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Experiment No. 4
Bernoullis Theorem
Demonstration
Name:
Bautista, Derwin Daniel C._________
Subject & Section: CE140-0P / B2_________
Date Performed: _October 29,
2010___
Instructor: Engr. Fibor J. Tan
Date Submitted: _November 11,
2010_
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
BERNOULLIS THEOREM DEMONSTRATION
For incompressible flow of uniform density fluid, the one-dimensional Euler
equation can be easily integrated between any two points (because y and g are
both constant) to obtain
P1/ y +
V12/2g
Z1
P2/ y
V22 / 2g
Z2
As points 1 and 2 are two arbitrary points on the streamline the quantity
P/ y +
V2/2g
Constant (4.1)
Applies to all points on the streamline and thus provides a useful relationship
between pressure P, the magnitude V of the velocity, and the height Z about the
datum. Equation 4.1 is known as the Bernoullis equation and the Bernoulli
constant is also termed the total head.
Examination of the Bernoullis terms of equation 4.1 reveals the P/ y and Z
are, respectively, the pressure (either gage or absolute) and potential heads;
hence, maybe visualized as vertical distances. Pitots experiments showed that the
sum of velocity head V2/2g and the pressure head P/ y could be measured by
placing a tiny open tube (now known as the Pitots tube) in the flow with its open
end upstream. Thus the Bernoulli equation maybe visualized for liquids, the sum of
the terms (total head) being the constant distance between the horizontal datumplane and the total headline or energy line. The piezometric head line or hydraulics
grade line drawn through the tops of the piezometer columns gives a picture of the
pressure variation in the flow; evidently (1) its distance from the stream tube is a
direct measure of the static pressure in the flow and (2) its distance below the
energy line is proportional to the square of the velocity. Complete familiarity of
these lines is essential because of their wide use in engineering practice and their
great utility in problem solutions.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the validity of the Bernoulli equation when applied to the steady flow
of water in a tapered duct.
APPARATUS
Hydraulic Bench
Stopwatch
Bernoulli Apparatus
Air bleed screw
Manometer
tubes
Unions
Grand
Hypodermic
probe
Test section
Water
Adjustable
feet
Hand
pump
Water
Flow control
Additional
tapping
Manometer
h1
h2
h3
h4
h5
h6
Diameter (mm)
25.0
13.9
11.8
10.7
10.0
25.0
PROCEDURE:
(Equipment Set-up)
In the order to bleed air from pressure tapping points and manometers, close
the bench valve, the rig flow control valve and open the air bleed screw and
remove the cap from adjacent air valve. Connect a length of small-bore tubing
from the air valve to the volumetric tank. Now open the bench valve and allow flow
through the manometers to purge all air from them; then, tighten the air bleed
screw and partly open the bench valve and test rig control valve. Next, open the
air bleed screw slightly to allow air to enter the top of the manometers (you may
need to adjust both valves to achieve this); re-tighten the screw when the
manometer levels reach a convenient height. The maximum volume flow rate will
be determined by the need to have maximum (h 1) and minimum (hs) readings both
on scale.
1. If required, the manometer levels can be adjusted further by using the air
bleed screw and the hand pump supplied. The air bleed screw controls the
airflow through the air valve; hence, when using the hand pump, the bleed
screw must be open. To retain the hand pump pressure in the system, the
screw must be closed after pumping.
(Taking a set of results)
Readings should be taken 3 flow rates. Finally, you may reverse the
test section in order to see the effects of a more rapid converging section.
Setting the flow rates
Take the first set of readings at the maximum flow rate, then reduce the
volume flow rate to the give the h 1 - h5 head difference of about 50mm. Finally
repeat the whole process for one further flow rate, set to give the h 1 - h5 difference
approximately halfway between that obtained in the above two tests.
Reading the static head
Take the readings if the h 1 - h5 manometers when the levels have steadied.
Ensure that the total pressure probe is retracted from the test section.
APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLE
1. Comment on the validity of the Bernoulli equation for
Convergent Flow
Divergent Flow
2. State clearly the assumptions made in deriving the Bernoulli equation and
justifications for all your comments.
3. Comment on the comparison of the total heads obtained by the two methods
you have carried out.
