BiomechanicsSkillAnalysisEssay

ErinMcNally
@01383936
KIN3323

TableofContents

HistoryofVolleyball:TheBeginning
Thegameofvolleyball,formallyknownasmintonette,wasinventedin1895byWilliamG.
Morgan.Morgan,aformerstudentandgraduateofSpringfieldCollegeoftheYoungMen's
ChristianAssociation(YMCA),designedthesporttobeauniquevariationofbasketball,
baseball,tennis,andhandball.Thefirstvolleyballnetwasborrowedfromtennis,andwasonly
66high.Thecompetitiveoffensivestyleofsettingandspikingthatweseeintodaysgamewas
firstdemonstratedinthePhilippinesin1916.Overtheyearsthatfollowed,itbecameclearthat
standardruleswereneededfortournamentplay,andthustheUSVBA(UnitedStatesVolleyball
Association)wasformedin1928.Nowvolleyballisrecognizedworldwide,andgrows
constantlyinpopularity.

HistoryofVolleyball:Rules,andRegulations
Avolleyballcourtiseighteenmeterslongandninemeterswide,dividedinto9m9m
halvesbyaonemeterwidenet.Thetopofthenetis2.43metersabovethecenterofthe
courtformen'scompetition,and2.24
metersforwomen'scompetition.
Aline3m(9.84ft)fromandparallelto
thenetisconsideredthe"attackline".
This"3meter"(or"10foot")linedivides
thecourtinto"backrow"and"frontrow"
areas(alsobackcourtandfrontcourt).

Theseareinturndividedinto3areaseach:thesearenumberedasfollows,startingfrom
area"1",whichisthepositionoftheservingplayer.
Afterateamgainstheserve(alsoknownassidingout),itsmembersmustrotateina
clockwisedirection,withtheplayerpreviouslyinarea"2"movingtoarea"1"andsoon,
withtheplayerfromarea"1"movingtoarea"6".
Theteamcourtsaresurroundedbyanareacalledthefreezonewhichisaminimumof3
meterswideandwhichtheplayersmayenterandplaywithinaftertheserviceoftheball.
Alllinesdenotingtheboundariesoftheteamcourtandtheattackzonearedrawnor
paintedwithinthedimensionsoftheareaandarethereforeapartofthecourtorzone.Ifa
ballcomesincontactwiththeline,theballisconsideredtobe"in".Anantennaisplaced
oneachsideofthenetperpendiculartothesidelineandisaverticalextensionoftheside
boundaryofthecourt.Aballpassingoverthenetmustpasscompletelybetweenthe
antenna(ortheirtheoreticalextensionstotheceiling)withoutcontactingthem.
TheBall
TheFederationofInternationalVolleyball(FIVB)regulationsstatethattheballmustbe
spherical,madeofleatherorsyntheticleather,haveacircumferenceof6567cm,a
2
weightof260280gandaninsidepressureof0.300.325kg/cm
.

GamePlay
Eachteamconsistsofsixplayers.
Togetplaystarted,ateamischosentoservebycointoss.

 Aplayerfromtheservingteamthrowstheballintotheairandattemptstohittheballso
itpassesoverthenetonacoursesuchthatitwilllandintheopposingteam'scourt(The
Serve).
Theopposingteammustuseacombinationofnomorethanthreecontactswiththe
volleyballtoreturntheballtotheopponent'ssideofthenet.
Thesecontactsusuallyconsistfirstofthe
pass
thattheball'strajectoryisaimedtowards
theplayerdesignatedasthe
setter
secondofthe
set
(usuallyanoverhandpassusing
wriststopushfingertipsattheball)bythesettersothattheball'strajectoryisaimed
towardsaspotwhereoneoftheplayersdesignatedasan
attacker
canhitit,andthirdby
the
attacker
who
spikes
(jumping,raisingonearmabovetheheadandhittingtheballso
itwillmovequicklydowntothegroundontheopponent'scourt)toreturntheballover
thenet.
Theteamwithpossessionoftheballthatistryingtoattacktheballasdescribedissaidto
beon
offense
.
Theteamon
defense
attemptstopreventtheattackerfromdirectingtheballintotheir
court:playersatthenetjumpandreachabovethetop(andifpossible,acrosstheplane)
ofthenetto
block
theattackedball.
Iftheballishitaround,above,orthroughtheblock,thedefensiveplayersarrangedinthe
restofthecourtattempttocontroltheballwitha
dig
(usuallyaforearmpassofa
harddrivenball).Afterasuccessfuldig,theteamtransitionstooffense.
Thegamecontinuesinthismanner,rallyingbackandforth,untiltheballtouchesthe
courtwithintheboundariesoruntilanerrorismade.

 Themostfrequenterrorsthataremadeareeithertofailtoreturntheballoverthenet
withintheallowedthreetouches,ortocausetheballtolandoutsidethecourt.
Aballis"in"ifanypartofittouchesasidelineorendline,andastrongspikemay
compresstheballenoughwhenitlandsthataballwhichatfirstappearstobegoingout
mayactuallybein.
Playersmaytravelwelloutsidethecourttoplayaballthathasgoneoverasidelineor
endlineintheair.

