NEBOSH International General Certificate Revision — Elements 1-8 Management of Health & Safety Element 1:- Health and Safety Foundations Accident Definition:- An unwanted, unplanned event which results in a loss of some kind. Incident/Near miss:- An unwanted, unplanned event that had the potential to result in a loss but didn't result in any loss. Hazard:- Anything the potential to cause harm Risk:- The likelihood that harm will occur and the severity of the harm (Likelihood X Severity) Why manage health and safety Moral, Legal, Economic Reduce accidents Reduce loss through damage to equipment, injuries, etc. Reduce absenteeism Reduce insurance premiums Improve morale (motivation) Duty of care owed to the employees who make the revenue of the company. Improve company reputation Reduce / prevent legal costs e.g. fines & penalties Reduce compensation claims {t's a legal requirement Increase likelihood of securing business Employer to provide Safe place of work and safe access and egress Safe systems of work Safe plant and equipment Information, Instruction, Training and supervision Safe and competent fellow workers Hidden costs of accidents Lost Time Extra wages, overtime payments, temporary workers Sick pays Legal costs e.g. fines & penalties iil claims (compensations) Repairing / replacing damaged equipments Production delays Loss of future contracts Increased insurance premiums Loss of business reputationNEBOSH International General Certificate Revision - Elements Management of Health & Safety Sources of Information Internal Risk assessments Policies & standards Inspection reports Medical records Health and safety committees Plant registers Safety advisors External Government bodies National safety organisations ‘Suppliers and manufacturers International standards Consultants and specialists Insurance companies Trade unions (Only some countries) Internet HSG 65 - Successful Health and Safety Management 4) Policy:- Health and safety aims of the organisation, health and safety objectives and management commitment 2) Organising:- Competence, commitment and control, Co-operation, ‘Communication 3) Planning and Implementation:- Identify hazards, assess risks, and decide how risks can be eliminated or controlled. Sets standards against which performance can be measured. 4) Measuring performance:- Be used as a means of determining the extent to which health and safety policy and objectives are being implemented and should be both reactive and proactive. 8) Reviewing:- Analysing data gathered through monitoring to see whether performance is adequate 6) Audit:- Systematic critical examination of each stage of an ‘organisations management systems and proceduresNEBOSH International General Certificate Revision — Elements 1-8 oS Management of Health & Safety Eurol ink Element 2:- Setting Policy for Health and Safety What is a health and Safety policy:~ A business plan for safety to prevent or reduce loss in an organisation Objectives of policy:- to protect people from injury and ill-health, comply with egal requirements and avoid prosecution and manage health and safety on a cost effective basis, 3 Elements of policy 4) Statement of intent:- A statement establishing the importance of health and safety in the organisation , showing the management commitment towards H & S and providing targets and objectives for improvement. Must be signed by the most senior person in the company e.g. CEO 2) Organisatio organisation - The roles and responsibilities of everyone in the 3) Arrangements:- The arrangements for effective planning, ‘organisation, control, monitoring of the organisations health and safety Contents of Arrangements Section Risk assessments Frequency / form of inspections & audits Evacuation / emergency procedures Safe systems of work Permits to work First aid procedures Safe use of DSE Management of contractors Hazardous chemicals policy Safety of visitors Benchmarking Advantages Identifies key performance indicators Ensures monitoring procedures are effective Feeds in to the continuous improvement cycle Identify normal practice amongst similar business Avoid making mistakes by learning from others Generate management focus Gains confidence of the stakeholders Challenges of benchmarking Selecting a company with similar activities Assuring accuracy of dataNEBOSH International General Certificate Revision — Elements 1 we Management of Health & Safety Eurolink Using common definitions Accessing data Gaining commitment Management issues to benchmark Health and satety policy Staff roles and responsibility Plans and strategies which can be measured Risk assessments Type of training Monitoring, Proactive and reactive Review of Policy 1- Ifno longer valid e.g. after an accident or ill health 2. After a significant change e.g. new activity, new working arrangements, new management, new legislation, new information becomes available, new technology used. 3- As a result of monitoring or reviewing performance e.g. Audit recommendation or action by enforcement authority or following prosecution or compensation claims. 4- Periodically; after a reasonable period of time e.g, annually. Ineffective policies No management commitment No objectives set to implement policy Health and safety not given priority Resources not provided to implement action ‘Aims and intentions not understood by personnel Too much emphasis on employee responsibilities No measurement that objectives are being met Management unaware of their health and safety role No management trainingNEBOSH International General Certificate Revision - Elements 1-8 wv Management of Health & Safety Eurolink Element 3:- Organising for Health and Safety Duties of Employers (duty of care) Assafe place of work / safe working environment Safe work equipment and substances Information, Instruction, Training and Supervision (tis) Welfare facilities Emergency procedures Consultation with employees Not charging employees for health and safety measures Duties of Employees Do not endanger themselves and others Co-operate with each other & with their employer Consult with Employer Report dangerous situations to Employer Use PPE & other equipments in the way they're trained for. Duties of Designers, Manufacturers and Suppliers Ensure equipment is safe and without risks when being used Ensure substances are safe and without risks when being used Carry out any necessary tests Provide information e.g. Manuals & MSDS. Take reasonable steps to provide further information if new serious risks appear Responsibilities of Safety Advisors Be properly trained and qualified Maintain adequate information systems Be able to interpret the law applying to their organisation Establish and maintain procedures for reporting, investigating, recording and analysing accidents and incidents Be able to present their advice effectively Relationships of safety advisors outside the organisation The enforcing authority Fire/rescue service Insurance companies Contractors External consultants Engineers Equipment manufacturers and suppliers Clients and customers The police Members of the public The media Client's duties when work being done by Contractors To consider the risks to their own employees from the work The risks to the Contractors employees from the