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Mapua Institute of Technology

School of Civil Engineering Environmental and Sanitary Engineering


Hydraulics Laboratory

Experiment No. 4
Bernoullis Theorem
Demonstration

Name: Bautista, Derwin Daniel C.


Student #: 2008103322
Program & Year: CE / 3
Course code & Sec: CE140-OP / B2 (Fluid mechanics)
Group #: 5
Group Members: Espejo, Mhello; Ramos, Jomar; Bautista, Derwin
Date Performed: October 29, 2010
Date Submitted: November 11, 2010
Ratings

Engr. Fibor J. Tan


Instructor
HYDRAULICS DEPARTMENT

Name:
Bautista, Derwin Daniel C._________
Subject & Section: CE140-0P / B2_________
Date Performed: _October 29,
2010___
Instructor: Engr. Fibor J. Tan
Date Submitted: _November 11,
2010_
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
BERNOULLIS THEOREM DEMONSTRATION
For incompressible flow of uniform density fluid, the one-dimensional Euler
equation can be easily integrated between any two points (because y and g are
both constant) to obtain
P1/ y +

V12/2g

Z1

P2/ y

V22 / 2g

Z2

As points 1 and 2 are two arbitrary points on the streamline the quantity
P/ y +

V2/2g

Constant (4.1)

Applies to all points on the streamline and thus provides a useful relationship
between pressure P, the magnitude V of the velocity, and the height Z about the
datum. Equation 4.1 is known as the Bernoullis equation and the Bernoulli
constant is also termed the total head.
Examination of the Bernoullis terms of equation 4.1 reveals the P/ y and Z
are, respectively, the pressure (either gage or absolute) and potential heads;
hence, maybe visualized as vertical distances. Pitots experiments showed that the
sum of velocity head V2/2g and the pressure head P/ y could be measured by
placing a tiny open tube (now known as the Pitots tube) in the flow with its open
end upstream. Thus the Bernoulli equation maybe visualized for liquids, the sum of
the terms (total head) being the constant distance between the horizontal datumplane and the total headline or energy line. The piezometric head line or hydraulics
grade line drawn through the tops of the piezometer columns gives a picture of the
pressure variation in the flow; evidently (1) its distance from the stream tube is a
direct measure of the static pressure in the flow and (2) its distance below the
energy line is proportional to the square of the velocity. Complete familiarity of
these lines is essential because of their wide use in engineering practice and their
great utility in problem solutions.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the validity of the Bernoulli equation when applied to the steady flow
of water in a tapered duct.

APPARATUS
Hydraulic Bench
Stopwatch
Bernoulli Apparatus
Air bleed screw

Manometer
tubes
Unions
Grand

Hypodermic
probe

Test section
Water

Adjustable
feet

Hand
pump

Water
Flow control
Additional
tapping

The dimensions of the tube are detailed below


Tapping Position
A
B
C
D
E
F

Manometer
h1
h2
h3
h4
h5
h6

Diameter (mm)
25.0
13.9
11.8
10.7
10.0
25.0

Note: The assumed datum position is at tapping A associated with h1

PROCEDURE:

(Equipment Set-up)

Level the apparatus


Set up the Bernoulli equation apparatus on the hydraulic bench so that its
base is horizontal; that is necessary for the accurate height measurement for the
manometers.

Set the direction of the test section


Ensure that the test-section has the 14-tapered section converging in the
direction of flow. If you need to reverse the test-section, the total pressure head
probe must be withdrawn before releasing the mounting couplings.

Connect the water inlet and outlet


Ensure that the rig outflow tube is positioned above the volumetric tank, in
order to facilitate timed volume collections. Connect the rig inlet to the bench flow
supply; close the bench valve and the apparatus flow control valve and start the
pump. Generally open the bench valve to fill the test rig with water.

Bleeding the manometers

In the order to bleed air from pressure tapping points and manometers, close
the bench valve, the rig flow control valve and open the air bleed screw and
remove the cap from adjacent air valve. Connect a length of small-bore tubing
from the air valve to the volumetric tank. Now open the bench valve and allow flow
through the manometers to purge all air from them; then, tighten the air bleed
screw and partly open the bench valve and test rig control valve. Next, open the
air bleed screw slightly to allow air to enter the top of the manometers (you may
need to adjust both valves to achieve this); re-tighten the screw when the
manometer levels reach a convenient height. The maximum volume flow rate will
be determined by the need to have maximum (h 1) and minimum (hs) readings both
on scale.
1. If required, the manometer levels can be adjusted further by using the air
bleed screw and the hand pump supplied. The air bleed screw controls the
airflow through the air valve; hence, when using the hand pump, the bleed
screw must be open. To retain the hand pump pressure in the system, the
screw must be closed after pumping.
(Taking a set of results)
Readings should be taken 3 flow rates. Finally, you may reverse the
test section in order to see the effects of a more rapid converging section.
Setting the flow rates
Take the first set of readings at the maximum flow rate, then reduce the
volume flow rate to the give the h 1 - h5 head difference of about 50mm. Finally
repeat the whole process for one further flow rate, set to give the h 1 - h5 difference
approximately halfway between that obtained in the above two tests.
Reading the static head
Take the readings if the h 1 - h5 manometers when the levels have steadied.
Ensure that the total pressure probe is retracted from the test section.

