]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

? ? ? ?


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

W
W

W
J
J

--

K
K

KWK

E

F

K
K

--

RENEWABLE ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY

(W) K

K
(W)
K

KEPhotovoltaic

cells )

Photovoltaic Cells

K(Silicon)

(Phosphorus)

K(P-type Silicon)(Boron)(N-type Silicon)

--

(Photons)
K

EFK

--

K

K

___________________Z

(N-type)
K(P-type)

K
KHoCJ oCJ

KmV/oCmV

K{mA/oC{
K{
W

E out = E ref [1 0.002(T 25)]

Eout : output of cell in volts

Eref : output of cell in volts at ( oC)

T : Temperature in degrees centigrade (oC)

I out = I ref [1 + 0.025 A(T 25)]

--

Iout : output current of cell in (mA)

A : Area of cell in (m)

Iref : output current of cell in (mA) at ( oC)

T : Temperature in degrees centigrade (oC)

K
K

J
K

K J
K

--

J
K

W J

xx

________________________________________

W J

___________________

_____________________

xZ

--

--

WIND ENERGY

K
K

km
Kkm

EF

KEF
K

K
K

K (

MW )

K
--

- -

GEOTHERMAL ENERGYEF
K

K
K

- -

- -

TIDAL ENERGY

K


KEF

K
K

KEF

K
K

- -

EHYDRO-ELECTRIC ENERGYF

K

K

K
K

K
{ x F x HZEkWF

F
H

- -

- -

NONRENEWABLE ENERGY

FUEL ENERGY

K

K

K

K
K F

K
E

K
K

K
K
CO

ESulfur dioxide SOF

KE{FENitrous oxides NOxF

- -

EF

MW

MW

EF

MW

KW{

CO

NOX

SO

CO

{
{

W{

.(g/kWh)

CO

NOX

SO

CO

W{

.(g/kWh)

K(g/kWh)
- -

{
Repeater

KVA

oC

A K

K oCV
K{

K
K

xx

____________________________________________________

Z J

.
I t = 125

2 24
= 10 A
6

W J

____________________________

Z E

2 =

24
Z
12

- -

_________________________

5 =

10
Z
2

xZ

10 = 5 2 Z

W J

J {
I=AVI=AK

K
K

W{

VZ{AZW
- -

- -

. Katrina OMara and Mark Rayer, The Australian renewable Energy, Mordoch
University, June .
. Ontario Hydro, Alternative Energy Review, September
. Walter C. Patterson, The Energy Alternative, Boxtree Ltd, London,

. Ruth Howes & Anthony Fainberg, The energy Sourcebook: A guide to

technology, Resources and Policy, American Institute of Physics, .
. Ken Zweibel, Harnessing Solar Power: The Photovoltaics Challenge,
New York, Plernum Publishing, .

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
W
J

- -

K
K

W

K

- -

Steam-turbine plants

EFurnaceFK

K

K
K

K
K

- -

BoilerFurnace

K
K

Steam Turbine

K{
K

- -

K{

- -

Condenser

K
K

Electrical Generator

K

K
K

EF

E{F

m =

120
f
p

Wm(rpm)

Wp(poles)

Wf(Hz)

- -

p=Hz

KE{F

K K

K
KE{F

- -

K
K

- -

power

Automatic
Generation Control

Frequency

Electrical system

Transmission line

Other generators

Loads

Energy supply system:

Steam

Speed changer

Speed governor

Valve

Turbine

Generator

Speed

W{

KExciter

K{
K

- -

Protective circuits

()