Clients activities Risks to the public and others from the work SeNEBOSH International General Certificate Revision — Elements ud Management of Health & Safety Eurolii Contractor's duties To consider the risks to their own employees from the work The risks to the client's employees from their activities Risks to the public and others from the work To follow clients rules and procedures Management of Contractors Select a suitable contractor Planning the job Controlling contractors on site ‘Checking contractors work Review contractors performance Selecting a suitable Contractor Experience of the type of work and industry Suitable references Enforcement history Safety management e.g. H & S Policy, risk assessments, etc. Accident and ill-health records Records of equipments maintenance Membership of trade/professional bodies ‘Competence and training of employees Arrangements for selection of sub-contractors Arrangement for ongoing liaison with clients,NEBOSH International General Certificate Revision - Elements 1-8 oS Management of Health & Safety Eurolink Element 4:- Promoting a Positive Health and Safety Culture Benefits of a positive culture Increased levels of compliance with rules and procedure Increased staff morale Reduced staff complaints Reduced staff turnover Reduced absenteeism Reduced sickness and accident rates Negative culture Job insecurity Reorganisation Poor example set by management Poor management decision making Inadequate supervision Poor working conditions Internal influences on Health and safety Competence Commitment and control Co-operation Communication Production/service demands External Influences on Health and Safety Society expectations Political priorities Legislation and enforcement National or International agencies Pressure groups Insurance Companies Workers unions Stakeholders Economie conditions To improve culture Senior management commitment ‘Ownership of health and safety at every level Effective communication and consultation Training for all levels of employee Shared perception of risks Standards of acceptable behaviour Learning from experience through monitoring and review Balance between health and safety and production Personal factors that while at work Poor attitude Low motivation Physical capabilities ight place an individual at greater risk of harm WwNEBOSH International General Certificate Revision — Elements 1-8 wos Management of Health & Safety Eurolink Poor perception of risk Drugs or alcohol problems Age related factors Medical problems Levels of training and experience Attitude:- The tendency to respond in a particular way in a given situation Factors that affect attitude Background Personality Experience Training Competence Peer group pressure Management actions Culture of the organisation Perception: The way that people interpret and make sense of presented information e.g. from the 5 senses Factors which may affect perception The nature of the hazards Previous experience Over familiarity Feeling of being in control Level of training Peer group pressure Confidence in others ability Personal characteristics Motivation:- Motivation is the driving force behind the way a person acts in order to achieve a goal What motivates people Rewards / Recognition Fulfilment Job satisfaction Peer approval Threat of Disciptine Why person may fail to comply with safety procedures Lack of motivation Unrealistic working procedures Lack of management commitment Over familiarisation Repetitive work leading to boredom Peer group pressure Inadequate supervision Fatigue and stress BxNEBOSH International General Certificate Revision - Elements 1-8 oS Management of Health & Safety Eurolink Lack of information, training and consultation Job insecurity Human Error causes (examples) Slips Lapses of attention Mistakes Violations Reducing human error Skilled competent workers Well motivated employees Clear roles and lines of responsibility Adequate levels of supervision Clear information and instructions Drug and alcohol prevention policies Good environmental conditions e.g. lighting, noise ete. Avoiding monotonous work Breaks to avoid fatigue Competence Sufficient Knowledge, SI carry out their functions , experience and any other qualities to Competence Knowledge Abilities - Skills Training Experience And .... Recognition of limitations Checks to assess competence Qualifications, Level of training Membership of professional/trade organisations Undertaking written or practical assessments Seeking references or recommendations When is training needed On recruitment (Induction) On the job training Transfer New equipment New technology New systems of work or system changes Induction Training programme content Health and safety policy Culture of organisation Fire precautionsNEBOSH International General Certificate Revision — Elements awe Management of Health & Safety Eurolink Emergency procedure What accidents to be reported How to report accidents Hazards of the workplace Drink and drugs policy First aid precautions Welfare provisions Additional Training New processes New equipment Accidents/incidents Enforcement action New legislation Result of risk assessment Newly promoted Refresher training Levels of supervision Persons skills and qualifications Experience of the work involved Age Persons attitude and aptitude Nature and complexity of the task Employees communication skills Any special needs they may have Barriers to communication The receiver Sensory impairment Learning difficulties Inexperience Lack of motivation Interference from PPE The sender Too much jargon, technical or advanced terms, Different language or dialect Ambiguity of the message Too complex / long / boring message Lack of feedback The place High noise levels Distractions Methods of communication Team briefings Safety committee meetings Health and safety representatives Memoranda Tool box talks VioNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciements ED 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Kk Element 5:- Fire Hazards and Control Causes of fire Arson Electrical faults Misuse of electrical equipment ‘Smokers materials Oiligas heating equipment and portable heaters Unsafe storage of materials Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas Welding/not work Mechanical heat (Sparks/friction) The fire triangle:- Fuel, Source of ignition, Oxygen Flash point: - The temperature at which a vapour given off by substance will ignite when brought to a source of ignition Classes of fire A- Combustible solids (wood, paper etc.) B - Flammable liquids (Alcohol, Petro!) C - Flammable gases (Butane, hydrogen, propane) D - Metals (magnesium) F - Cooking media (Vegetable oil or animal fats) Method of Heat Transfer Direct Contact: - The flame and a combustible fuel are in direct contact and the fuel heats up and eventually ignites. Conduction: - Heat travels within a solid material from hotter to cooler parts Radiation: - Heat is radiated through the air causing heating of a materials at a distance from the fire. Convection: - Hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot and unburnt gases under ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread from one room to another. Fire precautions to ise the risk to people in the event of fire