18 (a) Nitrogen monoxide,NO, is one of the gas found in the exhaust fumes of motor vehicles, Its standard enthalpy of formation is +90.2 kJ mol”. [2 marks} (Explain how nitrogen monoxide is formed in the engine of the motor vehicles. [2 marks] (ii) Draw the Lewis diagram for nitrogen monoxide. {2 marks} (il) Explain why the enthalpy of formation of nitrogen monoxide is highly positive. [2 marks] (©) (Describe the enthalpy changes involved when an ionie solid such as sodium chloride dissolves in water. [4 marks} (ii) Comment on the relative solubility of fithium chloride and sodium chloride from the data given below, moe Lithium ehloride [5 marks] 19 (a) The melting points (m.p.) of the oxides of the Period 3 elements are given in the table below: [Seiemeat | Scie [Hoses Aluminium | Silicon | Phesphorus | Sulphur os Nao | MgO. ~ $10, P.O, 0, “1280 | _ 2800 1610 2 7 Plot a graph of melting point of the-oxide versus proton number of the Period 3 element, [1 mark] (i. Explain the variation in the melting point of the oxides in terms of structure and bonding. {6 marks} (b) Magnesium oxide is basic, aluminium oxide is amphoteric while sulphur dioxide is acidic, (i). Explain the acid/base nature of the oxides. [2 marks] Gi) Write balanced equations for the reactions f sodium oxide, aluininium oxide and sulphur dioxide with aqueous sodium hydroxide and dilute hydrochloric acid. [3 marks} (©) Phosphorous can form another okide beside P,O, (Give the formula of the other oxide, [1 mark] (ii) Which oxide of phosphorous is expected to have a higher melting point? Explain your answer, [2 marks}18 Describe the use of the following reagents in the identification of specific functional group(s) ir organic molecules. Take note that some of the reagents listed can be used in identifying more than one functional groups. In each case, name the functional group(s) tested, the expectec observation(s) and write general equation(s) for the reaction(s) taking place, (a) Tollen’s reagent [2 marks} (b) Todine in sodium hydroxide [4 marks} (© Bromine water [6 marks] (A) Sodium hydroxide [3 marks] 19 Show, by means of equations (with essential conditions and reagents) how the followin; conversions can be effected. (a) Ethanol to propanol [4 marks. (b) 1-Jodopropane to 2-propanol [3 marks (©) Benzene to 4-methylphenol [5 marks (6) 2-Lodopropane to 2,3-dimethyl-3-pentanol (B marks