Reference

1
Voltage regulator

Voltage transducer

Exciter

Synchronous Generator

Power system stabilizer

W{

WExciterEF
K

WRegulatorEF
K

WTransducerEF
KEF
WPower

system StabilizerEF

WProtective circuitsEF
K

- -

E{EFFDC Exciter -

E{EFFAC Exciter E{EFFStatic Exciter

DC Exciter

Main Generator
Field

Field Armature

Armature

If

PT

Voltage
Regulator

Vs

CT

Uref

DC ExciterW{EF

AC Exciter
Field Armature

Main Generator

Diode
Rectifier

Field

Armature

Controlled
Rectifier

CT

IF

PT

Voltage
Regulator

I
U
Uref

AC ExciterW{EF
- -

Controlled
Rectifier

Main Generator
IF

Armature

Field

CT
PT

Exciter
transformer

Static Exciter

Voltage
Regulator

Uref

Static ExciterW{EF

K{
Ef

Ia

Load

Vs

Ef

VS

Ia

jXs

Ia

Ef
Ia

Ia
XS

VS

QoutPoutVs

Qout = 3VS I a sin R =

3VS E f cos
XS

3VS2
XS

VS = E f jI a X S

W Pout

= 3VS I a cos R =

3VS E f sin
XS

Synchronous reactance WXSExcitation Voltage W

- -

Ef

Load currentWIa

J
K

J
K

J
K

W
KJ

KJ
W

CO

KENitrous oxides NOxFE..Sulfur dioxide SOF

- -

Gas-turbine plants

{ K

K

WTurbine compressor unit

K

KE{EFF
WBurner

K
K

KE{EFF

- -

- -

WElectrical generator

K K

K

K

CO

E..Sulfur

dioxide SOF

KENitrous) oxides NOx

- -

Combined cycle steam-gas power plant

K
KMW

W
J

KJ

KJ

KJ
KJ

- -

50%

J W{
- -

K
Diesel power plants

KE{F

KMW

KE{F
K

WJ

KMW
WEFJ

K
K

- -

WJ

K
W

KEF

KK
W

K
WJ

K K

Self
K

- -

W{

- -

K
K

W
K -

K K K -

K K -

K
K

K K K -

- -

WJ {
MVAZEFJ
YJ

f=HzWJ

US={ kVZEFJ
XS= WJ

WQoutPoutEf

{kV oIa= A
J

{kV oIa= A
J

E FY{
KXS=kVkVA

LagEFP.F.={

KU=kV

KLeadP.F.={

- -

. P. Kundur , Power system stability and control, McGraw-Hill, New

York,.
. Takasago Machinery Works, Mitsubitshi Heavy Industries,
(http:/www.mhi.co.jp/tmw/products/).
. B.L. Theraja, A.K. Theraja, A textbook of ELECTRICAL
TECHNOLOGY S.CHAND Ed .
. Siemens Power Generation: Product line Features
(http:/www.siemens.com ).

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

W
W
J

J
J

- -

W
K

- -

W -

W K

KW

KK

W
{ K {

K
K{

WW{

EKWhF

EKWhF

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

- -

WEFW{

VA/m

WW{

VA/m

- -

Average Load (Demand) Dav EF
K
K

K
K

___________________________________________

Dav =

Di
T

_____________________________

Maximum Demand

(Dmax)

- -

Demand Factor (DF)

KK

__________________________________________

DF =

Dmax
n

Li

i =1

Load Factor (FLd)

kW K
K{kW

_______________________________________Z

FLd =

Dav
Dmax

EFDavJ W

- -

EFDmaxJ

Diversity Factor (FDiv) EF

__________________________________________

Di max

i =1

FDiv =

Dt max
DiDimaxJ

Dt

DtmaxJ

Dt=D+D++DiWJ

Coincidence Factor (Fc)

Fc =

1
FDiv

Utilization factor (Fu)

K
K

Fu =

Dmax
Drated

DmaxW
Drated
- -

Load diversity (LD) EF

W

LD = ( Di max ) Dt max
i =1

KkWhK

EhFXEkWFZEkWhF

KK

K K

K{{

WK

J
KEKVAkWF

J
K

KJ
FJ
KE

J
K

KJ

- -

Plant Capacity Factor

K

EKWhF

_________________________________________

XEKWF

Reserve Factor

K

EKWF

EKWF

________________________________

Utilization Factor
K

EKWF

EKWF

_________________________________

- -

{{

K
KkW

WKkW

K E

K E

KE

W{

FDiv =

2000 + 2000
3000

FDiv = 1.33

KE

LD = ( Di max ) Dt max = (H) = kW

i =1

K WE
- -

Fc =

1
= 0.752
1.33

Fc =

1
FDiv

W {

E E E -

EkWF

EF

A.M

Noon

P.M.