Suitable Fire/smoke detection Fire Alarms:~ Suitable Regular Testing Contact with emergency services Means of escape Travel distances Stairways Fire doors ‘Signage Emergency lightingNEBOSH International General Certificate Revision — Elements ee Management of Health & Safety Eurolink Grab people's attention if well designed with colours, photos, ete. Disadvantages Need to be changed on regular basis to maintain attention May become soiled or defaced e.g. weather conditions Can become out of date May be seen as trivialising matters May alienate people Provide no feedback Safety Committees Agenda Study of accident/incident statistics Examination of audit reports Reports from enforcing authorities Reports from workers representatives Assist in the development of policies/procedures Monitoring the effectiveness of training Monitoring safety communications Provide link with the enforcing authority Effective Safety Committees Right number of members Right mix of members Adequate authority Right knowledge and expertise Good communications Suitable level of formality Input from outside specialists Limited individual input Identified and agreed priorities No trivia Ineffective Committee opposite of aboveNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision cioments OD 4-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink Element 6:- Chemical and biological health hazards and controls Target Organs: A part of the body which sustains an adverse effect when it is exposed to or by contaminated by a particular harmful agent Examples: Mercury, Lead the brain Asbestos, Ammonia the Lungs Body defences against dust The hair and wetness of the nose The change of direction of the larynx ‘Sneezing and coughing The hair cells in the respiratory tract Tears and blinking of the eyes Dermatitis: Symptoms: - Blisters, Inflammation, Dryness, reddening, cracking of skin Protective measures against dermatitis Eliminate the substance Substitution of the substance Barrier creams, Good hygiene practices PPE Routes of entry in the body Inhalation Ingestion Absorption Direct entry Injection Acute effects: Adverse health effects resulting from single or short term exposure to a large quantity of the harmful substance, it is usually reversible €.g. Splashing acid onto the skin will give an immediate reaction. Chronic:- Adverse health effects resulting from prolonged or repeated exposure to small quantities of the harmful substance leading to a gradual often irreversible effects e.g. exposure to Asbestos dust over many years will lead to asbestosis and cancer of the lungs - mesothelioma Classification of Hazardous Substances Irritant: Non-corrosive substances which through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with skin or mucous membrane may cause inflammation e.g Petrol vsNEBOSH International General Certificate Revision — Elements ww Management of Health & Safety Eurolin! When assessment should be reviewed Ifo longer valid e.g, after an accident or ill health After a significant change e.g. new activity, new working arrangements, new management, new legislation, new information becomes available, new technology used. As a result of monitoring or reviewing performance e.g. Audit recommendation or action by enforcement authority or prosecution or compensation claims Passage of time Why young person's at risk Lack of experience and/or training Body not fully developed More likely to take risks Respond to peer group pressure Be over enthusiastic Risks to Young Workers Their physical condition The workplace Physical, Bislesical and chemical hazards The work equipment The organisation of work and processes Health and safety training Risks to New and expectant mothers Ergonomic Manual handling Extremes of temperature Personal protective equipment Radiation Chemical agents Biological hazards Working conditions Risks to disabled workers Reduced mobility for access and egress Ability to access welfare facilities Reduced sensory ability e.g. speech, hearing or eyesight Reduced ability to lift, carry or move objects Ergonomic hazardsNEBOSH International General Certificate Revision — Elements ib Management of Health & Safety Eurolink Element 6:- Principles of Control in Health and Safety General Principles of Prevention Avoid the risk e.9. eliminate the hazard or task Evaluate risks which cannot be avoided Combat risks at source Adapt the work to the individual Adapt to technical progress Replace the dangerous by the less dangerous Develop a coherent prevention policy Give collective measures priority over individual measure General Hierarchy of Control Eliminate Reduce Isolate Control PPE Discipline Benefits of PPE Often low cost Can be used as short term measure Portable for worker away from base Disposable PPE reduces risk of infection Remarkably decrease in the severity of the accident Why PPE used as last resort Does not eliminate the hazard nor reduce the risk Only protects the wearer Always fail to danger May introduce new hazards Relies on worker to use it May not be worn correctly It may be uncomfortable ‘Wor for only part of task of shift Ineffective if wrong size Ineffective if used while damaged Ineffective if not properly maintained Management may not enforce wearing Is a legal requirement to start with the other control measures (ERIC)NEBOSH International General Certificate Revision — Elements 1-8 wd Management of Health & Safety Eurolink Selection of PPE Type of hazards Type of equipment Made to suitable standards Comfort Compatibility Storage Training Cost Factors affecting the wearing of PPE Fit/size Health of worker Period of use Comfort Maintenance Training Interference Management commitment Peer pressure Main types of PPE Head protection Eye protection Foot protection Hand and arm protection Body protection Respiratory protection Safety Signs Prohibition (Circular, Red, white background) Warning (Triangular, Yellow black edging) Mandatory (Circular, Blue white symbols) Safe Condition (Green, White symbols) Safe Systems of Work:- A step by step procedure for carrying out a task safely, identifying the hazards, assessing the risks and the precautions needed to eliminate or reduce the risks, Components of a safe system of work Materials Equipment Environment People Permit to Work:- Is a formal written procedure requiring written confirmation that certain actions have been carried out to eliminate or control risks before a specific high risk activity is carried outNEBOSH International General Certificate Revision — Elements 1-8 oS Management of Health & Safety Euro! Where Permits needed Confined spaces Electricity ‘Hot work Working on / nearby cranes Working at heights Excavation Operation of Permit to Work Identify the task (Where and when) Identify the hazards List the precautions to eliminate or reduce the hazards Additional precautions Time limits Issue by competent person Receipt by person in charge of work Completion Cancellation Confined Space:- Is any space where there is a specified risk of serious injury from hazardous substances or conditions within the space Confined space examples:- Cellars, Excavations, Sewers, Silos, Tanks , Vats , pipes What are the specified hazards in a confined space Fire or explosion Loss of consciousness due to increased