{132016 _utlidadesgatovolaornetssuuldown,pro es htps%Ask2FO:2Fissuicom k2Flakse secrtaria%2Fdoes:2F ng fabse_2013. december rials 8, B&SE_Volume 43_Number 4_ December 2013 The Bridge & Structural Engineer JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL GROUP OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BRIDGE & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Bearings, Expansion Joints & STUs for Bridges yanco s cocomberBinical="8... 4/152{132016 _utlidaesgatovolornetssuuldown,pro els htps%3As2FO,2Fissu.com k2Flakse secrtaria%2F docs :2F ng fabse_2013_ december rials “8, SOLUTIONS LET‘S BUILD THE// WORLD TOGETHER eee ee art eee ee ees See ce ts eee eee ene products and the experience to bring tall to life. BASF is launching one global brand forthe construction chemicals industry: Master Builders Solutions Ree eee ease hiip:utlidades.gotovladeretssuuldown.prp url =hipst43A%2F%2Fssuu.com¥2Flabse.secrclriat%2Fdocs%.2Fing_abse.2018 cecemnberdnicial=18.... 2/152132016 _utlidaes,gatovoladornetssuulsown.prp els hips %3ASK2F%2Fissau.com k2Flabse secrtaia%2Fdocs%2Fing fabse_2013_ december rials 18. So toe Caer te et reread The Bridge and Structural Engineer Inalan National Group of the Intnational Association for Bridge and Structural Enginesting Contents : Volume 4 : December 2013 Editorial + From the desk of Chairman, Editorial Board : Alok Bhowmick + From the desk of Guest Editor, AK Banerioe Kolkata Symposium, 2013, + Higtighis of 36 IABSE Symposium on “Long Span Bridges & Roofs: Development, Design and Implementation” held at Kolkata ftom 24-27 Septomber 2013, ‘Special Topic : Bearings, Expansion Joints & STUs for Bridges 1. Use of Bearings and Expansion Joints in Bridges & Flyovers — Issues of Goncem 1 AK Banerjee 2. Selection of Appropriate Boaring Type and Anangement for Bridges 4 ‘Mahesh Tandon 3. Guidelines for Selection and Apoliction of Expansion Joint Systems fo Bridges 2 sttendra Rathore, Peter Gunther 4. Bearings & their Configurations within Bridge System 2 VN Heggade 5, Beating System of Signature Bridge, Delhi 6 Jose Kurian, SK Fustagi 6. Case Studios on Bearings, Expansion Joints and STUs in Long Span Bridges ry Bandyopadhyay 7._ Applicaton of Spherical Bearings with UHMWPE sling material for Bridges 56 stendla Rathore, Peter Gunther, Wolfgang W. Fobo 8. Recent Trends in Repair and Replacement of Bearings and Expansion Joints for Fohabiliaion of Bridges 6 Lakshmy Parameswaran 9. Importance of Quality Contro! Measures for Stuctural Bearings and Expansion Joints An Introspection % CONTENTS Achyut Ghosh, Santanu Majumdar Information Section 1. Suspension Bridge in Bhopal ® CV Kand, Manish Kerandlikar Research Papers. 1. Mx Dosign Method for High Performance Concrete cy Dhiendra Singhal, Veerendra Kumar, Balkrishan 2. Design of Structural Light Weight Conerele Using Unconventional Light Welght ‘Aggregatos Part-II Experimental Study 9 (MC Nataraje, MC Sanjay 3._ Effect of Clamping Force of Rivets on the Fatigue Life of @ Rveled Connection 108 ‘Mohammed Adil Shaikh, NM Bhandari, Pradeep Bhargava Panorama psutlldads.getovladeretiseuuldowr.php?utl hips 43Atk2F%2Fssuu.comSs2Flabeesecrotrlat%2Fdocs%2Fing_labse, 2013. secemberniclal="8.... 352{132016 _utlidaesgatovolaornetssuuldown,pro els htps% ASF: 2Fissuicom k2Flakse secrtaria%.2Fdoes:2F ng fabse_2013. december rials 8, ‘+ About ING-ABSE 19 + Office Bearers and Managing Comittee Members 2013 11 + ING-IABSE Membership Application Form 125 ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer Volume 43 | Number4 | December 2013 i The Bridge & Structural Engineer March 2014 Issue of the Journal will be a Special Issue with focus on BUILDING STRUCTURES 1. Ca stud reset efeommeri ines Carvoine scr Apor gy Metre Satin Bade Sim Dean & oti esr ues Sacra Ain onc tie oes ‘na ig Cote Sree 8 etter IRapreebeatarnt tema tei tn 7‘ JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL GROUP OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ING - IABSE ‘RIDGE & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING June 2014 Issue of the Journal will be a Special Issue with focus on CODES & STANDARDS IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING (Developments & Needs for Improvement) ‘SALIENT TOPICS TO BE COVERED ARE : 1. Limit State Code IRC:112 & its impact in Bridge Design ~ Objective & Comparison with Previous IRC Codes and International Codes. 2. Critical Appraisal of Existing Codes & Standards (Indian as well as International) 3. Format of Indian Codes & Basis of Design tpsutidads.getovolader.netssuuldown.php url “hip 43AYi2F%2Flsswi.com¥2F abso secrcterlats2Fdocs%2F ing aoe, 2013. eecemberSiniclal=18,.. 4/152{132016 _utlidaes.gatovolornetssuuldown,pro el htps% ASF: 2Fissunicom k2Flakse secrtaria%.2F docs:2F ng fabse_2013. december rials 8, 44, Need for Improvement in the quality of Codes and Standards in india & the way forward. ‘Those interested to contribute Technical Papers on above themes shall submit the abstract by 30" April 2014 and full paper by 30 May 2014 in a prescribed format , at email id: ingiabse@bol.netiin . ii Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013, ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer The Bridge and Structural Eng December 2013 BASE: The Bridge and Structural Engineer, i a quartry journal pubiched by ING-ABSE Itis one of te oldest {and the foremost siruetral engineering Journal of ls kind and repute i Ind. Iwas founded way back i 1957, land since thon ta joumal is ralontiasaycissominaing latest technological progress io tho aphares of struchual engineering and bridging te gap between professionals and academics. Aries in ths Journal are writen by practicing enginoers ae wal 2 academia irom around the world The joural gota long desarvng face it with fect rom September 2013 Issue. Editorial Board Disclaimer ‘All materia! puotsned in tis | Chale: BASE joumal undergoes, peer | lok Bhowmick, review to ensure fair balance, See ce Ce, | Managing Director, BAS Enginsering Consuitants Put Lid, Noda flovance. Tho Contents of the | Members : journal are however contbutons of individual authors and refect | Mahesh Tandon, their independent opinions, | Managing Director, Tandon Consutants Pvt. Lid, New Delhi Neither the members of the | _& K Banerjee, Farmer Member (Tech) NHAl, New Delhi ‘editorial board, nor its publishers | Yarahavardhan Subbaree, ‘nil be Table or-any dioct, | Harshavardhan Subbarae, Indirect, consequential” soos, | Chairman and Managing Directer, COP Lc, Mumbai ‘exemplary, or other damages | Nirmalya Bandyopadhyay, arisingtromanymisrepresenation | rector, STUP Constants Pvt, Lic, New Delhi on ‘Jose Kurian, Che! Enginoor, DTTDG Lid, Now Delhi The advertisers & the ‘S.C Mehrotra, Chet Execute, Meo Consultants, New Det advertsementinthisJournalhaye fe Riemer ened corte | Aewhears or prosontabon, The. posi o presoraton. The posird | 4.9 Narain, Former 0G (RO) &Adtoral Saray othe GOL wana docs vot inpy | N1Sinha, Fomer OG (RO) & Special Secretary to he GO! nemo of be prose o | Sharan Former OG (RD) & pei Sethe Ol oe cee ae See oy sinha, Former yecial Secretary to the | the company seing them bY |g y sinha, Famer DG (A) & Special Secretary othe GOI pes ' K Puri, Former DG (RD) & Special Seereary tothe GOL IP Indo, Forma DG (RD) & Special Secretary tothe GOI ‘$$ Chakraborty, Chaiman, CES () Pt. Lid, New Dei 8 Roy, Senior Exeeutve Dredlor, JACOBS-CES, Gurgaon Published Curie March, Jie, September and December Front Cover: Top Right Photograph showing Modular Expansion Jin wth 25 gapa and | Publisher 2000 mm movement cepaciy, | ING-IABSE 2 ry A H LF > E Fl & sy Fi EB A} Fd a a s ff 3 BY ag A 2 5 cS r FA FS i BS A a A ie 5 5 3 H Instaed n a bag. (Gla Secretary, Indian National Group af the IABSE IDA Builaing, Ground Fler (Floom No.12) Top Lett Jamnagar House, Shanjahan Rosa ‘Schematic Sketch showing Single | New Deth-710011, Inca Siro seal Expansion Jint Phone: 914011429988724, 22782020 Talefax: 91.01 1.25088192 E-mail ingiabse@bol tin, ngabse@hormallcom, Botan Rat = seov.nnsabee@bolnetin tputldads.getovladeretseuuldown php url “hip 3AY2F%2Fssuu.com ¥e2F abso secrctarlats2Fdocs%2Fing labs. 2013.cecemberSiniclal="8... 