{$l Vl]l Al A {fMS$ MS^l MS$PO Byl

Er$l {Rl >f >kqyl$ ^.g. P R^$.

MS$P Al >f> Al$]lZ JMS {l$MS >fMS$ ]l]l.
{f$ M$MS$l, {$l VS$_]l AM>>l MS$PV> P]l]l^l$a.
MS$P As A]lM>, AM> MSW Eylr A MS*y ^l]l^l$a.
MS$P$.. {$l S AM>>O $l$$. JMS ]lMS l]l MS,
llr BV> L]ll, N~ M> lyMS
lyl l$l MS$P$V> A]l~^l]l^l$a.

{ l gq]l

13

sG G S {lMS

Ol>l l VS$$ l yl l 3 l 2015

]lMS M>MS MS A]l>O]l >$

. MS~ylz
OylMSt M>&1 tyl P, Ol>l.

yMS lMS {MS A.

1931Z _]l y y s$ ]l*lZ ]l$ V>
l >gVSZ {l$MS MS$P]l$ ^l>a M>$.
1945Z lg l* {N $MSlZ Hyl]l t l l$]l#
$ MS*y {l$MS MS$P$
M> yl]l*y ^l.

{l$MS MS$P$

>gVS l$
& {l$MS MS$P$

l >gVSZ ]ly VSZ {MS$ 12 ]l$_ 35 ]lMS$ {l$MS

MS$P VS$_ l$#. {l$MS
MS$P]l$ l >gVSZ All
]lQOl$]l SV> Ps$. s
Al$M> MS >{t >gVS ]l$_
{VS^$. Al$M> >gVSZ {l$MS MS$P]l$ " B Os' *Z
l$^$. ^lrtlOl$]l MS$PMS$
>gVSZ ]l MS_, {lMS { VS$ s "{l$MS MS$P$'V>
Ps$. ]lMS M>MS C MS
A]l>$. l {l$MS >]lOl$]l >gVSZ VS$^lyl ]l s "{l$MS
MS$P$' A As$.

MS$P]l$ >gVSZ ^la, sMS

JMS t * MS^lyMS >gVS l$ 1947 f]l]l 24]l > ]l$ s AlSl]l 54 ]l$ $
JMS * $$_. D
$ {l$MS MS$P ]l
M 1947 {]l 12]l B^ g.. MS AlSl]l JMS E * $$_.
E $ *^l]l l$MS$ >gVS
$ .G. >]l# MS$PO
JMS ]l l*$ ^l>$. D ]lZ MS$P]l$.. $ S E]l
MS$P$, $ S MS$P$V>
]lYMS^$.

{l$MS MS$P ll

{l$MS MS$P$ & S$

>gVSZ {l$MS MS$PMS$ {lMSZ P]l $, ^le,

$ ^{lMS ll E. ZMS]l*]l
]l*]ll Al MS Bl>MS$
VSV>l M 1895Z ">f $'MSl]l$ ^lMS*a lV> {l$MS
Z llsV> D MS$P]l$ {MS$P]l$ l$^$.
^$. B l>l..
{l$MS MS$PMS$ $ S
1911Z MSMSZ _]l l
(Justiciable) E. C All
g$ M>{VS ]l*lZ MS$P]lQOl$]l S. s S, A]l$O > Bl*^$.
$MS$ >gVSZ $Ol$]l
1922Z ]l$ V> {fH>r$ E.
MS$P VS$_ "$V Cyl*'Z {l$MS MS$P$ {$l S A{^$.
M>> (Absolute Authority)O 1925Z As.. M>]l$l B
$l$$. {$$ l]l$ AM>>]l$
Cyl* $Z, I>y >gVS>gV>MS Zyl, {f MS$PMS$
Z {_]l lV>l VS MSW^lMS$y *W^.
MS* {l$MS MS$P$ Ey {- M {l$MS MS$P$ ]lM>>lMS^$.
Ol$]l (Negative). As C {$l
1927Z ]l${$Z G.G. A
AM>lO $l$$.
AlSl]l fW]l l g$ M>{VS- E: l ]l$ 14, 15, 16, 20, 21 ll ]l*lZ >gV>MS
O]l. C {$l H$ A>]l$
{l$MS MS$P$ {MS M>l
^l$MS*yl *_.
> Bl*^$.
]l$M MS$P$ M>>lMSOl$]l
1928Z l* l{* MS$s l(Positive). C {$l ll]l$
yl_]l lMSZ "{l$MS MS$PMS$
*_.
Bl*l lyl $ A]l'V> E: l]l 17Z Al l,
P$.
l]l 24Z M>MS ]l]l
1931Z MS>`Z ]l$ s All.
Sl]l Ml]l$ {]lQ$$ {l$MS {l$MS MS$Ps g$
MS$P VS$_ yl]l*y ^l>$. ]l$]l
Al]l l$Z l$ ^l$]l^l$a.
>gVSZ {l$MS MS$P]l$ ^lal]l$ 20, 21 ]l*{l l$M>]l#.

{l$MS MS$P lV> A]l$ZMS ]l. M>, l]l$ 17, 23,

24Z {_]l A>$ lV>
A]l$ZMS >]l# (Non self-executory). s A]l$$ M l$r$
{lMS ^lst$ ^l* Er$.
{l$MS MS$P]l$ ]l^l AM>
l$r$MS$ E. M >gVS ]l A]l. M>, ]l $ s *MS VS MSW^lMS*yll$.
M {l$MS MS$P$ M ]l>Y$,
l V>$, $$, OR$,

{VS*

f]l tyl
s
{lMS
Al]l $Z ^l$]lMS
$lV> ]l.
M {l$MS MS$P$ $ ^lMS$ ]lMSV> MS*y .
E: {MS 17 & Al , {MS 23 & ls^t MS l$, {MS 24 &
M>MS ]l]l l$.
M MS$P]l$ ARMS ]l>Y
{*f$ M>yl, g$ ]l${VSl
yMS El^$.
E: ]l$l^le MS$P, PMS
MS$P.
{l$MS MS$PZ P]l $/
]lS$.. {$$, $MS$ ]l*]lV> ]l.
E: g, ]l$l, MS$, VS, f]l l
]lS]l$ G]l* s^lMS*yll$.

