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The Tesla Model S is a full-sized plug-in electric vedoor, luxury liftback, produced by Tesla Motors. Since
its introduction in June 2012[10] it has achieved rapidly
growing sales, particularly in Norway and California.
It scored a perfect 5.0 NHTSA automobile safety rating. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) ocial range for the Model S Performance model
equipped with an 85 kWh battery pack is 265 miles (426
km), topping the Tesla Roadster to lead the electric car
market.[11][12][13] EPA rates its energy consumption at
237.5 Wh per kilometer (38 kWh/100 mi) for a combined fuel economy of 89 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (2.64 L/100 km).[11][14]
previously worked for Mazda North American Operations.[22] The car was codenamed WhiteStar during research and preliminary development.[1][2][3]
The Model S was announced in a press release on June
30, 2008.[23][24] The prototype vehicle was displayed at a
press conference on March 26, 2009.[25]
History
3 SPECIFICATIONS
Production
3
3.1
Specications
Powertrain
later) appeared to surpass the Model S[4][43] however, independent measurement by Car And Driver Magazine in
May 2014 bore out Teslas claim by exactly conrming a
drag coecient of C d=0.24, but in the same test, measured the Mercedes CLA at C d=0.30, putting Mercedes
claim into question.[44]
3.3
Battery
3
crease in acceleration and top speed. The 85 kWh version
rose from US$81,070 to US$86,070, while the P85 (now
the P85D) jumped from US$94,570 to US$105,670. Deliveries of the P85D started in December 2014, with the
85D models starting in February 2015, and the 70D models starting in April 2015.[51]
3.2
Tesla Model S showing the front trunk where the engine would
be in a typical car. Tesla Motors calls this a 'frunk'.[58]
4
the 60 kWh battery pack. The 85 kWh battery pack is 3.5
guaranteed for eight years and unlimited miles.[69]
3 SPECIFICATIONS
Charger
A separate battery replacement guarantee takes eect after the eighth year at a cost of US$10,000 for the 60 kWh
battery and US$12,000 for the 85 kWh battery.[70]
In 2013, Tesla canceled a 40 kWh version of the car due
to lack of demand, stating that only 4% of pre-orders
were for the 40 kWh battery option. Customers who
ordered this option instead received the 60 kWh pack,
with charge software-limited to 40 kWh (142 miles). It
has the improved acceleration and top speed of the bigger pack and can be upgraded to use the full 60 kWh for
US$11,000.[71]
In 2015, Tesla introduced a 70kWh battery to replace the
existing 60kWh batteries and base 60kWh Model S ve- The Model S charge port is located in front of the left taillight.
hicles, as the 60 was low margin and not suciently welcomed by customers.[72][73] All 70kWh cars use all-wheel
drive to further improve range.[74]
In July 2015, Tesla introduced its 90 and P90D, a range
upgrade of the 85 variants with a 90kWh battery and
explained the 6% energy increase with improved cell
chemistry[49] and with the introduction of silicon into
the graphite cell anode.[75] Tesla additionally announced
its expectation of an annual improvement in battery capacity of about 5%. Tesla also explained that apart from
the P90D the Model S has its main battery conductor
protected by a fuse rated for 1300A and that this rating is somewhat conservative given the uncertainty of the
exact conditions under which a fuse melts. To reduce
this uncertainty Tesla has for the P90D introduced an
electronically controlled pyro-activated fuse, which mon- Model S charging connectors at the Tesla store in Austin, Texas.
