Allied Schools

Chapter Assessment
Subject: Physics

Book: Physics-10 (Punjab Text Book Board)

Class: X

CHAPTER # 18
Atomic &Nuclear Physics
Multiple choices:
Tick () the appropriate option.
1. The smallest part of an element is called a/an ________.
a) molecule
b) atom
c) radical

d) ion

2. The central part of the atom is called _________.

a) electron
b) neutron
c) positron

d) nucleus

3. An atom is a _________ particle.

a) negative
b) positive

d) weak

c) neutral

4. The mass of the proton and neutron is nearly the same i.e., __________.
a) 1.7610-27kg
b) 1.7610-27g
c) 1.6710-27kg
d) 1.671027kg
5. The protons and neutrons exist inside the nucleus so these are called:
a) nucleons
c) neutral
b) positrons
d) nucleotides
6. A nucleon is nearly ________ times heavier than an electron.
a) 1386
b) 1863
c) 1836

d) 1368

7. The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is called the:
a) atomic number
b) atomic mass number
c) atomic neutron number
d) electron mass number
8. The number of protons in a nucleus is called the _________ number.
a) atom
b) electron
c) charge
d) neutron
9. Which of the following letter denotes the number of neutrons?
a) A
b) Z
c) N
d) X
10. If the atomic number of an atom is A and its atomic mass number is Z,
then which of the following symbol represents the atom?
11. The number of protons in an atom of element is same, due to which the
________ properties are the same.

a) physical

c) chemical

b) radioactive

d) electrical

12. The total number of __________ in their nucleus is different, such elements
are called isotopes.
a) electron
b) protons
c) positron
d) nucleons
13. In 1896, a French scientist, ____________, conducted some experiments on
the compounds of Uranium in connection with X-rays.
a) Henry Becquerel
b) Harry Becquerel
c) Strassmann
d) Simen Ohm
14. Radioactivity is such a process in which the elements with the charge
number greater than _________, naturally keep on radiating.
a) 80
b) 81
c) 82
d) 83
15. The three different types of radiations which are emitted during the
radioactivity process are alpha, beta and _______ radiations.
a) electron
b) gamma
c) helium
16. The radioactive elements whose atomic numbers are the _________ but have
different atomic mass numbers are called radioactive isotopes.
a) different
b) small
c) same
d) larger
17. The magnetic field applied on the chamber was __________ to the plane of
the paper and directed inwards.
a) parallel b) perpendicular c) diagonal
d) straight
18. The speed of the alpha rays emitted by radioactive elements ranges
between __________ to _____________.
a) 1.4108, 1.8107ms
b) 1.4107, 1.8107m/s
c) 1.4107, 1.8107m/s2
d) 1.5107, 1.9107m/s
19. Which of the following is not the property of alpha rays?
a) ionize the gas through which they pass
b) affect the photographic plate
c) produce fluorescence in zinc sulphide
d) moves with the speed of light
20. Alpha rays consist positively charged particles whose mass is ______ times
that of hydrogen atom.
a) two
b) three
c) four
d) five
21. The alpha particles are in fact the nuclei of:

a) hydrogen

b)

oxygen

c)

sodium

d)

helium
22. Which of the following is not the property of beta rays?
a) produce ionization in air
b) they carry positive charge
c) produce fluorescence in barium platinocynide
d) effected by electric and magnetic fields
23. The mass and charge of beta rays is equal to the mass and charge of a/an:
a) proton
b) electron
c) positron
d) neutron
24. The ________ move with the speed of light.
a) alpha rays
c) gamma rays
b) beta rays
d) electrons
25. Which of the following is not the property of gamma rays?
a) affect photographic plates
b) produce fluorescence in beryllium platinocynide
c) not affected by electric and magnetic fields
d) are such electromagnetic waves which are emitted by the
nucleus
26. The radioactive elements continuously emit radiations, due to which they
change into new:
a) atom
b) nucleus
c) elements
d) nucleons
27. If an alpha particle is emitted by an element then, ___________ new
element is formed.
28. If beta particle is emitted by an element , then _______ new element is
formed.
29. When a neutron emits a beta particle, it changes into a:
a) electron
b) positron
c) proton

d) neutron

30. The number of breaking atoms is _________ to the number of atoms left in
that element.
a) inversely
b) proportional c)
equal
d)
greater
31. The ________ of an element is that time during which the numbers of atoms
of that element are reduced to one half.

