`Add one class interval with zero frequency before the first class interval and after the last
class interval.
`Mark all the midpoints of the class interval at the top end of each rectangle of the histogram.
`Join all the successive points with straight lines.
4.To draw a frequency polygon based on a frequency table :
`Add one class interval with zero frequency before the first class interval and after the last
class interval.
`Find the midpoints of each class interval.
`Using a suitable scale,mark the vertical axis with frequencies and the horizontal axis with
the midpoints.
`Mark every ordered pair ( midpoint , frequency ) on the graph.
`Join all the successive points with straight lines.*Interpreting information from a frequency
polygonAn in histograms,information such as modal class and mean can be interpreted from
frequency polygons.

6.5 Cumulative Frequency

*Cumulative frequency tables1. The cumulative frequency of a particular data in a frequency
table is the sum of the frequencies from the
first class interval to the class concerned.
2. In a cumulative frequency table,the last cumulative frequency is the total frequency which
is the total number of a particular data.
*Ogives
1. An ogive is a graph of cumulative frequency for ungrouped or grouped data.
2.To draw an ogive :
- Construct a cumulative frequency table.Add a class interval with zero frequency before
the first class.
- Find the upper class boundaries and cumulative frequency of each class.
- Using a suitable scale,mark the vertical axis with cumulative frequencies and the
horizontal axis with upper
class boundaries.
- Plot every ordered pair ( upper boundary,cumulative frequency ) on the graph.
- Join all the points with a smooth curve.

2.Range, median, first quartile, third quartile and interquartile range are commonly used to
measure the dispersion of a set of data.
*Range of a set of data
1.Range of a set of ungrouped data :
Range = Highest value - Lowest value
2.Range of set of grouped data :
Range = Midpoint of the last class - Midpoint of the first class

*Median, first quartile, third quartile and interquartile range

1.The median, first quartile, third quartile and interquartile range can be determined from an
ogive.
2.Median is a number in which of the total number of data has a value less than it.
3.First quartile, Q1 is a number in which of the total number of data has a value less than
it.
4.Third quartile, Q3 is a number in which of the total number of data has a value less than
it.
5.Interquartile range = Third quartile - First quartile
= Q3 - Q