itors the current at the millisecond level, cuts the power
with extreme precision and certainty and has a rating of The standard onboard charger accepts 120 or 240-volt
1500A.[49]
sources at a rate of up to 10 kW. An optional US$2,000
upgrade for a second 10 kW onboard charger supports a
total of up to 20 kW charging from an 80 amp available
US$750 Tesla Wall Connector.[4] The charge port is in
front of the left taillight. During charging, the charge port
pulses green. The frequency at which the charge ports
3.4 Battery Placement
light pulses slows down as the charge level approaches
full. When charging is complete, the light stops pulsing
In contrast to other BEVs such as the Roadster, the Model and is solid green.[78]
S has its battery pack forming the bottom of the vehicle
between the axles providing the vehicle with several ad- The socket is smaller than the SAE J1772 North Amerivantages. Most notably, since the battery pack is the sin- can standard, but adapters are provided for 120 and 240
and for public charging stations. Tesla built
gle most heavy component of the vehicle, the Model S has volt outlets
[79]
Supercharger stations to allow travel be120
kW
[60]
a center of gravity height of only 18 inches (46 cm),
tween
key
US
cities.[80] A Supercharger can add up to 200
[76]
helping it to achieve a lateral acceleration of 0.9g and
an outstanding protection against rollover. Secondly, to- miles (320 km) of range in 20 minutes and a full charge
one hour assuming a nearly empty 85
gether with the absence of a heavy engine that would need in approximately
[4][81]
kWh
battery.
to be placed near the front or rear axle, the Model S battery placement concentrates the mass between the axles, Charging times vary depending on the battery packs
both helping it to distribute its mass equally on its axles[76] state-of-charge, its overall capacity, the available voltand lowering its rotational inertia thereby allowing it to age, and the available circuit breaker amperage. From
turn more quickly. Thirdly, the placement of the battery a 120 volt/15 amp household outlet, the range increases
pack increases the rigidity of the passenger compartment, by 3.75 miles (6 km) for every hour of charging. From a
improving the passive safety of the car.[77]
10 kW, NEMA 1450 240 V/50 A outlet (like those used
3.8
Instrument panel
by RVs), the charge rate is 28.75 miles (46 km) per hour.
Using Teslas 20 kW, 240 V High Power Wall Connector increases the rate to 57 miles (92 km) per hour if the
car is congured with twin chargers (20 kW).[81] Supercharging hardware is included in the 85 kWh, 70 kWh,
and 60 kWh battery packs; in both the 85 kWh models
and 70 kWh models,[82] the payment for the car includes
supercharging by default, but in the 60 kWh, supercharging is software-controlled and one must pay an extra fee
to enable supercharging.[69][81][83][84]
3.6
Suspension
3.7
AutoPilot
5
ing feature that will basically allow the cars to drive themselves on either open highways or on private property.
Soon the car is also expected be able to automatically pull
itself in or out of a garage using just its sensors summoned
via an app by smartphone. The latter feature will not be
enabled initially due to concerns about safety in suburban
environments.[91][92] As of March 2015, Tesla has been
testing the autopilot system on the highway between San
Francisco and Seattle, with a driver, but allowing the car
to drive itself almost unassisted.[93]
Some industry experts have raised questions about the legal status of autonomous driving in the U.S. and whether
Model S owner would violate current state regulations
when using the autopilot function. The few states that
have passed laws allowing autonomous cars on the road
limit their use for testing purposes, not the use by the general public. Also, there are questions about the liability
for autonomous cars in case there is a mistake.[93] A Tesla
spokesman said there is nothing in our autopilot system
that is in conict with current regulations. We are not
getting rid of the pilot. This is about releasing the driver
from tedious tasks so they can focus and provide better
input. Google's director of self-driving cars at the company said he does not think there is a regulatory block
as far as the self-driving vehicle met crash-test and other
safety standards. A spokesman for the National Highway
Trac Safety Administration (NHTSA) said that any
autonomous vehicle would need to meet applicable federal motor vehicle safety standards and the NHTSA will
have the appropriate policies and regulations in place to
ensure the safety of this type of vehicles.[93]
According to Elon Musk, the Model S was designed to be
a computer on wheels: ""We really designed the Model S
to be a very sophisticated computer on wheels. Tesla is a
software company as much as it is a hardware company.
A huge part of what Tesla is, is a Silicon Valley software
company. We view this the same as updating your phone
or your laptop.""[94]
As of July 17, 2015, the autopilot software is still under
development. Engineers are working to improve performance in certain challenging driving conditions, such as
faded lane markings and lanes with variable width.[95]
3 SPECIFICATIONS
dashboard/navigation screen also is connected to the internal network, together with a third computer of unknown type with an unknown function.[103]
3.9 Features
All versions of the Model S have the same body and normally seat ve passengers. An optional folding third row
for US$2,500 becomes a rear-facing two-place child seat.
