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Ecuaciones Diferenciales
Presentado a.
Marvin Molina
EJERCICIOS
1.
y +9 y=0
Ecuacin cuadrtica asociada
m2+ 9=0
a=1
b=0
c=9
m12=
b b24 ac
2a
m12=
( 0) (0)24 (1)(9)
2(1)
m12=
36
2
36= 361 6 . i
1.
m12=
0+ 6 i
2
0 6
m12= + i
2 2
0 6
m12= + i
2 2
6
=0 = =3
2
2.
m12=
06 i
2
y +3 y 5 y=0
2.
m + 3 m5=0
a=1
b=3
c = -5
b b24 ac
m12=
2a
m12=
m 12=
3 9+ 20
2
m12=
3 29
2
D > 0 races m diferentes
1.
m 12=
3+ 29
2
2.
m 12=
3 29
2
y=c1 e
3 + 29
x
2
3.
+ c2e
3 29
x
2
y y 6 y=0
m12=
b b24 ac
2a
m 12=
1 1+24
2
m12=
1 25
2
m12=
1 5
2
D > 0 races m diferentes
1.
m12=
1+5 6
= =3
2
2
2.
3x
y=c1 e + c 2 e
2x
m12=
15 4
= =2
2
2
4.
y +2 y + y =0
Ecuacin cuadrtica asociada
m2+ 2m+1=0
a=1
b=2
c=1
m12=
b b24 ac
2a
m12=
(2) (2)24(1)(1)
2(1)
m12=
2 44
2
m12=
2 0
2
m12=
y=c1 e +c 2 e
2+0 2
=
=1
2
2
2.
m12=
20 2
= =1
2
2
5.
12 y +2 y + y=0
Ecuacin cuadrtica asociada
12 m2 +2 m+ 1=0
a = 12
b=2
c=1
m12=
b b24 ac
2a
(2) (2)24(12)(1)
m12=
2(12)
m12=
2 448
24
m 12=
2 44
24
44= 441 44 . i
1.
m12=
2+ 44 i
24
m 12=
2 44 i
24
2.
m12=
2 44
+
i
24 24
m 12=
2 1
44
=
=
24 12
24
x
44
44
y=e 12 c 1 cos x +c 2 sin x
24
24
6.
x 2 y 7 xy +16 y=0 ; y1 =x 4
y 1=x 4
3
y 1 =4 x
y 1 =12 x 2
x 2 ( 12 x2 ) 7 x (4 x 3 )+ 16( x 4 )=0
12 x 4 28 x 4 +16 x 4=0
0=0
y=u x 4
y =4 x 3 u+ x 4 u
3
y =4 x u +12 x u+ x u +4 x u x u +8 x u +12 x u
x 2 y 7 xy +16 y=0
2 44
i
24
24
x u +8 x u + 12 x u28 x u7 x u +16 u x =0
x 6 u + x 5 u =0
w=u ; w =u
x 6 w + x 5 w=0
dw 5
dw x5
dw dx
6 dw
5
x
+ x w=0 x
=x w
= 6 dx
=
dx
dx
w
w
x
x
6
dw
dx
= ln|w|=ln |x|+c e ln |w|=eln |x|+ c w=eln |x| e c
w
x
1
w=c 1 x 1
u =w=c 1 x
u =c1 x1
c
du
=c 1 x1 du= 1 dx u=c 1 ln |x|+c 2
dx
x
y=u x 4
y=( c1 ln |x|+c 2 ) x
y=( c 1 ln|x| x 4 +c 2 x 4 )
7.