5/152Photograph showing installed ‘Shook Transmission Unis for ‘Ganga Beige at Aahabas, UP. Bottom Left Photograph showing Pot Bearing Advertising: (0f.22m dlaneter wih Verte toad arying capac of 2054N. Weight (of Bearing i 15 tonnes, Price: 500 The Bridge and Structural Engineer Submission of Papers Al ectonalcommunications should be adresse to Chan, Eloi Board of Iran National Group of the IABSE, IDA Bulking, Grou Floor, Jamnagar House, Shanianan Foad, New Deli ~ 110011, ‘Al enquiries and comespondence in connection with advertising and tha EqupmentsMatorls and Industry News Sactons. should bo ‘addressed to Shri AK Pandey, Seoretary, indian National Group of TABSE, IDA Buldng, Ground Foor, Jamnagar House, Shanahan oad, New Det-13007 Brae) Volume 43| Number 4 |December 2013. i From the Desk of Chairman, Editorial Board ‘The members of Editorial Board & Advisory Board of ING-IABSE are extremely happy to note that the September Issue of the journal, which focused on “Urban Flyovers’, has been very well received by the readers. Other than the normal cifculation list, the journal was circulated to all the delegates of 96th |ABSE ‘Symposium on'Long Span Bridges and Roof held at Kolkata in September 2013 and we have received several e-mails and telephone calls from the readers expressing their appreciation for the content, quality and presentation of this journal. We express our sincere thanks to all the readers for giving us this encouraging feedback. It gives us the much needed extra motivation to bring in further advancement in the journal We also take this opportunity to request all the readers of the journal from the industry as well as academic and research institutions to supplemental features are vital components of the bridge structure, serving several important functions, such as transfer of forces from ‘superstructure to substructure (afterallowing for alltranslations in the direction as defined by the designer), allowing rotations of superstructure at support without affecting the substructure, force damping during earthquake etc. Selection of appropriate type, arrangement, positioning of these mechanical parts and proper installation & testing of these units are extremely important {for ensuring proper functioning of the bridge as whole. ‘Our Guest Editor for this issue is Shri A K Banerjee, who is a well known personality in the field of bridge and structural engineering in India. We hope that this issue will help to disseminate the knowledge and information about Bearings, Expansion joints and STU's, which are vital bridge components, among the hip:utlldads.getovladernetiseuuldowr.php?utl hips 43AY2F%2Fsswy.com¥s2Flabeesecrotrlat%2F docs %2Fin_labse_ 2013, eecemberdniclal=* {132016 _utlidades.gatovolaornetssuuldown,pro els htps% ASF. 2Fiss.com k2Flakse secretaia%2Fdoes:2F ng fabse_2013. december Brita 8, arispromote the journal by wide circulation amongst the peers and encourage contribution of high quality technical, scientific and research papers for the journal, which has practical applications in bridge and structural engineering. ‘The present issue is focused on ‘Bearings, Expansion Joints & shock transmission units (STU). These mechanical parts and iv Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013 structural engineering fraternity. ALOK BHOWMICK Happy Reading | ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer From the Desk of Guest Editor INGIABSE had come out with their September, 2013 issue of the quarterly journal The Bridge & Structural Engineer on the topic of “Urban Fiyovers” in a new improved format in line with the quarterly journal of the Parent Body IABSE, Zurich, during the last International Symposium on “Long Span Bridges and Roofs — Development, Design and Implementation” held at Kolkata in September, 2013. In a continuing trend, this December, 2013 issue has now come out on anotherimportant subject ‘Bearings, Expansion Joints and Appurtenances’, very relevant to bridges and flyovers, ‘These products constitute vital components of bridges and flyover structures and yet Fecal coeteatl titan leone rte ree the structures, presumably due to their lack of knowledge and awareness of the importance of Q.A of these products coupled with a total reliance on the Manufacturers/Suppliers in this regard by virtue of their empanelment with the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways. As a practicing Highway and Bridge Engineer, lam very happy that ING-IABSE has chosen. a very topical subject for the December, 2013 Quarterly issue of the Journal of “The Bridge and Structural Engineer’. The topical relevance of the subject is all the more apparent, as there are concerns about the lack of Quality ‘Assurance of bearings and expansion joints in ‘construction of bridges and flyovers, although elaborate standards, specifications and guidelines for these products do exist in the hitpsutlldads.getovlader.etseuuldowr.pnp?utl hips 43AY2F%2F ssuu.comSe2Flabee secrotrlat%2F docs %2Fing_labse_ 2013, eecemberniclal=* {132016 _utlidaes.gatovolornetssuuldown,pro es htps% SASF 2Fissaicom k2Flakse secrtaia%2Fdocs:2F ng fabse_2013. december rials 8, msstructures and especially of the highway project as a whole is very small. While the mechanism of Quality Assurance in design and construction of these structures is reasonably well established by standards and procedures in place and undergoes a proven system of monitoring and approval by the Supervision Consultant or Team Leaders of Independent Engineers in PPP projects, the same may not be the case during construction of many of these structures. There is a certain element of casualness and laxity on the part of the Team Leaders and Bridge Engineers, responsible for Quality Assurance of these vital components of The Bridge and Structural Engineer In all, there are 9 papers dealing with these aspects, besides one paper on Suspension Bridge in Bhopal and 3 research papers related to concrete & steel construction. | am sure that this quarterly issue of ING- IABSE Journal will elicit good response from the readers both in Public and Private Sectors, being topical in content and endeavouring to address the concems of the users about the Televant IRC Codes and Special Publications, keeping in view the state of the art products being used now. It is heartening to note the good response received from the Experts through a large number of papers, dealing with different aspects of bearings, expansion joints, STUs etc, covering selection of bearings and joints for new structures, as well as rehabilitation of old bridges, spherical bearings, case studies on application and performance of these products, importance of these manufactured products and also ways and means to improve their Quality Assurance for long term serviceability. Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013 need for stricter Quality Assurance of bearings, expansion joints and other appurtenances in the large number of bridges, including major bridges and flyover structures being constructed in the country and many more to be constructed in future. AK. BANERJEE {132016 _utlidaesgatovolaornetssuulsown,pro es htps% ASF, 2Fissicom k2Flakse secrtaria%2F does:2F ng fabse_2013. december rials 8, Profile of A.K. Banerjee Mr. A.K, Banerjee is a Post Graduate in Civil Engineering rom |.|.T, Delhi andhas five decades of experience in planning, design. supervision and contract management of Highway and Bridge projects. He was Chief Engineer in the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Govt. of India and later Member (Technical) in the National Highways Authority of India (NAN). He is currently Director (Technical) and Head, Bridge Division in URS Scott Wilson India Pvt. Ltd. During the career in the Ministry, he had been closely associated with planning, design, construction supervision and repait/rehabiltation of a large number of major bridges on National Highways. Mr Raneriee had heen the Canvenor af the Cammitiee on Rearinas and Fynansian .Inints hitp:alidades.cotovoledoretissvuldowr.prp ures aAY2F i2Flssuucom%sFlabse scr etarlati2Fdocs¥aFing jbse_2013 cecemberfinicial=%8... 