The option includes a stronger rear bumper. Each third
row seat has a racing-style ve-point harness for passengers over 37 in (0.94 m) tall and weighing between 35 to
77 lb (16 to 35 kg). Cargo space is available under the
front hood (which Tesla called a frunk, a portmanteau
of front trunk.) The optional third row gives the greatest
passenger capacity of any electric vehicle.[106] In October 2014 the upgraded Model S P85D, D for dual, was
introduced.[107] The upgraded version features not one
but two electric motors, one driving the rear wheels as
in prior versions, and one the front wheels. Safety features are enhanced also, for example with partial autopilot functions. The dual motor version will be available
also for the basic 85 kWh versions for around US$4,000
more in price. The rear wheel drive version of the P85
3.11
Environmental footprint
was removed, and the dual motor option is not available 3.11 Environmental footprint
for the 60 kWh version.[53]
In February 2014, the Automotive Science Group (ASG)
Initially Tesla oered a 40 kWh version of the Modelpublished the result of a study conducted to assess the lifeS but removed it from their lineup due to poor demand.
cycle of over 1,300 automobiles across nine categories
Tesla still delivered 40 kWh Model-S cars to customers
sold in North America. The study ranked the Model S
who pre-ordered them, but they were actually the 60 kWh
as the best environmental performer in the 2014 full-size
version of the car with a software limited range. Other
cars category.[117] Based on the assessment of life-cycle
performance specications were the same as the 60 kWh
environmental footprint, the study concluded that the inversion. Users could purchase a software upgrade to
creased environmental impacts of manufacturing the veget the full range of the 60 kWh version of the car for
hicle are more than oset with increased environmental
the price dierence between the 40 kWh and 60 kWh
performance during operation. For the assessment, the
[108]
models.
study used the average electricity mix of the U.S. grid in
On April 8, 2015, Tesla Motors discontinued the Model- 2014. The Nissan Leaf had the smallest life-cycle enviS 60, and replaced the base model with the Model-S ronmental footprint of any model year 2014 automobile
70D.[109]
available in the North American market.[118]
The
2015
model
year
electromechanical brakes.[110]
update
introduced
In July 2015, Tesla introduced its 70, 90, 90D and P90D
variants along with a ludicrous mode for the performance model. The P90D combines a front axle power
of 259 horsepower (193 kW) and rear axle power of 503
horsepower (375 kW) to a total of 762 horsepower (568
kW), for a 060 mph time of 2.8 sec. The acceleration
of the P90D can reach 1.1g, described by Tesla as faster
than falling.[49]
4 Tesla stations
under-two-minute battery pack swaps. As of early October 2014, 115 stations were operating in the United
States, 71 in Europe and 23 in Asia.[119][120] The Tesla
network is usable only by Tesla vehicles, which are engineered for compatibility.
The rst Supercharger corridor opened in October 2012
with six stations placed along routes connecting San Francisco, Lake Tahoe, Los Angeles and Las Vegas.[121][122]
A second corridor opened in December 2012 connecting Washington, D.C., New York City, and Boston; it
includes three stations located in highway rest areas in
Delaware and Connecticut.[123]
The rst Tesla stations in Europe opened in Norway in
August 2013.[124] Tesla next focused on Germany and the
Netherlands, with plans to cover both countries by mid2014. Switzerland, Belgium, Austria, Denmark and Luxembourg were to be covered by the end of 2014. Stations
were to be within 200 mi (320 km) for about 90% of the
population in France, England, Wales and Sweden by the
end of 2014.[125]
4.1
Supercharger
tank.[128][129]
Battery swapping was to be deployed along Interstate 5
in California to allow travel from San Francisco to Los
Angeles. These were to be followed by the Washington, DC to Boston corridor. Each swapping station costs
US$500,000 and stocks about 50 batteries. The service
would be oered for the price of about 15 US gallons (57
l; 12 imp gal) of gasoline at the current local rate, around
US$60 to US$80 at June 2013 prices. Owners can pick
up their original battery pack fully charged on the return
trip, which is included in the swap fee. Tesla would also
oer the option to keep the swapped battery for a fee or
to receive the original pack from Tesla for a fee. Pricing
has not been determined.[128]
Teslas rst battery swap station is located at Harris
Ranch, California, and will be operational the week of
December 22, 2014.[130] As of 2015, Tesla says they have
hundreds of cars in the battery swap program, although
few owners are interested.[131]
5 Editions
4.2
Battery swapping
6.1 Global
6.2
Asia/Pacic
9
Retail deliveries in China began in April 2014.[147] The
right-hand-drive model was released in the UK in June
