Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.

H)}
1
PROBLEMS Q#5.1: In the network of the figure, the switch K is closed at t = 0 wi
th the capacitor uncharged. Find values for i, di/dt and d2i/dt2 at t = 0+, for
element values as follows: V 100 V R 1000 C 1 F
+ V R C
Switch is closed at t = 0 (reference time) e know Voltage across capacitor befo
re switching = VC(0-) = 0 V According to the statement under Q#5.1. VC(0+) = VC(
0-) = 0 V V 100 iC(0+) = i(0+) = = = 0.1 Amp. R 1000 Element and initial conditi
on Equivalent circuit at t = 0+ Sc C Switch Drop Rise i(0+) Short circuit Drop
Applying KVL for t 0 Sum of voltage rise = sum of voltage drop 1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} idt C Differentiating wit
h respect to t di i R + =0 dt C di(0+) -i(0+) = [eq. 1] dt CR By putting the value
s of i(0+), C & R di(0+) -(0.1) = dt (1 F)(1 k ) V = iR + di(0+) = -100 Amp/sec d
t Differentiating eq. 1 with respect to t d2i(0+) -di(0+) 1 = dt2 dt CR Putting th
e corresponding values d2i(0+) = 100, 000 amp/sec2 2 dt Q#5.2: In the given netw
ork, K is closed at t = 0 with zero current in the inductor. Find the values of
i, di/dt, and d2i/dt2 at t = 0+ if R 10 L 1H V 100 V
2
K + V L R
Key closed at t = 0

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} iL(0+) = iL(0-) = i(0+) =
0 Amp According to the statement under Q#5.2: Drop Rise Open circuit i(0+) Drop
3
Element and initial condition Applying KVL for t 0 Sum of voltage rise = sum of
voltage drop Ldi V = iR + dt Ldi = V iR dt di V - iR = [eq. 1] dt L di(0+) V i(0
+)R = dt L Putting corresponding values di(0+) V (0)R = dt L di(0+) V = dt L di(
0+) 100 = dt 1 di(0+) = 100 Amp/sec dt Differentiating [eq. 1] d2i d V iR = Equivalent circuit at t = 0+ oc

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} dt2 dt L L d2i -Rdi = dt2
Ldt d2i(0+) -Rdi(0+) = dt2 Ldt Putting corresponding values d2i(0+) = -1, 000 A
mp/sec2 dt2 Q#5.3: In the network of the figure, K is changed from position a to
b at t = 0. Solve for i, di/dt, and d2i/dt2 at t = 0+ if R 1000 L 1H C 0.1 F V
100 V a b V C L K R
4
Equivalent circuit at t = 0+
b sc Applying KVL for t 0 Sum of voltage rise = sum of voltage drop 1 Ldi

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} idt + = 0 [eq. 1] C dt Eq

uivalent circuit at t = 0Ri + a
5
i(0+) sc
V iL(0+) = iL(0-) = i(0+) = =
100 = 0.1 Amp
R 1000 Initial condition: VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 Also we know for t 0 VR + VL + VC
= 0 iR + VL + VC = 0 At t = 0+ i(0+)R + VL(0+) + VC(0+) = 0 (0.1)(1000) + VL(0+)
+ 0 = 0 VL(0+) = -100 Volts And di VL = L dt di VL = dt L di(0+) VL(0+) = dt L
Putting corresponding values di(0+) = -100 Amp/sec dt Differentiating [eq. 1] wi
th respect to t Rdi i Ld2i + + =0 dt C dt2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} Rdi(0+) + i(0+) +

