,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhW

18571857-k; Mz;L ngUk; fyfk;

fhuzq;fs;

rk;gs xOq;fl
P L
; Kiw

ly;n`rp gpuGtpd; RtPfhuk;
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,d NtWghL

epyr;rl;lq;fs;

Mq;fpNyah;fs; rjp my;yJ
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VWjy;
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nfhz;L
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cldbf;
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hd.

Gul;rpapd; Nghf;F:

Nk 10 1857-k; Mz;L kPul;by;
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fyfj;jpd; jd;ikAk; KbTk;

1857-k;
Mz;L
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rpy
,lq;fis
jtpu
nghJkf;fspy;
MjuT
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Mq;fpy
muRf;F
rpy
kd;dh;fis MjuT njhptpj;jdh;.

,J
xU
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guttpy;iy.

Mq;fpy
murpd;
mlf;FKiw
Gul;rpia ntFthf ghjpj;jJ.

tq;fhsj;jpy;
gilapdh;
gy
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; p
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tpisT:

INuhg;gpa
giltPuh;fspd;
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cah;jj
; g;gl;lJ.
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nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

1858-k; Mz;L etk;gh; khjj;jpy;
tpf;Nlhhpa
kfhuhzpahh;
gpufldgb ,e;jpah ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
Neub Ml;rpapy; te;jJ vd
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

fhq;fpu]; kfhrig
mikg;gpw;F Kd;G Njhd;wpa
mikg;Gfs;
fs

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1853-k; Mz;L etk;gh; 12k;
ehs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jd;
fpis
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tq;fhs gphpl;b~; ,e;jpa
pa r%fk;
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1843
Vg;uy;
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;
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jhk;g]
; d;
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jPtpukhf
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gpd;G tq;fhs gphpl;b~; ,e;jpa
r%fk;
fp.gp.1851k;
Mz;L
gphpl;b~;
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rq;fkhf
ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

rprph;
Fkhh;
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1875k;
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Rnue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p>
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2
fy;fj;jh My;gh;l; kz;lgj;jpy;
,e;jpah fhd;gud;i]
Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. ,e;jpa rptpy;
gzpf;fhd Njh;T vOJk; taij
Fiwf;fTk; ,e;jpahtpy; Njh;it
elj;jTk; nghpJk; ghLgl;lJ.
gk;gha;:

gk;gha; fofk; 1852k; Mz;L
Mf];L 26k; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.

,f;fofj;ij
Kd;khjphpahf
nfhz;L G+dh rh;t[dpf;
[dpf; rig
ePjpgjp
uhdNl
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pgjp
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jhjhgha;
nesNuh[papd;
Kaw;rpahy;
,yz;ldpy;
fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk; fp.gp.1866k;
Mz;L
,e;jpahit
gw;wpa
nra;jpia gphpl;b~; kf;fSf;F
mspg;gjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mz;L
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889

,lk;
gk;gha;
fy;fj;jh
nrd;id
myfhghj;
fy;fj;jh

1906
1916

#uj; (fhq;fpu]; gpsT)

yfNdh
(kpjthjp-jPtputhjp
,izT)
fy;fj;jh

1917
1922
1924
1938
1939

1947
1950

fah
(fhq;fpu];
gpsT-Rauh[;a
fl;rp Njhw;wk;)
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(fhe;jpapd;
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; huhka;ah)
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; pahg;[p> ngNuh]; - ~h
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nrd;id :

tq;fhs
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fpisahf
Jtf;fg;gl;l nrd;id thrpfs;
rq;fk; 1852k; Mz;L gpg;uthp 26k;
ehs;
jdpr;rq;fkhf
cjak;
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nrd;id kfh[drig 1884 Nk
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Rgh]; re;jpuNgh];

n[.gp. fpUghydp
GUNrhj;jkd; jh]; lhd;ld;.

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

3
Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf
gaq;futhj ,af;fk;

Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;l
,af;fj;jpy;
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tu
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kPJ
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kfhuh~;buj;jpy; ,ufrpa
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1897Mk; Mz;L G+dhitr; rhh;ej
;
jhNkhjh;
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,U
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nfhd;wpUe;jdh;.

1899k; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy;
,ufrpa mikg;G kpj;uh Nksh
rthh;fh;
rNfhjuh;fshy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

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mikg;gpd;
,ufrpa
fofk;
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tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ufrpa
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; puehj; ghdh;[p>p> gpuNkhj
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1902Mk;
Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

fpof;F
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lhf;fh
mDrPyd;
rkpjp
Gype;
Gype;jh];
vd;gtuhy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

mDrPyd;
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;
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; h
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; hrhf;fp
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Fh;jpuhk;Ngh]; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.

,e;J];jhd; FbauR rq;fk; 1924k;
Mz;L mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy;
Kjd; Kjypy; rr;rpd; re;ahy;
n[fjp];re;jpu
rl;lh;[pahy;
epWtg;gl;lJ.

,e;j
mikg;igr;
rhh;ej
; th;fs;
kPJ ,uapy; nfhs;is tof;fhfpa
fhf;Nfhhp
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Nuh~d;yhy;>
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gpd;dh; 1928Mk; Mz;L ,e;j
mikg;ig
re;jpuNrfu
Mrhj;
,e;J];jhd; Nrh~ypr FbauR
fofk;
vd;W
ngah;
khw;wk;
nra;jhh;.

irkd;
fkp~d;
vjph;gG
;
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fhty;Jiwahy;
jhf;fg;gl;L gQ;rhg; rpq;fk; yhyh
y[gjpuha; ,we;J (1928 mf;Nlhgh;
30ehs;)
Nghdhh;.
mjw;F
gopthq;Fk;
tpjkhf
,e;j
mikg;ig Nrh;ej
; gfj;rpq; Mrhj;>
uh[FU
MfpNahh;
jbabia
elj;jpa
fhty;
mjpfhhpahd
rTd;lh;
vd;gtiu
Rl;bf;
nfhd;wdh;.

gfj;rpq;>
gp.Nf.
lj;
Mfpa
,UtUk; kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy;
ghh;itahsh;
gFjpapy;
,Ue;J
,uz;L
ntbFz;il
tPrpdh;.
mth;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
1931Mk;
Mz;L
khh;r;
23k;
gfj;rpq;>
Rf;Njt;
uh[FUTk;
J}f;fpy; ,lg;gl;ldh;.