2014,[148] followed by Hong Kong in July 2014,[149] and
Japan in September 2014.[150] Deliveries in Australia began in December 2014.[151]
Global cumulative sales of the Model S passed the 50,000
unit mark in October 2014.[20] A total of 31,655 units
were sold worldwide in 2014, allowing the Model S to
rank as the worlds second best selling plug-in electric vehicle after the Nissan Leaf that year.[19] In 2014 about
55% of Model S deliveries took place in North America (~17,410), 30% in Europe (~9,497), and 15% in the
Asia-Pacic market (~4,748).[152]
2014
10
China
The rst deliveries took place on April 22, 2014.[147]
The Model S has the same standard equipment as the
continental European version, but was adapted to provide larger back seats because the car was expected to
be driven by a chaueur.[193] Only two versions with
an 85 kWh battery pack are available in the Chinese
market, standard and performance.[194] Pricing starts
at CN734,000 (~US$121,200),[194] similar to the US,
adding only taxes and transportation costs. Comparable
luxury cars cost more than US$180,000 in the Chinese
market.[195][196]
Chinese sales up to June 2014 were estimated between
1,000 to 1,300 units.[197][198] JLWarren Capital, an equity rm, estimated that about 2,800 Tesla Model S cars
have been imported to China by mid September 2014,
but only 432 had received the license plates.[199] According to a Tesla spokesman, the major reasons for the
discrepancy could be that registration rules were holding deliveries in Shanghai, and Tesla only recently was
able to start delivering the electric cars to customers who
bought them in Shanghai. Secondly, many Chinese customers have delayed taking possession of their Model S
car while waiting for the government to add the Tesla to
the list of electric vehicles exempt from its 8% to 10%
purchase tax.[199][200] As of December 2014, Tesla had
imported 4,800 Model S cars, but only 2,499 of those vehicles were registered for road use in China.[160] Teslas
CEO expressed disappointment with the Chinese sales,
as stock continued to be high by early 2015.[201] Cumulative registrations totaled 4,064 units through May
2015.[161][162][163]
6.3
Europe
Model S customers in Germany are oered a free optional high speed tuning for Autobahn driving. The company announced that by November 2013 the rst Tesla
stations would open between Munich and Stuttgart, Munich and Zurich, Switzerland, and Cologne and Frankfurt. Tesla Motors planned to cover more than 50% of
Germany by the end of March 2014, and 100% by the
6.4
North America
end of 2014. Germany would then have the most Superchargers per capita of any country. German stations
would support 135 kW charging.[217] By late 2013 Tesla
announced a goal to sell 10,000 Model S in Germany in
2015.[218]
A total of 183 units were registered in the country during 2013.[171] Registrations totaled 815 units in 2014,
representing 2.7% of the luxury segment sales in the
country.[172] As of June 2015, cumulative registrations
totaled 1,702 units.[171][172][173]
Netherlands
The rst deliveries in the country occurred on August
22, 2013, at Teslas European Distribution Center in
Tilburg.[37] A total of 1,194 units were sold in 2013.[167]
After the end of the registration tax exemption, sales fell
signicantly, and only 262 units were sold during the rst
four months of 2014.[219] As of May 2015, the Model S
was the Dutch market leader in the all-electric segment
with 3,249 cars registered.[220]
11
ve months of sales, the Model S ranked 20th for the year
with a market share of 1.4% of Norwegian new car sales,
Teslas largest in Europe.[228][229]
The Model S topped the monthly sales ranking for a third
time in March 2014, with 1,493 units sold, breaking the
28 year-old monthly sales record, surpassing the Ford
Sierra, which sold 1,454 units in May 1986.[230][231] Sales
totaled 2,056 Model S cars during the rst quarter of
2014, making the Model S the best selling new car in
Norway during this period. The Model S captured a 5.6%
market share of new car sales and 38.8% of the new plugin electric car segment during this quarter.[230][232][233] By
the end of 2014, the Model S ranked as the fth best selling new car in the Norwegian market, with 4,040 units
registered and a market share of 2.8% of new car sales in
the country that year.[158]
As of July 2014, Norway ranked as Teslas largest overseas market, with an average of 436 Model S sedans sold
per month since August 2013. In comparison, the average in the United States is about 1,630 units delivered
per month since the electric car went on sales in 2012.[156]
Since its introduction, a total of 8,697 Model S new cars
have sold in Norway through June 2015,[157][158][159] and
Norway
with about 16% of the total registered plug-in electric veThe rst delivery of a Model S in Europe took place hicle stock, the Model S ranks as Norways all-time best
[223]
in Oslo on August 7, 2013.[221] By the end of Au- selling electric car after the Nissan Leaf.