8828132016 _utlidaes,gatovoladornetsstulsown.prp els hips %3A%L2F%2Fissau.com 2Flabse secretaria%2Fdocs%2F ing fabse_2013_ december rials 18. for empanelment of Manufacturers and Suppliers of bearings and joints in the Ministry from the year 1995 to 2002 and had been closely involved in the process of Quality Assurance of these products, He has been an active member of the Bearings, Joints & Appurtenances Committee (B-6) for nearly last 20 years and was the Convenor of the Sub Committee for drafting the Guidelines for Expansion Joints IRC:SP 69. He has dealt with several EPC contract projects, funded by Govt. and External Funding ‘Agencies like World Bank, ADB etc, as Engineer as well as Independent Engineer for several DBFOT (PPP) projects in Highway Sector. Post retirement in the Private Sector, he has been continuing to deal with a large number of EPC/PPP projects in the Highway Sector, including construction of a large number of bridges as Engineerlindependent Engineer for last ten years. During his long career in the Ministry, Mr. Banerjee had been on Foreign Assignment for 5 years as Civil Engineering Expert with the Govt. of Iraq Vi Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013, ‘The Indian National Group of the IABSE had organized the 36" IABSE Symposium on “Long Span Bridges and Roofs — Development, Design and Implementation” at Kolkata from 24" to 27 September 2013. The first time an IABSE event of this scale was hosted outside Delhi, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India, was the nodal Ministry. The National Highways Authority of India, Public Works Department, West Bengal, Urban Development Department, West Bengal, Irrigation and Waterways Department, West Bengal, Central Public Works Department, Hooghly River Bridge Commissioners, Kolkata Port Trust, Maharashtra State Road Development CorporationLtd, IL&FSTransportationNetworks Ltd, Sadbhav Engineering Ltd, Second Vivekananda Bridge Tollway Co Pvt Ltd, DK Project Pvt Ltd, Transstroy India Ltd, Reliance vio Infocomm Ltd, Reliance Infrastructure Ltd, IRB Infrastructure Developers Ltd, Land T BPP ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer there is a focus on the economic infrastructure like urban transport, water supply, sewage treatment ete. there is also a need for creating space for public and social activities, such as auditoriums, sports stadiums ete, Bridge and structural engineers are deeply involved andwill ‘continue to remain engaged in bringing about this major shift in the provision of transport and public facilities. The objective of the Symposium was to serve ‘as a major international platform for exchange and dissemination of the experience gained. It ‘addressed the future challenges and continuing ‘search for optimal solutions. The IABSE Symposium 2013 was attended by more than 400 delegates from all over India and abroad, including some intemational experts. as well as from Central/State Government Departments, PSUs Private ‘Sector Organisations and Academic Institutes. The symposium carries two foci: one on large htp:/utlldads.getovlader.netiseuuldown.pnp?utl “hips 43AY2F%2Fsswy.comSe2Flabee secrotrlat%s2Fdocs%2Fing_abse, 2013, eecemberdniclal=* anis2Tollway Ltd, Bharat Vanijya Eastern Pvt Ltd, Millenium Road Construction Pvt Ltd, Roads (India) International, SEW Infrastructure Ltd, PNC Infratech Ltd, Ashoka Buildcon Ltd, Hindustan Construction Co Ltd, Intercontinental Consultants & Technocrats PvtLtd, ShriBajrang Power & Ispat Ltd, Dilip Buildcon Ltd, Bhopal, MC-Bauchemie (India) Pvt Lid, KCC Buildcon Pvt Ltd, Oriental Structural Engineers Pvt Ltd, Faith Healthcare, JACOBS, Dineshchandra R Agarwal Infracon Pvt Ltd and RITES Ltd have contributed towards organization of the 36” IABSE Symposium 2013. ‘The choice of the symposium theme was driven in part by the needs felt in India. The nation, in pursuit of economic growth and overall development, has launched itself on the path of infrastructure development, with investments early doubling in succeeding Five Year Plan periods. Transport improvement is recognized as the most intensely felt requirements. While The Bridge and Structural Engineer Additional Director General, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Shri RK Pandey, Secretary, ING-IABSE and Chief Engineer (Planning), Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Dr BC Roy, Chairman, Scientific Committee and Vice President of IABSE and Shri Ueli Brunner, Executive Director, |ABSE also graced the occasion. Shri © Kandasamy, Honorary Treasurer, ING-IABSE and Director General (Road Development) & Special Secretary, Government of India welcomed the dignitaries. Shri VL Patankar, Chairman, ING-IABSE and ‘Additional Director General, also welcomed the delegates, invitees and guests to the IABSE ‘Symposium 2013. Dr BC Roy, Chairman of the Scientific Committee and Vice President of IABSE gave an outline of the scientific contents of the IABSE Symposium. Shri P Popovic, President of |ABSE and Shri eli Brunner, Executive Director, IABSE also spoke on the oceasion Shri Sarvey Sathyanarayana, Hon'ble Minister column tree enclosed for covered spaces like ‘convention centers, aircraft hangers and other transport terminals, industrial structures, sports stadium and others. The other focus was on long span bridges, both road and rail, across rivers, sea link, long viaducts crossing deep ‘gorges and flyovers in urban areas. The IABSE Symposium 2013 was inaugurated ‘on 24" September 2013 by Shri Sarvey Sathyanarayana, Hon'ble Minister of State for Road Transport and Highways by lighting the traditional lamp. Dr Sudarshan Ghosh Dastidar, Minister-in-Charge, PWD & Environment Department, West Bengal and Dr Amit Mitra, Minister-in-Charge, Finance and Excise Department, West Bengal, Shri P Popovic, President of IABSE and Shri Kandasamy, Honorary Treasurer, ING-IABSE and Director General (Road Development) & Special Secretary, Government of India, ‘Shri VL Patankar, Chairman, ING-IABSE and Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013. vii Planning Design Research and Development Implementation Operation and Maintenance In addition, three special sessions were held on Poverty Alleviation and Disaster Management as follow-ups to the discussions at Delhi in 2005 and Urban Transit and Metro. In a special session on Friday, September 27, 2013, Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister of ‘West Bengal, addressed the delegates and shared her thoughts on ‘West Bengal ~ Vision ‘and Opportunities’ ‘Aspecialsession for young engineers organised by young engineers was also included in the programme. It offered various presentations about working abroad, work done at IABSE and a technical paper on ‘Geometrical Influence ‘on Transverse Thermal Stresses in Concrete Bridge Sections’, by Oskar Larsson, Sweden. After the session, some 40 young engineers joined the Young Engineers Social Event at putldads.getovladeretiseuuldown.prp?utl hipe43AY2F %2F ssuu.com¥e2Flabse scr clrla%2F docs ¥2Fing abso. 2013. eecember nical 132016 _utlidades,gatovoladornetsstulsown.prp el hips %3ASL2F%2Fissau.com k2Flabse secrtaria%2Fdocs%2F ing labse_2013_ december rials 18. sansaof State for Road Transport and Highways released the Souvenir on this occasion, Shri P Popovic presented the 2013 IABSE ‘Awards. The Opening Ceremony concluded with a lively cultural programme presenting a variety of contemporary Indian music. During the Symposium, a Technical Exhibition was also organized which was inaugurated by Dr Sudarshan Ghosh Dastidar, Minister- in-Charge, PWD & Environment Department, West Bengal. In this technical exhibition about 71 exhibitors displayed their products, material technology, equipments, machinery, plants etc. From a total of 270 abstracts that had been received and 175 papers from 35 countries were submitted to the Scientific Committee, ‘who selected 108 for oral presentations and 30 forposter presentations. From September 25 to 27, 2013, the programme offered 23 technical sessions, both plenary and parallel as per the following main topics: Vili Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013, A number of social events gave a fascinating glimpse of the rich Indian heritage. During the symposium, delegates and accompanying Persons were offered the opportunity to join social tours to Kolkata, to explore its many landmarks and places of interest, such as the Victoria Memorial, Saint Paul's Cathedral, Kali Temple, Mother Teresa’s Home and Swami Vivekananda’s House. The Concluding Session was held on 27" September 2013 (afternoon). Shri VL the 11 Sonar. Eight Keynote Lectures and 124 contributions have been collected in the Symposium Report and on a CD. The book (498 pages) and CD ‘can be ordered (e-mail: ingiabse@bol.net.in) at Secretariat of the Indian National Group of the IABSE at New Delhi ‘On Wednesday and Friday. half-day technical visits were organised to Kolkata East West Metro Project, the first underwater metro project in India, being developed under the river Hooghly. The 16 Km long project is partly underground and partly at grade with 6 elevated and 6 underground stations and a Depot. On Thursday, a tour was conducted to India's first Aerotropolis located near Durgapur in West Bengal. It is being developed in