W{
- -

{{
W

K K -

K -

- -

Toran Gonen," Electric Power Distribution System Engineering", Mc GrawHill

P. Kundur , Power system stability and control, McGraw-Hill, New
York,.
P.L. Theraja, A.K. Theraja, " Text book Electrical Technology ", S. Chand &
Company, New Delhi,
????KK

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

W
W
J

KJ

W
K

- -

K
K

- -

K KWh

KWh
K

EKWhF

EKWhF

EKWhF

EKWhF

EKWhF

EKWhF

W{
K

- -

K{

(KWh)

K
K

W{

K kW
KkW

K{
W

kW x days x hrs + kW x (daysxhrsHdaysxhrs) = kWh Z

kWh x { SR/kWh = ESRFZ

W{

K{

W{
- -

K
KkWh

{ZkWJ {

KKkW

W
kWhZJ

kVAZJ

W
kWxdays x hrs + kW x (daysxhrsHdaysxhrs) = kWh Z

kWh x { SR/kWh = ESRFZ

S ( KVA) =

P( kW ) 1000
=
= 1250 KVA
p. f .
0.8

- -

WEkVAF

x = ESRFZ

KHZ

KZHZ

W{

{
J

kWhZJ
kVAZJ

W{
E{ZF

- -

(KWh)K{

EKWhF

EKWhF

EKWhF

EKWhF

EKWhF

EKWhF

W{

- -

{
K

kWJ {
KkW

K{
W

kW x days x hrs + kW x daysxhrs = kWh Z

SR

H{ x

kWh

SR

+ { x

kWh

SR

+ { xkWh + {SR xkWh H{SR xkWh + {SR xkWh =

Z{SR xkWhH{SR xkWh

W{

K{

W{

- -

K K

{ZkWJ {

KkWK
K{{

W
kWhZJ

{J

kWxdays x hrs + kW x (daysxhrsHdaysxhrs) = kWh Z

kWh x { SR/kWh = ESRFZ

{Z{J {Z

=x(H{x)Z

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
W
KJ

KJ

KJ
KJ

- -

K
W

K -

Phase System
KEF

K
K

Corona Interference

K
K

K
W

KXL

KC

KR

K G

- -

E F K
EFGCLR

K{
IS

IR
IC

VS s

VR R

KEFW{

GR
K
W

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKK R () =

W(.m)
WA(m)

ACSR
KE{F

K
K

KG

K

K

- -

GM
R
Ds, ft

Ac

(M.mi
)

Xa
.mi

oC
/mi /f
t
{ {

Hz

oC
/mi

Dc
oC

Hz

in

Strandi
ng
cmil
Al/St

Waxwin
g
Partridg
e
Ostrich

Merlin

Linnet

Oriole

Ibis

Pelican

Flicker

Hawk

Osprey

Parakee
t
Dove

Rail

{{

Cardina
l
Ortolan

{{

Bluejay

{{

Finch

{{

Bittern

{{

Pheasan

- -

Chickadee

Hen

Rook
Grosbea
k
Drake

Tern

{{

{{

{{

{{

{{

t
Bobolin
k
Plover
Lapwin
g
Falcon
Bluebir
d

K(ACSR)W{

Line Reactance (XL)

XL=LInductive

Reactance

WEF
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK L =

o 1
D
( + ln ) H/m
2 4
r

W=2 x 107
WD
Wr
2r
D

2r

D2

D1

D3

W{

E{F
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK D = 3 D1 D2 D3

- -

D = mW

r ={cm

L=

XL = L=x {x ={ /km

f = Hz W

4 10 7 1
500
( + ln
) = 12.12 x10 7 H / m
2
4
15
.