gust 2013, Europes rst six charging stations were
opened, in Lyngdal, Aurland, Dombs, Gol, Sundebru Switzerland
and Lillehammer.[124] That month 186 units were delivered, ranking second among all-electric cars behind the Retail deliveries began in August 2013,[143] and a total
Nissan Leaf (448 units).[222] Sales surged in September of 213 units were registered in 2013.[174] The Model S,
totaling 616 units, beating the Leaf and achieving an over- with 496 units registered, ranked as the top selling plug-in
all new car market share of 5.1%.[15][16][17]
electric car in the country in 2014.[234] Cumulative sales
totaled 1,347 units up until June 2015, which includes
units sold in Liechtenstein.[174]
United Kingdom
Deliveries began in June 2014,[148] and a total of 698 units
were registered in the UK by the end of 2014.[180] Pricing starts at 54,380 before the 5,000 Plug-in Car Grant.
Model S owners are also exempted from the London Congestion Charge.[235] Cumulative registrations totaled 902
units up until March 2015.[180]
12
11.9%, and Portola Valley with 11.2%. During this period the Model S had the highest number of new passenger car registrations in 8 of the 25 most expensive American ZIP codes.[243] With 8,347 units sold in 2013, it was
the third-best selling luxury car in California (after the
Mercedes-Benz E-Class and BMW 5 Series sedans),[244]
with a 9.8% share of the Californian luxury and sports
segment.[245] As of November 2013, the Model S was
available nationwide with California leading sales with a
48% share of national sales.[242]
Personalized delivery of a Tesla Model S in the U.S.
The rst delivery took place on June 1, 2012.[236] Deliveries for retail customers in the United States started on
June 22, at a special event held at the Tesla Factory in
Fremont, California.[10] The rst 1,000 production units
were Signature and Signature Performance limited editions equipped with an 85 kWh battery pack. A total
of about 2,650 units were sold during 2012 in North
America.[136]
California is the largest American regional market for the
Model S.[208] In March 2013, Tesla reported the delivery of the 3,000th Model S in California, representing
around 50% of US sales to that date.[237][238] During the
rst quarter of 2013 the Model S ranked as the top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the U.S. with about 4,900
units delivered, followed by the Chevrolet Volt with 4,244
units.[142][239][240] During 2013, the Model S was listed as
the least stolen car in the United States, with a theft rating
of just 0.15 per 1,000 units produced. By comparison,
the U.S. average is 3.51 cars stolen per 1,000 produced.
The Honda Accord was the most stolen car in the U.S.
