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    ACI Historico

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    ACI Historico

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    11 views11 pages

    Aci 66-04

    Uploaded by

    Iván HT
    ACI Historico

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 11
    TITLE NO. 66. Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams With Web Reinforcement In Combined Torsion, Shear, and Bending By D. L. OSBURN, 8, MAYOGLOU, and ALAN H. MATTOCK grecreported or 22 ecangulr ‘and. shape beams designed according to proposals con in the paper "How to Design for Torsion.” The fest results confirm that both these design pro- potals, and those contained in "Tentative Recom- mendations for the Design of Reinforced Concrete Members to. Resist Torsion’ by ACI Committ 438, Torsion, are reasonably conservative. It was also found that the torsional stiffness a service load, of reinforced concrote beam with web rsnfercoment ubject fo combined torsion, she, ‘and bending, is approximately ‘one-half the tor: Sonal stifiness of fhe uncracked section. Test in combined torsion, shear and bending d Keywords: beams (structural): bendin. forced concrete; research; shear; stffnes web reinforcement. D. L Osburn is s structural engineer, The Boxing Company, Sealy Waths He ported ondergradvote studiee at the Un Worsly of Michigan end lings laters of Technology, where TENE Guarded the BSCE degree in 1985, Mr Osburn abined In SCE Gogree tn 1966 from the Unvvaraiy of Washington 8, Mayoplov is » structural enginaer, Harvey 8. Dodd & Aachen, sonaiting engineers, Sentie, Wash. He received Revtary education ip Greece, Is 1961 fir. Mayoglew eame 10 the United Sater where upon he received. BSCE and MSCE ‘grees fom the Univers ot 9st he. was. prin Stuctral Laboratory of ihe” Portand Cement” Associaton, Skokie, IIL "He received 'BSe,"MSe and PHO. dearees In Shaireaing fam the University. of London, England. & tramber of several ACI commitees, De. Mattock ' crently aman of ACIASCE Commie 423, Presested. Concrete Seo RCLASCE Commits 426, Lint! Design. Author of seve fechnieal papers he. wor awarded the” ACL Wason’medel Tor ‘ACI JOURNAL / JANUARY 1968 1 For THE PAST SEVERAL years the third author has taken an active part in the development of the recently published “Tentative Recommendations for the Design of Reinforced Concrete Members to Resist Torsion,”* by ACI Committee 438, Torsion. ‘As a contribution to the activities of the commit- tee he wrote the paper, “How to Design for Tor- sion,”? which was originally presented as part of a symposium on torsion sponsored by ACI Commit- tee 438, at the 62nd Annual Convention of ACT held in Philadelphia, Mar. 1966. This paper set out what was believed to be a reasonably conservative design procedure for reinforced conerete members subject to torsion combined with other forces and moments. It was based on the author's evaluation of studies of torsional behavior completed at that time (1966). Before the paper was presented it was only possible to test one beam which had been designed in accordance with the proposals con- tained in the paper. Since that time, 22 rectangu- lar and T-shaped beams designed according to the proposals contained in the paper, have been fabri- cated and tested. The results obtained are reported in this paper, and they confirm that the design proposals are reasonably conservative. Although the details of the Committee 438, “Tentative Recommend: differ from the proposals contained in Mattock’s paper? in some particulars, the philosophy of design is the same im both cases, The results of these tests can there- fore be used to assess the provisions contained in the “Tentative Recommendations.” This was done, and the provisions were found to be reasonably conservative. 3 TABLE |—BEAM REINFORCEMENT apr eps TABLE 2—YIELD STRENGTH OF REINFORCING BARS. KSI (KGF/MME] i sp o Sah | BB Sh & oh ss ah a = & = as, DESIGN FOR COMBINED TORSION, SHEAR ‘AND BENDING The philosophy of design, both of the “Tentative Recommendations,” and of the paper “How to Design for Torsion,” may be summarized as fol- lows. 1, Interaction between flexure and torsion may be ignored for the type of beam which results from this design procedure.* The flexural and tor- sional reinforcement is therefore designed inde- pendently without regard for interaction effects, and is subsequently added together. 2, Interaction exists between shear and torsion. This is taken into account when calculating the contribution of the conerete to shear strength and to torsional strength, by making use of a shear- torsion interaction curve for diagonal tension cracking having the shape of a quadrant of a circle. 3. It is assumed that the web reinforcement provided to resist shear does not contribute to torsional strength, and similarly that the web re- inforcement provided to resist torsion does not contribute to shear strength. That is, the web re- inforcement required to resist shear is simply added to that required to resist torsion. 