,ufrpaf;
ifjpfis
khpahijahf elj;Jk; nghUl;Lk;>
rpiwapd; epiyia Nkk;gLj;jTk;
[l;bd;jh]; vd;gth; 63 ehl;fs;
cz;zhtpukpUe;J caph;ej
P j
; hh;.

tq;fhsj;jpy; #hpahrd; vd;gth;
rpl;l
; fhq; MAj fplq;fpy; 1930k;
Mz;L
Vg;uy;
khjk;
GFe;J
MAjq;fis
vLj;Jf;nfhz;L
kPjpia mopf;fTk; nra;jhh;.

ntspehl;by; gaq;futhjk;

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

4

1905
,yz;ldpy;
rahk;[p
fpU~;zth;kh
,e;jpa
khzth;fSf;fhf ,e;jpah ,y;yk;
njhlq;fpdhh;.
,e;jpad;
r%ftpayh;
vd;w
,jioAk;
elj;jpaJ.
1907
Mk;
Mz;L
,e;jpah,y;yk; tp.b. rh;thh;fuhy;
nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L
elj;jg;gl;lJ.

ghhp]py;
Nklk;
fhkhTk;
ngh;ypdpy;
tPue;jpuehj;
rl;Nlhg;ahah
,ufrpa
fofk;
mikj;J ,af;fpdhh;.

1913Mk; Mz;L fhjh; ,af;fk;
Nrhfd;rpq;
ghf;uhTk;>
yhyh
`h;jahs;k; MfpNahuhy; A.v];.v.
kw;Wk;
fdlhtpy;
grpgpf;
fiuNahukhf
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ngUk;ghd;ikNahh; rPff
; pa Njhl;l
njhopyhsh;fshthh;fs;.

fhjh; vd;w thuhe;jphpia cUJ>
kw;Wk;
FUKfp
nkhopapYk;
Kjypy; ntspapl;ldh;.

fhkhfhlkhU
fg;gy;
jhafk;
jpUk;gpNahh;
gpur;rid
fhjh;
fl;rpAld; njhlh;GilaJ.
gaq;futhj ,af;fj;
fj;jpdhpd;
Kf;fpa nray;fs;

1907Mk;
Mz;L
tq;fhsj;jpy;
Jiz epiy MSeh; /g;y;yiu
nfhy;y
Kaw;rp
nra;J
Njhy;tpaile;jhh;.

jiyefiu
nly;ypf;F
khw;Wk;
epfo;rr
; papy;
1912Mk;
Mz;L
brk;gh; 23k; ehs; ele;jJ. md;W
uh~;gpfhhpNgh]; ,e;jpa fth;dh;
n[duy; `hh;be; gpuGtpd; kPJ
nly;yp
Eiothapypy;
ntbFz;il tPrpdhh;.

[f;rd; ehrpf; Fw;wtpay; eLth;
rhthh;ff
; iu jz;bj;jjhy; 1909
Mk;
Mz;L
Rl;Lf;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

Kf;fpa jPtputhj ,jo;fs;

Afd;jhh;
ghpe;jpuFkhh;
Nfh~;
ghpe;jpuFkhh;
lj;
1906y;
tq;fhsj;jpy; epWtpdh;.

re;jah
1906y;
gpuNkhge;jg;
cgj;ah tq;fhsk;

fy; - kfhuhl;buh

te;Nj khjuk; Nklk; fhkh>

ghhp];

jy;thh;
tPue;jpuehj;
rl;Nlhgj;aha;> ngh;ypd;

fhjh;
fhjh;
,af;fk;>
rhd;gpuhrp];Nfh

,e;J];jhd;
tpLjiy

jhuhfehj; jh];> ntd;Fah;

fhq;fpu]pd; Muk;g
fhyfl;lk; (1885(1885-1905)
kpjthjpfs; fhyfl;lk;

Mq;fpNya
muRf;Fk;
eph;thfj;jpw;Fk; Fe;jfk; Vw;glhky;
,e;jpah;fspd;
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; f
; Tk;>
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kpjthj jiyth;fs;
s;

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; pahg;[p
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NfhFNy>
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rhjidfs;

kf;fsplk;
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czh;it
tsh;jJ
;
murpay;
fy;tpia
Gfl;bdh;.

[dehafk;> Njrpak; fUj;Jf;fis
kf;fspilNa gpugyg;gLj;jpdhh;.

gphpl;b~pd;
nghUshjhu
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kf;fSf;F
njhpag;gLj;jpdh;.

nghJthd murpay;> nghUshjhu
gpur;ridia
itj;J
kf;fis
$l;b murpay; Nghuhl;lk; elj;j
gapw;rp mspj;jdh;.

jPtputhj fhyfl;lk; (1906(1906-18)

kpjthjpfspd;
nray;Kiwfspy;
ek;gpf;if ,oe;J gphpl;b~; murpd;

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

5
mlf;FKiw
eltbf;iffs;>
rPhn
; fl;l
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kw;Wk;
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;
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gphpl;b~; mlf;FKiwfs;:

murpw;F
vjpuhd
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jilr;rl;lk; (1898)

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(1904)
gj;jphpf;iffis
fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ.

muRf;F
vjpuhf
kf;fis
J}z;bajhf jpy;fiu (1897) ifJ
nra;jJ.

tprhuizapd;wp ehL fplj;jpaJ.
(1897)

nfhLk;
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; k;
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toq;fhik

fy;fj;jh gy;fiyfofr; rl;lk;
(1904)

fh;rd; gpuGtpd; tq;fg; gphptpid
(1905)

jPtputhjpfspd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;
G+uz
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MFk;.

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;
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RNjrp ,af;fk; elj;Jjy;

Gjpa Njrpa fy;tp Kiwia
gpd;gw;Wjy; MfpadthFk;.

jpyfh; rka tpohf;fs; %yk;
(tpehafh; tpoh (1893) rpth[p
tpoh
(1895))
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fy;tpiaAk;
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tq;fg;gphptpid (1905)

fh;rDf;F
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1874k;
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MNyhrid toq;fpdhh;.

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nghpjhf ,Ue;jJ.

fpof;F tq;fhsk; tsh;rr
; p Fd;wpa
epiyia
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mjd;
tsh;rr
; pia Jhpjg;gLj;Jjy;.

cz;ikahd fhuzk; tsh;eJ
;
tUk; Njrpa vOr;rpf;F tq;fhsk;
Kf;fpa Mjhukhf tpsq;fpaJ.
mij
jil
nra;tjw;F
tq;fg;gphptpidia muR nra;jJ.

gphptpid jpl;lk; 1905Mk; Mz;L
mf;Nlhgh; 16Mk; ehs; mKYf;F
te;jJ.
gphptpid vjph;gG
; Nghuhl;lk;
k;

gphptpid
vjph;gG
;
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1905 mf;Nlhgh; 16 gphptpidia
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STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

6
Nfhhpf;ifia
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STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

7
K];yk
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tq;fhs ehthg; rypKy;yhf;fhd;
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; yhf)
fh;ehlfk;> kj;jpa khepyk; kw;Wk;

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cWg;gpdh;fis ngw;wJ.

md;dpngrd;l;
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nrd;bd; jd;dhl;rp fofj;jpw;F
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fhe;jpapd; tsh;rr
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tiu mth; ngw;w mDgtk;.

fhe;jp
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20Mk;
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KfkJTk;
fhe;jpia mioj;jdh;.