KR={ /km

XL R
K

- -

K K
K

K K

kV km
K
2r
D

Cn

Cn

Cn

Cn

Cn

Cn

KW{

W
WE{F
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Cn = 2C =

2 0
ln Dr

( F / m)

PermittivityW=8.854x 1012
WD
Wr

WC

E{F

D = 3 D1 D2 D3

- -

WEFCapacitive Reactance
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK X c =

1
Cn

K w=fKWfEHzF

(Y) Capacitive admittance

W
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK(Siemens) Y = j

1
= jCn
Xc

cm km W
Km
W
Cn =

2 8.854 10 12
= 9.577 10 12 F / m
ln 500
1.5

C n = 9.577 10 12 200 10 3 = 1.915 10 6 F

WCapacitive Reactance

Xc =

1
1
=
= 1385
Cn 377 x1954
x10 6
.

WCapacitive Admittance
K(Siemens) Y =

- -

jCn = 722 x10 6 90 0

L(m) K

K{K
Sending end voltage per phase

VS

Receiving end voltage per phase VR

Line current

IL

Line resistance per phase R

Line reactance per phase XL

Line voltage drop per phase V

Active power at receiving end

Apparent power at receiving end

Reactive power at receiving end

power factor at receiving end

Reactive power at sending end

SR(VA)

QR(VAR)

CosR

PS(w)

Active power at sending end

Apparent power at sending end

power factor at sending end

SS(VA)

QS(VAR)

- -

PR(w)

CosS

XL

IL

V
VR R

VS s

Generator

XL

XL

Transmission line

Load

Sending end

Receiving end

KW{

K{EFE{F

KW{

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + V

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK V R =

UR

VR

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK V = Z L I L = I L R + jI L X L
- -

KLine voltage at receiving end

URW

KLine impedance WZL=R+jXL

K Resistive drop in phase with IL :RIL

K Reactive drop in quadrature with IL :XLIL

K
{

WOMA

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKOM 2 = OA 2 + AM 2 = (OK + KA) 2 + ( AC + CM ) 2

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OM = (OK + KA) 2 + ( AC + CM ) 2

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS =

(V R cos R + RI L ) 2 + (V R sin R + X L I L ) 2

R F

IL

VR

VS
O

IL

RIL
C

W{

- -

OFOM S

KEFOM=OF

W
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS

OM = OD + DF = OB + BD + DF

= VR + BD + DF = VR + RI L cos R + X L I L sin R

VS VR
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK V = RI L cos R + X L I L sin R
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKVS = V R + V

= RI L cos R + X L I L sin R

Solution in Complex Notation

Reference vectorVR

W{

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKK V R = V R + j 0 = V R 0 o

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I L = I L (cos R j sin R ) = I L R

Lagging
Leading K

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK V = Z L I L L

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + V

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + Z L I L ( R )

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Z L = R + jX L = Z

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + I L (cos R j sin R )( R + jX L )

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + ( RI L cos R + X L I L sin R ) + j ( X L I L cos R RI L sin R )

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = (VR + RI L cos R + X L I L sin R ) 2 + ( X L I L cos R RI L sin R ) 2
- -

WEFLeading
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I L = I L (cos R + j sin R ) = I L R

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + I L (cos R + j sin R )( R + jX L )

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS

= V R + ( RI L cos R X L I L sin R ) + j ( X L I L cos R + RI L sin R )

= (V R + RI L cos R X L I L sin R ) 2 + ( X L I L cos R + RI L sin R ) 2

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S = R + s

Voltage Regulation of lineW

W
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK V (%) =

VS V R
100
VR

Power losses of the lineW

(P)XL

K Reactive

Power (Q)Active Power

K(PI P=IR)