Timed volume collection


You should carry out a timed volume collection, using the volumetric tank, in order
to determine the flow rate. This is achieved by closing the ball valve and
measuring (with stopwatch) the time taken to accumulate a known volume of fluid
in the tank, which is read from the sight glass. You should collect fluid at least one
minute to minimize timing errors. Again the total pressure probe should be
retracted from the test section during these measurements. If not using the F1-15301 software, enter the results into the data entry form, and repeat this
measurement twice to check for repeatability. If using the software, perform the
collection as described in the walkthrough presentation.
Reading the Total Pressure Head Distribution
1. Measure the total pressure head distribution by traversing the total pressure
probe along the length of the test-section. The datum line is the side hole
pressure tapping associated with the manometer h 1. A suitable starting point
is 1cm upstream of the beginning of the 140 tapered section and
measurements should be made at 1cm intervals along the test-section
length until the end of the diverged (210) section.
Reversing the test section
Ensure that the total pressure probe is fully withdrawn from the test
section (but not pulled out of its guide in the downstream coupling). Unscrew the
two couplings remove the test-section and reverse it then re-assemble by
tightening the coupling.

APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLE
1. Comment on the validity of the Bernoulli equation for
Convergent Flow
Divergent Flow
2. State clearly the assumptions made in deriving the Bernoulli equation and
justifications for all your comments.
3. Comment on the comparison of the total heads obtained by the two methods
you have carried out.

FINAL DATA SHEET


NAME: _Bautista, Derwin Daniel C.
SUBJECT & SECTION:
CE140 0P / B2
SEAT NO.

_______

DATE:October 29, 2010


GROUP NO. 5______

EXPERIMENT NO.4
BERNOULLIS THEOREM DEMONSTRATION

Volume
Collected
V
m3

Time to
Collect
t
sec

Distanc
e
Into
Duct

Flow Rate
Qv
m3/s

Area of
Duct
A
2
m x 10
-6

Stati
c
Hea
d
h
m

Velocit
y
V
m/s

Dynami
c
Head
m

Total
Hea
d
ho
m

0.010

87

1.15 x 10-4

h1

0.00

490.0

0.16

0.23

0.015

132

1.14 x 10-4

h2

0.0603

151.7

0.74

0.020

180

1.11 x 10-4

h3

0.0687

109.4

1.03

0.05

0.12

h4

0.0732

89.9

1.26

0.08

0.10

h5

0.0811

78.5

0.12
0.07
5
0.01
5
0.06
5

2.7 x
10-3
0.03

1.44

0.10

0.16

h6

0.1415

490.0

0.08

0.23

2.7 x
10-3

0.16

h7

h8

h9

Average Flow Rate = __1.13 x 10-4____

0.16
0.15

SAMPLE COMPUTATIONS
Flow Rate :
Q=

; =0.010 m3 , t=87 s
t

Q=

0.010
87
4

Q=1.15 10 m / s

Average Flow Rate :

Q Ave=
Q Ave=

Qn
n
(1.15+1.14 +1.11) 104
3
4

Q Ave=1.13 10 m / s

Velocity :

v=

Q Ave
; A=490 106 m2
A

1.13 104
v=
6
490 10
v =0.23 m/s

Dynamic Head :
v2
D=
2g
2

(0.23)
D=
2(9.81)

D=2.72 103 m

Total Head :
ho =h+ D ; h=0.16 m
ho =0.16+2.72 103
ho =0.1627 m
ho =0.16 m

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an in viscid flow, an
increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease
in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. Bernoulli's principle is
named after the Dutch-Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli who published his
principle in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738. The equations for this principle can
be derived using the Conservation of Energy.
In this experiment, the main objective is to apply and investigate the validity
of the Bernoulli equation when applied to the steady flow of water in a tapered
duct. This principle proves the proportionality of the velocity with the area of the
duct in which it flows through. In the process, the flow rate or the rate of change in
volume per unit time is to be determined. Since three trials are performed, the
mean of the data was calculated. In Bernoullis principle theres also heads that
exist as the indicator for the energy at a certain point of the flowing fluid which is
separated into two parameters: the static and the dynamic head in which both are
expressed in meters. The static head is the maximum height it can deliver or the
one that indicates the maximum pressure in which it was somehow related to the
potential energy of the fluid used. The dynamic head or its velocity head refers to
the relative energy due to the motion of the fluid at a certain point. The Bernoullis
apparatus had different ducts with varying cross-sectional area. The velocity
increases as the duct area decreases. Therefore, it was expected that the static
heads of the six (6) points to be observed vary that these formed a semi-parabolic
shape or any similar curves. In addition, the varying cross-sectional area affected
the velocity of the bulk motion of the fluid, then and so their velocity heads (D = v 2
/ 2g). The total head, H, derived by getting the total sum of the static and the
dynamic heads, must remain constant given that being derived from the Law of

