Well architecture, Drilling equipment & operations April & May 2007Master of Science in Oil & Gas Production Engineering SUMMARY - THE DRILL STEM - DRILLING BITS & DRILLING PARAMETER - STUCK PIPE - WELL ARCHITECTURE: CASING PHYSICAL & CALCULATION - BOP's & ACCUMULATION and CLOSING UNITfe THE DRILL STEM + Introduction : Functions of the drill stem + Chapter 1 : Archimedes’ principle + Chapter 2 : The drill pipes + Chapter 3 : The drill collars + Chapter 4 : Auxiliary equipment + Chapter 5 : Choice of the drill stem | 1 | fp INTRODUCTION | + Functions of the drill stem — to transmit rotary power to the drill bit to destroy the rock, — to guide and control the direction of the drill bit, — to exert weight on the drill bit, — to enable drilling fluids to circulate from the surface to the drill bit. + The drill string is made up of: = drill pipes, — heavy weight drill pipes, drill collars, stabilisers integrated in the drill collars, — equipment for the deviation.Exsion E : | ; wor TP CHAPITRE 1 + Archimedes’ principle + Distribution of stresses along the drill stem + Neutral point + Buoyancy factorfe ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE + Buoyancy is the resultant of the pressure forces that a fluid exerts on the wall of a body partly or totally immersed + Vertical force: - Opposite direction from that of gravity - Intensity is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid + Archimede’s principle will apply to the immered object only if the hydrostatic pressure is exerted on the base of the object fp ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE 1s a Fa F Position 1 F Position 3 Position 4 Fy <2 FyiP Distribution of stresses along the drill stem | “eeepc + The drill stem is hanging in an empty well — All points of the drill stem are under tension + The drill stem is hanging in a well filled with a fluid — Partis subjected to compressive forces — But there is no risk of buckling because the weight of the tubular is greater than the buoyancy + Part of the drill stem resting on the bottom of an empty well ~ Risk of buckling in the part under compression + Part of the drill stem is resting on the bottom of the well filled with fluid — Risk of buckling in the part of the drill stem where the hydrostatic pressure is less than the axial stress fp Distribution of stresses along the drill stem + The drill stem is hanging in an empty well Conipression 10 ‘Tension, / axial stess jf. e Neutral point itefe Distribution of stresses along the drill stem + The drill stem is hanging in a well filled with a fluid Compression 0 Tension ' Hyrhostatie — / i. pressure i “Inconect ; distabution Fluid of i density py Axial stress Ceonect” distribution) / Axial stress egal to zero ; weer cinian Pineal Neutral point esse + Part of the drill stem resting on the bottom of an empty well Tension To A Zone where tere isa nish F oftmkling F nentiP Distribution of stresses along the drill stem + Part of the drill stem is resting on the bottom of the well filled with fluid . Compression 0 Tension Zone whore there isa risk ofbuckling " Neutral point i i i i + In the drill stem, there is a point at which: - The axial stress is zero — Above which there is no risk of buckling + Various definitions: — point at which the axial stress changes from compression to tension - A. Lubinsky : the weight of the upper part is hung from the elevator and the weight of the lower part is equal to the force applied to the bottom = point at which the axial stress is equal to the hydrostatic pressure + The last 2 definitions are the same, and in principle determine the point below which there is risk of tubular bucklingfe Position of the neutral point n F Pn ~ (brea “Se ~ Pri S Height of the neutral point defined according to the bottom of drill stem expressed in m, Force applied to the bottom expressed in N, Average weight per meter in the air ofthe pipe below the neutral point expressed in N/m, Density of the fluid inside the drill stem expressed in kg / m3, Density of the fluid outside the drill stem expressed in kg / m3, Inside cross-section area of the drill stem expressed in m2, ‘Outside cross-section area of the drill stem expressed in m2, Gravity acceleration equal to 9.81 m/s2. 8 fp Position of the neutral point Pr Pa P ‘Weight applied to the bit expressed in N, Pm: Average weight per meter in the air of the pipe below the ncutral point expressed in NJ m, pa Steel density expressed in kg / m’, pf Density of the fluid in the well expressed in kgm This formula will be used to determine the length of the drill collars necessary to apply a given weight on bit (WOB). “| ifP__ Buoyancy factor + Buoyancy factor k = 1-24 pa K = Buoyancy factor = Density of the fluid contained in the well expressed in kg/m? > p, = Steel density expressed in kg / m? + Apparent weight in a fluid Pa = Pr. k 7.85 = Steel density P, = Real weight of the drill string in air expressed in N P, = Apparent weight of the drill string in fluid expressed in N i | JP Buoyancy factor = + Fora steel drill string, this gives: k=1- d, = Fluid density| iP CHAPTER 2 - DRILL PIPES + Characteristics of drill pipes + Limits of utilisation for drill strings — Resistance to pure tension load ~ Resistance to pure torsional