You are on page 1of 20

SIVARA

M.P.MENON
XII-A
M216/46067/0020
VIDHYA NIKETAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

ACKNOWLEDGAEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart
pledged support, this time I am utilizing to
thank all the people who have been
concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to


complete this project with success. Then I
would like to thank my principal and physics
teacher whose valuable guidance has
helped me patch this project and complete it
successfully.

Then I would like to thank my parents and


friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion of
the project. Last but not the least I would like
to thank my classmates who have helped me
a lot.

CONTENTS
1.CERTIFICATE
2. INTRODUCTION
3.AIM
4.APPARATUS REQUIRED
5.THEORY
6. LAW
7.CONCLUSION
8.IMAGES
9.BIBLIOGRAPHY

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
has
been
successfully completed by Sivaram.P.Menon of Class XII
in partial fulfillment of curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD
OF SECONDARYEDUCATION (CBSE) leading to the
award of annual examination of the year 2015-2016.

INTERNAL EXAMINER

TEACHER IN-CHARGE

PRINCIPAL

INTRODUCTION
Faraday's law of induction is a basic law of
electromagnetism that predicts how a
magnetic field will interact with an electric
circuit to produce an electromotive force
(EMF). It is the fundamental operating
principle of transformers, inductors, and
many types of electrical motors and
generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered


independently by Michael Faraday and Joseph
Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first
to publish the results of his experiments.
Faraday explained electromagnetic induction
using a concept he called lines of force.
These equations for electromagnetics are
extremely important since they provide a

means to precisely describe how many


natural physical phenomena in our universe
arise and behave.
The ability to quantitatively describe
physical phenomena not only allows us to
gain a better understanding of our universe,
but it also makes possible a host of
technological innovations that define modern
society. Understanding Faradays Law of
Electromagnetic Induction can be beneficial
since so many aspects of our daily life
function because of the principles behind
Faradays Law.

Faradays law describes electromagnetic


induction, whereby an electric field is
induced, or generated, by a changing
magnetic field. Before expanding upon this
description, it is necessary to develop an
understanding of the concept of fields, as
well as the related concept of potentials.
Faraday's first experimental demonstration of
electromagnetic induction (August 29, 1831),
he wrapped two wires around opposite sides
of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement
similar to a modern toroidal transformer) to
induce current

Figure 1 Faraday's First Experiment


Some physicists have remarked that
Faraday's law is a single equation describing
two different phenomena: the motional EMF
generated by a magnetic force on a moving
wire (see Lorentz force), and the
transformerEMF generated by an electric
force due to a changing magnetic field (due
to the MaxwellFaraday equation). James
Clerk Maxwell drew attention to this fact in
his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force. In
the latter half of part II of that paper,
Maxwell gives a separate physical
explanation for each of the two phenomena.

AIM

To determine the faradays law of


electromagnetic induction using a copper
wire wound over an iron rod and a strong
magnet

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1.
2.
3.
4.

Insulated copper wire


A iron rod
A strong magnet and
A light emitting diode (LED)

THEORY
Magnetic flux:

The magnetic flux (often denoted or B)


through a surface is the component of the B
field passing through that surface. The SI
unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in
derived units: volt-seconds), and the CGS
unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually
measured with a fluxmeter, which contains
measuring coils and electronics that
evaluates the change of voltage in the
measuring coils to calculate the magnetic
flux.
If the magnetic field is constant, the
magnetic flux passing through a surface of
vector area S is

where B is the magnitude of the magnetic


field (the magnetic flux density) having the

unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla), S is the area of the


surface, and is the angle between the
magnetic field lines and the normal
(perpendicular) to S.
For a varying magnetic field, we first
consider the magnetic flux through an
infinitesimal area element dS, where we may
consider the field to be constant

From the definition of the magnetic vector


potential A and the fundamental theorem of
the curl the magnetic flux may also be
defined as:

where the line integral is taken over the


boundary of the surface S, which is denoted
S.

LAW
The most widespread version of Faraday's
law states:
The induced electromotive force in any
closed circuit is equal to the negative of the
time rate of change of the magnetic flux
through the circuit.
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds
only when the closed circuit is a loop of
infinitely thin wire,and is invalid in other
circumstances as discussed below. A
different version, the MaxwellFaraday
equation (discussed below), is valid in all
circumstances.
When the flux changesbecause B changes,
or because the wire loop is moved or
deformed, or bothFaraday's law of
induction says that the wire loop acquires an
EMF , defined as the energy available per
unit charge that travels once around the wire
loop (the unit of EMF is the
volt).Equivalently, it is the voltage that would
be measured by cutting the wire to create an

open circuit, and attaching a voltmeter to the


leads.
According to theLorentz force law (in SI
units),

the EMF on a wire loop is:

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic


field (aka magnetic flux density, magnetic
induction), d is an infinitesimal arc length
along the wire, and the line integral is
evaluated along the wire (along the curve the
conincident with the shape of the wire).

The MaxwellFaraday equation states that a


time-varying magnetic field is always

accompanied by a spatially-varying, nonconservative electric field, and vice-versa.


The MaxwellFaraday equation is

Where
is the curl operator and again E(r,
t) is the electric field and B(r, t) is the
magnetic field. These fields can generally be
functions of position r and time t.
The four Maxwell's equations (including the
MaxwellFaraday equation), along with the
Lorentz force law, are a sufficient foundation
to derive everything inclassical
electromagnetism. Therefore it is possible to
"prove" Faraday's law starting with these
equations. Faraday's law could be taken as
the starting point and used to "prove" the
MaxwellFaraday equation and/or other
laws.)

CONCLUSION
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction,
first observed and published by Michael
Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electro-magnetic
concept. Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the essence of
Faradays is not hard to grasp: it relates an
induced electric potential or voltage to a
dynamic magnetic field.
This concept has many far-reaching
ramifications that touch our lives in many
ways: from the shining of the sun, to the
convenience of mobile communications, to
electricity to power our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact Faradays
Law has on us.

EXPERIMENTAL IMAGES

BIBLI
OGRA
1)NCERT textbook class 12
PHY
2)
INTERNET
3) www.yahoo.com

4) www.scribd.com

5) www.google.com

You might also like