association with Singapore's Changi Airports International (CA) and constructed by Bengal Aerotropolis Project Limited (BAPL). The airport city is ‘constructed around an old airfield near Andal, Barhaman, previously used by USAAF during the World War Il ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer Patankar gave the Valedictory Address. A number of recommendations emanating from the deliberations presented. Delivering his valedictory address, he expressed the hope that the outcome of the IABSE Symposium 2013 would have enriched the delegates professionally for development, design and implementation of long span bridges, roofs and other structures ‘Shri P Popovic proposed a Vote of Thanks. psutlldads.getovladernetiseuuldown.prp?utl=hipet43AY2F%2Fsswu.com ¥2F abso secrclrlat%2F docs %2Fing abso. 2013. eecember Sinica 132016 _utlidades gatovoladornetssuulsown.prp els hips%9A%L2F% 2 ssa. 2Flabse secretaria%2Fdocs%2F ing labse_2013_ december rials 18. ss{132016 _utlidaesgatovolatornetssuuldown,pro els htps% ASF: 2Fissicom 2Flakse secretaria%2Fdoes:2F ng fabse_2013. december ictal 8, Shri Sarvey Sathynarayana, Hon'ble Minister ‘of State for Road Transport and Highways, Government of Inala, lighting the traditional Inaugural Lamp along with high aignitaries 6° IABSE Symposium Long Span Bridges and Roafs ‘Deretopment, Design and Implementation ets | Same 627.201 Shri Sarvey Sathynarayana, Hon'ble Minister of State for Road Transport and Highways, Government of India, releasing Souvenir of 36 IABSE Symposium along with high dignitaries The Bridge and Structural Engineer as 1apse Reng ride tee Draisnan ‘Shi P Popovic, President of /ABSE Delivering his address during the Inauguration Shri C Kandasamy, Honorary Treasurer, ING-IABSE and Director General (Read Development) & Special Secretary, Government of India Delivering his welcome address during the Inauguration 6" LABSE Symposium ig Som Beige sat Ror, veopes Design ant intention ‘Shri VL Patankar, Chairman, ING-IABSE and ‘Adktional Director General, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Delivering his welcome ‘address during the Inauguration Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013 Dr BC Roy, Vice President of |ABSE and Chairman, Scientific Commitee Delivering his address during the Inauguration hputlldads.getovolader.netiseuuldown.php?utl=htps43AY2F%2F ssuu.comSs2Flabee secrotrlat%F does ¥2Fing_ abso, 2013. decemberSniclal=s.. 1262{132016 _utlidaesgatovolaornetssuuldown,pro els htps% SASF: 2Fissuicom k2Flakse secrtaia%2Fdoes:2F ng fabse_2013. december rials 8, A AW" IABSE symposins Seige Don hi ines Shri Sarvey Sathynarayana, Hon'ble Minister Dr Sudarshan Ghosh Dastidar, Minister-in-Charge, ‘of State for Road Transport and Highways, PWD & Environment Department, West Bengal Government of India, delivering Inaugural Address Guest of Honour, delivering his address A 16 1ABSE Symposury eigen erste Dr Amit Mitra, Minister-in-Charge, Finance and ‘Shei RK Pandey, Secretary, ING-IABSE Excise Department, West Bengal Guest of Honour, Proposing @ Vote of Thanks delivering his address x Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013 The Bridge and Structural Engineer ALES A view of the Cultural Evening Another view of the Cultural Evening during the 36" |ABSE Symposium during the 36" (ABSE Symposium putlldads.getovoladernetiseuuldown.php?utl=htpe43AYh2F%2Fssuy.comSe2Flabeesecrotrlat%2F docs ¥2Fing_labse, 2013. cecembersniclal=s... 1352132016 _utlidades,gatovoladornetsstulsown.prp els hips %3ASL2F% 2 issau.com k2Flabse secretaria%2Fdocs%2Fing labse_2013_ december rials 18. View of the audience during Dr Sudarshan Ghosh Dastidar, Minister-in-Charge, the Inaugural Function PWD & Environment Department, West Bengal along with high dignitaries inaugurating the Technical Exhibition View of the Technical Exhibition Hell ‘Mamata Banerjee, Hon'ble Chief Minister of West Bengal addressing during Special Session on ‘West Bengal — Vision and Opportunities” ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013. xi hpsutlldads.getovlader.netisevuldown.prp?utl hips 43Atk2F%2Fssuu.comSe2Flabeesecrotariat%F docs %2Fing_ abso, 2013. secemberkniclal=s.. T4H52{132016 _utlidadesgatovolaornetssuuldown,pro el htps%3ASk2FoL2Fissicom k2Flakse secrtaria%2Fdocs:2F ng fabse_2013_ december rials 8, ee View of the audience during the Special Session View of the audience during the Valedictory Session xii Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013 The Bridge and Structural Engineer USE OF BEARINGS AND EXPANSION JOINTS IN BRIDGES & FLYOVERS - ISSUES OF CONCERN AK. BANERJEE Technical Director, Bridges = URS Scott Wilson India Pvt. Lid. 49 Floor, Tower C, Building 5, $ Gyber Terraces, DLF Cyber City - Phase-I, p:utlldads.getovlader.netisevuldown.prp?utl=htpst43AY2F%2Fsswy.com¥e2Flabeesecrotrlat%2F docs %2Fing_labse_ 2013. decemberdnilal*.{132016 _utlidaces.gatovoldornetssuuldown,pro els htps%3As2FO:2Fissuicom k2Flakse secrtaia%.2Fdoes:2F ing fabse_2013. december rials 8, ‘aurgaon = 1eeuve, raryana, nara Yea asis.banerjee@urs.com AK. Banerjee obtained his BE (Civil) degree from B.E. College, Shibpur and MTech from |..T. Delhi, He had anilustrious career as Bridge Engineer inthe Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, where he was Chief Engineer and later became Member (Technical in the National Highways Authority of India. He had also been the Director, |AHE. He is presently Technical Director (Bridges) in URS Scott Wison India Pvt Lid, Gurgaon and Convenor / Member of various Bridges Technical Committees, including the Committes con “Bearings, Expansion Joints & Appurtenances”, 4. Summary Over the years, there have been significant developments in the process of modemization of bearings and expansion joints in bridges and flyovers etc. and the relevant IRC codes, Guidelines and specification have been framed ‘conforming to International Standards, outlining in details the stringent acceptance criteria, based ‘on elaborate tests to be performed on both the raw materials and finished products, as well as long term performance guarantee of the products supplied by the manufacturers. However, in practice, there are issues relating to conformance to the acceptance criteria in manufacture, supply and installation of bearings and joints vis-a-vis. the experience of the personnel entrusted with ensuring the same for installation of the right products. This paper briefly addresses the issues involved and attempts to raise the level of awareness of the users and establish an effective system of Quality Assurance to ensure the desired level of performance of these products over their design service life. 2. Probable Causes of Failure of Bearings & Joints 21 Bearings Most commonly used bearings today are either elastomeric bearings or POT and POT cum The Bridge and Structural Engineer Standards, based on rigorous testing and acceptance criteria. The expansion joints are designed to cater to varying gaps for movement due to expansion/contraction of the superstructure, conforming to the acceptance criteria specified in the relevant IRC Guidelines PTFE bearings. It has been seen that the failures of these bearings occur either due to. (a) deficient design; (b) materials not conforming to specification and (6) improper process control in manufacture In the case of elastomeric bearings, designs are generally done by the design consultant of the lient or contractor and the same need to be ptoof checked or reviewed by an independent consultant in both EPC and PPP projects to ensure strict conformance to the relevant code IRC: 83 - Part Il. In the case of POT and POT cum PTFE bearings, the design is generally done by the manufacturers, adopting the relevant IRC: 83, - Part Il, based on the loads/forces, movements and rotations specified in the design, which could be checked and approved by the design’ review consultant. However, the credentials of the manufacturer and successtul testing of both raw materials and the finished bearings are very important to ensure quality of these products and to prevent failure of the bearings during their service life, keeping in view the difficulties involved in replacement of bearings, when the structures are in service. 22 Expansion Joints These are generally _proprietary/patented products, conforming to established International Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013. 