strength — Resistance to collapse sttrength — Resistance to burst strength — Associated stresses fp Characteristics of drill pipes + Adrill pipe is composed of: — Asteel pipe: the body — Two tool joints welded by friction — Upset at the end of the body + Internal Upset (IU) + External Upset (EU) + Internal External Upset (IEU)Characteristics of drill pipes Characteristics of the body + Steel grades lorgation Yield strongth wes, Grete * “camaeay” | “pata” | "pataay Peo [oe [ae [cee [oe om [oe [ae [car | wr G 105 06 ‘wa ae ‘sano ee| if Characteristics of the body cm + Steel grades | — 4normalized steel grades for API: E, X,G et S — Remark: The minimum yield strength adopted by the API produces a permanent elongation of 0.5% to 0.7% according to the grade of steel used. In general, drill pipes are only used up to 90% of their maximum admissible tension. fp Characteristics of the body Length: 3 ranges (length of the body before welding on tool joints) = Range | corresponds to dil pipes with lengths of between 18 (648m) and 22 (6.71 m), = Rango Ii covers dil pipes with lengths of between 27 ft (8.23 m) and 30 f(8.45m), Range Il covers dril pipos with length of betwoen 38 ft (17.58 m) and 45 ft (13.72m) Nominal diameter: nominal diametor of drill pipes is the outside diamotor of the pipe body excluding “The diametors standardised by the API are: 236", 2718", 3 i", 4,4 %", 5,5 1" and ~The inside diameter depends on the nominal weight of the cil pipe body. Nominal weight: ‘Tho nominal woight is tho linear woight (infact, tho linoar mass) of the drill pipe body (tho ‘woight of tho too joints Is net Included In this value) It is expressed in tft = Nominal weight + real weight ofthe drill pipe ++ Standard 5" dil pipes have a nominal woight of 18.60 Ib + The standard 3 1/2" drill pipes have @ nominal weight of 13.30 If,Tool joints The tool joints currently used are assembled by friction welding on the upsets of the pipe body. The API require that, whatever the tube grade used (E, X, G or S), the steel used for the tool joints must have the following physical properties: — Yield strength: 120,000 psi (827 MPa), — Minimum tensile strength: 140,000 psi (965 MPa). The 18° shoulder of the box end tool joint used for handling the drill string with the elevator, has replaced the square shoulder tool joint used previously. Among other things, this profile makes it possible to run in a drill string (while stripping) through an annular BOP without damaging the packing unit (rubber packer). Threads : — The most common threads for API are: + NC 50 for 5" drill pipes + NC 38 for 3%" drill pipes + Sealing between drill pipes is ensured at the shoulders; the same applies toll elements of the drill string. Tool joints i i i | Tye 1 Coarse gh dns coarse 2gha0 abo sh a aTool joints + Makeup torques: ‘The make up torques recommended for the various types of tool joint are given in the Drilling Data Handbook. These values assume the use of a thread compound containing 40 to 60 % by weight of finely powdered zine, applied in a total co: ting on all threads and shoulders. ~The make up torques depend on the tool joint. - When making up the drill pipe connection, like for any other element of the drill string, in order to achieve the correct torque, it i important to apply perpendicular force to the rotary tongs. ~The makoup torques are the maximum rotation torque that the drill pipes can boar during drilling operations. In deviated wells, it is recommended to limit, the rotation torque to 80% of the makeup torque. API marking Ape dew J Manatee bs fp roemsciot carer's symbol Beara 1. Manufacturer's symbol 1 tee 2 Month of welding wel oe 3. Year of welding 3 Yotrotweing 4. Origin of body pat A. Orighotbody 5. Dil pipe grade Pine 6. Place of welding 5 Ditippegrte| ie Wear classification + The drill pipes are inspected regularly (about every 2,000 hours of rotation) according to the API RP 7 G recommendations. + The API have classified the drill pipes in 5 categories : dimensions and are new pipes. | — Class |: marked with a white band; these drill pipes have nominal API — Premium Class: marked with two white bands. These drill pipes show uniform wear and have a reduced thickness of 20 % maximum. = Class Il: marked with a yellow band; these drill pipes have uniform wear and a reduced thickness of 30% maximum, = Class III : drill pipes in this class are marked with an orange band. — Class IV : drill pipes in this class are marked with a red band. | In oil and gas drilling, only class Premium drill pipes are used. de. Marking and classification ” Classification paint bands for drill pipe and tool joints | Wi 7 ‘Tool joint condition bands “a \ stencil for pomnanent marking for classification of duill pipe body ‘Tool jeint and acim. pipe dusdiation chs 1 Premium, Chass 2 Chass 3 | Sersp Number and color “thang cme white ‘no hate one yellow on orange ome red Teeljeint Scrwp or hop Repuinbie Fiddrepanble Coler «fands ra gen weerimits of utilisation for drill strings | + Tension load | = Maximum tension load on the d permanente elongation: Tmax = O min .S max pipe to produce a ‘Tmax: Maximum tension load on the drill pipe expressed in N, @, minMinimum yield strength of the steel used expressed in Pa, S: Minimum