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

8

fhe;jp
rk;guhDf;F
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STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

jiyth;fshfpa lhf;lh; irGjPd;

fpl;RYTk; lhf;lh; rj;jpa ghYk;
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;
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STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

10

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jPzl
; hik ePff
; k; %yk; rKjhar;
rkj;Jtk;> ,e;J K];yk
P ; xw;Wik
Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
vjph;kiw
jpl;lj;jpy;
rl;lkd;w
ePjpkd;w> fy;tpepiya NghyP]>;
,uhZtg; Gwf;fzpg;G> tpNjrpa
nghUs; tpyf;fk;> thpnfhlhik
Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
etk;gh; 1921- gpg;uthp 1922
fpyhgj;
,af;fj;jpd;
G+uz
Rauh[;[paj;ijf; Nfhhpdh;. fhe;jp
thpnfhlhik
,af;fj;ij
gh;Njhypapy;> Muk;gpf;f miog;G
tpLj;jhh;.

xj;Jioahikia
,af;fk;
tpyf;fp nfhs;sg;gly;
ly;

1922 Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthp 5k; ehs;
nrshp nrsuh vd;w ,lj;jpy;
tpNjrp
nghUl;fs;
Gwf;fzpg;G
Nghuhl;lj;ij
xl;b
vOe;j
td;Kiwapy;
22
fhtyh;fSk;>
fhty;epiyaKk;
jPff
; piuf;F
cs;shdJ.
mij
njhlh;eJ
;
fhe;jpabfs;
xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;ij epWj;jpdhh;.

gh;Njhypapy; 1922k; Mz;L gpg;uthp
12k;
ehs;
$ba
fhq;fpu];
nraw;FO
fhe;jpapd;
xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;ij
epWj;jaij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
Rauh[;[pa fl;rpapdh;
papdh;

rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Eiotjw;F rp.Mh;.
jh];> Nkhjpyhy; NeU> tpj;jy;gha;
gl;Nly;
Nghd;Nwhh;fs;
MjuT
fUj;ijf; nfhz;ldh;.

1922k; Mz;L fhahtpy; $ba
fhq;fpu];
khehl;by;
mjd;
jiytuhd
rp.Mh;.
jh];
(rpj;juQ;rd;
jh];)
rl;lkd;w
EioT
gw;wpa
jPhk
; hdj;ij
nfhzh;ej
; hh;.
Mdhy;
jPhk
; hdk;
Njhy;tpaile;jJ.

1923k;
Mz;L
1k;
ehspy;
fhq;fpu];
fpyhgj;
Rauh[;[paf;fl;rp
rp.Mh;.jhi]
jiytuhfTk;> Nkhjpyhy; NeUit
nrayhshuhfTk;
nfhz;L
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

1923k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 14k; ehs;
Njh;jy; mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lJ.
Njh;jypy;
tq;fhsk;>
gk;gha;>
gPfhh;>
If;fpa
khfhzj;jpYk;
kpfnghpa
ntw;wpia
ngw;wJ.
gQ;rhg;>
xhp]h>
nrd;id
khepyq;fspy;
kl;LNk
ngUk;ghd;ik ngwtpy;iy.

jkpofj;jpy; v];.rj;jpa%h;jj
; papd;
jiyikapy; fhq;fpu]; fpyhgj;
Rauh[;[pafl;rp
mWjpg;
ngUk;ghd;ikia
nrd;idapy;
ngw;wJ.

1925 y; rp.Mh;.jh]; ,we;j gpd;G
Rauh[;[pafl;rp
mjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,oe;jJ.

Rauh[;[paf;
fl;rpapdNu
Kjd;Kjypy;
,e;jpa
murpay;
mikg;G
mikf;f
tl;lNki[
khehl;il $l;lNtz;Lnkd xU
jPhk
; hdj;jpd;
%yk;
Nfl;Lf;nfhz;ldh;.

,th;fspd; Ntz;Ljypd; Nghpy;
khz;NlF

nrk;]N
; ghh;L
rPhj
; j
; pUj;jjpd;
eilKiw
nray;ghLfis Muha ,q;fpyhe;J
mnyf;rhz;lh;
Kl;bkd;
jiyikapy;
xU
FOit
mDg;gpitj;jJ.

,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; 1919Mk;
Mz;L nray;ghLfs; Fwpj;J gphpT
84d; gb 10 Mz;Lfs; fopj;J
(1929) xU rl;lFO mikj;J
rl;lj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; Fwpj;Jk;
Rahl;rp
mikf;f
,Uf;Fk;
rhj;jpa
$Wfs;
gw;wp
Ma;T
nra;a
Ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mjd;gbNa
Mdhy;
,uz;L
Mz;LfSf;F
Kd;Ng
Ma;T
nra;a
VO
cWg;gpdh;fis
nfhz;l
gphpl;b~;
ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdh;fis rh; [hd; irkd;
(ypguy;fl;rp) jiyikapy; 1927k;
Mz;L
etk;gh;
26k;
ehs;
mike;jJ.

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

11

irkd; vjph;gG
; f;F fhuzk;
FOtpy; xUth; $l ,e;jpah;
,y;iy.
FOtpd; mikg;G ,e;jpah;fSf;F
,e;jpa murpayikg;ig gw;wpa
Kbtpy;
fye;Jf;
nfhs;Sk;
chpikia
kiwKfkhf
kWf;fpwJ
vd;Wk;
Fw;wk;
rhl;bdhh;fs;.
vjph;gG
;
1927k;
Mz;L
brk;ghpy;
nrd;idapy; md;rhhp jiyikapy;
fhq;fpu]; $baJ.
irkid
jpUk;gpNgh
vd;w
Nfh~kpl;L
fUg;G
nfhbia
fhl;bdh;.
yh$hpy;
yhyhy[gjpuha;
jiyikapy;
eilngw;w
Mh;ghl;lj;jpy;
fhty;
mjpfhhp
rhz;lh;]; jiyikapy; fhtyh;fs;
jbab
elj;jpdhh;.
mjpy;
yhyhy[gjpuha;
jiyapYk;
fLk;fhak;
Vw;gl;lJ.
mjd;
fhuzkhf mth; jd; ,d;Dapiu
ePjj
; hh;.
irkd;FO
jdJ
mwpf;ifia
1930Mk; Mz;L Nk 27k; ehs;
rkh;gpj;jJ.
mjd;
mbg;gilapNyNa
,q;fpyhe;jpy;
%d;W
tl;lNkir
khehL
eilngw;wJ.