KQLoss

PLoss

WPloss(W)

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKPLoss = 3RI L2

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PLoss = PS PR

WQloss(VAR)

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QLoss = 3 X L I L2

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Q Loss = QS QR
- -

W
SS(VA)
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S S = 3VS I L* W

QS(VAR)PS(W)
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S S

= PS + jQS W

WQR(VAR)PR(W)SR(VA)
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = 3V R I L*

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = PR + jQR

W
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PS = 3VS I L cos S

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QS = 3VS I L sin S

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S S = 3VS I L = 3U S I L =

PS
QS
=
cos S sin S

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PR = 3V R I L cos R W
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QR = 3V R I L sin R

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = 3V R I L = 3U R I L =

PR
QR
=
cos R sin R

Efficiency of transmission line

W
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK (%) =

PR
100
PS

- -

W
K

L=mHR=f=Hz

WKkV{P=kW

KJ
KJ
KJ

K
W

UR

VR =

11000
= 6350V
3

IL =

PR
1000 10 3
=
= 65.6 A
3V R cos R 3 6350 0.8

= cos 1 (0.8) = 36.87 o

I L = 65.6 A 36.87 o

Z L = R + j 2fL = 5 + j 2 60 0.025 = (5 + j 9.4)

V = Z L I L = (10.6562 o )(65.6 36.87 o ) = 698.64V2513

. o = (632 + j 296)V

WJ
VS

cos S

= V R + V = 6350 + (632 + j 296) = 6988V2.4 0

U S

= 3VS = 3 6988 = 12100V = 12.1kV

S = R + R = 36.9 o + 2.4 o = 39.3o

= 0.774

- -

PLoss = 3RI L2

= 3 5 65.6 2 = 64550W = 64.55kW

PS = PR + PLoss = 1000 + 64.55 = 1064.55kW

PR
1000
=
= 0.9394 = 93.94%
PS 1064.55

V (%) =

US UR
12.1 11
100 =
100 = 10%
UR
11

VS=6988V

IL
L

RIL= 632V

6A
5.
=6
IL

VR=6350V
S=-39.3o

R=-36.9o

=2
96
V

S=2.4o

W{

- -

Leakage reactance K
K

kmF

IsK{

WIcIR

IS

XL

R
V

IC

V S s

IR

XC

V R R

W{

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I S = I R + I C
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I C = jCVR

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK V = Z L I S = ( R + jX L ) I S

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + V = V R + ( R + jX L ) I S W

- -

K{

VS
S
L

IS

VR

RIS

IS
IR

IC

W{

( T - Method ) T

K{T

IS R/2
VS s

XL/2

R/2

XC
IS R/2

IS R/2
Sending end

Medium line

IC

XL/2
XC

VR R
R/2

XL/2

R/2

XL/2

IC

XL/2
XC

XL/2 I
R

IC

Receiving end

(T-Model) TW{

- -

{ {

R/2

IS

XL/2

R/2

XL/2

IR

IC
VS s

V1

Sending end

VR R

XC

Receiving end

Medium line

(T-Model) TW{

KT{

V1

VR
X
IR

2
R/
IR

IS
IR

IS R
/2

/2

R S

IS X

IC

L /2

VS

IC

TW{

KVR {

K
- -

({KKK I S

= I R + IC

W IcIR

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I C = YV1 = jCV1

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK V1 =

ZL
( R + jX L )
IS =
IS
2
2

W
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK V R =

ZL
( R + jX L )
IR =
IR
2
2

WE{F
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK V1 = V R + V R = V R +

ZL
I
2 R

WE{FE{FE{F

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I S = YVR + (1 +

YZ L
) I R
2

E{F

WE{FEF
ZL
I

2 S
Z
Z
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + V1 + V2 = V R + L I S + L I R
2
2

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V1 + V1 = V1 +

WE{FE{F IS

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = (1 +

Z LY
Z LY
)V R + Z L (1 +
)I R
2
4

Voltage Regulation of lineW

V (%) =

VS V R
100 W
VR
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Power losses of the lineW

