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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CANDIDATES DECLRATION CERTIFICATE

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

III

LIST OF FIGURES

VIII

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

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OBJECTIVE

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO POWER GRID

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 TYPES OF POWER GRID IN INDIA

1.3 POWER GRID SYCHRONISATION

1.3.1 CONDITIONS

1.3.2 PROCESS

1.4 MANUAL SYNCHRONIZATION OF GENERATOR IN POWER PLANT

1.4.1 ADVANTAGES OF MANUAL SYNCHRONIZATION

1.4.2 DISADVANTAGES OF MANUAL SYNCHRONIZATION

1.5 ISLANDING

1.5.1 ISLANDING BASICS

1.5.2 ISLANDING DETECTION METHODS

CHAPTER 2: HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT

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2.1 TRANSFORMERS

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2.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM7805)

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2.3 RECTIFIER

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2.4 FILTER

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2.5 MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/C51)

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2.6 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

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2.7 555 TIMER

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V

2.8 LM358 (DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER)

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2.9 LM339

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2.10 RELAYS

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2.11 PUSH BUTTONS

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2.12 BC547

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2.13 LED

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2.14 IN4007

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2.15 RESISTORS

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2.16 CAPACITORS

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CHAPTER 3: SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

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3.1 IDE

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3.2 CONCEPT OF COMPILER

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3.3 CONCEPT OF CROSS COMPILER

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3.4 KEIL C CROSS COMPILER

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3.5 BUILDING AN APPLICATION IN UVISION2

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3.6 CREATING YOUR OWN APPLICATION IN UVISION2

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3.7 DEBUGGING AN APPLICATION IN UVISION2

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3.8 STARTING UVISION2 & CREATING A PROJECT

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3.9 WINDOWS FILES

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3.10 BUILDING PROJECTS & CREATING HEX FILES

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3.11 CPU SIMULATION

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3.12 DATABASE SELECTION

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3.13 START DEBUGGING

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3.14 DISASSEMBLY WINDOW

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3.15 EMBEDDED C

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3.16 COMPILER

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3.17 CODING IN EMBEDDED C

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CHAPTER 4: DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION

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VI

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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4.2 CIRCUIT DIGRAM

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4.3 DESCRIPTION

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4.4 ADVANTAGES

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4.5 DISADVANTAGES

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4.6 APPLICATIONS

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5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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VII

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1.1: A Typical Transformer

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Fig.1.1 (a): The Ideal Transformer as a Circuit Element

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Fig.1.2: Equivalent Circuit of Voltage Regulator

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Fig 1.2(a): Block Diagram of Voltage Regulator

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Fig.1.3: Bridge Type Full Wave Rectifier

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Fig.1.4: Output Waveform

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Fig. 1.5: Block Diagram of AT89S52

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Fig 1.5(a): Pin Diagram of AT89S52

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Fig 1.5(b): Oscillator Connections

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Fig 1.5(c): External Clock Drive Configuration

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Fig 1.6: LCD

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Fig 1.6(a): LCD Display

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Fig. 1.6(c): Bit Map

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Fig.1.7: 555 Timer IC

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Fig. 1.7(a): 555 Timer Pin Diagram

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Fig. 1.7(b): 555 Timer As A Buffer

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Fig.1.7(c):555 Timer As A Monostable

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Fig.1.7 (d): 555 Timer As A Astable

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Fig.1.7 (e): Operation of 555 Timer

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Fig.1.8: LM358 (Dual Operational Amplifier)

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Fig.1.9: LM 339

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Fig.1.9 (a): LM339

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Fig.2.0: Relays

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Fig.2.0 (a): Relay showing coil and switch contacts

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Fig.2.0 (b): Relay Driver Circuit

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Fig.2.1: Push Buttons

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Fig.2.1 (a): Push on Button

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VIII

Fig.2.2: BC 547 Transistor Pinouts

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Fig.2.2 (a): An Npn Transistor Configuration

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Fig.2.2 (b): Bc 557 Transistor Pinouts

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Fig.2.2(c): A Pnp Transistor Configuration

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Fig.2.3: Types of LED

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Fig.2.3 (a): Symbol of LED

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Fig.2.3 (b): White LED Spectrum

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Fig.2.4: 1N4007 Diodes

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Fig.2.4(a):PN Junction Diode

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Fig.2.5: Resistors

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Fig.2.6: Capacitors

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Fig.2.6 (a): Principle of Operation

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Fig.2.6 (b): A simple demonstration of a parallel-plate capacitor

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Fig. 2.7: Keil Vision Compiler

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Fig. 2.7(a): Keil Vision Compiler windows1

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Fig. 2.7(b): Keil Vision Compiler windows2

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Fig. 2.7(c): Keil Vision Compiler windows3

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Fig. 2.7(d): Keil Vision Compiler windows4

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Fig. 2.7(e): Keil Vision Compiler windows5

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Fig. 2.7(f): Keil Vision Compiler windows6

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Fig. 2.7(g): Keil Vision Compiler windows7

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Fig. 2.7(h): Keil Vision Compiler windows8

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Fig. 2.7(i): Keil Vision Compiler windows9

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Fig. 2.7(j): Keil Vision Compiler windows10

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Fig. 2.7(k): Keil Vision Compiler windows11

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Fig. 2.7(l): Keil Vision Compiler windows12

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Fig. 2.7(m): Keil Vision Compiler windows13

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Fig. 2.7(n): Keil Vision Compiler windows14

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Fig. 2.7(o): Keil Vision Compiler windows15

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Fig. 2.8: Block Diagram of Project

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Fig 2.9: Circuit Diagram of Project

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Fig. 3.0: Symbol of Comparator

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Fig. 3.0(a): Zero voltage cross detection using comparator

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Fig. 3.0(b): Output Waveform

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Fig. 3.0(c):555 as an astable multivibrator

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Fig. 3.0(d): circuit diagram of 555 as an astable multivibrator

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Fig. 3.0(e): Equivalent circuit of relay

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Fig. 3.0(f): Relay Driver Circuit

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LIST OF ABBREVATIONS USED


MCRMain Control Room
GCPGenerator control panel
TGTurbo-Generator
HMI...Human Machine Interface
ATRS...Automatic Turbine Run-up System
AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator
DC...Direct current
ACAlternating current
NDZNon-detection zone
PLL. Phase locked loop
VSC...Voltage-sourced converter
PCC...Point of common coupling
PLL Phase-locked loop
ISP...System Programmable
ALEAddress Latch Enable
PSEN...Program Store Enable
VPP.Programming enables voltage
LCD ...Liquid crystal display
DD Data Display

PWMPulse-width modulation
CO...Common
NC .Normally Closed
NO.Normally Open
LED..Light-emitting diode
IDE ..Integrated Development environment

EAExternal Access
ZVR Zero Voltage Reference

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