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2 :
(( V :
:
: -
(1
:
(1.1
:
**
:
"!
0 p
n
(Kg) 8
1,673.10-27
1,675.10-27
(C) /G
1,6.10-19
0
A X
:A
Z
CD : Z 0 CD /G =C E.
CD : A CD . A = Z + N 8
; : ; : 8 4; 2963 Cu /
O0 29 63-29=34.
(2.1
:
* =: U
' & $%"# )*+ ", &'.
* ;: 8
238
235
= Y <D !XW
92 U 92 U = Y <D !X 126 C 146 C X]C 9 ) 70 ( (3.1
/0 ",
/0 :
X 11 4G def 71
c Segr
* lm
12
0. 1500 =
=
0o) n
(
De] 260 O
d.n C . "0.
!.8 q6
* =8 r] 8D . CD .
= 4.(N,Z) def
Z < 20 + C . 8D.(N=Z) l
.
C= + r , ./r. r CD
CD 0 0 ) Z q
0
O
12 O q6 (.
r Z > 83 + C ..
(2 ! :
:
# (1.2
5 ,#23 9% / 7
8
/ <,?
> < & "7
:
/0 E7&#D /B .
:
...
mk.1957@hotmail.com
2 :
(( V :
:
: -
Z = Z1 + Z2
A = A1 + A2
A
Z
.8
:
0
A=0~
8
O : .
"C 2 He
:E {= ;.A>200 8
.
ZA42Y + 24He
A
ZX
210
Pb
; : 0
84 Po=
DG / = / C Z 4.A
:W= 8
8" r =e.
c .0o"
.O "
O6 ;
2 A
/
e .O=8 l
.G {=: D
- A=0~ e
0
1
e : - .
"C
0
1
Y +
A
Z +1
.Z
A
Z
.0n
60
0
1
e : + .
"C
0
1
A
Z 1
A
Z
0
1
.
n +
1
0
. 11 p
30
o 15 nC ,
- 1934 n = DG /
+
; l : y66
8 .Si = .q6
C : =
+ !"C8
c C EO lC
n Oc .e .G {=. D
A=0~ n ) = C.6 CD (
ecO =G1 . OE G 0m W eG{=
D. .
= - /:
Y +
A
Z
16
7
. ZY
C n 1
16
. 8
= .q6
...
mk.1957@hotmail.com
2 :
(( V :
:
: -
:W= ;
r "
=e. O6 Y= O=G .* ;
U8f 4W eG{= 8D
D(N,Z) def
= N0 e
.t
= N0 e
) N (t
L, (2.3:t1/2 M
= -: U
) N (t0
N 0 e ( t +t
2
N 0e
et = 1 t1/ 2 = ln2 = .ln2
2
2
) 1/ 2
) N (t0
2
= ) N (t0 + t1/ 2
...
mk.1957@hotmail.com
= ) . N (t0 + t1/ 2
2 :
(( V :
:
: -
:
0= -
-;: 8
y0
G
{=Bq D
10
80
100
10000
25.106
100 000.109
8 G O
D q E=
e. -= 8G =
D< U=C {=:
D
+ 1e
6 C
7 N
C/ (2 D C GfC.:l
) a (t
a ( t ) = a 0 e .t l n
= .t = l n 2 .t
a0
t1 / 2
t
a0
: 8D 4</
t = 1 / 2 .l n
ln 2
a (t )
...
mk.1957@hotmail.com
2 :
(( V :
:
CD
0e :
ans
: -
t = 5590 .l n 1350 = 14930
ln 2
212
t
ln4
r0
' .t
l
n
4
1
/
2
= r0 e
=' t
=
4
ln 2
CD
0e :
t ' = 2 .t 1 / 2 = 11180 ans
' .t
= r0 e
)' r (t
mk.1957@hotmail.com
= r0 e . t
) r (t