body temperature Loss of consciousness due to asphyxiation Drowning Asphyxiation due to free flowing solids / gases / oxygen depletion Avoiding entry Modify confined space so entry not required Have work done from outside Precautions for working in a confined space Permit to work ‘Competent staff Appoint a supervisor Isolate Ensure suitable size of entry Gas purging Ventilation Regular testing of the atmosphere Special tools and lighting Pre Communications Limit working time Emergency proceduresNEBOSH International General Certificate Revision — Elements 1-8 oS Management of Health & Safety Eurolink Lone Worker Hazards to be considered Work location Type of work The equipment Manual handling Sex of the worker Emergency facilities Lack of Training Lack of Supervision Limited communication Precautions for lone workers Information on hazards, Training to deal with hazards Communication method Regular visits by supervisors Automatic warning devices Check the worker has returned home PPE Emergency procedures First aim is to Preserve life, Prevent deterioration and Promote recovery Assessment for first-aid requirements The nature of the work The size of the organisation, Number of employees Past history and accident type The nature and distribution of the workforce Remoteness of site from emergency medical services The needs of travelling, remote or lone workers Employees working on shared sites Absence of first aiders due to holidays, ete.NEBOSH International General Certificate Revision — Elements 1-8 os Management of Health & Safety Er kK Element 7:- Investigation, Recording and Reporting of Health and Safety In Reasons to investigate accidents Prevent future accidents by identifying and eliminating the root causes, Demonstrate concern about people's health and safety. Improve workers morale (motivation). Identify weaknesses in management system. Prevent business loses, Collate accident and ill-health data needed to defend criminal cases And compensation claims. Accident: An unplanned, unwanted event which results in a loss Incident (Near Miss):- An unplanned, unwanted event that has the potential to result in loss but it didn’t. Why consider near misses Near misses indicate that the potential for serious accidents is present and by reacting to the near misses them will prevent them Domino Theory:- It has been suggested that the events leading up to an accident are like a row of dominos and by removing dominos the accident will not occur. Actions following Accident Immediate Treatment for injured personnel Make the area safe Initiate emergency plan Contact emergency services Preserve scene for investigation May have to notify enforcing authority Initial Identify witnesses Report details to senior management Report details to insurance company Longer Term Decide the depth of the investigation and select team Gather evidence at the scene Interview witnesses Examine documents Appoint specialists if necessary Composition of Investigation team Supervisors and line managers from department where accident occurred A senior manager from another department Health and Safety professionals Specialists e.g. Engineers Representative of workers 19NEBOSH International General Certificate Revision — Elements uvdd Management of Health & Safety Employee experienced in the work activity. Direct/immediate cause of an accident Obvious direct reasons that caused the accident. Root/Underlying cause of an accident The failures in management systems or procedures that have led to the accident. Reasons why records should be kept To prevent a recurrence Monitoring purposes Legal reasons Occupational il-health may take years to occur Defend Civil claims Reporting of accidents Report to enforcing authority Injuries involving lost time Dangerous occurrences ‘Occupational diseases Information in accident report Who is injured person Seniority & training of the person Where the accident happened At what time. ‘What happened ‘Why it happened Results & outcomes Documentation Evidence Recommendations Witnesses Photos or diagrams EurolinkNEBOSH International General Certificate Revision — Elements 1-8 cS Management of Health & Safety Eurolink Element 8:- Monitoring, Review & Audit of H & S Performance Active Monitoring 4- Benchmarking Takes key performance indicators and compares them externally with similar organisations or industry standards 2- Workplace Inspections A formal, structured examination possibly by a team of people of the working environment that identify hazards that are not controlled Limitations of inspections ‘Some hazards are not visible ‘Some hazards not always present Unsafe practices not seen Types of inspections General workplace inspections Statutory inspections Compliance inspections People who carry out inspec Managers Supervisors Health and Safety advisors Employee safety representatives Enforcement agencies Inspection Checklist Condition of processes and plant Contractors Electrical Environmental conditions Fire protection First aid Hand held tools Hazardous substances Housekeepingicieanliness Lifting equipment Manual handling Machinery guarding Noise, ete. 21NEBOSH International General Certificate Revision ~ Elements 4 Management of Health & Safety 3- Safety Sampling A random exercise in which assigned observers walk in allotted timescale noting incidence of health and safety defects on pre-prepared sheets 4- Safety Tours ‘An unscheduled examination of a workplace to look for acceptable standards A tour can be carried out by a Manager and demonstrates commitment to safety 5- Audit Is a thorough examination of the performance of the health and safety management systems and procedures. Audits look at Management systems, Procedures, Training, documentation ‘such as safe systems; Permits to work, Interview selected employees as well as examining the workplace. Reactive Monitoring Accidents: Incidents l-heaith statistics Near misses Dangerous occurrences Complaints by workforce Enforcement action Prosecutions Civil claims 22.NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciomento 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Limit time of exposure Hot drinks Insulated clothing Radi Non-lonising Type Use in Industry Infrared Heating and brazing Lasers Cutting, Bar code readers Microwaves Food preparation, Signal transmission Uitra-violet Welding ee Sit Health effects Burns Reddening of the skin Cataracts Arceye Temporary sterility lonising Radiation Type Use in industry Alpha ‘Smoke detectors z Beta Thickness testing Gamma Non-Destructive testing X-Ray Medical Neutron By product nuclear fission [ Acute effects from high dose Chronic Effects Reddening of the skin Cancers Radiation sickness, Nausea, Sterility | Vomiting, Diarrhoea Hair loss Hereditary defects Death Effects on unborn children Death Control Measures Time Distance Shielding Others PPE Environmental and personal monitoring Correct disposal of radiation materials Good hygiene practices Training and supervision Eurolink ‘SafetyNEBOSH international General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciements OD 4-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink Violence at work Occupations at risk Taxi drivers Hospitals Schools Cash transactions Delivery/collection of money