in 2013, with about 54,000 units, mostly models built in
2007 or before.[241]
According to Edmunds.com, between January and August 2013 the Model S achieved a high market share of
new car sales among the U.S. most expensive ZIP codes,
as rated by Forbes, led by California. Atherton ranked
rst with a 15.4% share, followed by Los Altos Hills with
7.1
kWh pack starts at US$79,900, and the P85 performance model at US$93,400. As of April 2015, the
Model S begins at US$75,000 for the 70 kWh dual-motor
edition, US$80,000 for the 85 kWh single motor edition, US$85,000 for the 85 kWh dual-motor edition, and
US$105,000 for the 85 kWh dual-motor performance
edition. These prices do not reect U.S. federal and local
government tax credits or purchase incentives.[69]
Safety
13
while exiting the HOV lane.[257][259][260] Tesla stated that
the re was caused by the direct impact of a large metallic object to one of the 16 battery modules. and that by
design, the modules were separated by rewalls, limiting
the re to a small section in the front of the vehicle.[257]
The module was evidently punctured by a curved section that fell o a truck and was recovered near the accident. Tesla stated that the debris punched a 3-inch (76
mm) diameter hole through the .25-inch (6.4 mm) armor plate under the vehicle, applying force of some 25
tons. Built-in vents directed the ames away from the
vehicle so that the re did not enter the passenger compartment. According to Tesla, the reghters followed
standard procedure; using large amounts of water to extinguish the re was correct,[261] however, puncturing the
metal rewall to gain access to the re also allowed the
ames to spread to the front trunk.[258] Tesla also stated
that because the battery pack contains only about 10%
of the energy contained in a gasoline tank, the eective
combustion potential of a single module is only about 1%
that of a conventional vehicle.[258]
7.1.1 Notable subsequent crashes with battery res
On November 6, 2013 another re broke out after a
Model S struck a tow hitch on the roadway, causing damage beneath the vehicle.[262] The incidents led Tesla to
extend its vehicle warranty to cover re damage and to apply a software update to increase ground clearance when
operating at highway speed.[263][264]
7.1
The rst widely reported Model S re occurred several minutes after the vehicle hit metal debris on the
Washington State Route 167 highway in Kent, Washington on October 1, 2013.[257] The driver was able to
exit the highway as instructed by the onboard alert system, bring the car to a stop and depart the vehicle without injury.[258] He then contacted authorities and, while
awaiting their arrival, smoke began coming out the front
of the vehicle. The driver stated that he hit something
On October 24, 2013, the U.S. National Highway Trafc Safety Administration (NHTSA) announced, After
reviewing all available data, the National Highway Trafc Safety Administration has not found evidence at this
time that would indicate the recent battery re involving
a Tesla Model S was the result of a vehicle safety defect or noncompliance with federal safety standards.[269]
But the following month, the NHTSA opened a preliminary evaluation to determine the potential risks associ-
14
9 CONTROVERSIES
Recognition
8.1
Awards
Distance records
9 Controversies
9.1 Range limitation
On February 8, 2013, The New York Times published a
review by John M. Broder about a trip between Washington, D.C., and Boston using Teslas Supercharger network. At the time it included only two stations on the East
Coast. Broder made a variety of critical claims about the
batterys performance in cold weather and the distance
between charging stations. The trip ended with the Model
S carried by a atbed truck to the Milford, Connecticut,
station.[297]
15
recreated Broders trip without problems. One owner was
delayed because his car failed to charge and required two
rmware updates.[302][303]
On February 18, 2013, New York Times Public Editor Margaret Sullivan published an editorial stating that
Broder took casual and imprecise notes of his test
drive and did not use good judgment, but she maintained that the article was done in good faith. She also
claimed that Broders vehicle logs were sometimes quite
misleading.[304][305][306]
Tesla Model X
Tesla Roadster
11 References
In July and September 2014 tests performed by an independent German car magazine in cooperation with the
TV (German Association for Technical Inspection) and
Tesla owners seemed to reveal issues with the batterys
performance. According to the magazine Tesla did not
take up the invitation to repeat the test, and also seemed
to refuse to oer vehicles for a second test.[307][308] A test
performed by another German publication (Die Welt)
supported the ndings.[309]
9.2
9.3
[2] Merritt Johnson (2008-02-04). Tesla Whitestar to be offered as both an EV and a REV. CNET News. Retrieved
2012-05-06.
[3] Samuel Abuelsamid (2008-06-12). Super-secret photo
of Tesla Whitestar leaks out of San Carlos. Autoblog
Green. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
10
See also
16
11
[15] Grnn bil (2013-10-01). Norges mest solgte bil i september er en elbil [Norways best selling car in September is
an electric vehicle] (in Norwegian). Grnn bil. Retrieved
2013-10-02.