{l$MS MS$P ]lYMS

l >gVSZ 7 M> {l$MS
MS$P VS$_ l$.
1. ]l*]ll MS$P (Right to Equality): {MS$ 14&18.
2. ]lMS ^le, l{l MS$P (Personal Freedoms): {MS$ 19&22.
3. yl ^l MS$P (Right against Exploitation): {MS$ 23, 24.
4. ]l$l l{l MS$P (Right to
Religion): {MS$ 25&28.
5. PMS, MS$P$ (Cultural
& Educational rights): {MS$
29, 30.
6. B
MS$P (Right to Property): {MS 31.

7. >gVS MS$P (Right to Constitutional Remedies): {MS 32.

{lMS ]l

$$ >f ^l]l ZMS

]l & ${M$t $$

G.B. Al* ]l B.G. $M

MS$ (1988): $ M ^l$
>f ^l]lZMS ]l$ D MS$Z
${M$t P. MS >gVSZ
tOl$]l B>$.
{MS 145, 146 {M> ${M$t
l $]l$, l]l]l$ *^l$M]l^l$a. AllV> l]l $
$^l$MS$l AM> MS*y ${M$tMS$ E. D ^l$ M>>MSOl$]l. s]l $ {l$MS MS$PMS$ VS MSW]l#yl$ s $]lZ {^l]l^l$a.
{MS 12 & >f ^l]l
M>st $>Q M>>MS l$]l$ $]l#yl$ ]l*{ll$ >f]l$l {l$MS MS$P]l$ ]lMSV> >f ZMS ]l$l ${M$t {MSs_.
S AM>>MS$ ]lMSV> l$>f ^l]l
^$. >gVSZ >f Al
& $]l#$
^ ^r {*W^$. Al >f
^l ]l*{l {MS 12Z P$. >f Al MS lOl$]l M> *$; Zz B MS{sZ
^l C^a$. {l$MS MS$P]l$ {MSMSs C Cyl*; {$l l]l >f {$l ^lMS$ ]lMSV> $ l {Ols $; {$l
VS$^$. M>st H$ $ >f ]l, BMS ${l Cl
ZMS ]l? Al A> tV> $ >f ^l]l ZMS >]l#.
_^lMSl M $ {l$MS
{MS 13 & ^lrt ^l]l, {l$MS
MS$P]l$ E$_ sO $- MS$PMS$ ]lMSOl$]l ^lst$ & $
]lZ {^l A]lM> Eyll$. Al$$>M>
]l MS lOl$]l ^l]l A]l.
{M> >f As..
{MS 13(1) {M> >gVS
G. MS{l, >[t {$$; MS{l, >[t A]l$ZMS ]l_a]l lrl Al]lMS$ A]l$Z
>]l$
E]l ^lst$ {l$MS MS$PMS$ ]lMS. MS {$$ (]ls$, Ol$l.. A ^lMS$y .
^$$, h Z$z$, {r$t$)
{MS 13(2) {M> {l$MS MS$P. {$l Bl> > H>Os]l ]l$ ^l $l ^l ^lst$,
^lrtl, ^lstl $ (G.I.., Bl>$ ^l]l#.
K.G.h.., G.s... llO]l) {MS 13(3)Z P]l ^lrt ^l]l
yl. $]l]l MS*y >f ^l]l - MSlMS ]l^la A>$:
ZMS ]l$l ${M$t l]l $- MS{l, >[t >]l$ *_]l
Z l. AllV> {$l VS>$.
]l$ E]l {Ols $ MS*y >[t, VS]l g ^l]l Bl>$,
>f ^l]l ZMS ]l$
Bzl$.
P.
{$l *, VS$, sMSO]l P]l r$ Gs
, {MSr]l$.
Cl $ >f ZMS ]l$l {$l VS$_]l, ^lrtll E]l
A> ${M$t l MS$ $
B^ ]l]l>$.
lV> t_. A:
{lMS ]l
Af$ $ ]l Q ]li
(1981): ${M$t D MS$ $Z JMS
1971Z 24]l >gVS ]l >..
]l$ >f Al ^l]lZMS ^layMS l]l 368 {M> >gV>MS ^l]l
MS {MS]l$ VS]lZMS $M- ]l]l$ l]l 13Z P]l "^lrt'
P.
^l]l ]l$_ $]l^$. D
]ll]lZ {$l s Ey.
A> VM MS$(1967)Z ${ B ll Q$a]l$ {$l ^.
M$t $]l$ AVS$^lyMS ^l>a$.
B O N~ $ M>, ${M$t 1973Z MS]ll
{l Ey.
MS$Z D ]l ^ll $ ^l.
B BMS l$ {$l $- M>st >gVS ]l MS*y ^lrt {lZ Ey.
^l]l ZMS ]l$.
O]l P]l {l$MS MS$PZ All lOl$]l B MS$P ({MS
31)]l$, B l]l $Z ]lMS
^leMS$ _]l 19(1)(f)]l$ 1978Z
44]l >gVS ]l > {l$MS
MS$P g ]l$_ W^$. s
12]l VSZ 300(G)Z ^l>a$. {$l B MS$P >gVSl MS$P (Constitutional Right) ]l*{ll$. JMS
^lrtlOl$]l MS$PV>]l* VS$$.