Conservation of Energy, the total energy within two points in the apparatus must
remain constant or had a very small discrepancy. But in the obtained data of the
experiment, the total heads in the different points in the apparatus vary.
The results obtained in the experiment are rather precise given that the
discrepancies of the data are quite high especially on the total heads since the
total heads must remain constant at all points in the path of the flowing fluid. The
errors may due to the inaccuracy of the instruments used in measuring particularly
the ruler in measuring the static head. In addition, instead of a semi-parabolic
shape, the six (6) points in the apparatus formed another irregularly shaped curve.
Also, the first and the last duct had different static heads even though both had
the same area. The errors are also due to head loss or energy loss due to friction,
turbulence, or viscosity of the fluid flow. Thus, even with the accurate data, misuse
of the equations and the formulae is the primary reason the error is committed.

ANSWERS TO APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLE


1. Comment on the validity of the Bernoulli equation for
Convergent Flow
Convergent flow is when the fluid flows to a tapered duct from the part of a
wider cross-sectional area to the tube with narrower cross-sectional area. Given
that the flow rate remains constant, the velocity of the flowing fluid increases as it
goes from wider to narrower tube. Therefore, there will be decrease in the static
head (pressure) and increase in the velocity head (velocity). But the energy is
conserved.

Divergent Flow
Divergent flow is the opposite of convergent flow wherein the fluid
goes from narrower to wider tube. As an opposite of the convergent type of
fluid flow, theres a decrease in velocity from the first point to the next point.
Also, theres an increase in its static head (pressure) and decrease in velocity
head (velocity). Still, the energy is conserved.

2. State clearly the assumptions made in deriving the Bernoulli equation and
justifications for all your comments.

The Bernoullis equation can be derived by applying the law of


conservation of energy in two sections along a streamline, ignoring viscosity,
compressibility, and thermal effects. The simplest derivation is to first ignore
gravity and consider constrictions and expansions in pipes that are otherwise
straight, as seen in Venturi effect. Then, assume that the total mechanical
energy on the entry is also the magnitude of the total mechanical energy on the
exit. Using the properties of fluids, it can arrive at the equation

v2 p
+ =C
2

where C is a constant of a particular fluid system.

3. Comment on the comparison of the total heads obtained by the two methods
you have carried out.
The total head of each pressure head is obtained by using the convergent
test section in which the head difference is accounted. It can be observed that
the total heads are approximately equal even though the discrepancy is quite
large in nature.

CONCLUSION
Going further, it can be generalized that when applying Bernoullis equation,
it must be assumed that no viscosity, compressibility, gravity, and thermal effects
that act on the fluid.

There can also be a generalization that the total head

remains constant in every pressure head in the apparatus given that the total
energy in one point is equal to the total energy of the other. Another generalization
is that at constant flow rate, the velocity of flow is inversely proportional to the
cross-sectional area.

It is recommended for reduction of possible causes of errors in this


experiment is through further knowledge and learning of the experiments that will
be performed. The procedure and other concepts must be read carefully and must

be familiarized. In addition, it was recommended to use other materials that yield


more accurate results.
Practical Applications of this experiment are:

Bernoulli's Principle can be used to calculate the lift force on an airfoil if you
know the behavior of the fluid flow in the vicinity of the foil.
The carburetor used in many reciprocating engines contains a venturi to
create a region of low pressure to draw fuel into the carburetor and mix it
thoroughly with the incoming air.

The Pitot tube and static port on an aircraft are used to determine
the airspeed of the aircraft. These two devices are connected to the airspeed
indicator which determines the dynamic pressure of the airflow past the aircraft.

The flow speed of a fluid can be measured using a device such as a Venturi
meter or an orifice plate, which can be placed into a pipeline to reduce the
diameter of the flow.
The maximum possible drain rate for a tank with a hole or tap at the base
can be calculated directly from Bernoulli's equation, and is found to be
proportional to the square root of the height of the fluid in the tank.

In open-channel hydraulics, a detailed analysis of the Bernoulli theorem and


its extension were recently developed.

The principle also makes it possible for sail-powered craft to travel faster
than the wind that propels them (if friction can be sufficiently reduced).

REFERENCES

Besavilla, V. (1996) Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics.


Hydraulic
Head
(n.
d.)
Retrieved
November

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_head
Bernoullis
Principle
(n.
d.)
Retrieved

November

9,
9,

2010

from:

2010

from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli
%27s_principle#Derivations_of_Bernoulli_equation
Fluid Mechanics, Fundamentals and Applications, Y. A. Cengel, J. M.
Cimbala,
2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2009.

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