Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Buy 200 (2 packs) of 3X5 cards and make flash cards from all the information on the study guide.
2. Dont put too much information on one card because that is not the point of flashcards. Put a question on the
front and the answer to that question on the back.
3. Show these completed cards to me.
4. I will randomly ask to see your cards, so you will bring them to class every day, and I will test you on your cards.
Take your cards with you EVERYWHERE and study them when you have down time. At least study your cards 10
minutes per day.
5. Questions from the current class material and from this study guide will show up on pop quizzes.
BIOCHEMISTRY
Water
+
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Adhesion
Cohesion
Universal solvent
Less dense when frozen
Water is polar. The end of the water molecule with the hydrogens is
partially positive, while the opposite end is partially negative.
The polarity of water creates HYDROGEN BONDS. The partially positive
ends of one water molecule hydrogen bond with the partially negative end of
another.
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules make special water
properties.
PROPERTIES of WATER
Waters ability to stick to
other things
Waters ability to stick to
Creates surface tension so water gliders can glide
itself
on water; involved in capillary action so plants can
get water from their roots to their other tissues
Takes a long time to heat up This is important because it means it takes the
ocean a long time to heat up. This is important for
climate and ecosystems.
Hydrophilic substances
The cells living things are filled are water solutions
dissolve in it.
because many things dissolve in it.
Ice floats.
This means that fish can live UNDER the layer of ice
in lakes and ponds.
WATER VOCABULARY
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Osmosis
Afraid of water.
Loves water.
Diffusion of water across a
membrane.
Macromolecules
The most common elements found in living things are: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur
(CHNOPS)
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Monomers
Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Fatty acids + glycerol
Nucleotides
Examples
Bread, vegetables, fruit, sugar
Meats, beans
Olive oil, butter
DNA & RNA
Enzymes
Enzymes are made of protein and their functions are to either put things together (build) or digest (take apart)
by lowering the activation energy of the biochemical reaction.
The names of enzymes sometimes end in -ase
Important Enzymes and Their Functions
Adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand
Adds nucleotides to a growing RNA strand
Unzips the DNA double helix
Enzyme found in liver that breaks down hydrogen peroxide
that builds up in the body.
DNA Polymerase
RNA Polymerase
Helicase
Catalase
The Cell Theory states that: All living things are made of cells; the cell is the basic unit of life; all cells come from
preexisting cells.
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Lysosome
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Types of Cells
Single celled, very small, do not
have organelles
Can be multicellular, large,
contain organelles
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ER)
Golgi Apparatus
Vacuole
Cell membrane
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
Centrioles
CELL TRANSPORT
Ions and molecules need to move in and out of the cells for normal cellular function of the organism.
Movement of water and materials in and out of cells helps an organism maintain homeostasis.
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated
Transport
Active Transport
Homeostasis
No energy required
No energy required; water and
membrane required.
No energy required; uses a transport
protein
Requires energy and a transport
protein.
Photosynthesis
Reactants
CO2 + water + sunlight
O2 + sugar
Cellular respiration
O2 + sugar
Anaerobic cellular
respiration
Autotroph
Sugar
Products
Occurs in the
chloroplast
Occurs in the
mitochondria
Occurs in the cytoplasm
when O2 is absent
Plants, trees, algae, etc
Heterotroph
photosynthesis
Gets food from by eating other
heterotrophs, or eating autotrophs.
CELL DIVISION
Mitosis
Body cells
Repair damaged cells; growth of the
organism; replace old/worn-out
cells.
Prophase; metaphase; anaphase;
telophase.
2 identical Diploid cells
1 cell division
Meiosis
Sex Cells
Creates gametes (egg & sperm)
GENETICS
DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation
Name
Size
Shape
Bases
Sugar
Molecule
Monomer
Process
Replication
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
GINORMOUS
Double helix Double stranded
Adenine Thymine
Cytosine Guanine
Deoxyribose
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
Small
Single stranded
Adenine Uracil
Cytosine Guanine
Ribose
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
mRNA Made from a DNA template and contains the codons that code for amino acids.
tRNA Carries individual amino acids to a growing protein chain.
Codons 3 nucleotide code that codes for amino acids for protein production
REPRODUCTION
Sexual Reproduction
Male and female involved. Male fertilizes female egg
with his sperm.
Results in a genetic combination of each parent.
Mom and Dad.
Performed by most eukaryotes
Increases genetic variability in the species as a whole,
and in turn increases their chance of survival.
Segregation
Independent
assortment
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Dominant
Recessive
Co-dominant
Asexual Reproduction
One parent. No fertilization required.
Results in an identical clone of the parent. (MITOSIS)
Performed by all prokaryotes and some eukaryotes
Not a lot of genetic variability. They all have the same
traits, thus all have the same weaknesses
Reproduce very quickly.
Mutation is the only source of genetic variation.
Genetics Vocabulary
The separation of alleles during gamete
formation
When making gametes the genes are
independently separated because the
chromosomes are randomly aligned and
separated.
When 2 alleles are identical
When 2 alleles are different. One is recessive,
one is dominant.
Strongest allele. Represented by a capital
letter.
Weakest allele. Represented by a lower case
letter. Expression of recessive traits only
happens when 2 recessive alleles are present.
Both alleles are dominant.
Incomplete dominant
Sex-linked
Alleles
Phenotype
Genotype
Traits
Evolution
Vocab Word
Evolution
Artificial selection
Definition
Change in an organism over time; process by which
modern organisms descended from ancient organisms.
Takes a REALLY LONG TIME!
Humans selecting for traits in certain organisms.
Natural Selection
Mutations
Adaption
Common decent
Fitness
We all originated from one single cell 4.1 billion years ago
Evolutionary fitness means you have passed on your
You exist in your DNA that you have
DNA, you have made babies.
passed on to your offspring and
they have passed on to theirs.
Fossils
Comparative
Anatomy
DNA comparisons
Embryology
Vestigial
Structures
Examples
We all originated from one single
cell from 4.1 billion years ago.
GMOs, Dog breeds, farm animals,
etc.
Predators, environmental changes,
natural disasters, etc.
Leads to a species developing a
different trait over time.
Mutation of a mouses coat color
randomly occurs, but becomes
beneficial if its coat color is similar
to the color of its habitat.