2
6
Ld2i(0+) =0
dt C dt Putting corresponding values d2i(0+) = 9, 00000 Amp/sec2 dt
2
Q#5.4: For the network and the conditions stated in problem 4-3, determine the v
alues of dv1/dt and dv2/dt at t = 0+. R K V1 C1 C2 V2
V1 V2 R C1 C2 After switching: V1
2V 1V 1 1F F V2
Applying KCL at node 1: V1 V2 + C1 R dt V1(0+) V2(0+) dV1 =0 dV1(0+)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} + C1 =0 R dt Putting corr

esponding values 2V1V dV1(0+) + (1 F) =0 1 dt Simplifying dV1(0+) = -1 Volt/sec d
t At node 2: V2 V1 dV2 + C2 =0 R dt V2(0+) V1(0+) dV2(0+) + C2 =0 R dt Putting c
orresponding values 1V2V dV2(0+) + (1/2) =0 1 dt Simplifying dV2(0+) = 2 Volt/sec
dt According to KCL Sum of currents entering into the junction must equal to the
sum of the currents leaving the junction Q#5.5: For the network described in pro
blem 4.7, determine values of d2v2/dt2 and d3v2/dt3 at t = 0+. NODE R1 R2 V1 R1
R2 C VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 V C 10 20 1/20 F + V2
7

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} Applying KCL at NODE for
t 0 V2 dV2 V2 V1 +C + = 0 (1) R2 dt R1 At t = 0+ V2(0+) dV2(0+) V2(0+) V1(0+) +C
+ =0 R2 dt R1 V1 = e-t Volts V2 = VC(0+) = 0 Volts 0 dV2(0+) 0 e-0+ +C + =0 R2
dt R1 Simplifying dV2(0+) = 2 Volt/sec dt Differentiating eq. 1 with respect to t
1 dV2 d2V2 1 dV2 dV1 + C + =0 R2 dt dt2 R1 dt dt 1 20 1 20 3 20 dV2 + dt dV2 + d
t dV2 + dt 20 dt 1 + 20 dt 20 dt2 1 + 20 dt 20 dt
2 2
8
1
d2V2 +
1
dV2 d(e-t) =0 dt 1 10 =0 d(e-t) =0 dt
20 dt2 1 d2V2 + 20 dt 1
2
10 dt 1 dV2
10 dt 1 10 dt d(e-t)
d2V2
d(e-t) = -e-t 3 dV2
d2V2 + 0.1e-t = 0 (2)
At t = 0+ 3 dV2(0+)
d2V2(0+) + 0.1e-t(0+) = 0

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} Simplifying d2V2(0+) = -8

Volt/sec2 dt2 Differentiating eq. 2 3 d2V2 1 d3V2 + 20 dt2 20 dt3 At t = 0+ 3 d
2V2(0+) +
2 3
9
- 0.1e-t = 0
1
d3V2(0+) - 0.1e-t(0+) = 0
20 dt 20 dt Putting corresponding values and simplifying d3V2(0+) = 26 Volts/sec
3 dt3 Q#5.6: The network shown in the accompanying figure is in the steady state
with the switch k closed. At t = 0, the switch is opened. Determine the voltage
across the switch, VK, and dVK/dt at t = 0+. SOLUTION: VK
R L C V Equivalent network before switching
1 1H F 2V

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

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i(0+)
sc
V iL(0+) = iL(0-) = i(0+) = R 1 Also VK = VC = C dVK i = dt C At t = 0+ dVK i(0+
) = dt C dVK 2 = dt (1/2) dVK = 4 Volts/sec dt idt =
2 = 2 Amp 1
Q#5.7: In the given network, the switch K is opened at t = 0. At t = 0+, solve f
or the values of v, dv/dt, and d2v/dt2 if I 10 A R 1000 C 1 F V

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

11
Switch is opened at t = 0 Equivalent circuit at t = 0No current flows through R so VC(0-) = VC(0+) = i(0-)R = V(0+) Here i(0-) = 0 VC
(0-) = VC(0+) = (0)R VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 Volts For t 0; according to KCL at V V
dV +C = I (1) R dt At t = 0+ V(0+) dV(0+) +C =I R dt Simplifying dV(0+) = 107 Vo
lts/sec dt Differentiating (1) with respect to t
1
dV +C
d2V =0
2
R dt dt At t = 0+ 1 dV(0+) d2V(0+) +C =0 2 R dt dt