xy + y =0 ; y 1=ln|x|
y 1=ln|x|
y1 =
1
x
y1 =
1
x2
x
x
1
+
=0
2
x
x
( )()
( 1x )+( 1x )=0
0=0
y=u ln|x|
1
y =u +ln |x|u
x
y =u
1 1
1
+ u + ln| x|u +u
2
x
x x
xy + y =0
x
u u
u
u
+ + ln|x|u +
+ + ln |x|u =0
2
x
x
x
x
)(
u x u x
xu
u
+
+ x ln |x|u +
+ + ln|x|u =0
2
x
x
x
x
)(
w=u ; w =u
x ln|x|
dw
=w ( 2+ ln| x|)
dx
dw ( 2+ln| x|)
=
dx
w
x ln|x|
( 2+ ln |x|)
dw
=
dx
w
x ln |x|
ln |w|=
( 2+ln |x|)
dx
dx u=ln|x|; du=
x
x ln |x|
ln |w|=
( 2+ u )
2
u
du ln |w|=
du du
u
u
u
ln |w|=
2
du du ln|w|=2 ln|u|u
u
ln c 1
u =w=ln x2 x1 c 1
u =ln x 2 x1 c 1
du
=ln x2 x1 c 1
dx
du=ln x2 x1 c 1 dx
du= ln x2 x1 c1 dx
c
du= ln 1x2 dx x1 dx
u=c1 ln ( ln|x|) c 1 ln |x|+c 2
y=u ln|x|
|x|
c 1 ln ( ln|x|) c1 ln (ln |x|)
y= ( +c 2 ln| x|)
8.
y1 =
1
2 x
ln |x|+
ln |x|+2
1
x
x
2x
1 ( ln |x|+2 ) x x ( ln |x|+2 )
1 x
y1 =
y1 =
2
2
2
( x )
[ ]
y 1 =
ln |x|
4x
3
2
4 x y + y=0
2
( [ ])
4x
ln |x|
3
1
2
+ ( x ln |x|)=0
4 x2
1
2
1
2
x ln |x|+ x ln |x| =0
0=0
( ln| x|+ 2 )
2 x
2
( x )
1
2
y=u ( x
ln| x|
ln|x|+ 2
y =u
+ x 2 ln |x| u
2x
ln |x|
( )(
y =u
4x
3
2
4 x 2 y + y=0
[(
[( ) (
ln |x|
4x u
4x
4 x2
2x
3
2
3
2
u ln |x|
4x
3
2
)(
+
1
2
3
2
w=u ; w =u
4 x 2 ( ln|x|+2 ) w+ 4 x 2 x 2 ln |x| w =0
) dw
=4 x
dx
4 x 2 x 2 ln |x|
ln| x|+ 2
ln |x|+2
u + x 2 ln |x| u +u
+u x 2 ln |x| =0
2 x
2x
]
)]
ln| x|+ 2
ln |x|+2
+
u + x 2 ln |x| u +u
+u x 2 ln |x| =0
2 x
2x
4 x 2 u ( ln |x|+2 ) +4 x2 u x 2 ln |x| =0
ln |x|+2
ln |x|+2
+
u + x 2 ln |x| u +u
2 x
2 x
3
2
( ln |x|+2 ) w
dw
=
w
4 x 2 ( ln|x|+ 2 ) dx
4 x 2 x 2 ln|x|
( ln |x|+2 ) dx
dw ( ln| x|+ 2 ) dx dw ( ln |x|+2 ) dx
dw
= 1 1
=
w
w
w
( x ln |x|)
( x ln |x|)
x 2 x 2 ln |x|
dx
x
ln |w|=
( 2+ u )
2
u
du ln |w|=
du du
u
u
u
ln |w|=
2
du du ln|w|=2 ln|u|u
u
ln c 1
u =w=ln x2 x1 c 1
u =ln x 2 x1 c 1
du
=ln x2 x1 c 1
dx
du=ln x2 x1 c 1 dx
du= ln x2 x1 c1 dx
du= ln 1x2 dx x1 dx
u=c1 ln ( ln|x|) c 1 ln |x|+c 2
y=u x 2 ln| x|
9.
