Biochemistry

Review

Define:
Monomer- subunit of a macromolecule
Polymer- long strand of monomers (another name for
macromolecule)
Macromolecule- organic compounds essential for life
Hypothesis- an educated guess that is TESTABLE
1. Name the 4 macromolecules of life.

-protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid

2. Which macromolecule has the greatest caloric value?
-lipid
3. What are the monomers of carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic
acids?
-carbs=monosaccharide; lipids=fatty acids; protein=amino acid;
nucleic acids=nucleotide

5. For a compound to be organic, what element must it

contain?
-carbon
6. Describe a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and
polysaccharide.
-monosaccharide=one sugar unit; disaccharide=2 sugar
unit; polysaccharide=many sugar unit
7. What is the function of carbs, proteins, lipids, and
nucleic acids?
-carbs-provide quick energy
-proteins- builds and repair tissues (muscles)
-lipids- long term energy storage; insulation

9. What happens to an enzyme at the end of a chemical

reaction?
-it is ready to be used again
10. Describe the term catalyst and give an example.
-Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering the activation
energy (energy needed to start the reaction). Enzymes
are catalysts. For example, enzymes speed up digestion
in your body.
11. What factors affect the rates of chemical reactions?
- catalysts, temperature, pH
12. What does each number on the pH scale represent?
- Less than 7=acid; 7=neutral; greater than 7=base

14. What is the purpose of a buffer?

-regulate pH (minimize shifts in pH)
15. Describe the term homeostasis.
-maintaining a stable internal environment
16. Differentiate between independent and dependent
variables.
-independent=the variable that is changed or
manipulated; dependent=the variable that is measured
17. What is the correct order of the scientific method?
-observation, hypothesis, experiment, data analysis,
conclusion
18. What two conditions are necessary for an experiment

19. What is a control variable?

-the factor that is kept the same throughout the experiment
20. Describe the structure of DNA.
-long strand of nucleotides
21. What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
-sugar, phosphate group, and base
22. Draw and label a nucleotide.
23. Describe the base pairing rules of DNA and RNA.
-DNA= AT and CG; RNA= AU and CG
24. Compare/contrast DNA and RNA.
-both are made of nucleotides. DNA is double stranded; RNA is
single stranded. DNAs sugar is deoxyribose and RNAs is ribose.
DNA has bases ATCG and RNA has bases AUCG.

25. What is the primary function of DNA?

-the blueprint of lifeDNA has the instructions for making proteins
26. Name five characteristics that are considered distinct properties of all living things.
-all living things are made of cells, respond to stimuli, maintain a constant stable
internal environment, carry out metabolic reactions, grow, reproduce, and change over
time
27. Describe how an enzyme can function in speeding up a chemical reaction within a
cell.
-enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy
Other things to study for the test:
Safety procedures
Characteristics of living things (know at least 5)
Each part of the scientific method

STUDY HARD!!!!!!