cross-section area of the drill pipe expressed in m2 8 ifP Limits of utilisation for drill strings + Tension load = The body of the drill pipe limits the tension load allowable on the pipe. - The maximum tension load depends on the nominal diameter, the nominal weight, the steel grade and the wear classification. = The values given in the Drilling Data Handbook are the maximum tension loads for the drill pipe body: + For 5” drill pipes, 19.5 Ibift, NC 50, Premium | Garde E75: 138.6 kdaN Grade X 95: 175.6 kdaN Grado G 105: 194.1 kdaN Grade $135: 249.5 kdaN — Generally the tensile stress will be limited to 90% of this value and 80% of this value in directional wellsLimits of utilisation for drill strings + Pure torsional strength M,,,, = 0.577 . a, min + . Re: Outside radius of the cylinder expressed in m, Ri: Inside radius of the cylinder expressed in m. 6, min: Minimum yield strength of the steel used expressed in Pa, Mmax: Maximum twisting moment expressed in N.m. 18 | fe Limits of utilisation for drill strings i i + Pure torsional strength ~The maximum twisting moment depends on te nominal ameter, the nominal weight, the steel grade and the wear classification. | — The values given in the Drilling Data Handbook are the maximum torsional strength for the drill pipe body: | + For 5” drill pipes, 19.5 Ibift, NC 50, Premium | Garde E 75: 4380 daNm Grade X 95: 5540 daN.m Grade G 105: 6130 daNim Grade $ 135: 7880 daN.m = The maximum torque that can be applied on a drill pipe is the tightening torque of the connection, which is well below the acceptable torque value on the drill pipe body. + For 5” drill pipes, 19.5 Ibift, NC 50, E, Premium : 2138 daN.mLimits of utilisation for drill strings + Burst strength Pimax =k. 2. cemin.e} Pi max: Maximum inside pressure in Pa k: Factor equals to 0.875 for new pipes class |, equals to 1 for Premium clas pipes Ge min: Yield strength of steel in Pa @: Nominal thickness of the drill pipe body | D: Nominal outside diameter of the drill pipe body D and e must have the same length symbol Limits of utilisation for drill strings + Burst strength — The maximum burst strength depends on the nominal diameter, the nominal weight, the steel grade and the wear classification. — The body of the drill pipe limits the burst pressure that can be applied to this particular pipe. — The values given in the Drilling Data Handbook are the maximum burst pressures for the drill pipe body: + For 5” drill pipes, 19.5 Ib/ft, NC 50, Premium Garde E 75: 599 bar Grade X 95: 759 bar Grade G 105: 839 bar Grade $135: 1078 bar — It is recommended to limit the pressure applied to the inside of the drill pipe (or pressure differential between the outside and inside) to 90% of the maximum allowable pressure Pi max. 6Sfp Limits of utilisation for drill strings + Collapse strength — The API uses several equations for determining the maximum value of the outside pressure that can be exerted on the body of a tube. Pe max is the maximum outside pressure that can be exerted on the body of a tube in Pa. — The collapse pressure for used drill pipes (diameter and thickness below nominal values) is calculated by adjusting the nominal outside diameter D and the nominal thickness e as though wear were uniform on the outside and nil on the inside diameter. fp Limits of utilisation for drill strings + Collapse strength — The API uses several equations for determining the maximum value of the outside pressure that can be exerted on the body of a tube. Pe max is the maximum outside pressure that can be exerted on the body of a tube in Pa This equation is applicable when the Die ratio is: -less than or equal to 13.67 for grade E drill pipes, -less than or equal to 12.83 for grade X 95 drill pipes, -less than or equal to 12.56 for grade G 105 drill pipes, -less than or equal to 11.90 for grade S 135 drill pipes. 2»Limits of utilisation for drill strings -Collapse strength + The values of A’, B', C and the D/e ratio are given in the following table. t is a ! ae | ae | ans ae} et » | if Limits of utilisation for drill strings iP *Collapse strength A + The values of A, B and the D/e ratio are given in the following table. P, , Grade a = Die iG 7988 087 ‘wom 73.09 10 92.05 x85; 2.087 0.0880 ‘rom 71.24 to 78.25 105 2052 055 ‘rom 70.66 0 75.08 S135 228 0.0613, ‘rom 19:14 0 23.42 2Limits of utilisation for drill strings Collapse strength 46.95 - 10° This equation is applicable when the D/e ratio is : equal to or greater than 32.05 for grade E drill pipes, equal to or greater than 28.25 for grade X 95 drill pipes, equal to or greater than 26.88 for grade G 105 drill pipes, equal to or greater than 23.42 for grade S 135 drill pipes. Limits of utilisation for drill strings Collapse strength — The maximum collapse strength depends on the nominal diameter, the nominal weight, the steel grade and the wear classification. — The body of the drill pipe limits the collapse pressure that can be applied to this particular pipe. — The values given in the Drilling Data Handbook are the maximum collapse pressures for the drill pipe body: + For 5” drill pipes, 19.5 Ib/ft, NC 50, Premium Garde E75: 487 bar Grade X 95: $67 bar — Grade G 105: 604 bar Grade $ 135: 693 bar — Itis recommended to limit the pressure applied to the outside of the drill pipe (or pressure differential between the outside and inside) to 90% of the maximum allowable pressure Pe max. aAssociated stresses + The values in the drilling data handbook are given for only one stress. These values must be modified when several stresses are applied simultaneously. 