2 wpe ‘The actual expressions used in design for com- bined torsion, shear, and bending are for conven- ience summarized in Table Al of the Appendix. ‘The background for these expressions has been discussed previously in the Commentary to the “Tentative Recommendations” and in the paper “How to Design for Torsion.” EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ‘The purpose of this experimental study was to check the strength and behavior of reinforced concrete beams having reinforcement propor- tioned in accordance with the proposals contained in the paper “How to Design for Torsion,” when subject to combined torsion, shear, and bending. The primary variables included in the study 1, Amount of web reinforcement and associated longitudinal reinforcement. 2, Shape of beam cross section. 3. The ratios of torsion to shear, and of torsion to moment. Other variables were, the grade of reinforcing bar used for longitudinal reinforcement, and the amount of flexural ‘'slab” reinforcement provided in the flanges of the T-shaped beams. ‘Test programs Five tries of beams were tested as follows Series A Five beams of 12 x6 in. (008 % 15.25 cm) rectangular section, as shown in Fig. 1(a) ‘Torsion/shear ratio, 4.50 in. (11.44 em). Series B — Five beams of 12 x 6 in. (30.5 x 15.25 em) rectangular section, as shown in Fig. 1). Torsion/shear ratio, 9.0 in. (22.88 cm). Se 8 Sh eee pee net ee GL See ae eee ee Hexiial Sinpgote ae vol feduced when’ cssion and Wire Sa ACL JOURNAL / JANUARY 1969, Series C—Four beams of 12 x 6 in. (90.5 x 18.29, em) rectangular section, as shown in Fig. 1(b) Torsion/shear ratio, 6.0 in, (15.25 em). Series D— Four beams of T-shape, as shown in Fig. 1(©). Torsion/shear ratio, 6.0 in. (19.25 em). Flexural “slab” reinforcement in the flange, 0.28 percent, (approximately equal to the minimum slab reinforeement allowed by ACI 318-63). Series E—Four beams of T-shape, as shown in Fig. 1(4). Torsion/shear ratio, 6.0 in. (15.25 em). Flexural “slab” reinforcement in flange, 1.22 per- cent. Within each series, the variable was the amount of web reinforcement and corresponding longitu- dinal reinforcement provided. Details of this rein- Materials and fabrication ‘The yield strengths of the reinforcing bars used were as shown in Table 2. All reinforcing bars except size #2, (64 mm) conformed to ASTM Designation A305 for defor- mations. The #2, (6.4 mm) bars were smooth. All reinforcement had a clearly defined yield point. However, the yield plateau for the bars of sizes #3, (8.9 mm); #4 (127 mm); and #5, (159 mm) ; used in Series A and B was only about 0.25 percent, while for all the other bars used it was between 10 and 1.5 percent, ‘The concrete was made from Type II portland cement and local sand and gravel of % in. (nom. 20 mm) maximum size. The mix proportions by Pood tel T y ¥ ce | a ¥ 420) tan a (8) on Seren 1 Pages (e) Series 0 Notes: 1 1) AU stiraps ore of pa ber lim), Fig. |—Typi forcement are given in Table 1. The concrete strength was nominally 4000 psi, (nom. 280 kgf/em*) for all beams. The shear’ span for all beams was 54 in. (137.2 em) ‘To facilitate fabrication, the spacing of the web reinforcement in the various beams was first fixed at conveniently measurable distances. The longi- tudinal reinforcement appropriate to the web rein- forcement provided, and to the ratios of torsion, to shear and moment to shear to be used in testing, was then designed for each beam in accordance with the proposals contained in the paper “How to Design for Torsion.” The ultimate load capacity for each beam was then calculated for the particu- Jar ratio of torsion to shear to moment to which, it would be subjected under test. ‘ACI JOURNAL / JANUARY 1969 Strap sae LBs Stee e Pigasr (a) Series € (2) Numbers in pavethees ore em. I beam cross sections weight were 1.0:2.8:3.5, respectively, for cement, sand, and gravel. Three to six cylinders were made from each batch of concrete, and they were cured alongside the test beam. The concrete strengths at the time of test are summarized in Table 3, The beams were cast in plastic lined plywood forms, the concrete being compacted with an in- ternal vibrator. The beams were cured in the forms under plastic sheet for 3 days. The form- work was then stripped and the beams stored in air in the laboratory until the time of test. The average age at test was 6 days. Test procedure ‘The arrangement of the beams for test is shown in Fig. 2. The beam is gripped at each end in a 33 TABLE 3—CONCRI ce 2% = ES Fig. 2—Arrangement of beams for test collar, to which is attached a lever arm when necessary. The lever arms project in opposite directions at the two ends. The beam is supported by steel tubes hanging from the apices of two tubular steel tripods. Spherical rod-end bearings are provided at each end of the supporting tubes, so that vertical support only is provided. At their lower ends, the supporting tubes are attached to the lever arms, or directly to the collars, at an eccentricity from the center of the beam. The beams are loaded at midspan by a hydraulic ram acting through a load cell and a bearing plate 6 in, (15.25 em) square. The shear span a is mea- sured from the face of the bearing plate to the vertical plane normal to