OP-AMP: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Op-amp IC: interconnection of transistors, resistors

The linear (first order) models for Op-Amps include

DEPENDENT SOURCES and resistors

PIN OUT FOR LM324

DIMENSIONAL DIAGRAM LM324

LM 324: General purpose Quad (four in a pack) op-amp

Amplifier 1: PIN 3 (IN 1+) and PIN 2 (IN 1-) are input pins
: The output PIN is at PIN 1
IN 1+ : Non-inverting Input
IN 1- : Inverting Input

PIN 4 : dc source VCC

PIN 11: dc source VEE
Amplification requires power

CIRCUIT SYMBOL FOR AN OP-AMP SHOWING POWER SUPPLIES

Relationship Between OUTPUT and INPUT VOLTAGES:

V0 = A0 (IN+ - IN-)
A0 = gain of the op-amp (10,000 -1,000,000)
IN+ increases, V0 increases :non-inverting
IN- increases, V0 decreases :inverting
VCC = positive dc voltage with respect to ground
VEE = negative dc voltage Or ground itself

Relationship Between OUTPUT and INPUT VOLTAGES:

V0 = A0 (IN+ - IN-) = A0 Vin

Op-amps are good voltage amplifiers: easy to create an
Accurate first order (linear) model
Condition 1: Input and Output currents are proportional to
Input and Output voltages.
Design: Find the input and output resistances using Ohms law
Voltage controlled voltage source:
LINEAR MODEL

TYPICAL VALUES

Ri : 105 1012
RO : 1 50
A0 : 105 107

V0 = A0 Vin

CIRCUIT WITH OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

LOAD
OP-AMP

DRIVING CIRCUIT

Find the voltage gain V0/Vs

Choose Op-amp parameters that maximizes the gain.
Effect of supply voltages: VCC and VEE
-minimum and maximum supply voltage ranges over which
Op-amp is guaranteed to function
-For proper function in the linear range, input and output
voltages are limited to no more than the supply voltages

TRANSFER PLOTS FOR SOME COMERCIAL OP-AMPS

LINEAR
REGION

IDENTIFY SATURATION REGIONS

SATURATION
REGION

OP-AMP IN SATURATION

CIRCUIT AND MODEL FOR UNITY GAIN BUFFER

WHY UNIT GAIN BUFFER?

PERFORMANCE OF REAL OP-AMPS

Op-Amp BUFFER GAIN

LM324
0.99999
LMC6492
0.9998
MAX4240
0.99995

KVL : Vs + Ri I + RO I + AOVin = 0
KVL : - Vout + RO I + AOVin = 0
CONTROLLING VARIABLE : Vin = Ri I
SOLVING
1
BUFFER Vout =
GAIN
Ri
Vs 1 +
RO + AO Ri
V
AO out 1
VS

THE IDEAL OP-AMP

IDEAL RO = 0, Ri = , A =
i+
i

RO = 0 vO = A(v+ v )
Ri =

A=

THE UNITY GAIN BUFFER IDEAL OP-AMP ASSUMPTION

vOUT = vS

v+ = v s

+
vOUT

v = v+

vOUT = v

vOUT

=1
vS

USING LINEAR (NON-IDEAL) OP-AMP MODEL WE OBTAINED

Vout
=
Vs

1
Ri
1+
RO + AO Ri

PERFORMANCE OF REAL OP-AMPS

Op-Amp BUFFER GAIN

LM324
0.99999
LMC6492
0.9998
MAX4240
0.99995

IDEAL OP-AMP ASSUMPTION YIELDS EXCELLENT APPROXIMATION!

WHY USE THE VOLTAGE FOLLOWER OR UNITY GAIN BUFFER?

vO = v S

v+ = v s

THE VOLTAGE FOLLOWER ACTS AS

BUFFER AMPLIFIER

v = v+
vO = v

CONNECTION WITHOUT BUFFER

THE VOLTAGE FOLLOWER ISOLATES ONE

CIRCUIT FROM ANOTHER
ESPECIALLY USEFUL IF THE SOURCE HAS
VERY LITTLE POWER

CONNECTION WITH BUFFER

vO = v S
THE SOURCE SUPPLIES NO POWER
THE SOURCE SUPPLIES POWER

LEARNING EXAMPLE

DETERMINE THE GAIN G =

APPLY KCL @ v Vs 0 Vout 0

+
=0
R1
R2

G=

Vout
R
= 2
Vs
R1

v = 0
i = 0
v+ = 0

Ao = v+ = v v = 0
Ri = i = i+ = 0

Vout
Vs

FOR COMPARISON, NEXT WE EXAMINE THE SAME

CIRCUIT WITHOUT THE ASSUMPTION OF IDEAL
OP-AMP

REPLACING OP-AMPS BY THEIR LINEAR MODEL

WE USE THIS EXAMPLE TO DEVELOP

A PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE OP-AMP
CIRCUITS USING THE LINEAR MODELS

1. Identify Op Amp nodes

vo

3. Draw components of linear OpAmp

(on circuit of step 2)

vo

Ri

v+

v+

RO
+

2. Redraw the circuit cutting out

the Op Amp

A(v+ v )

4. Redraw as needed

R2

vo

v+
v+

INVERTING AMPLIFIER: ANALYSIS OF NON IDEAL CASE

USE LINEAR ALGEBRA

NODE ANALYSIS

CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN TERMS OF NODE

VOLTAGES

TYPICAL OP - AMP : A = 105 ,

Ri = 108 , RO = 10

R1 = 1k, R2 = 5k

vO
v
= 4.9996994 A = O = 5.000
vS
vS

SUMMARY COMPARISON: IDEAL OP-AMP AND NON-IDEAL CASE

v = 0

i = 0

v+ = 0

Ri = i = i+ = 0

A = v+ = v
KCL @ INVERTING TERMINAL

NON-IDEAL CASE
REPLACE OP-AMP BY LINEAR MODEL
SOLVE THE RESULTING CIRCUIT WITH
DEPENDENT SOURCES
GAIN FOR NON-IDEAL CASE

0 v S 0 vO
v
R
+
=0 O = 2
R1
R2
vs
R1
THE IDEAL OP-AMP ASSUMPTION PROVIDES EXCELLENT APPROXIMATION.
(UNLESS FORCED OTHERWISE WE WILL ALWAYS USE IT!)