- -

K K
K

XLK
K

WPloss(W)

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PLoss = 3

PLoss = PS PR

R 2
( I + I S2 )
2 R

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Q Loss = QS QR WQloss(VAR)

SS(VA)

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S S = 3VS I S*

QS(VAR)PS(W)
Ss

Ps

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S S = PS + jQS W

Qs

WQR(VAR)PR(W)SR(VA)
SR

PR

QR

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = 3V R I R*

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = PR + jQR

W
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PS = 3VS I S cos S

- -

QS = 3VS I S sin S

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

S S = 3VS I S = 3U S I S =

PS
QS
=
cos S sin S

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PR = 3V R I R cos R W

QR

= 3V R I R sin R

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = 3V R I R = 3U R I R =

PR
QR
=
cos R sin R

Efficiency of transmission line

(%) =

PR
100
PS

W
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

( - Method )

K{

- -

XL

IL

IC1
XC/2

VS s

XC/2
R

IS

IC1
XC/2

Medium line

IC2

XL

IL

VR R

IR

XC/2

IS

IC2

XL

IL

IC1
XC/2

Sending end

IR

Load

IS

Lo
ad

ad
Lo

IR
XC/2

IC2

Receiving end

(-Model) {

K {

VS s

Sending end

XL

IL

IR
IC1

IC2
XC/2

XC/2

Medium line

VR R

Load

IS

Receiving end

(-Model) W{

- -

K
{

VS
IC2 IC1

S
L

IL

VR

RIL

IS

IL

IC2

IR

IC1

(-Model) W{

K
K

{ {
W

WIcIR
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I L = I R + I C1

Y
jC
VR =
V
2
2 R

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I C1 =

W
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I C 2 =

Y
jC
VS =
V
2
2 S

W
- -

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK V = Z L I L = ( R + jX L ) I L

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + V = V R + Z L I L E{{F
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + Z L ( I R + I C1 )
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + Z L ( I R +
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = (1 +

Y
V )
2 R

E{FIc

Z LY
)V R + Z L I R
2

W
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKK I S = I L + I C 2 = I R + I C1 + I C 2

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKK I S

= IR +

Y
Y
V R + VS E{ {{F
2
2

WE{FVS
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

I S

= IR +

YZ
Y
Y

V R + (1 + L )V R + ZI R
2
2
2

W
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I S = Y (1 +

YZ L
YZ
)V R + (1 + L ) I R
4
2

Voltage Regulation of lineW

W
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK V (%) =

VS V R
100
VR

Power losses of the lineW

KK

XLK

KP

WPloss(W)
- -

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PLoss = 3RI L2

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PLoss = PS PR

({)

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Q Loss = QS QR WQloss(VAR)

SS(VA)
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S S = 3VS I S*

QS(VAR)PS(W)
W

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S S = PS + jQS

WQR(VAR)PR(W)SR(VA)
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = 3V R I R*

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = PR + jQR

Qs(VAR)Ps(W)

W
({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PS = 3VS I S cos S

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QS = 3VS I S sin S

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKK S S = 3VS I S = 3U S I S =

PS
QS
=
cos S sin S

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PR = 3V R I R cos R

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QR = 3V R I R sin R

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = 3V R I R = 3U R I R =

- -

PR
QR
=
cos R sin R

Efficiency of transmission line

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK (%) =

PR
100
PS

Generalized Circuit Constants of Transmission Line

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = AVR + BI R

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I S = CV R + DI R

KA, B, C, D

K
{K

IS

VS

IR

A, B, C, D

VR

W{

E{FE{F

WDCBAE{ {F

Z LY
Z LY

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = 1 +
V R + Z L 1 +
I

2
4 R

- -

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I S

YZ
= YV R + 1 + L I R

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

({)KKKKKKKKKK AD BC = 1

:{

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK A = D = 1 +

Z Y

B = Z L 1 + L

4
C=Y

Z LY

({)