28 fe Associated stresses * The combined effect of tension loading and torsion bac) = (ul) = Tmax Mmax Tyaxi Tension loading applied to the drill pipe T : Maximum pure tension loading that can be applied to the body of the drill pipe in the elastic domain M__ : Torque applied to the body of the drill pipe ‘Max: Pure maximum twisting moment that can be applied to the body of the drill pipe in the elastic domain Twox and T expressed in Pa (oF with the same units) M,,ox and M expressed in N.m (or with the same units) 2Associated stresses + The combined effect of tension loading and torsion — The maximum torque M that can be exerted on the drill pipe considering the mechanical properties of the drill pipes and the | fact that there is already a tension loading T being applied is : | {tal ‘max - The maximum tension loading T can be exerted on a drill pipe | considering the mechanical properties of the drill pipes and the fact that a torque Mis already being applied is : f 2 T = Tmax ./1- (_M_) max «1 - Wimax - The values of T and M thus obtained will generate a permanent deformation of the drill pipes. On site, it is preferable to limit this value to 90%. i i i i 2 fe Associated stresses iM... h craps 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100% T/T imax 2Associated stresses + Combined effect of tension loading and pressure — The envelope of the ellipse defines the limit between the internal zone where the drill pipes can be used and the external zone where the drill pipes should not be used. — It is advisable to use part (b) of the ellipse for this combination of stresses. — The values obtained from the tension loading / collapse and tension loading / burst combinations from the plasticity ellipse are boundary values. It is recommended to take 90% of the value found. 2 iP Combined effect of tension loading and pressure enepp pressure in percentage of yield Internal pressure in percentage of yield strength strength 10 190 99 80 70 69 sp 40 30 20 10 9 10 20 3 7) 80 90 | &) aS PP yf Woys \ Jo a8equaai9dAssociated stresses — Combination of three stresses (tensile, torsion and burst) + During drilling, tension loading, torsion and the pressure inside the drill string have a combined action table gives torsional values in terms of the other stresses (Vallourec data). It is recommended to take 90% of the value found as these values on the table are deduced from the plasticity ellipse discussed in the previous paragraph | + Very few data exist on the combination of several stresses. The following + The table indicates the percentage of the torque that can be applied according to the percentage of tension loading and pressure. i t . iP Combination of three stresses Tension - Burst - Torsion ‘COLLAPSE, a ‘BURST «OR BERERTEERECE Ifthe % of the | [0] wo] 2} 0] oso] 1] 7] mf of sf @] a] maximum tension | [aol a [oe a loading is 50% and (al ofal aL ets of [oa] a De the % of the | |S BabSsbitst of elas [oo maximum inside [io 3} al ox s] | 5] vo 4] 9] 99] sof af ss [ss] cx] apo] Pressure is 60 %, x [af of «af co] rif so] sol oi] asf v6] o9 fio] o9| oa) osf ort ef aol if of 8 o| the maximum % of + [off [als ofslsafoul) sels) salsefsa fap ape afie torque that can be EL Clete sis| a ofs[sbsbso[6/313I ol] applied is 83 % of — ¢ 's [ol 39] suf ez] 71] 78] 83] s6| 38] 90) 90] «| the maximum kB ee 2) torsional strength, | i of sof so] asf 49] sof vo] as} sof 30] oiP CHAPTER 3 - DRILL COLLARS Function Choice of drill collars diameter Manufacture of drill collars Connection thread forms fp Functions of drill collars + Put weight on bit — In vertical wells, DC juste above the bit + The lower part under compression | + The rest under tension to avoid to have the drill pipes under compression — Inthe very deviated wells + If DC are used in the drill string, they will be in the vertical part of the well, to put under compression the part of the string below them + But most of the time, there is no DC in the string, be put by the heavy weight drill pipes and/orthe dri + Guide and control the path of the bit - Various borehole configurations can be drilled by adjusting the position of the stabilisers in the drill collar string.iP Choice of drill collars diameter Se + Criterions to take in consideration — Drill collars work under compressive conditions. In order to avoid buckling, fatigue and breaking of the drill string, the most rigid drill collars will be selected, and their number will be limited in order to avoid any problems related to connections. Number of, incidents i ————__> o 4 g 12 16 20 24 Numbe of DC a ' - JP Choice of drill collars diameter | + Outside diameter choosen according to: | = The diameter of the bore hole to be drilled and the diameter of the casing to be run in — Fishing with an overshot = Washover operations = The drilling fluid velocity in the annulus = Risks of differential pressure sticking + Inside diameter choosen according