a) full life
b) period

c) half life
d) unstable period

32. The nuclei which do not emit radiations naturally are called _________
nuclei.
a) unstable
b) stable
c) beta
d) radio
33. The stable elements can be changed into unstable form by bombarding them
with:
a) protons
b) electron
c) neutron
d) positron
34. The measuring unit of nuclear radiations is:
a) joule
b) rad

c) rem

d) cm

35. The patient should be exposed to X-rays within the limit of:
a) 1.0 to 1.2 rem
b) 0.1 to 1.0 joule
c) 0.1 to 1.0 rem
d) 1.0 to 1.4 rem
36. The natural source of nuclear rays is ________ gas radioactive elements.
a) radium
b) radon
c) rhodium
d) rubidium
37. The __________ is used for the study of thyroid glands.
a) iodine-132
c) iodine-131
b) phosphorus-32
d) iodine-126
38. The __________ is used for diagnose the brain tumor.
a) iodine-132
c) iodine-131
b) phosphorus-32
d) phosphorus-33
39. The radioactive ___________ is used for curing cancerous tumors and
cells.
a) iodine-32
c) cobalt-60
b) phosphorus-32
d) barium-137
40. Einstein gave the theory of relativity; it contained the idea that the energy
and _________ are interchangeable.
a) force
b) work
c) power
d) matter
41. Which of the following equation is known as Einsteins mass-energy
equation?
a) E=mc
b) E=m/c
c) E=mc2
d) E=m/c2
42. The value of speed of light is:
a) 3000000m/s
c) 300000000m/s

b) 300000000ms
d) 30000000m/s

43. By bombarding slow neutrons on uranium, the ___________ nucleus broke

into two equal parts.
a) neutron
b) electron
c) positron
d) uranium
44. Breaking of nucleus into two parts with the release of large amount of
energy is called ____________ reaction.
a) fusion
b) fission c) decomposition
d) addition
45. In the controlled fission reaction the surplus neutrons are absorbed by
__________ rods, in a nuclear reactor.
a) carbon
b) calcium
c) boron
d) sodium
46. The reverse reaction of fission reaction is called ________ reaction.
a) fusion
b) chain
c) controlled
stable

d)

47. If an atom of deuterium is fused with an atom of tritium then a ________

nucleus is formed.
a) hydrogen
b) beta
c) helium
d) alpha
48. A reaction in which a few small nuclei form a heavy nucleus is called the
___________ reaction.
a) fission
b) fusion
c) stable
d) chain
49. The _________ is a particle with mass equal to the mass of an electron
having opposite and equal charge.
a) proton
b) nucleon
c) positron
d) nuclides
50. In a fusion reaction if isotopes of hydrogen form a helium nucleus, nearly
_________ of energy is liberated.
a) 17.6eV
c) 17.6MeV
b) 1.76MeV
d) 176.1MeV
51. The energy coming from the Sun and stars is due to the fusion of:
a) protons
b) electrons
c) nucleons
d) neutrons
52. The temperature at the centre of the Sun is nearly:
a) 2 million Kelvin
b) 20 million Kelvin
c) 2 billion Kelvin
d) 2 million Celsius
53. The radioactive material must be placed in a box of:
a) calcium
b) lead
c) copper
Short Questions:
1. What is nucleon?

