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SUMMARY ON THE
COMPARISON TEST FOR
SERIES WITH
THEORETICAL SOLVED
PROBLEMS
k =1
converges
k =1
a
k =1
diverges
k =1
converges.
diverges.
OVERVIEW OF PROBLEMS
P-SERIES
The series of the form
are called
kp
p-series. They are used quite often for
k =1
comparison purposes.
k =1
ak and
k =1
k =1
k =1
1
kp
bk converge.
ak bk converges.
k =1
ak diverges.
OVERVIEW OF PROBLEMS
3
k =1
ak converges.
OVERVIEW OF PROBLEMS
Determine whether the series converge or
diverge.
5
lim
k
bk
ak
k =1
1 + 10
n=1
9n
4 + 2n
n=1
bk
converges.
3n
3n2 + 5n
n=1
3n n2 + 1
1
ln
1
+
2n
n=1
10
3n
k
k =1
2 + cos(n)
n=1
1
3
+k
OVERVIEW OF PROBLEMS
OVERVIEW OF PROBLEMS
k2
11
k
k =1
12
k
k =1
+1
k 1
k =2
13
1
2
+4
14
k =1
15
16
1
3
k =3
2k + 1
1
(2k 5)
1
sin
k
k =1
17
k =1
18
19
1
2
sin k
k =1
k =1
()
ln k
k4
8k 2 7
ek k + 1
ak ,bk > 0,
Problem 1
Let ak ,bk > 0 for all k. Assume that the series
k =1
ak and
series
Claim
k =1
k =1
ak bk converges.
k =1
Since
Solution
a
k =1 k
bk converge
k =1
ak bk converges.
k =1
bk converges, lim bk = 0.
k
Let = 1.
m1 : k > m1 bk < 1.
ak ,bk > 0,
Claim
a
k =1 k
a b converges.
k =1 k k
Claim
k =1
Solution(contd)
k =m1
ak bk
converges.
Mika Seppl: Solved Problems on Comparison Test
a
k =1 k
bk converge
k =1
ak bk converges.
The convergence of
ak ,bk > 0,
b converge
k =1 k
k =m1
ak bk
a b
k =1
because
m1 1
ab
k
k =1
m1 1
ab
k =1
ab,
k =m1
is a finite sum.
Problem 2
Problem 2
Solution
k =1
k =1
ak diverges.
b
.
2k
b
b 1
k =m1 2k = 2 k =m1 k
k > m1 ak >
ak diverges.
The series
diverges
Problem 2
k =1
ak diverges.
Solution
Problem 3
Since
b
k =m1
2k
and since
also
k =1
diverges,
b
ak >
> 0,
2k
ak
k =1
ak converges.
diverges.
b
.
2
2
Problem 3 lim k ak = 1 k =1 ak converges.
2
1
The series k =m 2 = 2 k =m 2 converges.
1 k
1 k
Hence also
k =1
Assume
k =1 ak converges, lim
Claim:
Problem 4
a converges, lim
k =1 k
Claim:
k =1
bk
bk
ak
=L<
ak
k =1
k =1
Problem 4
= L m1 : k > m1
ak converges
converges.
bk
a converges, lim
k =1 k
k
Claim:
Solution(contd)
bk
ak
< L + 1.
k > m1 bk < L + 1 ak .
=L<.
ak
converges.
Solution
bk
bk
ak converges.
lim
Let ak , bk > 0 k.
Problem 4
Solution
k =1
(L + 1) a
converges.
k =1
(L + 1) a
k =1
bk
ak
=L<
converges.
bk
bk < L + 1 ak .
converges k =m bk converges.
Hence also
b =
k =1 k
converges because
m1 1
k =1
m1 1
k =1
bk + k =m bk
bk is a finite sum.
Problem 5
Does
9n
1 + 10
n=1
n=1
10
Problem 6
converge?
n
9
n 1: 0<
<
=
.
1 + 10n 10n 10
9n
9n
n=1
1 + 10n
()
1
Does ln 1 + n converge?
2
n=1
( )
f x = x ln 1 + x ,
2
n=1 3 both converge.
n=1
4 + 2n
3n
converges.
Problem 7
Does
Solution
1
ln
1
+
2n converge?
n=1
( )
1
1
Conclude: 0 < ln 1 + <
n.
2n 2n
1
n=1 3 ,
1
f 1 = 1 ln2 > 0, f x = 1
> 0, x > 0.
1+ x
converge?