to: — The smallest inside diameter will be sought to obtain the heaviest drill collar possible with maximum rigidity and pin thread resistance, while allowing for the following + diameter of the wire line tools to be run inside the dill stem, + pressure losses inside the drill stom which must be kept as low as possible.Recommended diameters Nominal outside | Inside diameter Length Drilling diameter diameter (inches) (inches) (feet) (inches) on 3 30 from 24 to 12""* 74 to8 piss 30 on eu 2198 or 204 30 from 8°4to 812 au 2 30 from 6% to 6 Manufacture of drill collars + Conventional drill collars are machined from steel bars which possess good characteristics after quenching and hardening. The threads are cut directly at the ends of these bars. + Characteristics of the steels used for manufacturing drill collars Outside diameter in | Minimum yield | Minimum | Minimum stretch inches strength _| tensile strength (%) 110000 psi | 140.000 psi $16 to 678 (758 MPa) (987 MPa) 13 100 000 psi. | 135 000 psi 7to10 (689 MPa) (931 MPa) 8Manufacture of drill collars Advantages of these high minimum yield strength steels: No Fisk to exceed the resistance to tension, burst and collapse for the DC = The weak point of the string wil be the drill pipes Torsional strength will be limited to the make up torque For directional drilling, non-magnetic drill collars are used to avoid affecting measurements based on the magnetic field, These drill collars are made, for example, of K.MONEL alloy, with chromium-magnesium austenitic iron. Drill collar profiles i Slick drill collars: these are the simplest in shape and have a nominal outside diameter for their entire length. Spiral drill collars: reduce the risk of differential pressure sticking when drilling permeable porous formations. Square drill collars: These are very stiff and are effective in controlling hole direction, as they are used with a 1/32" clearance between the bore hole and the drill collar edges. Due to the high cost of these drill collars and complicated implementation, they are replaced by oversized cylindrical drill collars and stabilisers.Drill collar profiles eo ~ & \ 4 \ | | DRILL COLLARS| tottod Drill collar profiles i j Cross seetion Cross section for spiral drill collars for spiral drill collars from 728" For diameters of up (0 7 there are 3 parts. The weight of spi slightly more expensive. mo 12" ‘rom 378" 4g 7" educe the surface area in contact with the bore tion around the body of the drill collar. ng fluid ei ', each spiral consists of a single flat part, whereas for diameters over 7", drill collars is about 4% less than that of slick drill collars, but they areConnection thread forms + Connection thread are all tapered for the following reasons: — To provide greatest resistance for connecting two pipes of the same thickness = It makes them easy and quick to make up and unscrew (self- alignment, make up is obtained without having to do as many turns as there are threads) + The pressure seal between elements of the drill stem is provided by the shouldered connections and metal-metal contact, not by the actual threads themselves + Various thread forms are used to connect the different elements of the drill stem ~ Threading is characterised by the number of threads per inch, the taper, the shape and thread dimensions = They are the outcome of the mechanical optimisation that has occurred throughout the development of rotary drilling TP Evolution of thread forms Pitch : 5 threads per inch 5 threads per inch 4 threads per inch Taper : 3V/Ft 3"Ft 2"/Ft Profile ‘Vv .040 V .040 V 065 ID: 24 2" 3/443" 3" a3 oD: 3" 34 6" Ud - 6 3/8 Length: 4" 1/8 3" 78 43/8 412 Reg 4! FH alae 2iP Details of thread forms ‘The small radius at the base of the V-0.040 and V-0.050 thread forms, creates a notch effect which reduces the fatigue strength of the thread. The V-0.065 form is better, as it reduces this effect, and V-0.038 R is still better. V-0.038R Fyn = try = 0.038"ifP_ Details of thread forms 6 ite Standardization of threads + New API standardization = It is defined by the 2 letters NC, followed by 2 sets of 2 figures (example NC 46-65) - NC: for Numbered Connection - 46 : This number indicates the diameter of the pin thread at the gauge point (the diameter of the pin thread at the gauge point of a NC 46 connection is 4.6 inches) - 65 : This number is the outside diameter of the drill collar expressed in inches and tenths of an inch (6.5 ") + Interchangeability of threads ~ Certain thread forms and dimensions are interchangeable (see list of interchangeable shouldered connections in the Drilling Data Handbook) — In spite of this compatibility, the thread forms are not exactly the same, and it is recommended to connect thread forms of the same typeThreads profiles INN Min ) YN D Ul Normal profile APL Profil Bore back Bore back Diileo ‘SMF In order to avoid the concentration of stresses at certain points on a connection, API relief grooves and bore backs are machined to improve stress distribution. -——— | fp Balancing the threads. Bending Strength Ratio (B.S.R) a 1 j t i + At the level of each connection, the strength of the pin thread must be more or less equal to that of the box thread - For the threads to be of equal strength