Physics 141 Problem Set 2 Corrected Solutions

Nataliya Yufa
(2.6) Gravel mixer
We want to find such that at least for a moment the particles are not stuck to the
cylinder. This is most likely to happen at the top, where the normal force is in the direction
of gravity. For the particle to leave the cylinder, N=0. Hence the y-component of the total
force on the particle is
mv 2
.
r

(1)

v2
= m 2 R,
r

(2)

Fg + N = Fg =
Using the relation v = R we obtain
mg = m

g
.
(3)
R
Thus for all values of less than c the particles will not be stuck to the walls all the time.
c =

(2.9) Particle in a cone

The particle happens to be moving in a horizontal circle inside a cone of half-angle .
We want to find the radius r of the circle in terms of v0 , and g. Consider the x- and
y-components of the net force acting on the mass.
Since theres no movement in the y-direction, Fy is zero, i.e.
Fy = Ny mg = 0 Ny = mg.
From the geometry we find that tan =
Nx =

Ny
,
Nx

(4)

hence

Ny
mg
=
.
tan
tan

(5)

Circular motion in the horizontal direction implies that

Fx = Nx =
and solving for r we have
r=

mg
mv02
=
,
tan
r

vo2 tan
.
g
1

(6)

(7)

(2.12) Pulling out the tablecloth

Initially, the glass is accelerated by the force of friction due to the tablecloth for some
time tmax . In this time it will reach velocity vo
vo =

Ff tmax
= gtmax .
m

(8)

On the other hand, the glass will be slowed down by the friction due to the table (which,
because the coefficients of friction happen to be the same for the table and the tablecloth,
has the same magnitude as the frictional force of the tablecloth). Therefore, during both the
acceleration and the deceleration the glass will travel exactly half of the available distance.
We want the glass to slow down in a given distance d/2, thus
q

gd.

v0 =

(9)

Combine the two expressions for v0 to get

q

v0 = gtmax =
s

tmax =

gd
=
g

d
=
g

gd

0.5f t
1
= s.
2
0.5 32f t/s
4 2

(10)
(11)

(2.25) Shortest possible period

Intuitively, the shortest period of rotation will occur when the two solid spheres are as
close as possible to each other. Lets try to prove this. Because gravity is responsible for the
circular motion, we have
Gm2
mv 2
=
(12)
4r2
r
s

v=
The period is given by

Gm
.
4r

(13)

2r
4 3/2
=
r .
(14)
v
Gm
Note that the smaller the radius, the shorter the period. However, were limited by the
radius of the spheres, as they cannot come closer than their radius R. Hence the shortest
R3/2 .
possible period would be T = 4
Gm
T =

(2.28) Car going around a bend

Lets choose the x- and y-axis to be horizontal and vertical respectively, since the car
should be moving in a horizontal surface and therefore there should be a non-zero force solely
in the horizontal direction. Writing the components of the total force we have
Fy = 0 = N cos mg N sin

(15)

and

mv 2
.
(16)
R
Here the different signs correspond to the maximum and minimum velocities. It follows that
mg
N=
.
(17)
cos sin
Fx = N sin N cos =

Substituting this into the expression for Fx we get an equation for v 2 :

v2 =

gR
(sin cos ).
cos sin

(18)

Writing this in a different form

gR(sin cos )
gR(sin + cos )
< v2 <
.
cos + sin
cos sin

(19)

(2.33) Particle on a rotating rod

a) The trick to this problem is to realize that there is no force in the radial direction as
Newton said F = ma, thus
the rod is frictionless. Hence the total force is given by F~ = F .
h

,
F = m (
r r2 )
r + (r + 2r )

(20)

where equals . It must be that the radial component of the acceleration is zero since the
radial part of the force is zero:
r 2 r = 0.
(21)
Now we need to find the solution to this differential equation.
Lets try the solution r = Aet + Bet . Then
r = 2 Aet + 2 Bet = 2 r.

(22)

In order to satisfy our differential equation we need to have

r = 2 r = 2 r,

(23)

and therefore = .
b) By inspection, notice that Bet will tend to positive or negative infinity, unless B is
zero. Thus if we want the radius to be always decreasing without reaching zero, B must be
zero. In all other cases where the particle doesnt reach the origin, we must have a positive
B. In that limit, we see that Aet will tend to zero for large t, while Bet will go to infinity.
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Physics 141
Problem Set 7
Eduard Antonyan

(7.2) Rotating flywheel on a rotating table

L0

w0

Figure 1: Side view.

As it can be seen from the picture the torque is out of the picture and its magnitude is:
= 4T l,

(1)

where we assumed that the angle is small. The derivative of the angular momentum
That, and also its magnitude follows from:

dL0
= L0
dt
Thus =

dL0
dt

is also out the picture.

(2)

= L0 = I0 0 , and therefore:
=

dL0
dt

I0 0
.
4T l

(3)

(7.5) Car on a curve

(a) Let us understand first why should the car tend to roll over. As one can see from the picture, N1 , f1 and f2 create

torque (about the center of mass), thats into the picture, and N2 creates torque out of the picture. If the car is stable,
then the total torque should be zero. By Newtons second law:
f1 + f2 = M a =
N1 + N2 = M g

M v2
r
(4)

N2
d

N1

a
f1

Mg

f2

Figure 2: View from behind. The car is turning to the left.