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} Simplifying d2V(0+) = -10
10 Volts/sec2 dt2
12
Q#5.8: The network shown in the figure has the switch K opened at t = 0. Solve f
or V, dV/dt, and d2V/dt2 at t = 0+ if I 1A Rhhfisejjdfir 100 L 1H V
Equivalent circuit before switching:
Because iL(0-) = 0 A iL(0-) = iL(0+) = 0 A Therefore After switching (t = 0+) V

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

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So V(0+) = (I)(R) V(0+) = (1)(100) V(0+) = 100 Volts For t 0 Applying KCL at nod
e V V 1 + Vdt = I (1) R L Differentiating (1) with respect to t 1 dV V + = 0 (2) R
dt L At t = 0+ 1 dV(0+) V(0+) + =0 R dt L Simplifying dV(0+) = -10, 000 Volts/s
ec dt Differentiating (2) with respect to t 1 d2V 1 dV + =0 R dt2 L dt At t = 0+ 1
d2V(0+) + R dt Simplifying d2V(0+) = 1, 000, 000 Volts/sec2 dt
2 2
1 L
dV(0+) =0 dt

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

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Q#5.9: In the network shown in the figure, a steady state is reached with the sw
itch K open. At t = 0, the switch is closed. For the element values given, deter
mine the value of Va(0-) and Va(0+). Circuit diagram: Vb Va
Equivalent circuit before switching:
sc

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

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Req = (10 + 20)
10 (10 + 20)(10) Req = (10 + 20) + 10 300 Req = 40 Req = 7.5 After
simplification Req
i(0-) 5V
V i(0-) = Req 5 i(0-) = 7.5 i(0-) = 0.667 Amp. i(0-) = iL(0-)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

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Va(0-)
20 Va(0-) = (5) (10 + 20) Va(0-) = 3.334 Volts Also equivalent network at t = 0+
t = 0+
Vb Va

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

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Applying KCL at node Va Va 5 Va - Vb Va + + =0 10 20 10 After simplification we
get Vb = 5Va 10 (i) Applying KCL at node Vb Vb - Va Vb 5 2 + + =0 20 10 3 9Vb 3V
a + 10 = 0 (ii) Substituting value of Vb from (i) into (ii) 9[5Va 10] 3Va + 10 =
0 45Va 90 3Va + 10 = 0 42Va 80 = 0 Va(0+) = 1.905 Volts Q#5.10: In the accompan
ying figure is shown a network in which a steady state is reached with switch K
open. At t = 0, the switch is closed. For the element values given, determine th
e values of Va(0-) and Va(0+).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Vb Va K

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} Equivalent circuit before
switching
18
Req
VC(0-) = Va(0-) = 0 V Equivalent network at t = 0+ Vb Va
+ Applying KCL at node Va

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} Va 5 Va - Vb Va + =0 10 2

0 10 After simplification we get Vb = 5Va 10 (i) At Vb = 5 V 5 = 5Va 10 + Va(0+)
= 3 Volts
19
Q#5.11: In the network of figure P5-9, determine iL(0+) and iL( ) for the conditi
ons stated in problem 5-9. Equivalent circuit before switching:
sc
Req = (10 + 20)

10 (10 + 20)(10)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} Req = (10 + 20) + 10 300
Req = 40 Req = 7.5 After simplification Req
20
i(0-) 5V
V i(0-) = Req 5 i(0-) = 7.5 i(0-) = 0.667 Amp. i(0-) = iL(0-) iL(0-) = iL(0+) =
0.667 Amp. Equivalent network at t =
Va

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

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Applying KCL at node Va Va 5 Va Va + + =0 10 20 10 After simplification we get V
a( ) = 2 Volts V iL( ) = Va + 10 20 After simplification we get iL( ) = 0.6 Amp.
iL( )
Q#5.12: In the network given in figure p5-10, determine Vb(0+) and Vb( ) for the
conditions stated in Prob. 5-10. At t = 0-, equivalent network is