d) uranium

2. Define atomic mass number.

3. What is atomic number?
4. Which elements are called isotopes?
5. How Henry Becquerel conducted an experiment on the compound of
uranium in connection with X-ray?
6. State the process of radioactivity.
7. What are radioactive isotopes?
8. How the speeds of alpha rays depend upon the radioactive element?
9. How alpha rays travel in atmospheric pressure?
10. How much times the charge of alpha rays is of hydrogen atom?
11. Beta rays produce ionization in air, how?
12. Write the properties of gamma rays.
13. What happens when an alpha particle is emitted from an element?
14. Define half life.
15. Which elements are said to be stable?
16. Which elements are said to be unstable?
17. What is the use of radio isotopes in agriculture?
18. What is the use of radio isotopes in medicine?
19. Write the Einsteins mass-energy equation and his theory of relativity.
20. What are fission reactions?
21. Define chain reaction.
22. What is controlled fission reaction?
23. Define fusion reaction.
24. What reaction was taking place inside the Sun suggested by Bethe?
25. Write the precautions to minimize the radiation dangers.

ANSWER KEY

1. b

11. c

21.d

31.c

41.c

51.c

2.d

12.d

22.b

32.b

42.c

52.b

3.c

13.a

23.b

33.c

43.d

53.b

4.c

14.c

24.c

34.c

44.b

5.a

15.b

25.b

35.c

45.c

6.c

16.c

26.c

36.b

46.a

7.b

17.b

27.c

37.c

47.c

8.c

18.b

28.b

38.b

48.b

9.c

19.d

29.c

39.c

49.c

10. b

20.c

30.b

40.d

50.c

1: The protons and neutrons exist inside the nucleus so these are called
nucleons. A nucleon is nearly 1836 times heavier than an electron. So the mass
of an atom is nearly equal to the total sum of the masses of all the protons and
neutrons present in the nucleus of that atom.
2: The total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus is called the
atomic mass number. It is denoted by the letter Z.
3: The number of protons in a nucleus is called the charge number or atomic
number. It is denoted by the letter A.
4: Isotopes are those elements which have the same atomic numbers but their
atomic mass numbers are different.
The experiments have shown that in the atoms of some elements, the number of
protons is the same, due to which the chemical properties are the same, but the
total number of nucleons in their nuclei is different, such elements are called
isotopes.
5: In 1896, a French scientist, Henry Becquerel, was conducting some
experiments on the compounds of Uranium in connection with X-ray. He kept
the compound in a paper and placed it in a drawer where there were already
placed some photographic plates covered in black paper. After a few days he
found that the photographic plates carry some impressions.
6: Radioactivity is such a process in which the elements with the charge number
greater than 82, naturally keep on radiating.

During this process three different types of radiations are emitted which are
termed as alpha, beta and gamma radiations.
7: The radioactive elements whose atomic numbers are the same but have
different atomic mass numbers are called radioactive isotopes.
The atoms of radioactive elements change into atoms of the other elements due
to the emission of radiations. This breaking process is spontaneous and
continues for a long time and is irreversible.
8: The speed of alpha rays ranges between 1.4107 to 1.8107m/s. The speed of
these rays depends upon the radioactive element from which these are emitted.
Their speed is different for different elements, but the speed of all alpha rays
emitted by one element is the same.
9: At atmospheric pressure the alpha rays travel a small distance in air. This
distance is different for alpha rays emitted by different elements. For example
the range for alpha rays emitted by uranium is 2.7cm while is 8.62 cm for alpha
rays emitted by thorium.
10: Alpha rays consist of such positively charged particles whose mass is 4
times that of hydrogen atom and they carry a charge twice that of a proton such
that the alpha particles are in fact the nuclei of helium.
11: Beta rays produce ionization in air, but this ionization is nearly 1/100 times
less than that produced by alpha rays. Although the speed of beta rays is very
high, since their mass is very small, hence, their energy is less as compared to
alpha rays.
12: Properties of gamma rays:
They move with the speed of light.
The ionization produced in a gas by them, is very small as
compared to alpha rays.
Gamma rays affect photographic plates but this effect is much
higher than that of beta rays.
Gamma rays produce fluorescence in barium platinocynide.
The penetrating power of gamma rays is much higher than the beta
rays and they can easily pass through 30cm thick sheet of iron.
13: If an alpha particle is emitted by an element then,
-
is a new element.