_______
EXPERIMENT NO.4
BERNOULLIS THEOREM DEMONSTRATION
Volume
Collected
V
m3
Time to
Collect
t
sec
Distanc
e
Into
Duct
Flow Rate
Qv
m3/s
Area of
Duct
A
2
m x 10
-6
Stati
c
Hea
d
h
m
Velocit
y
V
m/s
Dynami
c
Head
m
Total
Hea
d
ho
m
0.010
87
1.15 x 10-4
h1
0.00
490.0
0.16
0.23
0.015
132
1.14 x 10-4
h2
0.0603
151.7
0.74
0.020
180
1.11 x 10-4
h3
0.0687
109.4
1.03
0.05
0.12
h4
0.0732
89.9
1.26
0.08
0.10
h5
0.0811
78.5
0.12
0.07
5
0.01
5
0.06
5
2.7 x
10-3
0.03
1.44
0.10
0.16
h6
0.1415
490.0
0.08
0.23
2.7 x
10-3
0.16
h7
h8
h9
0.16
0.15
SAMPLE COMPUTATIONS
Flow Rate :
Q=
; =0.010 m3 , t=87 s
t
Q=
0.010
87
4
Q=1.15 10 m / s
Q Ave=
Q Ave=
Qn
n
(1.15+1.14 +1.11) 104
3
4
Q Ave=1.13 10 m / s
Velocity :
v=
Q Ave
; A=490 106 m2
A
1.13 104
v=
6
490 10
v =0.23 m/s
Dynamic Head :
v2
D=
2g
2
(0.23)
D=
2(9.81)
D=2.72 103 m
Total Head :
ho =h+ D ; h=0.16 m
ho =0.16+2.72 103
ho =0.1627 m
ho =0.16 m
Conservation of Energy, the total energy within two points in the apparatus must
remain constant or had a very small discrepancy. But in the obtained data of the
experiment, the total heads in the different points in the apparatus vary.
The results obtained in the experiment are rather precise given that the
discrepancies of the data are quite high especially on the total heads since the
total heads must remain constant at all points in the path of the flowing fluid. The
errors may due to the inaccuracy of the instruments used in measuring particularly
the ruler in measuring the static head. In addition, instead of a semi-parabolic
shape, the six (6) points in the apparatus formed another irregularly shaped curve.
Also, the first and the last duct had different static heads even though both had
the same area. The errors are also due to head loss or energy loss due to friction,
turbulence, or viscosity of the fluid flow. Thus, even with the accurate data, misuse
of the equations and the formulae is the primary reason the error is committed.
Divergent Flow
Divergent flow is the opposite of convergent flow wherein the fluid
goes from narrower to wider tube. As an opposite of the convergent type of
fluid flow, theres a decrease in velocity from the first point to the next point.
Also, theres an increase in its static head (pressure) and decrease in velocity
head (velocity). Still, the energy is conserved.
2. State clearly the assumptions made in deriving the Bernoulli equation and
justifications for all your comments.
v2 p
+ =C
2
3. Comment on the comparison of the total heads obtained by the two methods
you have carried out.
The total head of each pressure head is obtained by using the convergent
test section in which the head difference is accounted. It can be observed that
the total heads are approximately equal even though the discrepancy is quite
large in nature.
CONCLUSION
Going further, it can be generalized that when applying Bernoullis equation,
it must be assumed that no viscosity, compressibility, gravity, and thermal effects
that act on the fluid.
remains constant in every pressure head in the apparatus given that the total
energy in one point is equal to the total energy of the other. Another generalization
is that at constant flow rate, the velocity of flow is inversely proportional to the
cross-sectional area.
Bernoulli's Principle can be used to calculate the lift force on an airfoil if you
know the behavior of the fluid flow in the vicinity of the foil.
The carburetor used in many reciprocating engines contains a venturi to
create a region of low pressure to draw fuel into the carburetor and mix it
thoroughly with the incoming air.
The Pitot tube and static port on an aircraft are used to determine
the airspeed of the aircraft. These two devices are connected to the airspeed
indicator which determines the dynamic pressure of the airflow past the aircraft.
The flow speed of a fluid can be measured using a device such as a Venturi
meter or an orifice plate, which can be placed into a pipeline to reduce the
diameter of the flow.
The maximum possible drain rate for a tank with a hole or tap at the base
can be calculated directly from Bernoulli's equation, and is found to be
proportional to the square root of the height of the fluid in the tank.
The principle also makes it possible for sail-powered craft to travel faster
than the wind that propels them (if friction can be sufficiently reduced).
REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_head
Bernoullis
Principle
(n.
d.)
Retrieved
November
9,
9,
2010
from:
2010
from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli
%27s_principle#Derivations_of_Bernoulli_equation
Fluid Mechanics, Fundamentals and Applications, Y. A. Cengel, J. M.
Cimbala,
2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2009.