( 12 xx 2 ) y +2 ( 1+ x ) y 2 y =0 ; y 1=x+ 1
y 1=x +1
y 1 =1
y 1 =0
( 12 xx 2 ) y +2 ( 1+ x ) y 2 y =0
y=u( x+1)
y =u+ ( x +1 ) u
y =u + ( x +1 ) u + u 2u + xu +u
( 12 xx 2 ) y +2 ( 1+ x ) y 2 y =0
( 12 xx 2 ) (2 u + xu +u )+ ( 2+ 2 x ) (u+ xu +u )2(xu+u)=0
2u + xu +u 4 xu 2 x 2 u 2 xu 2 x2 u x 3 u x 2 u +2 u+2 xu +2 u +2 x u+2 x2 u +2
2
4 u 3 x u xu + u x u x u 3 x u xu +u +4 u =0
w=u ; w =u
(x3 3 x 2x +1 ) w + 4 w=0
(x3 3 x 2x +1 ) dw =4 w
dx
dw
4 dx
dw
4 dx
=
=
3
2
3
w (x 3 x x +1 )
w
(x 3 x 2x +1 )
dw
4 dx
=
factorizamos el denominador
w (x3 3 x 2x +1 )
dw
dx
=4
por fracciones parciales
w
( x +1 ) ( x 2+ 2 x1)
dx
A
Bx+ c
=
+ 2
2
( x +1 ) (x +2 x1) ( x+1 ) ( x +2 x1)
1
2
Igualamos coeficientes
A x2 + A 2 x A+ B x2 + Bx+Cx+ C=1
1
1
X 2= A +B=0 + B=0 B=
2
2
X 1=2 A+ B+C=0
X 0 =A+ C=1
Sustituyendo en
1
1 1
x+
2
2 2
+
( x +1 ) (x2 +2 x1)
Sustituyendo en
( x +1 ) dx
dw
1
dx
1
=4
+ 2
w
2
( x +1) 2 ( x + 2 x1)
u=x 2 +2 x1
1
1
( x+ 1)
dw
1
2
w =4 2 ln| x+1|+ 2 u (xdu
+1)
du=2 x +2 dx
dx=
du
2(x +1)
=4
dw
w
=4
dw
w
[
[
1
1 du
dw
1
1
ln| x+1|+
=4
ln| x+1|+ ln|u|+C 1
2
4 u
w
2
4
1
1
ln| x+1|+ ln| x2 +2 x1|+C 1
2
4
1
1
= (4) ln |x+ 1|+(4 ) ln |x 2 +2 x 1|+C1
dw
w
2
4
w=( x+ 1 ) ( x +2 x1 ) C 1
1
u =w= ( x +1 )2 ( x2 +2 x1 ) C1
2
u =( x +1 ) ( x +2 x1 ) C 1
( x +1 )2 C1
( x +1 )2 C 1
( x+ 1 )2 C 1
du
=
du= 2
dx du= 2
dx
dx ( x2 +2 x1 )
( x +2 x1 )
( x + 2 x1 )
du= (
( x+1 )2 C1
x2 +2 x1 )
dx u=C 1
( x+ 1 )2
( x 2+ 2 x1 )
1 ( x+1 ) du
u=C 1
2
u (x +1)
dx
u=x 2 +2 x1
du=2 x +2 dx
dx=
u=C 1
( x+ 1 ) du
u=C 1 ( x +1 ) lnu+C 2
u
u=C 1 ( x +1 ) ln |x 2+ 2 x1|+C 2
y=u( x+1)
du
2( x +1)
10.
( 1+ x 2 ) y 2 xy =0 ; y 1=1
y 1=1
y 1 =0
y 1 =0
( 1+ x 2 ) y 2 xy =0
( 1+ x 2 ) (0)2 x (0)=0
0=0
y=u( 1)
y =u
y =u
( 1+ x 2 ) y 2 xy =0
( 1+ x 2 ) (u )2 x (u )=0
u + x 2 u 2 xu =0
w=u ; w =u
w + x 2 w 2 xw=0
( 1+ x 2 ) w =2 xw ( 1+ x2 ) dw =2 xw dw = 2 xdx2 dw = 2 xdx2
dx
w ( 1+ x )
w
( 1+ x )
dw
xdx
=2
w
( 1+ x2 )
u=1+ x 2
du=2 x dx
ln |w|=
2 x du
du
2
ln |w|= ln |w|=ln |u|+C 1 ln |w|=ln |1+ x |+C 1
2 u x
u
e ln|w|=e ln 1+x
|+C 1
u =w=(1+ x 2) C1
du
=( 1+ x 2 ) C 1 du=( 1+ x 2 ) C 1 dx du= ( 1+ x 2 ) C1 dx
dx
x3
+C 2
3
( )
y=u( 1)
[( ) ]
y= C 1 x +
x3
+C 2 (1)
3
3
( )
y=C 1 x+
x
+C 2
3