[16] Mat Gasnier (2013-10-02). Norway September 2013:
Tesla Model S in pole position!". Best Selling Cars Blog.
Retrieved 2013-10-02.
[17] John Voelcker (2013-10-01). Tesla Model S Was BestSelling Car In Norway For September. Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2013-10-02.
[18] Mark Kane (2014-01-04). Tesla Model S Again #1 in
Overall Sales in Norway in December!". InsideEVs.com.
Retrieved 2014-01-04.
[19] Je Cobb (2015-02-11). 2014s Top-10 Global BestSelling Plug-in Cars. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 201502-11. A total of 31,655 units were sold worldwide in
2014. Global cumulative sales since June 2012 totaled
56,782 Model S cars by the end of 2014.
[20] Je Cobb (2015-06-16). Tesla Due To Sell 75,000th
Model S This Month. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 201506-17.
[21] Je Cobb (2015-07-02). Tesla Model S Is Top-Selling
Plug-in Car For First Half of 2015. HybridCars.com.
Retrieved 2015-07-02. An estimated 11,900 Model S
sedans were sold in the U.S. during the rst half of 2015,
and as of June 2015, global cumulative Model S sales totaled 78,334 units sold through June 2015.
[22] Wert, Ray (2007-02-20). Darryl Siry responds to rumor
on Jalopnik forum. Jalopnik.com. Retrieved 2010-1127.
[23] Michael Graham Richard (2008-06-30). Teslas Next
Electric Car to be Called Model S, New Factory to Open
in North California. TreeHugger.com. Retrieved 201205-06.
[24] Monticello, Mike (2008-10-23). Tesla Builds a 4-Door
New and Future Cars. Road & Track (Hachette Filipacchi Media, U.S., Inc.). Retrieved 2011-05-04.
[25] Tesla debuts electric car for the masses. CBC News.
2009-03-27. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
[26] Kanellos, Michael (2008-02-01). Tesla to make gaselectric car. News.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
[27] Tesla Kills Its Gas-Electric Hybrid.
light.greentechmedia.com.
2008-09-18.
2010-11-27.
GreenRetrieved
[28] Severns, Dave. Tesla Motors blog post regarding Albuquerque decision. Teslamotors.com. Retrieved 201011-27.
[29] Tesla Motors press release announcement of Albuquerque plant. Teslamotors.com. Retrieved 2010-1127.
[30] The Albuquerque Tribune Editorial: Don't hold your
breath on Tesla Motors plant. Abqtrib.com. Retrieved
2010-11-27.
REFERENCES
[31] Tesla to build electric car factory in Bay Area San Jose
Mercury News. Mercurynews.com. Retrieved 2010-1127.
[32] Tesla Wants NUMMI Operational By 2012. Ktvu.com.
2010-05-20. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
[33] Sta (2015-06-23). Tesla Model S one billion miles.
Western Morning News. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
[34] Je Cobb (2015-06-23). Happy 3rd Birthday Tesla
Model S: Fleet Is First To Travel One Billion Miles. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
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12 Further reading
van Gilluwe, Frank (2013). Tesla Model S - Best Car
Ever! (1st. ed.). FAQware. ISBN 978-0-98606890-4. See book review: Tesla Model S Best Car
Ever!" is the Book All Model S Owners Should Own
(Book Review), InsideEVs, December 13, 2013.
Howe, Nick J. (2014). Owning Model S: The Denitive Guide to Buying and Owning the Tesla Model
S (1st. ed.). See book review: Owning A Tesla
Model S: New Book Oers Tips, Tricks, Inside Info
(Book Review), Green Car Reports, May 27, 2014.
13 External links
Ocial website
2012 Tesla Model S test and range verication
Comparison of the Model S against other PEVs
available in the U.S., Business Insider
Should Battery Fires Drive Electric Cars O the
Road?, Scientic American, November 12, 2013.
Road test, Total Car Magazine
Track test, Teslarati
Tesla Model S EV Safety Training for Emergency
Responders, YouTube. Production: Ron Moore and
Brock Archer, with collaboration of Tesla Motors,
October 2013.
26
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