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

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VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 5 Volts Also equivalent network at t = is
Vb Va
According to KCL at Va Va 5 Va - Vb Va + + =0 10 20 10

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} After simplification we g

et Va = 0.2Vb + 2 (i) According to KCL at Vb Vb 5 Vb Va + =0 10 20 After simplif
ication we get 3Vb Va 10 = 0 Putting the value of Va we get
23
Vb( ) = 4.286 Volts Q#5.13: In the accompanying network, the switch K is closed a
t t = 0 with zero capacitor voltage and zero inductor current. Solve for (a) V1
and V2 at t = 0+, (b) V1 and V2 at t = , (c) dV1/dt and dV2/dt at t = 0+, (d) d2
V2/dt2 at t = 0+. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
R1 V1 L
C V2 R2
Equivalent network after switching

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

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According to statement under Q#5.13 At t = 0VC(0-) VC(0+) iL(0-) iL(0+) Equivale
nt network at t = 0+ V2(0+) = iL(0+)(R2) V2(0+) = (0)(R2) V2(0+) = 0 V V1(0+) +
V2(0+) = VC(0+) Putting corresponding values V1(0+) + 0 = 0 V1(0+) = 0 Equivalen
t circuit at t = V1( ) = iR2R2 V iR2 = R1 + R2 VR2 V1( ) = R1 + R2 VC( ) = V iR1R1
VR1 VC( ) = V R1 + R2 After simplification we get VR2 0V 0V 0A 0A

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} VC( ) = R1 + R2 Since VC( )
= V1( ) + V2( ) VR2 V2( ) = R1 + R2 V1( ) = VC( ) - V2( ) VR2 VR2 V1( ) = R1 + R2 R1
R2 V1( ) = 0 Volts (c) Self justified
25
V1
V2
According to KCL at node V1 V V1 dV1 1 +C + V1 V2)dt = 0 (i) R1 dt L Differentiati
ng with respect to t 1 dV dV1 d2V1 1 +C + (V1 V2) = 0 (iii)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} R1 dt dt dt2 L

26
According to KCL at node V2 V2 1 + V2 V1)dt = 0 (ii) R2 L Differentiating with res
pect to t 1 R2 As V1 = V1 + V2 By putting the value of V1 in (iii) & (iv) 1 R1 1 R
1 1 R2 1 R2 1 R2 1 R2 dV dt dV dt dV2 + dt dV2 + dt dV2 + dt dV2 + dt L L 1 (V1)
= 0 (Vi) L 1 (V2 V1 - V2) = 0 L 1 (V2 (V1 + V2)) = 0 (iV) dt 1 (V2 V1) = 0 (iV)
dt dV1 dt dV2 +C dt
2
dV2 + dt
1 (V2 V1) = 0 (iV) L
d(V1 + V2) +C
d2(V1 + V2) dt2 d2V1
1 + (V1 + V2 V2) = 0 L 1 + L (V1) = 0 (V)
d2V2 + dt2
From (V) & (Vi) we can find the values of dV1/dt & dV2/dt. (d) Refer part C.

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

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Q#5.14: The network of Prob. 5-13 reaches a steady state with the switch K close
d. At a new reference time, t = 0, the switch K is opened. Solve for the quantit
ies specified in the four parts of Prob. 5-13. (a) Equivalent circuit before swi
tching
At t = 0V iL(0-) = R1 + R2 VC(0-) = V iR1(0-)R1 Here iR1(0-) = iL(0-) VC(0-) = V
iL(0-)R1 VR1 VC(0-) = V -