1 Consultant in charge of supervision and quality assurance of the project. b) There have been instances of premature failure of mainly elastomeric bearings requiring their replacement within a short period of completion of the bridae. Such p:utlldades.gatovladeretisevuldowr.php?utl hips 3At2F%2Fssw.comS42Flabeesecrotrlat%2F docs %2Fin_abse_ 2013. eecemberBniclal*. sansaIRC:SP:69.2011, based on various tests of both raw materials and finished joints, While there are not many instances of complete failure of the expansion joints, but they do suffer major distress/damage under whee! loads mainly because of lack of quality assurance in use of materials, manufacturing and testing ofthe joints. This leads to a major problem of replacement of joints during service period of the structure. ‘Some major causes of failures are a) improper alignment of edge beams, b) improper quality of neoprene seal element, and c) clogging of joints with debris. 3. Present System of Quality Assurance & Issues of Concern 3.1 Bearings a) Deficiency in the design of bearings is not much common, although there are issues about Improper assessment of seismic forces and non-provision of adequately designed seismic restrainingyisolation devices, which are invariably required when elastomeric bearings are proposed in Seismic Zone lV and V beyond certain span length. However, there are major issues of quality assurance both in regard to raw materials and finished products, particularly for elastomeric bearings. This is mainly because there is too much dependence on the reliability of the bearings obtained from the Manufacturers/Suppliers empanelled with Ministry of Road Transport & Highways. (MoRT&H) and the Supervision Consultant! Independent Engineers often fail to ensure testing of both raw materials and the finished bearings from an Independent accredited Agency and totally rely on the test certificates given by the Manufacturers/ Suppliers. Even the suppliers of the bearings do not always comply with this requirement unless insisted upon by the 2 Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013 69-2005, which have since been revised during the last few years in IRC: SP: 69- 2011. However, there are concerns of talluresocourmoreduetouseotsubstandard raw elastomeric rubber (sometimes beyond its shelf life) than deficiency in design under normal conditions. It has also been seen in many cases that while the external neoprene cover did conform to the specifications of elastomeric rubber, it was not so for the internal layers between the steel plates, although the finished bearing passed the specified tests. 3.2 Expansion Joints a) Inthe case of expansion joints, the scenario is somewhat different. Till say 1990s, use of singlestrip sealjoints was not muchcommon and angle iron with copper strip joints were widely used for girderfbox girder bridges ‘with simply supported spans up to say 50 m having movements less than even 50 mm and the popular Finger Type Joints for long span continuous bridges with much larger joint movements. However, slab seal joints involving about 1mlength of slab seals have been used in the past for balance cantilever bridges across some major bridges like Barak Bridge in Silchar. In the late 1990s, Manufacturers of both single and modular strip seal expansion joints abroad entered into the market in India with their patented products, including the edge beams and neoprene seal elements, conforming to Intemational Standards & Specifications, imported from abroad. Eventually, local manufacturing of these joints was allowed by Companies in India with tie up with the parent companies holding the patent for these products in stages by MoRT&H with a view to ecanomizing the cost. b) With the introduction of strip seal and modular seal joints and local manufacturing of these products, detailed guidelines and specifications were drawn up as IRC: SP ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer mere empaneiment of these Firms does not necessarily guarantee Quality Assurance of the finished products. In the case of a BOT/ tp:utldades.getovladernetiseuuldown.php?utl hips 43AY2F%2Fsswy.com¥e2Flabeesecrotrlat%s2F docs %2Fing_labse, 2013. eecemberdnilal*, {132016 _utlidaesgatovolaornetssuuldown,pro els htps%As2FO,2Fissicom k2Flakse secretaria%.2Fdocs:2F ng labse_2013. december rials 8, smstotal reliability on the products of the Manufacturers/Suppliersby the Supervision Consultanvindependent Engineers without ensuring strict conformance to the Acceptance Criterialaiddown inIRC:SP:69- 2011, including Performance Bank Guarantee for these products, as required. More often than not, the Team Leaders tend to fully rely on the test certificates, both for the joints and anchorages, furnished by the Manufacturers/Suppliers, without insisting on testing by an Independent Agency having the required test facility. Even witnessing the Acceptance Criteria tests in the Manufacturers’ factories are sometimes given go by, either due to lack of knowledge of such tests or lack of awareness of the importance of conformance to the Acceptance Criteria specified in IRC:SP 69- 2011, particularly with regard to a) Fatigue Test of Anchorages, b) Debris Expulsion Test, and c) Water Tightness Test etc. 4. Way Forward Broadly, itmay be seen that the Bridge Engineers of the Supervision Consultant or Independent Engineer (DBFOT projects) need to be made accountable by the Team Leader for ensuring strict compliance to the Acceptance Criteria prescribed in the IRC Codes, Guidelines & Specification for both Bearings and Expansion Joints by insisting on Independent Testing of the raw materials and the finished products and. ensuring Performance Guarantee in financial terms by the Manufacturers/Suppliers, 2s The Bridge and Structural Engineer DBFOT project, a common logic/argument put forward by the Concessionaires is that he would be responsible for the entire project during the Concession Period and defects observed, if any, would be rectified by him. While it may be somewhat acceptable in case of long Concession Period of 20-30 years, but may not hold good for shorter periods considering the design life of these bearings, particularly POT and POT cum PTFE bearings and expansion joints. Also, any rectification/replacement/ resetting of the bearings and joints need closure of trafic and provision of diversions (for two lane bridges), which need to be avoided to the extent possible. 5. Conclusion The paper attempts to highlight the functional importance of the bearings and expansion joints in bridges and flyovers, which contribute to a relatively small cost, as compared to the cost of the structure itself and the total cost of the project ‘as a whole, as well as probable causes of their failures. There are concemns about lack of both knowledge and awareness among the Bridge Engineers, responsible for Quality Assurance in bridge construction, of the specific provisions ‘of Acceptance Criteria in the codes, guidelines ‘and specification of these products and it would not be exaggerating to highlight some amount of laxity on the part of these Engineers in charge of supervision of the project in Quality Assurance, which could compromise with the serviceability of these structures over their long design life of 75 to 100 years. Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013 3 p:utldads.getovoladernetiseuuldowr.php?utl hips 43AY2F%2Fisswy.com¥s2Flabeesecrotrlat%s2Fdocs¥2Fing_labse, 2013. decemberdnilal, {132016 _utlidaesgatovolaornetssuuldown,pro es htps% ASF: 2Fissanicom k2Flakse secrtaria%2Fdocs:2F ing fabse_2013. december rials “8, sansaSELECTION OF APPROPRIATE BEARING TYPE & ARRANGEMENT FOR BRIDGES ‘Mahesh TANDON Managing Director Tandon Consultants Pvt, Ltd New Delhi, INDIA tandon@tcpl.com India Council for Technical Education (AICTE). Prof. Mahesh Tandon received his Bachelor degree in Civil Engineering from IIT Roorkee and Masters from University of Hawaii, USA He was appointed Distinguished Visiting Professor at the Indian Institute cof Technologies at Kanpur and Roorkee by the Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE) and the All summary Bearings provide the vital link between superstructure and substructure. They ensure loads and deformations applied to the former is provided a safe passage to the latter. Many types of bridge bearings are available and the selection of the most appropriate ones including their arrangement are exceedingly important for the safety and serviceability of the bridge structure as a whole. This paper highlights some of the major design considerations in this regard. Keywords: Bridge Bearings, Stability, Elastomeric, Earthquake, POT-PTFE, Pier