Control measures Training and information The environment Design of the job Communication Lone working Reporting and recording incidents Stress Physical Effects Psychological effects Headaches Increased anxiet Dizziness Reduced concentration ‘Aching neck and shoulders [Irritability Skin rashes Sudden mood changes: Prone to infections Inability to cope Panic attacks Reduced work output Raised heart rate Increased use of alcohol, ete Increased blood pressure Poor sleep patterns Heart disease a ‘Stomach ulcers : Causes of Stress Culture Demands Control Relationships Change Role Individual Environment Control measures for stress Selecting suitable employees Training Clearly defined roles Clearly work objectives Comfortable working environment Good lines of communication Realistic work schedules Employee involvementNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision Elements 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolinn Safety Element 8:- Construction Activities Hazards and Control Ladders Hazards in use Falling off Overreaching Carrying up materials Unsuitable ladder Ladder not properly secured Incorrect angle Not reaching above landing place Aluminium ladders near electrical lines Mobile Tower Scaffold Precautions Erected by competent persons Pre use inspections Positioned on firm ground Correct height to base ratio 3.5 x 1 Use of outriggers to broaden base Tying in to adjacent structure People and materials removed before moving Handrails and toeboards Suitable work platform Not overloaded Hazards opposite of above Mobile Elevating Work Platforms Hazards People falling or being thrown Materials falling Crushing between carrier and a fixed structure Collapse or overturning of MEWP caused by Equipment failure Unsuitable ground conditions Defective or unused outriggers Overloading of the carrier Struck by load Struck by another vehicle Interference with controls Precautions opposite of above Suspended access cradles and platforms 26NEBOSH international General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciements OD 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink Element 1:- Movement of People and Materials Hazards to pedestrians Slips, trips and falls on same level Falls from height Collisions with moving vehicles Precautions for accidents on Staircases Removal of obstructions Provision of non-slip surfaces Reflective edging Adequate lighting Effective maintenance Use of signs width Provision of handrails Dimensions treads and risers Landings Consider disabled persons Avoid the need to carry heavy objects up and down Causes of accidents on staircases opposite of above Accidents on walkways almost the same Hazards of fork trucks Overturning Overloading Loss of loads Collision with other vehicles Collision with pedestrians Explosions and fire Why can trucks overturn Travelling on gradients that are too steep Travelling forwards when descending slopes Overloaded or unevenly loaded Travelling over soft or uneven ground Travelling over slippery surfaces Travelling too fast Striking kerbs or other edges Not suitable for the task Carrying loads at dangerous heights To avoid overturning opposite of aboveNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciements ED 4-8 Control of Workplace Hazards m & g, 3 Procedures to follow when parking fork lift trucks Put gears in neutral position. Apply the handbrake. Switch off engine Remove key and keep it with the responsible person / place Forks to be rested on the floor Mast slightly forward Parked in the designated parking area making sure it's not blocking Walkways or exits, Additional hazards of electric fork trucks Hydrogen gas released during battery charging Electricity problems Manual handling of liquids Corrosive acids They are quiet (People may not hear them coming) Driver selection Suitable age Medical examination Routine medical checks at regular intervals Assessment after prolonged absences Capable of Training Refresher training Safety of pedestrians in vehicle moving areas Segregation Suitable parking areas Avoid reversing if possible One-way systems Avoid sharp or blind bends Sufficiently wide entrances and gateways Vision aids Speed limits Signallers (Banksmen) Protection from fumes Protection from materials falling off High visibility jacketsNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciemens ED 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Kk Element 2:- Manual and Mechanical Handling Hazards Manual Handling Injuries External: Cuts, bruises, Contusion, abrasions, crush injuries (Fractures) Internal: Muscle Strains, Tendon Tears, Hernias, slipped disc (Disc prolapsed) Hierarchy to reduce handling injuries Avoid handling Assess Implement controls Manual Handling Risk Assessment Load Weight Size Shape Rigidity Difficult to grasp Unstable Sharp edges Hot / cold Individual Sex Stature Individual capability Training Persons assessment of own capability Task Holding away from trunk Twisting, Stooping Reaching upwards Long vertical movement Long carrying distances ‘Strenuous pushing or pulling Number of boxes needed to be lifted (Frequency of lifting) Repetitive handling Insufficient rest or recovery ‘Wark rate imposed by the process Environment Constraints on posture Poor floors Variations in levels Hot/Cold/ humid conditions Poor lighting Remember LITENEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision crnen 4-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Correct Kinetic Handling Technique Assess the load Close to load as possible Secure grip Suitable feet position Back straight Bend the knees Load close to the body ‘Smooth movement Conveyors Hazards Precautions Trapping in drive mechanisms Traps, Nips, Drawing in ‘Guards, No loose clothing Pop out rollers, nip guards Sharp edges Edge protection, eliminate edges Items jamming conveyor ‘Adequate design Falling objects Edge guards, barriers Riding or crossing conveyor Bridges. complete enclosure Impact with objects Helmets, padding Noise Manual handling Hearing protection Mechanical handling Electrical hazards Types of Cranes Mobile Tower Gantry Overhead Cranes may fail because of Overturning Overloading Suitable electrical equipment ] Unsuitable support or inadequate bases for crane Loss of load Failure of load Lack of maintenance Failure of load bearing part Safe use of Cranes Suitable crane Suitable ground conditions Use of outriggers. ‘Avoidance of obstructions Care near overhead power lines Designated and protected area Suitable and tested lifting tackle Correct slinging technique Competent personnel rolink ‘SaetyNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision oa 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink Load near ground if travelling Good visibility Good communications Suitable storage for fuels etc Hazards opposite of above plus Use of crane in high winds Employee safety during lifting Trained personnel Properly trained equipment Equipment has had statutory inspections ‘Warning of lft taking place No employee to walk under load Ensure load is secure SWL of crane and tackle not exceeded Lifted to correct height Moved at appropriate speed Adequate supervision Lifting Accessories (Tackle) Main Hazards Overloadinglused above safe working load Incorrect use e.g. too