2n
3n
Solution
3n
n=1
converges.
1
ln
1
+
2n also converges.
n=1
Hence
1
2
= n + n = 4 + .
3
3
3
3
4 + 2n
Solution
Problem 7
Does
4 + 2n
n=1
9n
Solution
Problem 8
Does
n=1
Solution
lim
n
an =
n=1
bn
an
3n2 + 5n
converge?
3 n +1
, bn =
3n
3 n +1
= lim
3n2 + 5n
= 3.
n +1
n=1
3n2 + 5n
n
3 n +1
converges.
Mika Seppl: Solved Problems on Comparison Test
Problem 10 Does
k
k =1
1
3
converge?
+k
n=1
3n1
k3
0<
is a convergent p-series.
1
k3 + k
<
1
k3
k =1
1
k3 + k
converge?
3n
3n
2 + cos n
3n
3n
converges
2 + cos n
n=1
3n
1
3n1
converges.
Problem 11 Does
k2
3
Solution
1
k =1
k =1
Solution
2 + cos n
n : 1 cos n 1
Solution
n=1
3n2 + 5n
n
Problem 9 Does
k 1 2k k + 1.
3
+1
k2
k3 + 1
converge?
k2
2k 3
1
.
2k
1
diverges.
k =1
k
k2
1
and 3
diverge.
Hence also k =1
k
+
1
2k
k =1
k 1
Problem 12 Does
k =2
converge?
k 1
k =2
Solution
1
2
k + k +1
k > 0 :
converges k =2
k2
k + k +1
<
1
k2
Problem 14 Does
n=1
k =1
converge?
n=1
Problem 14 Does
n1 3
Hence also
2n + 1
1
3
3n
n=1
(3n)
13
1
3
n=1
1
n1 3
(3n)
diverges.
Since
.
13
is a divergent p -series.
n=1
k2 + 4
<
1
k2
1
k +4
Solution
1
Solution
n 1 2n + 1 3n.
converge?
2n + 1
+4
is a convergent p -series.
k2
converges.
k3 1
1
3
k =1
k 1, k 2 < k 2 + 4
1
k 1
k
k =1
Solution
k 1
Problem 13 Does
and since
n=1
1
3
2n + 1
1
3
2n + 1
n=1
( )
3n
1
3
2n + 1
1
13
3n
converge?
(3n)
13
diverges, also
Problem 15 Does
k =3
Solution
k =1
(2k 5)
k 5 k 2k 5.
converges
k =5
Hence also
k =3
k 2k 5
2k 5
(2k 5)
1
k
.
2
converges.
k
k =3
(2k 5)
k
k =3
Solution
k =5
k 2k 5
converge?
By Calculus I, we know
0 x 1
(2k 5)
Finite sum
Problem 16 Does
converges.
1
sin k
k =1
Solution(contd)
converge?
x
sin(x) x.
2
1
1
sin k 1.
2k
k
Mika Seppl: Solved Problems on Comparison Test
Problem 16 Does
sin k
converge?
k =1
Solution(contd)
1
1 1
=
k =1
2k
2 k =1 k
1
sin
k
k =1
diverges.
1
sin k 2 converge?
k =1
Problem 17 Does
Solution
1
1
sin
converges
k2
k 2 converges.
k =1
k =1
Problem 18 Does
Solution
lnk
k =2
Since
converge?
k4
ln k
k
()
1
> 0 for x > 1.
x
Hence f is strictly increasing for x 1.
I.e. ln x < x for x 1.
ln k
k4
k
k
1
k
k =2
ln k
k4
k =2
Problem 19 Does
Solution
converges, also
for k > 1.
k3
Hence
8k 2 7
( k + 1)
converge?
converges.
k4
k =1
<
<
lim
( )
f 1 = 1 ln1 = 1 > 0. f x = 1
for k 1,
and since
k =2
( )
converge?
k4
f x = x ln x.
Solution
lnk
Problem 18 Does
Conclude
8k 2 7
( k + 1)
k1 : k > k1
= 8.
8k 2 7
( k + 1)
< 10.
Problem 19 Does
8k 2 7
k =1
( k + 1)
converge?
Solution
10
e
k =1
8k 7
ek k + 1
<
Since
10
ek
and since
k =k1
8k 2 7
e
( k + 1)
( k + 1)
k > k1
10
e
k =1
k =1
Solution
k > k1
Problem 19 Does
8k 2 7
converge?
8k 2 7
e
( k + 1)
<
10
ek
converges, also