Cap, Integral Bridge 1. Introduction Bridge superstructures and substructures are almost always designed separately. The connection provided by bearings to the two can affect the bridge safety and economy significantly. The bearing selection is intimately connected with the overall concept of the bridge and has a profound influence on its overall behavior. While bearings almost always facilitate or atleast permit rotations, they can be made to restrain moverentsinoneoralldirections, The magnitude of forces from and movements of superstructure required to be transferred to the substructure are the deciding factor in the selection of beating 4 Volume 43 | Numer 4 | December 2013 type and how arrangements can be organized ‘on the pier cap, 2. Overall Dimensioning Equilibrium of the superstructure is an important consideration. The arrangement of bearings should be such that there is a generous lever arm that provides the required stabilising moments when live loads are placed at the extreme position of the deck. To ensure equilibrium the overturning moments must be less than the stabilising moments after applying appropriate factors of safety in different load combination (Ref. 1, 2, 3,4, 5). Fig. 1 shows how the equilioium can be affected by the different configurations of the superstructure, Reduced distance between bearings can result in smaller lever arm and thereby reduced stabilising moment Fig. 1(a) shows the usual configuration of a 2lane or S-lane box girder superstructure, The stablising moment is provided by the permanent loads while the live loads induce overturning about the bearing on the right hand side. Contributing to the overturning action are the lateral actions, like wind and/or earthquake. Further, in case the bridge is on a curve, not only do the permanent forces contribute to the overturning moments but the centrifugal forces produced by the live loads further aggravate the same. ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer p:utlldads.getovladernetiseuuldowr.php?utl hips 43AYk2F%2Fsewu.com¥e2Flabeesecrotrlat%2F docs %2Fng_labse, 2013. decemberdnilal, {132016 _utlidaesgatovolaornetssuuldown,pro es htps%As2FO:2Fissuicom k2Flakse secrtaria%.2Fdocs:2F ng fabse_2013. december rials 8, sansa‘A steeper inclination of the box girder web, Fig. 4(b), from the vertical can lead to a reduced lever arm for the bearings. Similarly, a large deck width with a narrow box girder shown in Fig. 1(c) (made possible by supporting the cantilever tip with external struts connected to the bottom of the web) again results in a reduced lever arm. In such situations a careful evaluation of stability as well as minimum compression required for proper functioning of the bearing (Ret. 1, 2, 3) should be made. Fig, 1: Stability of Deck is affected by C/C of Bearings 3. Selection of Bearing Type (a) Loads ‘The loads from the superstructure are transferred, to the pier cap or top part of the sub-structure through bearings, shear Keys or integrally. Selection of the bearing type is intimately connected with nature and magnitude of the forces it is subjected to. The loads transmitted from the superstructure consist of permanent loads which are vertically downward while lateral loads may be produced by action due to wind, earthquake, traffic as well as restraint to strain related effects of temperature as well as creep and shrinkage of concrete superstructures. The Bridge and Structural Engineer Design loads on bearings are assessed by applying load factors to take account of the probability of occurrence of the individual design forces occurring _ simultaneously (Ret. 4,5), In some codes this concept is applied by adjusting the allowable stresses in the bearing ‘components when subjected to different types. ‘of load combinations. The present codes on bearings (Ref. 1,2.3) are based on the Working ‘Stress Design method and are under revision so ‘as to incorporate the Limit State Design method of design. ‘Applied forces on bearings can be reduced by judicious selection of bearing releases and constraints as well as increasing the o/c distance between them in the transverse direction. The situations become more complex for arriving at an appropriate arrangement of bearings when the superstructure span is skewed or curved. (b) Elastomeric Bearings Elastomeric bearings are by far the least expensive type of bearings. These should generally be the first choice provided the calculated translations and rotations aswell as the applied vertical and horizontal loads are within limits. The structural behavior of elastomeric bearings under shear, compression ‘and rotation is shown in Fig. 2. For Conventional bearings based on Ref. 2, the weakest manifestation of structural behavior is under shear as well as friction on the top and bottom surfaces of the bearing under lateral loads. An ‘example of unsatisfactory behavior is shown in Fig. 3 <7 Fig. 2: Elastomerie Bearing: Structural Behavior Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013 5 p:utlldads.getovladernetiseuuldowr.php?utl hips 43AYk2F%2Fsewu.com¥e2Flabeesecrotrlat%2F docs %2Fng_labse, 2013. decemberdnilal, {132016 _utlidadesgatovolaornetssuuldown,pro es htps%Ask2FO:2Fissuicom k2Flakse secrtaria%2Fdoes:2F ng fabse_2013. december rials 8, 2anszFig. 3: Unseating of Girder Resting on Elastomeric Bearing During Bhuj Earthquake (New Surajbari Bridge) In moderate to high seismic zones, such as IV and V in India (Ref. 4), some type of external restraint is necessary for resisting seismic forces to prevent unseating or dislodgement of superstructure, Restraints in he form of linkages such as cables are popular in some countries particularly when steel superstructures are involved, However, in india and many other countries restrainers in the form of concrete ‘reaction blacks’ protruding from the pier cap ‘are more popular. An interesting arrangement for a Railway bridge: in a high seismic zone in Algeria is shown in Fig, 4, As can be seen the restrained end of the span of the 2 girder simply supported span is restrained vertically as well as horizontally by prestressed cables. The lateral restraints at both restrained and free ends is provided by reaction blocks projecting from the pier cap. Elastomeric bearings on vertical interfaces of the reaction block and superstructure ensure that there would be no damage due to violent shaking caused by a major earthquake. Another Interesting arrangement of seismic restraint when superstructure rests on elastomeric bearings is shown in Fig. 5. The end diaphragm of the box girder is extended down into a recess. in the pier cap. The longitudinal restraint is provided at one end only while transverse restraint is provided at both ends. All restraints are created by means of elastomeric bearings ‘on vertical faces of the recess. Fig, 4: Seismic Atachments for Superstructure: Benisaf— Ain Temouchent Line- Algeria Fig. 5: Seismic Attachments: Box Girder ‘Superstiucture ‘The Eurocode EC 8 (Ret. 6) indicates a strong preference of using elastomeric bearings for vertical loads only while the earthquake forces are taken by other structural connections. This preference can be gauged by the following provisions: ‘+ Supporting member (ie. substructures) connected to the deck should in general remain in the elastic range. Translated into earthquake forces in Ref. 4, this would ‘amount to assuming R = 1 in Table 8 as no plastic hinges would develop in piers. Also, the large imposed deformations would have to be catered for. * In case the elastomeric bearings have to resist both non-seismic and seismic forces, they attract special provisions and testing applicable to seismic isolation devices. This issue is discussed in art. 7.0 of this paper. p:utlldads.getovladernetiseuuldowr.php?utl hips 43AYk2F%2Fsewu.com¥e2Flabeesecrotrlat%2F docs %2Fng_labse, 2013. decemberdnilal, {132016 _utlidadesgatovolaornetssuuldown,pro es htps%Ask2FO:2Fissuicom k2Flakse secrtaria%2Fdoes:2F ng fabse_2013. december rials 8, 2anis26 Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013 (©) Pot-Ptte & Spherical Bearings Capacity to take vertical loads is limited in Elastomeric Bearings. The same applies to deformation capabilities. When either or both of, them are "excessive" we have to resort to other types of bearings namely POT-PTFE bearings (Ret. 3) or Spherical Bearings. ‘An example of the use of POT bearings in Zone V in consort with concrete restrainers for a 3 spans continuous bridge (32.5 m + 98 m + 32.5 m) is shown in Fig. 6. The longitudinal restraints are provided on only one of the piers ‘as shown while the other supports are “fre Transverse restraints have been provided on all, the four piers. Elastomeric bearings are provided ‘on vertical interfaces between deck and concrete restraints. ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer ‘of new ones in their position. If any temporary packings are required in case the loads on hydraulic jacks are to be retained for longer time, ‘space for the same must also be planned. ‘An example of the plan of the pier cap of a series of simply supported spans is shown in Fig. 7 and of a continuous structure in Fig. 8 gerrennencie Fig. 7: Plan of Pier Cap Supporting ‘Adjacent Simply Supported Spans eines Fig. 6: Seismic Attachments: Continuous ‘Supersiructure for Bridge over Ravi 4, Bearing Replacement The design life of bearings is invariably smaller than that of the permanent structure. Hence, provisions are requiredinthe permanentstructure which envisage the methodology of replacement of the bearings. These provisions must form part of the original design/drawings. Basically, bearing replacement involves planning of the pier cap so that it can accommodate all the permanent features like pedestals, bearings and other appurtenances like rain water pipe or other drainage arrangements, etc, as well as, the hvdraulic iacks which have to be nasitioned on Fig, 8: Plan of Pier Cap for Continuous Structure 5. Slopes and Gradients Slopes and gradients are a part of bridge ‘configuration for reasons of deck drainage and sometimes dictated by alignment (vertical or horizontal). In all cases, the bearings must be sandwiched between horizontal surfaces which must be p:utlldades.getovladernetiseuuldown.pnp?utl=htps43AY2F%2Fsswu.com ¥e2Flabee seer otras docs %2Fin_abse_ 2013. eecember nila. {132016 _utlidadesgatovolaornetssuuldown,pro es htps%Ask2FO:2Fissuicom k2Flakse secrtaria%2Fdoes:2F ng fabse_2013. december rials 8, ans{132016 _utlidaesgatovolaornetssuuldown,pro els htps% SASF: 2Fissicom k2Flakse secrtaia%.2Fdoes:2F ing fabse_2013. december rials 8, the pier cap to lift the superstructure to enable removal of existing bearings and installation soffit of the superstructure, Fig. 9 The Bridge and Structural Engineer Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013 7 Slopes in the transverse direction of the bridge deck can easily be tackled by adjusting the vertical height of the pedestals. The top of pier cap should be provided with a mild slope parallel to the shorter direction to avoid stagnation of water. Gradients in the longitudinal direction of the bridge deck are more complex to handle. One solution is to provide small filets while casting the girder as shown in Fig. 9. \Gemous eusvron Fig. 9: Bearings on Gradient & Slopes 6. Edge Distances Care is to be exercised while dimensioning the pier cap and position of bearings and/or other temporary supports so as to have adequate ‘edge distances. Inadequate edge clearances (Fig. 10) can result in damage to both superstructure as well as pier cap. Examples of resulting damages are ilustrated in Figs. 11 and 12. fi — - , tputldads.getovladeretseuuldown php ul =hipe3AYi2F%2Fssuu.comt2Flabse secrctarlatts2Fdocs¥2F ing abe. 2013.cecemberSinical=*.. 23/152ae Fig. 10: Pier Cap Plan Showing Inadequate Edge Clearances Note: Superstructure Shown Dotted 8 Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013 7. Special Issues (a) Integral Bridges Integral Bridges are characterized by monolithic connection between the deck and the sub- structure (piers and abutments). Such bridges are the answer for small and medium length bridges where bearings and expansion joints can either be eliminated altogether or reduced to ‘a minimum. Fig, 13 shows an example of integral bridge construction fora flyover in New Delhi. By incorporation of intermediate expansion joints the Integral Bridge concept can be extended to long bridges and viaducts. The elimination or minimizing of Bearings and Expansion Joints is important as they are fragile elements and represent the weakest links in bridge structures. The provision of Bearings and. Expansion Joints imply the following: a) Increased incidence of inspection and maintenance required. b) Necessity of replacement during the service: lite of the bridge since their design life is much smaller than that of the rest of the bridge elements, ©) Decrease in redundancy and difficulties in providing adequate ductility for resisting earthquake effects, leading to larger earthquake design forces. d) Possibility of —dislodgement of, superstructure during accidental loads, especially those due to earthquakes is a clear danger requiring expensive and clumsy attachments. Fig: 13: Example of Integral Bridge: Panchsheel Flyover, Delhi ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer ©) Bridges present ‘soft targets’ for terrorists and vandals making them unserviceable ‘with not too much difficulty, Refer example in Fig, 14. 1) Sharply skewed superstructures have the possibilty of upiit atthe acute angle corner, which can be tackled with considerable difficulty and expense. If the deck rests on bearings. (b) Bearings in Consort with Seismic Devices ‘Seismic devices can be effectively used in bridge structures for the following purposes: (Reduce the seismic forces by increasing the natural period of vibration by base isolation using special beatings or those that increase damping. Example of such bearings are shown in Fig. 15. ) Distribution the earthquake forces to several sub-structures, s0 that the seismic forces do not get loealised on piers with restrained bearings only. A good example of the utilization of devices called “Shock Transmission Units" (STUs) is shown in Fig 16. A 1020m long bridge could be provided with only one Expansion Joints (EJ2) in the center and two at the extreme ends (EJ1 and EJ3). The forces generated by the mass inertia of the deck could be shared between 3 piers in this arrangement. The photograph of the STU installation is shown in Fig. 17. itis highlighted that STUs do not reduce the total force generated but is only a means of resisting it as multiple locations. p:utldades.getovladernetiseuuldown.pnp?utl=hipet43AY2F%2Fsewy.com¥e2Flabee seer otra docs %2Fng_labse, 2013. decembernilal*, {132016 _utlidacesgatovolaornetssuuldown,pro els htps% SASF: 2Fissunicom k2Flakse secrtaria2F docs :2F ng fabse_2013. december rials 8, aris{132016 _utlidaes.gatovolornetssuuldown,pro el htps% ASF: 2Fissuicom k2Flakse secretaria%2Fdocs:2F ng labse_2013. december rials 8, IEE f Op antec sna) ran a > Fig: 14: Example of Damaged Pier Gap, Bearings & aan aa ‘Superstructure due to Terrorist Action Fig. 15: Base Isolation & Energy Dissipation ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013 9 svreceamnaeee elastomeric bearings does reduce the effective length factor K quite significantly (from 2.3 to 1.3) it must be ensured that the superstructure is restrained from translation. Piers are subjected to both vertical and horizontal forces which can act simultaneously. Horizontal forces can include both seismic and non-seismic forces like braking and traction, Inthe case of a series of simply supported spans resting on elastomeric bearings it is seldom possible to create external restraint or bracing and consequently all piers sway in identical fashion when subject to horizontal forces. In such bearing arrangements case 7 of the Table in BS 5400 Part 4 becomes applicable and K=2.3 should be adopted. Since, our recent code IRC 112 has adopted the provisions of BS 5400 Part 4, a clarification along the above lines would be most helpful for (©) Effective length of pier i i] , The physical pier length (height), L, is multiplied Hi 4 y by an effective length factor K to compensate *| ti for the rotational and translational boundary = (-/- ¢ ch ob tb conditions. KL represents the length between — 4-1 we-2/ c)k-07 aasti2 be! 912k! wa>2! inflection points of a buckled column while K = 1 represents a column hinged at both ends. Fig. 18: Eurocode EC2 cl. 5.8.3.2. : Figure 5.7 Contrary to general perception, bearings also eecrive ens REE have an effect on the design of piers in some THE cases. This is apparent from the effective length factors given in the Eurocode EC2, AASHTO ety code and BS 5400 Part 4 shown in Figs 18, 19, | | t ! | I tpsutldads.getovladeretssuuldown php url “hip 3AYi2F%2Flssuu.comt2Flabse secrctarlats2Fdocs¥2Fing labs 2013. oecemberSiniclal=s.. 25/152 — the designer. Fig. 17: NHAI's Allahabad Bridge: | | | | | | fala Reh | | f pepe 