wide an angle with chains Insecure attachment of load Damage to tackle Incorrect slinging method Failure to examine and inspect pre-use Incompetent staff Precautions opposite of above WNNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciomonts aD E Eurolink 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Element 3:- Work Equipment Hazards and Control Precautions in maintenance of Work Equipment Use of permit to work Isolation/locking off Dissipation of stored energy Segregation Safe means of access Use of PPE ‘Competent personnel Ensure safe environment (allow to cool) Hazards of maintenance work opposite of above plus Chemicals Biological Asbestos Hot or cold Pressure to complete work Mechanical Hazards of Machinery Entanglement Traps (Aiso referred to as drawing in — shear ~ crush) Impact Contact (Also referred to as cutting — stabbing — puncture) Ejection Draw labelled diagrams of each one Non-Mechanical Hazards of Machinery Chemical/oiological hazards Dust and fumes Ergonomics Electricity Fire Explosion Hazardous substances Manual handling Noise Radiation Stability of machine Temperature extremes Ultra violet light VibrationNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision cements OD 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink Common hazards Electrical Ergonomic Noise Stability of machine Machinery Fixed guards Interlocking, Adjustable & Automatic sweep guards. Appliances (trip device) & Protective devices (Jigs, Holders, Push Sticks) Training, Information, Instruction, and Supervision (it is) and PPE Fixed Guards:- A physical barrier not connected to the machine cpatrols which has no moving parts and requires a tool to an aa rarchy of Controls - Fixed Guards ca ‘Advantages Disadvantages Minimal maintenance Not linked to machine controls Only defeated by deliberate act No protection when removed ‘Only visual inspection ‘Access to dangerous parts when removed May protect against other hazards ‘More difficult fo remove not practical e.g. noise, dust, ejection of materials _| when frequent access required Tends to be left unfixed when frequent access required May hamper visibilit Interlocking Guard:- Linked to the machine controls so that when the machine is in a dangerous condition the guard cannot be opened or opening the guard causes the machine to become safe Interlocking Guard ‘Advantages Disadvantages ‘Allow safe access for feeding Increase the complexity of the materials. machine Convenient to use. Difficult to test and maintain Less likely to be deliberately defeated | May need a brake or time delay ‘Speeds up operations ‘Components could fail in service Regular maintenance required May not fail to safety V7NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciemeris SD 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurol ink Element 4:- Electrical Hazards and Control Main Hazards of Electricity Burns Shock Arcing Fire Explosions Secondary Effects of Electricity Falls from height Unintentional movement of machine De-activation of control measures Loss of information Throw off Health effects of Electricity on the body Damage to nervous system Irregular heartbeat (Fibrillation) Internal burns External burns Muscular contractions Stopping breathing Stopping of the heart Factors Influencing severity of electrical shock Voltage Current Time Conductivity or resistance Current path Action on finding someone in contact with electri Isolate the supply if possible ‘Summon help Give first-aid if capable Remain with casualty until emergency services arrive Causes of Electrical Fire Inadequate circuits Overloaded circuits Incorrect fuses Damaged insulation Loose connections Flammable materials too close to electrical equipment ‘Overheating of cablesNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision cionens OD 4-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink Safety of Portable Electrical Appliances The appliance:- Battery operated Checked before use Suitable selected equipment Properly maintained equipment The Lead:- Ensure not run over by vehicles Dragged over rough services Trapped in machinery Exposed to hot surfaces or corrosive chemicals Continuous flexing Joints, Connections and plugs:- Makeshift temporary connections Leads getting pulled out Poor made connections Fuse being replaced Battery operated Fuse:- A weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit at excessive currents Circuit Breakers:- Electromagnetic device which perform the same function as fuses i.e. break the circuit at excessive current although slightly faster Earthing:- Electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means providing a path to earth lower than the human body Isolation:- The disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment from every source of electrical equipment in such a way that the disconnection and separation is secure Reduced voltage systems:- By reducing the voltage present system the consequences of electrical shock can be greatly reduced Residual Current Devices (RCD):- It compares the current flowing into the system with the current flowing out. When the level differs by a preset value the RCD will open rapidly and interrupt the supply Double Insulation: insulation Covering live parts by two separated layers of User checks Equipment is of an approved standard Wiring and casing are free from damage Cables are correctly routed System not overloaded Correct fusesNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision cements QD 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink Plug properly wired and gripped Competent users Using reduced voltage in wet conditions Using RCDs Office Environments Suitable equipment manufactured to appropriate standards Avoid the use of trailing cables Avoid multi-socket extensions Control private electrical equipment brought from home Report defective and damaged equipment Ensure effective heating ‘Switch off overnight Test appliances at regular intervalsNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciements ED 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Kk Element 5:- Fire Hazards and Control Causes of fire Arson Electrical faults Misuse of electrical equipment ‘Smokers materials Oiligas heating equipment and portable heaters Unsafe storage of materials Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas Welding/not work Mechanical heat (Sparks/friction) The fire triangle:- Fuel, Source of ignition, Oxygen Flash point: - The temperature at which a vapour given off by substance will ignite when brought to a source of ignition Classes of fire A- Combustible solids (wood, paper etc.) B - Flammable liquids (Alcohol, Petro!) C - Flammable gases (Butane, hydrogen, propane) D - Metals (magnesium) F - Cooking media (Vegetable oil or animal fats) Method of Heat Transfer Direct Contact: - The flame and a combustible fuel are in direct contact and the fuel heats up and eventually ignites. Conduction: - Heat travels within a solid material from hotter to cooler parts Radiation: - Heat is radiated through the air causing heating of a materials at a distance from the fire. Convection: - Hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot and unburnt gases under ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread from one room to another. Fire precautions to ise the risk to people in the event of fire Suitable Fire/smoke detection Fire Alarms:~ Suitable Regular Testing Contact with emergency services Means of escape Travel distances Stairways Fire doors ‘Signage Emergency lightingNEBOSH international General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciomens ED 4-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink Assembly points Means of fighting the fire Suitable extinguishers Properly sited extinguishers Training in use of extinguishers Extinguishers properly maintained Emergency evacuation procedures Fire marshals Fire notices Fire drills Roll calls Provisions for disabled Limiting numbers of personsNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision cioments OD 4-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink Element 6:- Chemical and biological health hazards and controls Target Organs: A part of the body which sustains an adverse effect when it is exposed to or by contaminated by a particular harmful agent Examples: Mercury, Lead the brain Asbestos, Ammonia the Lungs Body defences against dust The hair and wetness of the nose The change of direction of the larynx ‘Sneezing and coughing The hair cells in the respiratory tract Tears and blinking of the eyes Dermatitis: Symptoms: - Blisters, Inflammation, Dryness, reddening, cracking of skin Protective measures against dermatitis Eliminate the substance Substitution of the substance Barrier creams, Good hygiene practices PPE Routes of entry in the body Inhalation Ingestion Absorption Direct entry Injection Acute effects: Adverse health effects resulting from single or short term exposure to a large quantity of the harmful substance, it is usually reversible €.g. Splashing acid onto the skin will give an immediate reaction. Chronic:- Adverse health effects resulting from prolonged or repeated exposure to small quantities of the harmful substance leading to a gradual often irreversible effects e.g. exposure to Asbestos dust over many years will lead to asbestosis and cancer of the lungs - mesothelioma Classification of Hazardous Substances Irritant: Non-corrosive substances which through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with skin or mucous membrane may cause inflammation e.g Petrol vsNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciements SD 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink Corrosive: Substances which on contact with living tissue may destroy it by burning e.g. acids Harmful: Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the skin may cause damage to health Toxic: A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death, acute or chronic damage to health Carcinogenic: Substances which cause disorders to cell growth that may lead to cancer Information en Manufacturers Safety data sheets (MSBS) Identification of the substance Manufacturers’ information Composition of the ingredients First-aid precautions Fire-fighting measures Handling and storage PPE, Disposal considerations Transport information Regulatory information Grab Sampler (Chemical stain detector tube) ‘Advantages Disadvantages Low cost Inaccurate Takes little time Positioning of tube [immediate result Only a snap shot Littie training Inefficient Information during spillage ‘Chemical use only i ai [Good for coarse indication ‘Substance specific Hazardous substance risk assessment 5 steps as normal Control of health hazards Eliminate Reduce by substitution Isolate:- Total Enclosure Segregate the people Control Engineering Control (LEV) Maintenance of controls Change the work pattern or method Hygiene and housekeepingNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision coments a 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink PPE Discipline Emergency controls for spillage, air pollution etc. Ventilation systems alarmed PPE Emergency showers, eye wash facilities Booms, sawdust, spillage procedures Evacuation procedures Isolation of the area Evacuation of the employees at risk PPE for staff involved in clear up Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) Main Parts:- Hood, Ducting, Filter, Fan Draw sketch as provided. LEV becomes inefficient because of:- Blocked filters Lack of maintenance Position of hood Unauthorised alterations Broken ducting ‘Wear of fan blades Incorrect settings Increased contaminant level Inadequate design Failure of operators to use it Checks opposite of aboveNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciements ED 41-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink Specific Agents Ammonia Is a colourless gas with a pungent odour. It is a corrosive and can cause irritation to the eyes and upper respiratory tract in small concentrations. Large concentrations can cause blindness and fluid in the lungs. Eye protection and respiratory protection essential. Asbestos Main types:- Blue, Brown and White Diseases:- Asbestosis, Lung cancer, Mesothelioma Uses Pipe lagging ‘Wall and roof panels Ceiling tiles Textured coatings Insulation materials Gaskets Brake linings Carbon Dioxide Colourless and odourless gas that is heavier than air. Low levels increases the rate of respiration and high levels depress the rate of respiration leading to unconsciousness and even death. Produced in fermentation process e.g breweries. Carbon Monoxide Colourless and odourless and tasteless gas. Found where incomplete combustion occurs e.g. boilers, vehicle exhausts Inhalation of the gas results in headache, drowsiness, flushed “pink” appearance and ultimately asphyxiation Chlorine A greenish toxic gas with a pungent smell which is highly iritant to the respiratory system. Dusts Nuisance dust can cause asthma, bronchiti such as asbestos, Silicosis. , emphysema and conditionsnal General Certificate IGC 2 Revision coments OD NEBOSH Internat 41-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink Dust Identification Visual signs of dust Dust lamps Static or personal sampling Health surveillance Control measures for dust Elimination ‘Substitution e.g. pellets instead of powders Enclosure of the process Local exhaust ventilation \Vacuuming instead of sweeping Damping down Limiting time of exposure Limiting numbers exposed Respiratory protective equipment Lead Aheavy, soft and easily worked metal. Can enter body by eating contaminated food but usually by breathing fumes or dust. ‘Acute lead poisoning can result in nausea, headaches, effects on the nervous system sometimes death in severe cases. Organic Solvents These dissolve other substances and are also used as cleaning and degreasing agents. They are volatile and evaporate quickly at room temperature so their vapours can be drawn into the lungs. Acute effects are irritation of the eyes, skin, throat and lungs. Effects may be headaches, nausea, dizziness and loss of consciousness and in extreme cases in death Isocyanates Organic compounds widely used in industry for products such as spray painting of vehicles and production of polyurethane rubbers and foams. Inflammation of the nasal passages and throat can lead to asthma, Silica Found in sand, granite etc. and the health hazard comes from breathing it in which can lead to the lung disease silicosis.NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciemenis ED 41-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink Biological Agents Leptospirosis or Weils disease Bacteria found in the urine of female rats and the most common source is in river water, sewers etc. Enters the body through puncture of the skin or ingestion, Attacks the kidneys and liver causing high temperatures and may be fatal Legionella An airborne bacterium found in water sources such as cooling towers, stagnant water etc. It is caused by inhalation of airborne droplets of water containing the legionella bacteria leading to a form of pneumonia i.e. breathing difficulties, high temperature and possible death. Those at greatest risk are middle aged smokers or elderly people with chest problems. Control measures involve temperature control and monitoring, avoiding “dead legs" legs in pipework, biocide treatment and effective cleaning and maintenance. Hepatitis A disease of the liver and can cause high temperatures, nausea and jaundice. Itis caused by hazardous substances or a virus. Health workers and those handling bodily fluids are most at risk. The control measures involve inoculation and good hygiene practices. Control measures for Biological Hazards Cleaning and disinfection Water treatment Vermin control Containment of the biological agent Avoidance of sharp implements Proper disposal of contaminated waste Immunisation Persona hygiene PPE Waste Storage Sufficient storage area Clearly the iabel the storage area Ensure storage area secure Protect storage area with bunds etc. Store different types of waste separately Never store incompatible waste together Select appropriate containers Keep quantities of waste to a minimum Protect waste from the elementsNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciomens 41-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink Element 7:- Physical and psychological hazards Ergonomics The study of the relationship between workers and their environment, work equipment and work task. Work Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs) Causes of WRULDs Repetitive finger, hand or arm movements Twisting movements Squeezing Hammering Pushing, pulling or reaching movements Symptoms Numbness in fingers Pains in hands or arms: Restriction of joint movement Soft tissue swelling Factors to be considered during risk assessment Force exerted Frequency and duration of operation Repetition of movement without rest or recovery Posture Constraints on space Environment Improve above plus:~ Mechanise task Use correct tools and equipment Display Screen Equipment (DSEs) Health effects Upper limb pains and discomfort Eye and eyesight effects Epilepsy Radiation effects on pregnant women Fatigue and stress Workstation requirements ‘Adequate lighting Minimum noise Ample legroom Suitable screen at eye level Suitable software Keyboard Work surfaceNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciements 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Euroli Seely Suitable work chair Footrest if necessary Health effects of remaining seated for a long time Vertebral and muscular damage High blood pressure Circulation problems Suitable Seat for sedentary workers Good lumbar support Good width and depth Ability to adjust seat back and height Stable base Ability to swivel Provision of arm rests Welfare and Environment issues Welfare Sufficient toilets Washing facilities Eating and changing facilities, Clothing storage Seating Rest areas Arrangements for non-smokers Working environment Temperature Ventilation Lighting Room dimensions Suitable work stations and seating Weather protection for outdoor workstations Health effects of poor lighting Eye strain Headaches Poor posture Tripping over unseen objects Increased likelihood of human error Increased time to vacate work area Factors to consider when assessing adequacy of lighting The tasks being undertaking The size and layout of the work area The equipment used Availability of natural light Shift times/work pattems Suitable number of artificial light 20NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciomonts 4-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink Contrast levels Glare Areas in shadow Need for localised lighting Maintenance of lighting Adequate emergency lighting Noise Noise terminology Frequency:- The number of wave fronts assign a point in one second measured in Hertz Intensity:- The loudness of the noise Decibel:- The sound pressure level “A” Weighting:- A filter in the noise meter that equates the noise to how the human ear perceives the noise Hearing Damage Acute Chronic Stress "Noise induced hearing loss ‘Temporary threshold shift Permanent threshold shift Temporary tinnitus Permanent tinnitus Blast deafness Prebyacusis Noise Control Source Design Damping Isolate Maintenance Path Screens and barriers Enclosure Absorption Silencer The Person Distance Time exposed Information and training Limitations on Personal Hearing Protection Not worn correctly Not fitted correctly Not properly maintained 2NEBOSH international General Certificate IGC 2 Revision ciements OD 4-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolink Violence at work Occupations at risk Taxi drivers Hospitals Schools Cash transactions Delivery/collection of money Control measures Training and information The environment Design of the job Communication Lone working Reporting and recording incidents Stress Physical Effects Psychological effects Headaches Increased anxiet Dizziness Reduced concentration ‘Aching neck and shoulders [Irritability Skin rashes Sudden mood changes: Prone to infections Inability to cope Panic attacks Reduced work output Raised heart rate Increased use of alcohol, ete Increased blood pressure Poor sleep patterns Heart disease a ‘Stomach ulcers : Causes of Stress Culture Demands Control Relationships Change Role Individual Environment Control measures for stress Selecting suitable employees Training Clearly defined roles Clearly work objectives Comfortable working environment Good lines of communication Realistic work schedules Employee involvementNEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Revision Elements 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards Eurolinn Safety Element 8:- Construction Activities Hazards and Control Ladders Hazards in use Falling off Overreaching Carrying up materials Unsuitable ladder Ladder not properly secured Incorrect angle Not reaching above landing place Aluminium ladders near electrical lines Mobile Tower Scaffold Precautions Erected by competent persons Pre use inspections Positioned on firm ground Correct height to base ratio 3.5 x 1 Use of outriggers to broaden base Tying in to adjacent structure People and materials removed before moving Handrails and toeboards Suitable work platform Not overloaded Hazards opposite of above Mobile Elevating Work Platforms Hazards People falling or being thrown Materials falling Crushing between carrier and a fixed structure Collapse or overturning of MEWP caused by Equipment failure Unsuitable ground conditions Defective or unused outriggers Overloading of the carrier Struck by load Struck by another vehicle Interference with controls Precautions opposite of above Suspended access cradles and platforms 26