NeU mwpf;if

irkd;FOtpd;
tUiff;F
,e;jpah;fspd; vjph;gi
; g njhlh;eJ
;
mg;NghJ
,e;jpa
nrayuhf
,Ue;j gph;fd; n`l; gpuG vd;gth;
,e;jpahtpy;
vy;yhj;
jug;gpduhYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sfpw
tifapy; Xh; murpaiyg;gpid
,e;jpah;
jahhpj;J
fhl;ll;LNk
ghh;ff
; yhk; vd;W rthy; tpl;lhh;.

kPzL
; k; 1928Mk; Mz;L Nk 19k;
ehs;
gk;ghapy;
$ba
gpujpepjpfspd;
$l;lk;
murpay;
mikg;gpid cUthf;f Nkhjpyhy;
NeU jiyikapy; xU FOtpid
mikj;jJ.
mjpy;
xd;gJ
cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;.

Mdhy; K];yk
P ; yPfF
; ld; fUj;J
NtWghL Vw;gl;lJ. ,dr;rpf;fy;
gw;wpa tp~aNk MFk;.
G+uz Rauh[;[paj; jPhk
; hdk;
hdk;

1929k; Mz;L yh$hpy; $ba
fhq;fpu]; khehl;bw;F [t`h;yhy;
NeU jiyik jhq;fpdhh;.

1929k; Mz;L brk;gh; 31k; ehs;
eLeprp
Ntisapy;
,uhtp
Mw;wq;fiuapy;
%tz;z
Njrpaf;nfhbia
[th;`h;yhy;
NeU Vw;wpdhh;.

1930Mk; Mz;L [dthp 26k; ehs;
g+uz Rje;jpu jpdkhf mwptpj;J
g+uz
Rje;jpu
gpufldj;ij
ntspapl;lhh;.
rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk;
k;

1930 Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthpapy;
rgh;kjp
Mrpukj;jpy;
$ba
fhq;fpu]pd; nraw;FO Gjpa fl;l
rl;lkWg;G Nghul;lj;ij fhe;jpia
jiyikNaw;W ele;j midj;J
mjpfhuj;ijAk; toq;fpaJ.

jz;bahj;jpiu
1930Mk; Mz;L khh;r; 12k; ehs;
78
Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gl;l
Mrpukr;
rPlh;fSld;
rgh;kjpapypUe;J
385fp.kP njhiytpy; jz;bf;F ghj
ahj;jpiuahfg; Gwg;gl;lhh;.
24ehl;fs;
eilg;gazj;Jf;F
gpd;dh; Vg;uy; 5k; ehs; fhiy
fhe;jpabfs; jz;bia mile;jhh;.
mLj;jehs; mjhtJ Vg;uy; 6k;
ehs;
fhiy
fhe;jpabfs;
jz;bia mile;jdh;. mLj;jehs;
mjhtJ
Vg;uy;
6k;
ehs;
fhiyapy; cg;ig ms;sp cg;Gr;
rl;lj;ij kPwp rj;jpahfpufj;ijj;
Jtq;fpdhh;.
jkpo;ehl;by;rp. uh[Nfhghyr;rhhpah;
E}W njhz;lh;fSld; jpUr;rpapy;
,Ue;J Ntjhuz;aj;jpw;F nrd;W
cg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPwpdhh;.
b. gpufhrKk;> Nf. ehNf];tuhTk;
nkhpdh
flw;fiuapy;
cg;G
rj;jpahfpufk; nra;jdh;.
1930Mk; Mz;L Nk 4k; ehs;
fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;L Vuthlh
rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;.

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

12

mjd;
gpd;G
rNuh[pehAL
jiyikNaw;W mtUk; jh;rdh
cg;Gkz;b
Kw;Wifapy; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
Kjy; tl;lNkir khehL (1930)

Kjy;
tl;l
Nkir
khehL
,yz;ldpy;
njhlq;fpaJ.
fhq;fpu]; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy.

1930 etk;gh; 12 Kjy; 1931
[dthp 19 tiu Kjy; tl;l
Nkir khehL eilngw;wJ.

89 gpujpepjpfs; fye;Jf;nfhz;ldh;
gphpl;b~;
gpujkh;
uhk;Nr
kf;
nlhdhy;L jiyik jhq;fpdhh;.
fhe;jp - ,h;tpd; cld;gbf;if (1931)

,e;jpahtpy; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk;
jPtpukile;jjhy;
it];uha;
,h;td
P ;
fhe;jpiaAk;
gpw
nraw;FO
cWg;gpdh;fisAk;
tpLjiy nra;jhh;.

rhg;U> nraf;fh; rPdpthr rh];jphp
mth;fspd;
Kaw;rpahy;
fhe;jp
,h;td
P ;
gpuGit
re;jpf;f
rk;kjpj;jhh;.
mjd;
fhuzkhf
fhe;jp ,h;td
P ; xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ.
xg;ge;jj;jpd; rhuhk;rk;

gfj;rpq;
kw;Wk;
mtuJ
$l;lhspfs;
kPJ
tpjpf;fg;gl;l
kuz
jz;lizia
Fiwf;f
,e;e xg;ge;jk; tifnra;atpy;iy
vd;Wk; Nghul;lj;jpd; NghJ ele;j
Nghhpy;> ,uhZt mj;JkPwy;fs;
gw;wp vJTk; $whjjhy; xg;ge;jk;
gw;wp
kf;fspilNaAk;
jiyth;fsplKk; vjph;gG
; ,Ue;jJ.
,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir khehL
(1931)

,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir
khehL
,yz;ldpy;
1931k;
Mz;L
nrg;lk;gh; 7Kjy; brk;gh; 1k; Njjp
tiu eilngw;wJ.

fhq;fpu]; rhh;gpy; mjd; xNu
gpujpepjpahf fhe;jpabfs; fye;J
nfhz;lhh;.
kPzL
; k; Nghuhl;lk; (1932 [dthp3)

,h;td
P ;
gpuGTf;F
gpd;G
itu];uhahf te;j nty;ypq;ld;
gpuG fhe;jp - ,h;td
P ; xg;ge;jj;ij

iftpl;lhh;.
mlf;FKiwia
ifahz;lhh;.

thpnfhlhf; fpsh;rr
; papy; <Lgl;l
NeU>
n~h;thdp>
Nghd;NwhUk;>
tq;fhsj;jpy;
Rgh];re;jpuNghRk;
muRf;nfjpuhd
eltbf;iffSf;fhf
ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhh;fs;.