So the faster the car is moving the larger are f1 and f2 , and thus the torque into the page. To have equilibrium, N1
will have to decrease and N2 will have increase. For high enough velocities N1 will become zero and the car will start
rolling over.
Now the reason putting a spinning flywheel can help is because we can put it in such way that the torque will be
used to change the angular momentum of the flywheel and not of the car!

Now lets consider the case where the car is turning to the left with angular velocity which will point vertically

upward. Lets put the flywheel so that its angular momentum L is pointing radially outward (to the right on the

picture). To make that angular momentum rotate with the car, one needs torque equal to ddtL = L , i.e. pointing
forward with respect to the car, which is exactly what weve got.
Note, however, that if the car is turning to the right, we should not reverse the direction of the angular momentum,
i.e. if the car is turning to the right the angular momentum should point radially inward. This is because in that case

is pointing vertically downward, and the torque is pointing out of the page (backward w.r.t. the car). Thus the

right choice for L would be pointing again to the right on the picture, so that L is again in the direction of the

torque. (More mathematically the reason the direction of L doesnt change is because torque, angular velocity and
angular momentum are axial vectors, not real vectors).
(b) If the loading on the wheels is the same, then N1 = N2 N , thus f1 = f2 f . Since weve already discussed
directions of the derivative of the angular momentum and the torque, lets just write down the scalar version of
torque equation:
dL
=
.
dt
Now
= f1 d sin + N1 d cos + f2 d sin N2 dcos = 2f d sin = 2f L = M vL,

the
the
(5)
(6)

where in the last equality we used Newtons second law (4). Finally for a disk-shaped flywheel using
mR2
dL
= L = I =
,
dt
2
we have:
=

2M vL
.
mR2

(7)

(8)

(7.8) Deflecting hoop

(a) The torque induced by the force acting on the top of the hoop will be in the direction shown in the picture. Since

= ddtL that means that the angular momentum will start rotating in the horizontal plane and if we look from the

top it will be rotating counterclockwise (

pointing vertically upward). So in the gyroscope approximation the force
will not incline the plane of the hoop, but will instead deflect the line of rolling.
2

I
Mv

Mv

L
t
I
(a)

(b)

Figure 3: (a) Normal view. (b) View from above.

By the conservation of momentum we have:

M
v + I = M
v 0,

(9)

where
v 0 is the velocity of the hoop after the tap. Thus the line of the rolling of the hoop will change by an angle:
tan =

I
.
Mv

(10)

(b) The gyroscope approximation is valid if dL

dt  L, i.e. if the change in the angular momentum is small compared
to the initial angular momentum. In our case this would mean that
max = F b  L = M b2 2 = M v 2 .

(11)

Thus for the gyroscope approximation to hold, we need the peak applied force to satisfy:
M v2
.
b

(12)

1
2 2 Hz
=
0.21 s1 .
Q
60

(13)

F 

(10.2) Oscillating spring

For the damping constant we have:

=
Then from

r
0 =

we have:
k=

m02


=m

12

2
+
4

k
,
m



(0.21 s1 )2
2
= 0.3kg (2 2 Hz) +
47.377 N/kg.
4

(14)

(15)

(10.6) Falling masses and critical damping

(a) At the rest position we have equilibrium of forces, thus:

M g = kx0 ,

(16)

where m is the mass of the platform and x0 is the distance from the initial position of the platform to its final position.
Thus
Mg
k=
= 980 N/kg.
(17)
x0
3

(b) The velocity of the mass just before it hits the platform v is determined from energy conservation:
M gh =

M v2
,
2

(18)

where h is the height of the mass above the platform. Then we have an inelastic collision of the mass with the platform,
so by momentum conservation:
M v = (M + m)v 0 ,
(19)
where v 0 is their velocity just after they stick together. q
k
18.07 s1 .
Since we want critical damping we need = 20 = 2 M +m
Now the general equation of motion for critical damping is given by:

x(t) = Ae 2 t + Bte 2 t .

(20)

Here x(t) is the height of the platform w.r.t. the final position. Since we want x(0) = x0 and
coefficients A and B:

dx
dt |0

= v 0 , we get for the

A = x0

M p
2gh +
B=v + =
2
M +m
0

g
M
.
x0 M + m

(21)

So finally the equation of motion is:

q
xg t

x(t) = x0 e

M p
2gh +
M +m

g
M
x0 M + m

q
xg t

te

(22)

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Physics
Physics 8.012

Fall Term 2005

PROBLEM SET 8

Due: Friday, November 18 at 4:00pm.

Reading: Finish Kleppner & Kolenkow, Chapter 6
0. Collaboration and discussion. Please give a brief statement at the top of your homework telling
us the names of all the students with whom you discussed the homework problems.
1. Kleppner & Kolenkow, Problem 6.9
2. Kleppner & Kolenkow, Problem 6.11
3. Kleppner & Kolenkow, Problem 6.13
4. Kleppner & Kolenkow, Problem 6.18
5. Kleppner & Kolenkow, Problem 6.19
6. Kleppner & Kolenkow, Problem 6.23
7. Kleppner & Kolenkow, Problem 6.29
8. Kleppner & Kolenkow, Problem 6.30

9. Kleppner & Kolenkow, Problem 6.33

10. Kleppner & Kolenkow, Problem 6.35

PRoSLEM

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