the longitudinal axis of the beam, which contains the center line of the supporting tube. A load P applied at midspan subjects the beam to torsion T, shear V, and mo- ment M, such that: M_a seand 7g =F Vv ‘The dead weight of the beam and of the collars will also produce shear and tersion such that: 4 ETE STRENGTH AT TEST Srengin. Bean strength, alee) _odtiatiorn Total T = (P/2+VstDJe and ‘Total V = P/2+ Ve where V, = maximum dead load shear and D, = weight of a collar. ‘When the F-shaped beams were being tested, an additional clamp was attached to the collars so that the flange of the beam could be gripped as well as the web. This was done to prevent the possibility of the web being twisted off the end of the beam, as could have occurred if the web only had been gripped. Details of this modification are the same as those shown in a previous paper® which described tests of beams without web rein- forcement. ‘The load was increased by small increments un- til failure of the beam occurred. The magnitude of the increments depended on the anticipated ultimate load. ‘At each load stage, the load was recorded by the load cell, and cracking that had occurred during the addition of the last increment of load was marked on the faces of the beam. Measurements were also made at each load stage of the angle of twist between the middle of the beam and each end of the beam, and of the midspan deflection of, the beam relative to its ends. The angles of twist were measured by means of dial gages mounted on a bracket fixed to the middle of the beam, as seen in Fig. 2. The tips of the dial gages rested on levers, attached to torque tubes, which were supported by pivots on the bracket at midspan, and which were attached to the supporting collars at the ends of the beams. Metal bellows were provided at each end of each torque tube. The bellows are “soft” flexurally, but torsionally very stiff. They there- fore transmit the torsional rotation being mea- sured, while allowing relative rotation between the supporting collars and the bracket at midspan ACI JOURNAL / JANUARY 1969, due to flexural deformation of the beam. The mid- span deflection was measured using dial gages at midspan and at each support. Beam behavior Fine flexural cracks at midspan were the first cracks to form. As the load increased, these cracks extended upwards into the beam and additional flexural cracks formed at locations more remote from midspan. On those beam faces in which shear stresses due to shear and to torsion were additive, the flexure cracks turned inwards toward the loading plate as they extended upwards. On the beam faces in which the shear stresses due to shear and torsion were of opposite sign, the direc- tion of propagation of the cracks depended on the T/V ratio. For Series A beams with T/V = 45 in, (1.44 cm), the shear stresses due to shear and to torsion were of approximately equal magnitude. On the subtractive faces they therefore cancelled out, and the flexure cracks propagated in a direc- tion normal to the axis of the beam, as may be seen in Fig. 8. As the T/V ratio increases, the tor- sional shear stress becomes greater than the shear stress due to transverse shear and on the subtrae- tive faces the flexure cracks turn away from the loading plate. For the largest value of T/V, 9 in. (22.88 cm), all the cracks tended to spiral around the beam in the same direction, in a manner similar to that which occurs in a beam subject to pure torsion. The first diagonal tension eracks formed on the faces where the shear stresses were additive, and were located at about the middle of the shear span, Diagonal tension cracks formed at other lo- cations as the load was increased, and eventually covered the whole of the length of the shear span. Note in Fig. 3 that diagonal tension cracks formed over almost the whole length of the top of Beam B3, despite this region being the flexural com- pression zone. This behavior is typical when the torsional shear stress substantially exceeds the shear stress due to transverse shear. In the case of the T-shaped beams, additional flexure cracks formed in the flanges as may be seen in Fig. 4 This is due to the fact that in this unsymmetrical section, the neutral axis js inclined to the horizontal. The beams behaved elastically until the first flexure cracks formed, at which time both the flexural and torsional stiffnesses decreased. The flexural stiffness remained almost constant for further increase in load until near ultimate load, at which time it reduced considerably. The tor- sional stiffness remained approximately constant for further increase in load until diagonal tension cracking commenced. As diagonal tension cracking progressed the torsional stiffness gradually re- duced, as may be seen in Fig, 5. ‘The width of the diagonal tension cracks indi- cated that the stirrups yielded before failure. Failure finally oceurred as a result of crushing of the concrete at the top of the beam after yield of the longitudinal reinforeement. The neutral axis was skewed at failure in all beams. In the rectan- t Wy T OY LLPLLL on

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