,itahTk;
fhe;jp
yz;ldpy;
,Ue;jNghJ eilngw;witahFk;.
fhe;jp
,e;jpah
jpUk;gpaTld;
it];uhia re;jpf;f Nkw;nfhz;l
Kaw;rpafs; gyd; mspf;ftpy;iy.
Mifahy;
fhe;jp
kPzL
; k;
rl;lkWg;G
,af;fj;ij
1932k;
Mz;L
[dthp
3k;
ehs;
Jtq;fpdhh;.

fhe;jp
Vuthlh
rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;lhh;.
tFg;G thhpj; jPhT
;

,uz;lhk; tl;l khehl;by; tFg;G
thhpj; jPhT
;
Fwpj;J cld;ghL
Vw;glhjjhy;
gphpl;b~;
gpujkh;
kfnlhdhy;L jdJ tFg;G thhpj;
jPhi
; t
Mf];l;
17k;
ehs;
mwptpj;jhh;.

mjw;nfjpuhf fhe;jpabfs; rhFk;
cz;zhtpujj;ij 1932k; Mz;L
nrg;lk;gh; 20Mk; ehs; Jtq;fpdhh;.
dh

xg;ge;jk;

,e;j cld;ghL 1932 nrg;lk;gh;
26k;
ehs;
nly;ypapYk;
,yz;ldpYk; murhy; Vw;fg;gl;L
xNu rkaj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
%d;whtJ tl;lNkir khehL

1932k; Mz;L etk;gh; 17Kjy;
brk;gh; 24tiu eilngw;wJ.

fhq;fpu];
mjpy;
fye;Jf;nfhs;stpy;iy.

%d;W tl;lNkir khehL gw;wpa
nts;is mwpf;ifia 1933 khh;r;
khjk; gphpl;b~; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
rkh;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jd;
mbg;gilapNyNa 1935k; Mz;L
,e;jpa
murhq;fr;rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

fhe;jp 1934 Nk 20k; ehs; rl;l
kWg;G
,af;fj;ij
epue;jukhf
epWj;jptpl;lhh;.

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

13

fhq;fpu]; fl;rpAk; mjd; khepy

murhq;fq;fSk;
Sk;
1935k; Mz;L rl;lj;ij fhq;fpu];
Vw;Wf;nfhs;shtpl;lhYk; Njh;jypy;
Nghl;bapl KbT nra;jJ.
1937k; Mz;L eilngw;w Njh;jypy;
fhq;fpu];
If;fpa
khfhzk;>
kj;jpa khfhzk;> nrd;id> gPfhh;>
xhp];]h Mfpa 5 khepyq;fspy;
mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;wJ.
gk;gha;>
m];]hk;>
tlNkw;F
vy;iy
khfhzk;
Mfpa
khepyq;fspy;
jdpg;ngUk;
fl;rpahf ntw;wpg;ngw;wJ.
gQ;rhg;gpy;
A+dpadp];L
fl;rp
ngUk;ghd;ik gyj;ijg; ngw;wJ.
tq;fhsj;jpy; K];yk
P ; gpu[hfl;rp
(41,lq;fs;) K];yk
P ; yPf; (40)
Nrh;eJ
;
K];yk
P ;
Ml;rpia
epWtpdh;.
fhq;fpu];
7
khepyq;fspy;
Ml;rpia epWtpaJ. nkhj;jk; 11
khepyq;fspy; 4 khepyq;fspy; gpw
fl;rpapdh; Ml;rpia mikj;jhh;.
rpe;Jtpy; kl;LNk K];yk
P ; yPf;
fl;rp
Ml;rp
mikj;jJ.
m];]hkpy; K];yk
P ; $l;lzp muR
epWtg;gl;lJ.
khey
fhq;fpu];
muRfis
xUq;fpizj;J jiyikaplj;jpd;
fl;Lf;Fs;
itf;fTk;
xUkpj;j
Ml;rp
vy;yh
khepy
muRf;fSf;fpilNa
Vw;glTk;
1937k;
Mz;L
khh;r;
xU
ghuhSkd;wj;Jizf;
FOit
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
,e;j FOit fhq;fpu]; Nkyplk;
vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
,jpy;
,uhN[e;jpu
gpurhj;
nksyhdh
Mrhj;>
ty;ygha;
gl;Nly;
MfpNahh; mjd; cWg;gpdh;fs;.
Rahl;rg;ngw;w
khepy
muRfs;>
epyr;rPhj
; j
; pUj;jk;>
kJtpyf;F>
fy;tp> mhp[d eyd; Kd;Ndw;wk;
vd;W
gy
jpl;lq;fis
nray;gLj;jpdhh;.

,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUk; fhq;fpu];

fl;rpAk;
pAk;

1939k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; Kjy;ehs;
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; %z;lJ.

,e;jpa it];uha; ypd;ypj; gpuG

,e;jpa
jiyth;fis
fye;J
MNyhrid
nra;ahky;
,e;jpahit Nghhpy; <LgLj;jpdhh;.

,e;j
nts;is
mwpf;ifapy;
jpUg;jpailahky;
fhq;fpu];
Ml;rpnra;j
midj;J
khepyq;fspYk; gjtp tpyfpaJ.
NkYk;
Nghh;
eltbf;iffis
vjph;j
; j
; J.

fhq;fpu]; muR gjtp tpyfpa
jpdj;jpid K];yk
P ; yPf; tpbT
ehs; Mf nfhz;lhbaJ.
Mf];L nfhil

ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG 1940 Mk; Mz;L
8k;
ehs;
xU
mwptpg;ig
ntspapl;lhh;.
,JNt
Mf];L
nfhil vdg;gl;lJ.

Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gl;l jiyth;fSk;>
jpahfpfs;
kl;LNk
jdpg;gl;l
Kiwapy; rl;lkwpay; ,af;fj;jpy;
<Lgl
mDkjpf;fg;ngw;wdh;.
,JNt
jdpegh;
rj;jpahfpufk;
vdg;gl;lJ.

1940k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 17k; ehs;
jdpegh;
rj;jpahfpufg;
Nghuhl;lj;ij
fhe;jp
njhlq;fpitj;jhh;.

Kjy; jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufpahf
tpNdhghtpw;Fk; mtiu njhlh;eJ
;
[t`h;yhy;NeU>
ty;ygha;
gl;NlYf;Fk;
jdpegh;
rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;.
fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO

fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO 1942k; Mz;L
khh;r; 22k; ehs; ,e;jpah te;J
Nrh;ej
; J.

nts;
nts;isaNd ntspNaW
ntspNaW
,af;fk;

Rgh];
re;jpuNgh];
[g;ghd;
MjuthsuhfTk;>
[t`h;yhy;
NeU gphpl;lDld; rkur Ngr;R
thh;ji
; jia Jtf;fTk; ,uh[h[p
Njrpa murhq;fj;ij mikf;fTk;
typAWj;jpdh;.

fhe;jp jdJ jhf;fkhd Kbit
Kbiy mhp[d; gj;jphpf;ifapy;
vOjpdhh;. gphpl;ld; ,e;jpahit
tpl;L
ntspNawpdhy;
[g;ghd;>
,e;jpahit
jhf;Ftjw;fhd

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

14
Kfhe;jpuk;
vJTk;
,Uf;fhJ
vd;gij vOjp gphpl;ld; ntspNaw
Ntz;bajd;
mtrpaj;ij
tpsf;fpdhh;.

mj;jhP k
; hdk;
xU
rpy
khw;wq;fSld;
gk;ghapy;
$ba
mfpy ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b
Mf];l;
7-8
(1942)k;
ehs;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.

mj;jhP k
; hdk;
epiwNtwpa
,uT
my;yJ
mjw;F
kWehs;
mjpfhiyapy;
fhe;jp
ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

,uh[h[p jpl;lk; (1944)

Nghh;ff
; hyj;jpy;
fhq;fpu];
,ilf;fhy
Njrpa
muir
mikg;gjw;F
K];yk
P ;
yPf;
xj;Jiof;f Ntz;Lk;.