or balanced, the BSR must be between 2.25 and 2.75 | — The B.S.R. is reduced as the outside of the drill collar is worn away. For new drill collars select connections with a B.S.R. of between 2.5 and 3. |Balancing the threads. Bending Strength Ratio (B.S.R) Make up torque The pressure seal between the drill collars is ensured at the shoulders through metal-metal contact It is the make up torque that generates sufficient compressive stress to ensure the seal The make up torque recommended by the API generates a metal-to-metal pressure of 5,000 bar at the shoulders, which means that the connection has a pressure seal of 4,000 bar The make up torque given in the drilling data handbook are obtained with the grease recommanded by API. It is necessary to correct these values with other greasesMake up torque - For the new threads — For the first connection - Careful greasing Make up at the recommended torque Break the connection Clean the threads and shoulders Reapply grease Make up at the recommended torque again — Check during the first trips that the torque applied to break the connection is the same as that applied at the time of making up a Make up torque + For large diameter drill collars — If the contact surface at the shoulders are too big, the make up torque to apply to obtain a good sealing will be too high — The contact surface at the shoulders is reduced. This makes it possible to obtain an adequate metal-to-metal pressure with a lower make up torque 2Inspecting connections After several hours of service, the connections will begin to show signs of failure in the form of micro-cracks The only remedy is to remove the cracked part of the connection and make a new one Micro-cracks are detected by using an ultraviolet magnetic inspection Inspection frequency is usually scheduled by contract and is generally about every 600 hours or 300 to 400 hours for drilling in difficult zones| iP CHAPTER 4 - AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT + Heavy weight drill pipes + Stabilisers Sfp Heavy weight drill pipes | + Heavy weight drill pipes have very much the same outside dimensions as drill pipes, except for: — Oversizing on the body (1 or 2) — Longer tool joints | — With a smaller inside diameter (3 for 5” HWDP) they are heavier and | have greater buckling strength than drill pipes — Sometimes spiral body Minimum yield strength — Standard HWDP: 55000 psi (380 MPa) ~ Up to 105000 psi (725 MPa) for compressive HWDP + All caracteristics can be found in the drilling data handbookiP Heavy weight drill pipes Standard heavy weight drill pipes Compressive heavy weight drill pipes ie A Spiral heavy weight drill pipes SS SSS SSS JP Heavy weight drill pipes i + In vertical wells: ~ Heavy weight drill pipes are inserted between the drill pipes and the drill collars - They provide better mechanical continuity between these two elements of the drill stem + In horizontal wells — They are used as transition drill pipes and instead of drill collars to put weight on bitStabilisers Because of the lower DC diameter than hole diameter and because DC work under compression, there is of stabilisation and bit guidance They are incorporated at the level of the drill collars in order to maintain and control the direction of the bit + According to their position in the BHA, they will create a lateral strength of variable intensity and direction and can change the inclination of the wellStabilisers waicnr ever ONT IT. Stabilisers + Shapes and types of construction depending on: - The formations to be drilled and their abrasiveness - The length of the desired bearings - The trajectoryfe Stabilisers Welded Blade Integral Blade Sleeve Type Jip Stabilisers + Welded blades stabi ~ Welded blade stabilisers do not disturb the circulation of ers the mud in the annulus ~ They provide effective reaming — These stabilisers are used in average hardness formations — They are not expensive, and the blades can be replaced or restored when they become wornStabilisers + Integral blades stabilisers - The blades are turned and machined in the actual body of the stabiliser - As the stabiliser is a single piece, the blades cannot be replaced when they are worn — The blades have a large contact surface with the bore hole walls - Provide good stabilisation in soft formations ~ Provi tungsten carbide inserts. ja resistance to abrasive formations through the JP Stabilisers + Sleeve type stabilisers — There are two models of sleeve type stabilisers - The sleeve is screwed onto the body of the stabiliser - The body is made up of two parts, and the sleeve is screwed onto the upper part The sleeve can easily be changed The sleeve can be damaged while making it up The sleeves can be changed and different diameters adapted onto the same body i iStabilisers Stabilisers + Adjustable diameter stabilisers — Diameter can be adjusted from the surface while drilling ~ These stabilisers make it possible to alter the behaviour of the bottom hole assembly (vary bearing points, etc.) and therefore the path of the well, without trippingStabilisers Adjustable diameter stabilisersfp Key seat wiper + To remove key seat — While running in the hole, sleeve and body turn independently While pulling out, sleeve and body are