Scoring
Whentheballcontactsthefloorwithinthecourtboundariesoranerrorismade,theteam
thatdidnotmaketheerrorisawardedapoint,whethertheyservedtheballornot.
Iftheballhitstheline,theballiscountedasin.
Theteamthatwonthepointservesforthenextpoint.Iftheteamthatwonthepoint
servedinthepreviouspoint,thesameplayerservesagain.
Iftheteamthatwonthepointdidnotservethepreviouspoint,theplayersoftheserving
teamrotatetheirpositiononthecourtinaclockwisemanner.
Thegamecontinues,withthefirstteamtoscore25pointsbyatwopointmarginis
awardedtheset.Matchesarebestoffivesetsandthefifthset,ifnecessary,isusually
playedto15points.
Libero
In1998theliberoplayerwasintroducedinternationally.

 Theliberoisaplayerspecializedindefensiveskills:theliberomustwearacontrasting
jerseycolorfromhisorherteammatesandcannotblockorattacktheballwhenitis
entirelyabovenetheight.
Whentheballisnotinplay,theliberocanreplaceanybackrowplayer,withoutprior
noticetotheofficials.
Thisreplacementdoesnotcountagainstthesubstitutionlimiteachteamisallowedper
set,althoughtheliberomaybereplacedonlybytheplayerwhomheorshereplaced.
Theliberomayfunctionasasetteronlyundercertainrestrictions.
Ifshe/hemakesanoverhandset,she/hemustbestandingbehind(andnotsteppingon)
the3meterlineotherwise,theballcannotbeattackedabovethenetinfrontofthe
3meterline.
Anunderhandpassisallowedfromanypartofthecourt.
Theliberois,generally,themostskilleddefensiveplayerontheteam.
RecentRuleChanges
Otherrulechangesenactedin2000includeallowingservesinwhichtheballtouchesthe
net,aslongasitgoesoverthenetintotheopponents'court.Also,theserviceareawas
expandedtoallowplayerstoservefromanywherebehindtheendlinebutstillwithinthe
theoreticalextensionofthesidelines.
Otherchangesweremadetolightenupcallsonfaultsforcarriesanddoubletouches,
suchasallowingmultiplecontactsbyasingleplayer("doublehits")onateam'sfirst
contactprovidedthattheyareapartofasingleplayontheball.

 In2008,theNCAAchangedtheminimumnumberofpointsrequiredtowinanyofthe
firstfoursetsfrom30to25forwomen'svolleyball(men'svolleyballremainedat30.)Ifa
fifth(deciding)setisreached,theminimumrequiredscoreremainsat15.Inaddition,the
word"game"isnowreferredtoas"set".

VolleyballBarrelRollDive:

Thebarrelroll,orlogrollisadefensiveschemeusedtomakeadefensivesaveinan
emergencysituationinordertoplayaballup,recoverandquicklygetbackintoareadyposition.
Intheeventthataplayerextendsherbodybytakingalowlungesteptoplayaball,shecan
coveralittleextradistanceandkeepfromstoppingherselfabruptlybyrollingonthefloorusing
thistechnique.Thismoveiscalledthebarrelrollorlogrollbecausethebodysimulatesabarrel
oralogrolling.Tousesthistechnique,itisimportantthatplayersfeelcomfortablewiththe
flooriftheystaylowenoughduringthismovetheplayerwilldevelopmoreconfidenceingoing
totheflooraftertheyhaveplayedtheballup.
Defensiveplayerspositioningshouldfacetheattackerinalowdefensivereadyposition,
withfeetslightlywiderthanshoulderwidthapart.Theshouldersshouldbelow,withthechest
towardthefloorandtheheadinfrontofthefeet.Thisisthebestdefensivepositionforreading
andreactingtoballs.Thearmsandhandsareoutinfrontofthebody,withpalmsfacingup.The
defensiveplayershouldbeinapositiononthecourtwheresheisabletomoveandcoverher
defensiveareaofresponsibilityinthreesteps.
Afterreadingandanticipatingwheretheballwillbehit,thedefensiveplayermoves
quicklytothatareaofthecourt.Themovementwillbeaquicksteportwointhedirectionofthe
ball.Oncedtheplayerdeterminesthattheballcannotbedugusingnormaldiggingtechnique,
shewilltakeonelaststeptogettotheball,Thislaststepisalungewheretheplayerdropsthe
hipslow,extendsthelegnearesttheballanddrivesthebodyoutsidethefootbasetoreachthe
ball.


Theplayershouldcontacttheballwithherplatformusingbotharmswhentheballis
closeenough.Theplatformshouldextendtotheballandshouldgetundertheballbefore
contact.Theplatformisheldwiththeforearmstogethertogivetheballasolidsurfaceto
reboundoffof.Whenpossibletheplayershouldtrytohavetheplatformfacingup,andpointed
towardthetargetarea,whichistowardthemiddlerightsideofthecourtneartheattackline.

Aftercontact,theplayerletstheoutsidehandslidealongthefloortoabsorbthebodys
momentuminsteadoftryingtostopthebodyabruptly.Theplayerwillthenrotatetheoutside
kneetowardthemiddleofthebodysothehipandrearmakecontactwiththefloorasthehand
slides.Itisimportanttorotatethekneesoitdoesnotbangintothefloor.Ifthemoveisproperly
donethekneeshouldnothittheflooratall.
Theplayersmomentumwillkeepthebodymovingwhiletheplayerrollsontoherback
withonelegextended.Therollshouldbeacrossthebacksothereisnochanceofaninjurytothe
neckorhead,Theplayerwillthencontinuetherollontoherstomach.
Astheplayercompletestherollontotheirstomach,theybendthelegcomingacrossthe
body,puttheirfootdown,andpushesupwithbothhands.Theplayershouldbeabletoquickly
getbacktoherfeetinthereadybasepositionandbereadyforthenextplay,whichishopefully
movingtocoverahitterforoffense.