[pd;dh
,e;j
jpl;lj;ij
epuhfhpj;jhh;.
[pd;dh fhe;jp re;jpg;G

1944k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 9Kjy;
27k; Njjptiu eilngw;wJ.

[pd;dh
fhe;jpia
Kjd;
Kiwahf
kfhj;kh
vd;W
mioj;jhh;.
fhe;jp
[pd;dhit
fha;Nj m]hk; vd;whh;.

[pd;dh
jdJ
,Uehl;L
nfhs;ifapy;
tplhg;gpbahf
,Ue;jhh;.
Ntty; jpl;lk; (1945)

gphpl;b~; gpujkh; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa
tptfhur;
nrayUld;
,e;jpa
murpay; epiyg;gw;wp tpthjpj;J
xU jpl;lj;ij 1945 [{iy 14y;
thndhyp ciuapy; ntspapl;ldh;.
rpk;yh khehL (1945 [{d; 25)

Ntty; gpuG 1945 [{d; 25k; ehs;
rpk;yhtpy;
Ntty;
jpl;lj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy;
,e;jpa
jiyth;fspd; kehl;il $l;bdhh;.
mikr;ruit J}Jf;FO (1946)

,uz;lhk;
cyfg;Nghh;
Kbe;j
gpd;G ele;j Njh;jypy; njhopyhsh;
fl;rp ntw;wp ngw;W fpnsnkd;l;
ml;yp gpujkuhdhh;.

,jd; mbg;gilapy; mikr;ruit

J}Jf;FOit
,e;jpa
tptfhuj;Jiw
nrayh;
ngjpf;
yhuz;]; gpuG th;jj
; f mikr;rh;
rh; ];lhNghh;L fphpg;]; flw;gil
mikr;rh;
V.tp.
mnyf;rhz;lh;
MfpNahUk;
,e;jpa
it];uha;
Ntty; gpuGTk; ,;lk; ngw;wdh;.
,ilf;fhy murhq;fk;

mikr;ruit
J}Jf;FOtpd;
ghpe;Jiuapd;gb ,ilf;fhy muR
vd;fpw FWfpa fhyj;jpl;lj;jpid
nray;gLj;jp
Ntty;
eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

gpd;dh; Ntty; xU jpl;lj;jpid
1964y;
[{d;
16y;
ntspapl;L
mjd;gb murikf;fg;gLk; vd;whh;.
fhq;fpu];
,jid
vjph;jj
; J.
gpd;dh;
mikr;riuit
J}Jf;FOtpd;
ePz;lfhyj;
jpl;lj;jpid
Vw;W
,ilf;fhy
murpy; gq;Nfw;f rk;kjpj;jJ.

1946k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 2k; ehs;
K];yk
P ; yPf; ,y;yhky; fhq;fpu];
,ilf;fhy muir mikj;jJ.

1946y; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 25k;
ehs; K];yk
P ; yPf;
,ilf;fhy
murpy; Nrh;ej
; J.

Neub eltbf;if ehs; (16

Mf];l; 1946)

,ilf;fhy murpy; NrukWj;j yPf;
1946k; Mz;L Mf];;l; 16k; ehs; I Neub eiltbf;if ehshf
kw;Wk; fUg;G jpdkhf nfhz;lhl
Nfl;Lf;
nfhz;lhh;.
Mq;fpy
muRf;nfjpuhf
njhLf;fg;gl;l
eltbf;if ,e;Jf;fSf;F vjpuhf
Gdpj Nghuhf khwpaJ.
,ilf;fhy muR kw;Wk; Neub
eltbf;if ehs;
ehs;

1946k;
Mz;L
Ntty;
gpuG
NeUtpd;
jiyikapy;
mikr;ruit (,ilf;fhy muR)
mikf;FkhW
miog;G
tpLj;jjpd;Nghpy;
ke;jphp
rig
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

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15

,e;j ,ilf;fhy muir vjph;jJ
;
K];yk
P ;
yPf;
[pd;dhtpd;
jiyikapy; Mf];L 16k; ehis
Neub eltbf;if ehs; vd ehL
KOtJk; fpsh;rr
; p nra;jJ.

,jdhy; ,e;J K];yk
P ; fytuk;
Vw;gl;lJ.

jiyth;fs;
,e;jpahitg;
gphpg;gJjhd; xU top vd KbT
vLj;jdh;.
gk;gha; fytuk;

1946y;
gk;gha;
flw;gilapy;
fytuk; Vw;gl;lJ.
kTd;lN
; gl;ld; jpl;lk;

,e;J K];yk
P ; xw;Wik Vw;gl
topapy;iy
vd;gij
Ghpe;J

nfhz;l
kTz;l;
Ngl;ld;
,e;jpahit ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd;
vd gphpg;gJ. tq;fhsk;> gQ;rhg;>
Nghd;w vy;iyfis eph;zapj;jy;
Nghd;wit njhlh;ghf 1947 [{d;
3k;
ehs;
jd;
jpl;lj;ij
ntspapl;lhh;.
,J kTz;l; Ngl;ld; jpl;lkhFk;.
fhe;jpabfs;
,jid
Vw;Wf;
nfhs;stpy;iy.
gphpl;b~;
ghuhSkd;wk;
,jid
[{iy
18>
1947
md;W
epiwNtw;wpaJ.
,jd;gb
Rje;jpuk;
vd
eph;zapf;fg;gl;L
Rje;jpuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,ilf;fhy ,e;jpahtpd; mikr;ruit

uit
[th;fh;yhy; NeU
rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly;
lhf;lh; ,uhNre;jpu
gpurhj;
nksyhdh mGy; fyhk;
Mrhj;
lhf;lh; [hd; kj;jha;
rh;jhh; gy;Njt; rpq;
rfrPtd;uhk;
rp.vr;. ghgh
ugp mfkJ fpj;tha;
uh[;Fkhhp mkphpj; fTy;
lhf;lh; gp.Mh;.mk;Ngj;fhh;
Mh;.Nf.rz;Kfk;
nrl;bahh;
lhf;lh; rpahk; gpurhj;
Kfh;[p
vd;.tp. fhl;fpy;

gpujk mikr;rh;> ntsp tptfhuk; kw;Wk; fh;kd;

nty;j; ehLfspd; cwTfs; kw;Wk; mwptpay;-Ma;T
cs;Jiw>
nra;jp
kw;Wk;
xspgug;G
kw;Wk;
khepyq;fs;
czT kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik
fy;tp
,uapy;Nt kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J
uhZtk;
njhopy;
tzpfk;
njhlh;Gfs;
Rfhjhuk;
rl;lk;
epjp
njhopy; kw;Wk; tpepNahfk;
Ruq;fk; kw;Wk; rf;jp