4& 20 respectively. By and large all three codes have similar provisions and should be adopted in the absence of more refined analysis. The ‘exception is the case of BS 5400 Part 4 in which a special provision exists for elastomeric bearings. The provisions shown in Figure 20 not only indicate the type of support at the upper end but also the connecting member or bracing, if any. When seen from this viewpoint it becomes clear that whereas supporting the superstructure on 10 Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013 Fig. 20: BS : 5400 Part 4 8. Concluding Remarks The importance of careful planning of the general arrangement of bearings and the selection of bearing type has been highlighted in the paper. Elastomeric bearings should always be the first choice due to their low cost and excellent behavior when subjected to vertical loads. However, theit behavior under lateral loads like earthquake requires external restrainers such as “reaction blocks" to ensure safety of the bridge. AEH EH UE Sune ruca| Fig. 19: AASHTO Code ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer The arrangement of all elements over the pier cap require careful consideration. Beating replacement during the life time of the structure and edge distances are some of these considerations. A generously dimensioned pier cap is highly recommended. Use of Integral Bridge concepts reduce the number of bearings and expansion joints and should be adopted where possible. In the present state-of-the-art bearings are often used effectively in consort with seismic devices like Shock Transmission Units and Dampers in order to design sub-structures economically with respect to lateral forces. 9. References IRC 83 Part 1: Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges: Part I Metallic Bearings. 2. IRC 83 Part 2: Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges: Part Il Elastomeric Bearings. 3. IRC 83 Part 3; Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges Part Il POT, POT-cum-PTFE, Pin and Metallic Guide Bearings. 4, IRC 6-2010: Standard Specifications and Code of Practice of Road Bridges: Section I Loads and Stresses, 5. Amendment to IRC:6-2010. Notification no: 78 dated 28" July, 2012. hitp:tatlidades.catovolaornetissvldonr.phpurltps eSAY2F42FasuucomYsFabse ser ctarati2Fdocs¥aFing labse_ 2013 cecemberfinicil=t {132016 _utlidadesgatovolaornetssuuldown,pro els htps%Ask2Fo:2Fissuicom k2Flakse secrtaia%2Fdocs:2F ng fabse_2013_ december rials 8, arisFor larger vertical loads, POT-PTFE or spherical bearings need to be used. The Bridge and Structural Engi 6 Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance: Part 2: Bridges. Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013.11 GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION & APPLICATION OF EXPANSION JOINT SYSTEMS FOR BRIDGES Jitendra RATHORE General Manager, Technical Mktg, Civil Engineer Santfield (India) Limited Jtencrarathore@santieldingla.in Peter GUNTHER, Sr. Manager, Int. Sales ‘Structural Protection Systems Maurer Sohne GmbH & Co. kG ‘guenther@maurer-soehne.de summary In analogy to Mother Nature, the evolution in bridge construction lead to a functional and thus to a differential construction method. This way, in avoiding constraints at critical (structural) locations, long-lived and robust structures emerged. This was and is being achieved with modem bridge bearings and expansion joints. Due to their relatively simple installation, long service life and low maintenance costs, these structures are economical and with low exposure to disruption. Environmentally friendly and recyclable material as well as the effortless replacement of smaller units contributes to sustainability, For years & decades, the Expansion Joint Systems has been an integral appurtenance of The basic desirable functions that an Expansion Joint system should perform are: 1. Accommodating movements & rotations that caused by the Structure, 2, Water Tightness by preventing ingress of the rain water to the structure underneath, 3. Offering Smooth Riding Surface. 4, Minimal Resistance to the Structure while causing the Movement. Inbridge construction, the construction method as well as the aesthetics are predominantly shaped by the structural elements. Due to the technical challenges of modem bridge construction on the one hand and the cost and environmentally related general conditions on the otherhand there exists a continuous selection and optimization of hpstulidadesgetvoladretiss widow. prp?urtps eOACZF 4 2F esulicom teFabse seerctrlath2F docs taFing labse_ 2013 cecemberfincil=1 {132016 _utlidaesgatovolornetssuuldown.pro els htps% SASF: 2Fiss.com k2Flakse secrtaria%.2Fdocs:2F ng fabse_2013. december rials 8, amnis2WE BINYE VuHsuULULN, AIuuuyH situate advancement in the technology of this product has been made in the recent past. It is equally important to understand the key criteria that influence the selection, adoption and thereafter functioning, rather smooth functioning of these Expansion Joints in the Bridge Structure. Keywords: Expansion Joints, Differential Construction Method, Strip Seal Joint, Modular Joints, Equidistance Control Mechanism. 4. Introduction Expansion Joint is the mechanical system used to bridge the structural discontinuity (Expansion Gap) provided in between the Structural Elements that could either be the two adjacent deck segments or in between the Abutment and the first deck Slab of the Bridge Structure, 12 Volume 43 | Number 4 | December 2013 Bridge bearings and expansion joints are exposed to demanding strains. Therefore, only ‘such products have to be employed which either withstand in a functional way to all the exposures ‘over the total life time of the bridge or they shall be replaced only in the course of a defined maintenance period at the structure. This way, maintenance costs for such structural members ‘can be kept relatively low. In India the use & selection of the Expansion Joints are governed by the MORT8H Revised Interim Specifications issued vide Circular Number RW/NH-34059/1/96-S&R with amendments time to time and IRC Special Publication SP:69 first published in the year 2005 and recently revised in the year 2011 The main categories of the Expansion Joints classified in the above specifications are: 1. Buried, Filler & —- Asphaltic Plug For small movements, Joints 2. Compression - _For small to medium. Seal, Finger & movements. Elastomeric Pad Joints the products employed. Some of these products. display disadvantages caused by their function, for example a limited service life. However, such products can only be relinquished if the economical and ecological total balance does not become negative. ‘An “Optimisation of the Necessary’ is therefore the better alternative. The knee joint or the intervertebral discs are problem zones of the human body ~ however as parts of a body rather a result and not the cause of natural evolution. This paper is about normal bridges with bridge bearings and expansion joints as well as the possibilities of optimization. Thereby, the notion of a "Differential Construction Method’, which is, an established notion in mechanical engineering, is being introduced. ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer 3. Strip Seal Joints - For medium to large movements. 4, Modular Joints - For large to very large movements. While the above referred specifications deals in elaborated way for the selection criteria, advantages & disadvantages of these Expansion Joints, The key factors based on practical aspects are discussed in this paper. 2. Factors responsible for Joint Selection Itis appropriate to summarize the selection criteria into two main aspects i.e. the demand of the structure and the aspect of technical & commercial viability. Depending on the design, geometry of the structure, location of the Joint and various other factors, the needed expansion Joint may require to serve various degrees of freedom (for movement and / or rotation) out of which the most ‘common is the movement along the longitudinal direction of bridge and also the rotation about the transverse axis at the Joint location. The Table - 1 below gives a brief ilustration of the capabilities of different expansion joint against the various degrees of freedom: p:utlldads.getovladernetiseuuldowr.php?utl hips 43AYk2F%2Fsewu.com¥e2Flabeesecrotrlat%2F docs %2Fng_labse, 2013. decemberdnilal, {132016 _utlidaesgatovoladornetssuuldown,pro els htps% ASF: 2Fissicom k2Flakse secrtaria%.2Fdocs:2F ing fabse_2013. december rials 8, 2aris2