({)

({)
WBCAD

{ T

Z LY

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = 1 +
V + Z L I R

2 R
YZ
YZ
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I S = Y 1 + L VR + 1 + L I R
4
2

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK A = D = 1 +

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

({)

Z LY

B = Z L

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK C = Y 1 +

YZ L

2

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK AD BC = 1

({)

({)
W

KFerranti EffectK

- -

IS
VS s

Sending end

XL

IC1

IC2

IC1
VR

XC/2

XC/2

Medium line

Receiving end

(-Model) W{

W
XLIC1
VS
IC1

RIC1

ZLIC

VR

(-Model) W{

({)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS =

- -

(VR X L I C )

+ ( RI C ) 2

L=mHR=f=Hz J {
kVLagging{P=kW

WK

KJ
KJ

KJ

KmJ {
WUR=kV

Resistance/km/phase = { ZJ
Inductance/km/phase = { mHZJ

Capacitance/km/phase = {FZJ

Frequency f = Hz

( T-Method ) TJ
Wp.f = { MW
KJ

KJ

KJ

KJ

UR=kVP= MWKm{
WK{
Resistance/phase = ZJ

Inductive reactance/phase = ZJ
- -

Capacitive susceptance/phase = x siemens ZEFJ

Frequency f = Hz

W ( -Method ) J
J

J
J

J
K

- -

Electrical

.
B.L.THERAJA, A.K. THERAJA A Textbook of
Technology, S. CHAND&COMPANY LTD.,New Delhi, .
. Olle I. Elgerd Electric Energy Systems Theory An Introduction ,
McGraw-Hill, New York, .
. Kundder, Power system stability and control, McGraw-Hill, New
York,.
. Stevenson William D., Elements of Power System Analysis, McGrawHill, th ed., .

- -

KVI=A K

K

K{

J
J

VZG {AZG

KJ
KJ

EEFAEFAEFWF

P=MW
J
KXS={ KU=kV(Lag.)P.F.={
K

WJ

{Z

kWZ

kW, kW, kW, kW, kWW

E{EF{x kWhEFWF

J
KJ

--

MW, MW, MW

W
J

WK{KMW
KJ

E{x kWhEFMWEFWF

kW J
WKkWhkW
KE
KE

E{EF{EFWF

WJ

a.m. p.m.

noona.m.

p.m.noon

p.m.p.m.

p.m.p.m.

p.m.p.m.

E
WE
K{

K{W
E{EFWF

--

Symbols

Active power : P

Ampere or area : A

Number of poles : p

Capacitance : C

Reactive power : Q

Diameter, Distance: D

Radius : r

Frequency : f

Temperature, Cycle : T

Conductance : G

Resistance : R

Apparent power : S

Voltage of cell : E

Farad : F

Voltage per phase : V

Head, Henry : H

Line to line Voltage : U

Current : I

Reactance : X

Vector operator : j

Admittance : Y

Permittivity of air :

Impedance : Z

Relative permittivity : r

Ohm :
Efficiency :

Length : l

Angular Velocity : m

Permeability :

Inductance : L

Mass : m
Speed : N

--

KKK

KKKK

KKKKKKK

KKK

KK

KKKK

EF

KK

KKKK

EF

KK

KKKKKK

( )

.....

....

W
K

KK

KK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKK

KK

KK

KK

KEF

KKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKK

KK

KKKK

KKKKK

KKK

KK

KKKK

KKK

KK

KKKKKK

KK

KKK

KKK
KK

KKKKK

KKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKK

KKK

KKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKK

KKKKKK

( T - Method ) T

KK

KKK

KKK

KKK

( - Method )

KKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKK

KKK

KKT

KK

KKK

EF

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