,e;jpahtpy; 565RNjr muRfs; ,Ue;jd

mj;jifa muRfis ,e;jpahTld; ,izf;Fk; gzpia rh;jhh; ty;ygha;
gl;Nly; epiwNtw;wpdhh;.

rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gl;NlYf;F ,Uk;G kdpjh; vd;W ngah;.

rh;jhh; Kaw;rpahy; 552 rk];jhdq;fs; ,ize;jd.

jhkhf Kd;te;J ,e;jpahTld; ,iza njhptpj;j muRfs; ghl;bahyh>
Fthypah;> gNuhlh.

,e;jpahTld; ,iza kWj;j rk];jhdq;fs; - i`juhghj;> [Pdhfhj;> fh~;khP ;>
jpUtpuhq;$h; ,itfis ,izj;j ngUik gNliyr; rhUk;.

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

16

[Pdhfhj; vd;W rpw;wuR kd;dh; ,e;jpahTld; Nru kWj;jhh;. Mdhy; kf;fs;
,e;jpahTld; Nru fpsh;rr
; p nra;jdh;. vdNt 1948y; thf;F fzpg;G elj;jp
Nrh;ff
; g;gl;lJ.

i`juhghj; - ep[hk; ,e;jpa A+dpaDld; Nru kWj;jhh;. vdNt n[duy; nrsj;
jiyikapy; xU gilia gNly; mDg;gpdhh;. 3 ehl;fspy; ep[hk; fhrpk; u];tp
gzpe;jhh;. 1948 nrg;lk;ghpy; ,uhZt eltbf;if %yk; ,e;jpa A+dpaDld;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

fh~;khP ; - fh~;ki
P u ghfp];jhd; jd; trg;gLj;j tpUk;gpaJ. Mdhy; fh~;khP ;
kd;dh; ,e;jpahTld; ,iza tpUk;gpdhh;. mjd; gb ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
(ghfp];jhd; trKs;sJ Mrhj; fh~;khP ; vdg;gLfpwJ)

fhiuf;fhy;> ghz;br;Nrhp> kh`p> Vdhk;> re;jpueh$h; Nghd;w gFjpfspy;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; trkpUe;jd. ,g;gFjpfs; 1954 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa
a+dpaDld; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.

Nfhth> ilA+> lhkd; Mfpa gFjpfs; Nghh;jJ
; fPrpah; trkpUe;j ehLfshFk;.

gpuhd;R muirg; Nghd;W Nghh;j;JfPrpa ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa gil
,g;gFjpfis ifg;gw;wpaJ.

rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly; ,e;jpahtpd; gp];khh;f; vdg;Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;.

MODERN INDIA

























BOOKS, JOURNALS & NEWS PAPERS

Annie Beasant New India and Commonweal
Bipin Chndra Pal New India
Bankim Chandra Chatterji Annanda Math
Dange The Socialist, Gandhi versus Lenin
Dadabhai Naoroji Poverty and Un British Rule in India
Din Bhandhu Mitra Neel Darpan
Evr Naicker Periyar Kudi Arasu
Jawahar Lal Nehru Soviet Russia, Wheither India, Discovery of India
Jyotibhai Phule Ghulam Gri
J.P. Narayan To all Fighters of freedom, why Socialism
Khan Abdul Gafar Khan Pakhtun
K Ramakrishna Pillai Swadeshabhimani
Lala harkrishna Lal Traibune.
Lala Lajpat Rai The People, The Punjabi, Bande Mataram, Young India, Unhappy
India
Gandhi Hind Swaraj, My Experiments with Truth. The Harijan
G.G. Agarkar Co edited with Tilak the Kesary and Maratha, and Edit Sudharak
Gulam Husain Inquilab
Hunter Indian Mussalmaris
M.N.Roy & Ambani Mukharjee India Transition
Madame Cama Bande Matharam (Paris)
Rabindra Nath Tagore Gare, Ghari Baire letters from Russia
R.C Dutta Peasantry of Bengal, Economic History of India
R.P. Dutta India Today
Sachin Sanyal Bandi Jiban

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17







Surendra Nath Banerji Bengali

Shyamji Krishna Verma Indian Socialogist.
Subhas Chandra Bose The Indian Struggle
Sigaravelu Labour Kisan Gazetter
Vivekananda Karamyoga, Rajyoga, Bhakti Yoga
W.C.Banerjee Indian Politics.

BOOK/JOURNAL AND THEIR AUTHORS






































Hindi Swaraj (Mahathma Gandhi)

My Experience with Truth (Mahathma Gandhi)
Discovery of India (J.L. Nehru)
Gulam Giri (Jotiba Phule)
Poverty and Un British rule in India (Dadabhai Nauroji)
Ganadevata (Tarashankar Bandhopadgya)
Neel Darpan (Din Bandhu Mitra)
India Wins Freedom (Maulana Azad)
Anand Math (Bankim Chandra Chatterjee)
Patha Panchali (Bibhuti bhushan Bandopadhay)
A night of eternal gloom of India (Nabin Chandra Sen)
Som Prakash (Ishwar Chandra vidhya Sagar)
Tazib Al akhlaq (Sayyid Ahmad Khan)
Indian Unrest (Valientine Chirol)
Ghare Bhaire(Rabindra Nath Tagore)
Kudi Arasu (E.V.R. Naicker)
The Indian Struggle (Subhas Chandra Bose)
Saraswathi Chandra (Goverthan Rani)
Why I am an Athiest (Bhagata Singh)
Indu Lekha (Chander Monon)
Tamil chatholicism (Viraghavacharya)
Indian National Evolution (Ambika Charan Majumdar)
Bandi Jivan (Saraswati Chandra)
Vanguard of Indian Independence (M.N. Roy)
Goverdan Ram (Saraswati Chandra)
Henry Cotton (New India)
ONGRESS PRESIDENTS
1885- Bombay W.C.Bannerji
1886- Culcatta Dadabhai Naoroji (first parsi)
1887-Madras-Syed Badruddin Tyabji (hrst muslim)
1888-Allahabad-George Yule (first Europian)
1889-Bombay Sri William Weduerburn
1890- Culcatta Sir Phirozedshah Metta
1891- Nagpu Ananda Chrlu
1892-Allahabad-W.C.Banerji
1893-Lahore Dadabhai Naoroji
1894-Madras A. Webb