interdependent + Must be placed below the key seat The position of the key seat wiper in the string must be adjust each trip i i : TP Key seat wiper » 2 fi i UOiP CHAPTER 5 - CHOICE OF THE DRILL STEM + Choice of bottom hole assemblies (B.H.A) According to borehole diameter = According to the weight applied on the bit ~ Atransition must be provided between the bottom hole assembly and the drill pipes in order to minimise the risk of damage through fatigue = According to the length of non-magnetic drill collars + Choice of drill pipes = Margin of overpull ~ Maximum depth that can be reached with a given pipe — Equal strength combined drill string = Combined strains | ~ Buckling and friction of the dil string — Fatigue of drill pipes, dog leg severity , critical rotating speed of the drill | iP Choice of the BHA * Choice according to: — Well inclination + DC used for inclination below 45° * Heavy weight drill pipes for inclination between 45 et 60° + Drill pipes for inclination over 60° — Weight to apply on bit (DC in vertical wells) — Diameter of the hole | + With DC, use BHA as short as possible to reduce: — Frictions and risk to stuck pipe ~ Pressure losses ~ Risk to break in the part under compressionChoice of the BHA Calculating the number of drill collars necessary to put a specific weight on bit 1000 . Po broc= [100 - § 0.981 . | — ] kK . mo. cosi \ 100 Po : Weight applied to the bit expressed in kdaN Mpc __: Linear mass of the drill collars in air expressed in kg /m Loc: Length of drill collars expressed in m k : Buoyancy factor i : Inclination of the borehole expressed in degrees s : Safety margin in percentage Choice of the BHA Length of drill collars — The length LDC gives the position of the neutral point (point over which there is no risk of drill string buckling) — For safety reasons, 10 to 20% is added to the weight of the drill collars in order to be sure that the neutral point is effectively located within the drill collars — Length of the drill collars will be limited to about 200 m DC used for inclination below 45°. inclination, too much frictions Over thisfp Choice of the BHA + Rules to be respected when the drill stem is made up of elements with different diameters — The ratio of the moment of inertia of the elements of different diameters must be less than 5 (or 5.5) 7 la=— (Re - R’) ou ta =— (pe - Dt) 4 64 R, : Outside radius of the tube expressed in m R, : Inside radius of the tube expressed in m D, : Outside diameter of the tube expressed inm D, : Inside diameter of the tube expressed in m — The reduction of the outside diameter must not be greater than 2" 5 fp Moment of inertia Dimensions of the tubular Moment of inertia (De-Di) expressed in inches expressed in inches * De 9172-3 | 396 DC 81/2-3 251.6 DC 8-213/16 198 DC 73/4-213/16 174 De 7112-21316 182.5 DC 714-2436 132.5 DC 634-2136 100 DC 61/2-213/16 85.2 DC 6 1/4-213/16 71 DC 43/4-21/4 23.8 HWDP 5-3 26.7 Tool joint 6 3/8 - 3 3/4 715 DP 65/8 - 5.955 32.5 DP §-4.276 14.3 DP 34/2-2.764 48Determining the length of non-magnetic drill collars eusesease needed (Poni iH AREA Choice of drill pipes * Considering the following: Friction losses inside the pipes must have an allowable value for each phase of drilling The outside diameter of the tool joints must be compatible with the nominal diameter of the drilling phase The weight of the drill string must be as small as possible Care will be taken not to exceed the utilisation limits of the components of the drill string Risk of bucklingReminder on drill pipes The pipes will be used at a maximum of 90% of the maximum allowable tensile strength Characteristics of the drill pipes depend on the steel grade, nominal weight, wear classification — The maximum drilling torque will be the the lowest make up torque of the drill string Take into account the Archimedes’ principle — While drilling: maximum tension, burst pressure and torsion on the upper drill pipe During BOP test: determine the maximum tension and burst pressure of drill pipe used Margin of overpull i Frictions while pulling the drill string Necessity to apply an overpull on the string in case of stuck pipe without exceeding the maximum tension load on the pipe Necessity to have a margin of overpull This margin must be over the frictions expected while pulling out the drill stringMaximum depth that can be reached with a given grade of pipe + Weight of drill string in a vertical well P= 0.981. 10° .k (Lop . mpp + Ltpc - moc) | P : Weight of the drill stem in the mud expressed in kdaN | LDP _: Length of pipes expressed in m LTDC — : Length of drill collars expressed in m mDP _: Linear mass of drill pipes expressed in kg /m mDC _: Linear mass of drill collars expressed in kg/m k : Buoyancy factor R : Margin of overpull Tmax: Maximum allowable tensile strength on drill pipes Maximum depth that can be reached with a given grade | fp of pipe + Maximum weight taking into account the margin of overpull R and 90 % of T jnax P max= 0.90 . Tmax - R + The maximum length LDP max of the drill pipes of a given grade that can be used keeping a margin of overpull R is: 10° . (0.90. Tmax -R) Loc . mpc Lppmax = —————_. - ——___ 0.981. k . mpp ™ ppCombined drill string It is sometimes necessary to use pipes with