14: The half life of an element is that time during which the number of
atoms of that element is reduced to one half.
For example, if the half life of a radioactive element is T, then at the end
of this time the number of atoms in this element remains one half, after a
time 2T, the number of atom remains 25% and after time 3T, the number
of atoms are reduced to 12.5% of the initial number.
15: Nuclei which do not emit radiations naturally are called stable nuclei.
Generally most of the nuclei whose atomic number is from 1 to 82 are
stable nuclei. The stable elements can also be changed into unstable form
by bombarding them with neutrons.
16: The elements, whose atomic number is greater than 82, are naturally
unstable.
These elements, depending upon their characteristics, emit all the time,
different types of strong radiations and they continuously change from
one type of element to another.
17: If the seeds are unhealthy, they affect the agricultural yield. So such
seeds are exposed to radioactive radiations. Varieties of seeds are
prepared which are more resistant to the ailments of crops. Also by using
such seeds higher yield is achieved.
18: Radio isotopes are used to diagnose the various diseases and also for
curing some fatal diseases. The radiations from radio active materials are
used to diagnose the internal disease of the body without surgery. For
example, iodine-131 is used for the study of thyroid glands while
phosphorus-32 is used to diagnose the brain tumor.
19: The Einsteins mass-energy equation is
E=mc2
When Einstein gave his theory of relativity, it also contained the idea that
the energy and matter are interchangeable. This equation means that if
mass m of matter is converted into energy, then this will be equal to E,
where in this equation c is the speed of light (3108m/s).
20: Breaking of a nucleus into two parts with the release of large amount
of energy is called fission reaction.
In the fission reaction, when a nucleus breaks, the sum of the masses of
the produced nuclei and the neutrons is less than the mass of the original
nucleus. This difference of mass results in the release of energy according
to Einsteins mass-energy equation.
21: When a neutron reacts with a uranium nucleus, two or three neutrons
are released. Every one of these reacts with next nuclei producing two or

three more neutrons and hence, the number of available neutrons and the
fission goes on increasing. Such a reaction is called the chain reaction. In
a chain reaction, as the fission reaction builds up, the liberated energy
goes on increasing.
22: If the fission reaction is controlled, then the desired amount of energy
can be produced which may be used in a useful manner. A system in
which the fission reaction is controlled is called a controlled fission
reaction. In this way the surplus neutrons are absorbed by boron or
cadmium rods.
23: A reaction in which a few small nuclei form a heavy nucleus is called
the fusion reaction.
More energy is released in the fusion reaction as compared to the fission
reaction. In a fusion reaction if isotopes of hydrogen form a helium
nucleus, nearly 17.6meV of energy is liberated.
24: The scientist, Bethe had suggested that a fusion chain reaction is
taking place inside the Sun.
According to this reaction when 4 hydrogen nuclei fuse together to form a
helium nucleus, then along with two positrons and three alpha rays,
nearly 25.7MeV of energy is also released.
25: The most effective way for saving ourselves from the dangers of
radiation is to use the radioactive materials carefully and also by using the
instruments which detect the radiations.
Since the radiations spread in all directions, so one should stay
away from its source.
During treatment the doctors should use the radiations for the
minimum possible time.
After diagnosing the proper part of the body, it should be exposed
to the radiation carefully by calculated amount.
The nuclear waste must be buried in the desert far away from the
colonies or in the sea.
A thick wall of concrete may be built around the reactor in order to
protect from its radiations.