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18


























1895-Poona Surrederanath Banerji

1896-Calcatta M. Rahimtullah Sayani
1897-Amroati-G.Sankaran Nair
1898-Madras-Ananda Mohan Bose
1899-Lacknow-Ramachandra Dutt
1900-Lahore- N.G.Chandravarkar
1901-Calcatta E.D.Wacha
1902-Ahmedabad-Surendaranath Bannerji
1903-Madras Lalmohan Bose
1904-Bombay Sir Henry Cotton
1905-Benares G.K.Gokhale
1906-Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji
1907-Surat-Rashbehari Ghosh (broken up)
1916-Lucknow A.C.Majumdar
1917-Calcutta Mrs.Annie Besant
1920-Calcutta(Special)- Lala Lajpati Rai
1924-Belgaon M.K.Gandhi
1925-Kanpur-Mrs.Sarojini Naidu
1927-Madras M.A. Ansari
1933-Calcutta Mrs. Nellie Sengupta
1936-Lucknow Pt.Jawaharlrl Nehru
1937-Faizpur-Pt. Jawaharlrl Nehru
1938-Hari Pura Subhash Chandra Bose
1939-Tripuri Subhash Chandra Bose
1947-Kiripalani

CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS
 Regulating Act (1773):
Subjected the Companys actions to the supervision of the British Governments
of Bengal to be carried on by a Governor General (President) and his council
(4members); establishment of a Supreme Court at Culcutta.
 Pitts India Act (1784)
A Board of Control, including two Cabinet Ministers, to guide and supervise
the affairs of the Company of India; three members in Governor Generals
Council; Madras and Bombay were Subordinated to the Governor General
and his council of Bengal in matters of diplpmacy were and revenue;
commander in chief as one of the three members of the council.
 Charter Act of 1813
Company deprived of its trade monopoly in India except in tea and trade
monopoly in India except in tea and trade with China; a sum of Rs. 1 lakh
annually for education.
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19
 Charter Act of 1833
End of Company monopoly on China Trade and tea trade Governor General
of Bengal of Governor-General of India; Governments of Madras and Bombay
deprived of legislative powers; a fourth member (Law Member) added to the
Council; a law commission constitued.
 Charter Act of 1853
Service were thrown open to competitive examinations, a commission under
Macaulay appointed to enforce this; Legislative and Executive councils
separated; Law Member made a full members and 6 new members added for
legislative purpose.
 Government of India Act, 1858:
Goverment of India passed from the Company to the Crown and Governed
through Secretary of State of India and a Council of 15 members; Governor
General received the title of Viceroy.
 Indian Councils Act. 1861
A fifth member added to the Viceroys Executive Council; portfolio system
introduced by Lord Canning; for legislation 6 to 12 additional members to be
added to the Executive Council by Viceroy; legislative powers of Madras and
Bombay restored by Governor Generals assent and made compulsory;
Governor General empowered to issue ordinances to be in force for not more
than 6 months.
 Indian Council Act, 1892:
The Act exclusively dealt with the Legislative Councils in India; additional
members in Central Legislature to be from 10 to 16; two fifth of total
members to be non-official; council to have right to discuss budget and ask
questions on matters of public importance; some members to be elected
directly; Indian leaders like G.K.Gokhale, Asutosh mukherjee, Rash Behari
Ghosh and S.N. Bannerjee found their way in Legislative Council.
 Indian Councils Act, 1919 (Montague-Chemsford Reforms)
Number of Indians in Governor Generals Executive Council raised to 3 in a
council of 8; division of subjects into central and Provincial lists, bicamercial
legislature at the centre the council of state (Upper House) and Central
Legislative Assembly (Lower House); members enjoyed freedom of speech;
diarchy in provines subjects to be dealt with the Provincial government were
divided into was heads; Reserved and Transferred; reserved subjects to be
administered by Governor with Executive Council; transferred subjects to be
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20
administered by Governor with ministers; at least 70% of the members of
Provincial Councils to be directly elected; under the Meston Award, the
Provincial Governments were required tomake certain contributions to be
Government of India; first election under new Act in 1920; dyarchy continued
from April 1921 to April 1937.
 Government of India Act, 1935:
Provided for an All India Federation comprising provisions and those Indian
which might accede; diarchy for the Federal Executive; Federal Legislative to
have two chambers Council of State and Federal Assembly; Coucil of State to
be permanent body; provision of a Federal court; British Government to be sole
authority to amend the Constitution; diarchy in the provinces abolihsed; the
Federation as visualized in the Act never came into being; after the election of
1937 under this Act; Congress formed Government in 7 provinces.








 IMPORTANT COMMISSION /COMMITTEES

Charles wood Despatch (1854)
Education
Hunter Commission (1882)
Education
Raleigh Commission
Education
Sadler Commission (1917)
Education
Hartog Commission (1929)
Education
Sargeant Plan (1944)
Education






Cockerell (1866)
Statchey (1880)
Lyall (1896)
Mac Donell















Atchison
Public Services
Islignto
Public Services
Lee Commission
Public Services
Hunter Commission (1919)
Punjab Disturbances
Rowlatt Commission (1909)
Sedition
Fraser Commission (1902)
Police
Peel Commission
Federal Structure
Linlithgow Commission (1928)
Agriculture
Whitely Commission (1929)
Labour
Sapru Commission (1935)
Delimination
Butler Commission (1927)
Indian States
Flood Commission (1940)
Tenancy of Bengal
Webley Commission
Interrogated Dadabhai
EUROPEAN TRADING COMPANY

Famine
Famine
Famine
Famine

Chronological order of Europians coming to India

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21






Portuguese
Dutch
English
Danes
French
PORTUGUESE SETTLEMENTS








Cochin
1501
Cannanore
1502
Goa
1510
Diu & Daman
1534
Hugly
(lost in 1632)
Bombay
(give to English 1662)
DUTCH SETTLEMENTS

 Musolipatnam (1605)
 Pulicat (1610)






ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS
Surat (1608)
Musolipatnam (1611)
Pulicat (1620)
Madras (1639)
Sultanati, Calicut, Govindpur (1698)

FRENCH SETTLEMENTS
 Surat (1668)
 Musolipatnam (1689)
 Pondichery (1673)
IMPORTANT ORGANISATION & PARTIES

Parties & Organisations

 Muslim League





Lok Seva Mandal

Independent Congress Party
Hindu Association
Hindu Mahasabha

Founders, Year & Place

Agr Khan, the Nawab of Dacca and mohsin u
Mulk (1906-Dacca)
Lala Lajpat Rai, Punjab,
Madan Mohan Malviya (1926)
Annie Besant
Founded in 1917, Revived by Madan Jana Singh
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417