different steel grades and / or different nominal weight to reach a given depth and keep a margin of overpull The most resistant drill pipes are placed at the top of the drill stem It is necessary to calculate the tensile stress applied at the top of each section of drill pipes having a different grade The section having the least resistance imposes the tensile load value that should not be exceeded. Equal strength combined drill string The drill string has to be made up that will give the greatest margin of overpull for each section An equal strength combined drill string is the one which has a margin of overpull equal for each section Length of each section, for each steel grade, is calculated to have the greatest margin of overpull Most simple is to use the same drill pipes in the string ~ Avoid mistake while handling ~ The weak point is the higher one| iP Combination of stresses + Combined effect of torsion on tension loading — The equation to apply is: T=Tmax - - M must be lower than the connection make-up torque - For the standard drill pipes, the make up torque will be low with regard to the drill pipe body maximum torsional strength M ox » The maximum tension appliable on the pipe will be slightly reduced 6 | JfP_ Combination of stresses + Influence of the pressure on the tensile load capacity ity — While drilling, the higher pressure inside drill pipes will be at = Use the ellipse of pla surface + The circulating pressure is low with regard to the drill pipes burst pressure. The maximum tension appliable on the pipe will be slightly reduced — BOP test with a tester cup: the test pressure will be applied outside the drill pipe which are also under tension + The drill pipe resistance is reduced and we need tu use high steel! grade pipes or HWOP for the test — The formation test (DST) + The risk of collapse is lowfe. Combination of stresses + No real problems while drilling + But some problems in case of stuck pipe — Because the stresses applied on the pipes (tension, pressure, torque) are close to maximum values appliable — Take in consideration the combination of stresses for each grade of drill pipe - An equaly resistant drill string in traction is not necessarly equaly resistant in torsion Elongation of the drill string * The drill string stretches under its own weight, under the weight of the drill collars and temperature, and shrinks under the action of the mud + Elongation under the action of the weight of the pipes and mud 2 v AL4 =——[pa- 2. pr(1-v].g 2.£ + Elongation due to the température AL, = 11.8 x10°°.L. AtElongation of the drill string * The total elongation AL of the drill string is equal to: AL = AL, + AL, AL, : Elongation of the drill string dut to the weight and the | mud expressed in m AL, : Elongation of the drill string due to the temperature expressed inm L : Length of the pipes expressed in m : Young's modulus of the steel (= 210 000 MPa for steel) v : Poisson's ratio (0.3 for steel) Ps : Density of the steel expressed in kg / m? Pr : Density of the drilling fluid in the borehole expressed in kg / m3 g : Acceleration of gravity equal to 9.81 m/s? At : Temperature variation between the surface and the | bottom end of the drill pipes expressed in °C 10 fp Frictions of the drill string | Fuy+ 4Fay i+aigy Az Ar) Peoosit Fy kP Fy »Frictions of the drill string Variation in the axial force produced on the element of length AL: AF=k.P.cosi +p. F, oF + Variation in the axial force produced on the element of length 4 L expressed in N k +: Buoyancy coefficient of the drill string in the mud Pp + Linear weight in air of the element of the drill string of length A L expressed in N i + Mean inclinaison of the element of the drill string of length AL expressed in rad w : Friction coefficient (varying 0.20 to 0.40) (+ when pulling out, - 4 when running in) Fy Lateral force produced by the contact between the drill string and the borehole expressed in N a Frictions of the drill string + Expression of F,, : Fy = Fy -AA2 4) -Sinig,)P + Fy). digg +k . P. sinig,) F(L) _: Force applied to the element of the drill string of length AL expressed in N AAz(L) _: Variation of the azimuth of the borehole on the element of length AL expressed in rad Ai(L) + Variation of the inclination of the well on the element of length AL expressed in rad The element of length AL located at a distance L from the bottom of the well. 2Calculation of frictions + Inthe vertical part of the well — No friction if there is no buckling in this part of the well + In the inclined section of the well - If there is no azimuth and inclination variation, equation becomes: AF=k.P. (cosi +p. sini) — (k P cos i) represents the weight of the element of the drill string of length AL in the mud — (uk P sin i) represents the frictions of the element of the drill string of length AL in the mud iP Calculation of frictions + In the inclined section of the well - +(uk P sin i) applies when pulling the drill string out of hole — -(uk P sin i) a applies when it is being run in the hole + In the horizontal part of the well — If there is no azimuth variation, equation becomes: AF=k.P.u. sini | | | + p = 0 is taken when the drill string is rotating | because the main part of the frictions | desappears