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} R1 + R2 VR2 VC(0-) = R1 +

R2 V2 = iR2R2 V iR2(0-) = iR1(0-) = R1 + R2 VR2 V2 = R1 + R2
28
VR2 V2(0-) = R1 + R2 V1(0-) + V2(0-) = VC(0-) V1(0-) = VC(0-) - V2(0-) VR2 VR2 V
1(0-) = R1 + R2 R1 + R2 V1(0-) = 0 Volts Equivalent network after switching
V1(0+)
+ VC(0+) V2(0+)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

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VC(0-)
R2 VR2
(0+) =
ill be

= VC(0+) VR2 VC(0+) = R1 + R2 V iL(0-) = iL(0+) = R1 + R2 V2(0+) = iL(0+)

V2(0+) = R1 + R2 V1(0+) + V2(0+) = VC(0+) V1(0+) = VC(0+) - V2(0+) VR2 V1
R1 + R2 V1(0+) = 0 Volts (b) Equivalent network at t = At t = capacitor w
fully discharged and acts as an open circuit. R1 + R2 VR2

Hence VC( ) = 0 V iL( ) = 0 A

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} V2( ) = iL( )R2 V2( ) = (0)R
2 V2( ) = 0 Volt (c) For t 0, the equivalent network is
30
V1
V2 V2 Applying KCL at node V1 1 dV1 (V1 V2)dt + C = 0 (i) L dt d C dt (V1 + V2) =
R2 -V2 (ii) V1
As V1 = V1 + V2 1 d(V1 + V2) (V1 + V2 V2)dt + C =0 L dt 1 d(V1 + V2) V1dt + C =0

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} L dt Differentiating (i)

with respect to t 1 V1 + C L dt2 d2V1 d2V2 +C dt2 = 0 (iii)
31
Differentiating (ii) with respect to t d2 C dt2 (V1 + V2) = R2 dt -1 dV2 (iV)
After simplification we get the values of dV1/dt & dV2/dt. (d) Refer part c. Q#5
.15: The switch K in the network of the figure is closed at t = 0 connecting the
battery to an unenergized network. (a) Determine i, di/dt, and d2i/dt2 at t = 0
+. (b) Determine V1, dV1/dt, and d2V1/dt2 at t = 0+.
K V0 i
V1
Equivalent circuit after switching

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

32
Here VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 Volt iL(0-) = iL(0+) = 0 A i(0+) = 0 A iL(0+) = i(0+) A
pplying KVL around outside loop di L + iR2 = V0 (i) dt At t = 0+ di(0+) L + i(0+
)R2 = V0 (i) dt By putting corresponding values we get di(0+) = dt L Differentia
ting (i) with respect to t d2i di L + R2 =0 dt2 dt At t = 0+ d2i(0+) di(0+) L + R2
=0 2 dt dt Simplifying we get d2i(0+) = dt2 L2 Referring to the network at t =
0+ V1(0+) = VR1(0+) = iR1(0+)(R1) V0 iR1(0+) = -RV0 V0

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} R1 V0R1 V1(0+) = R1 V1(0+
) = V0 (b) Also V1 = V0 for all t 0
33
dV1(0+) = dt
d2V1(0+) =0 dt
2
Q#5.16: The network of Prob. 5.15 reaches a steady state under the conditions sp
ecified in that problem. At a new reference time, t = 0, the switch K is opened.
Solve for the quantities specified in Prob. 5.15 at t = 0+. Equivalent circuit
before switching
V0
R2
V0 iL(0-) = R2 VC(0-) = VR2(0-) = iL(0-)(R2) V0 VC(0-) = VR2(0-) = (R2) R2 VC(0) = VR2(0-) = V0 As

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

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VC(0-) = VC(0+) = V0 Equivalent network at t = 0+
+ i(0+)
V0 i(0+) = iL(0-) = iL(0+) = R2 V1(0+) = V0 VR1(0+) V1(0+) = V0 iL(0+)R1 V0 V1(0
+) = V0 R2 R2 R1 V1(0+) = V0 R2 R1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} Equivalent circuit for t
0
35
R1 L i C R2 Applying KVL around the loop 1 di i(R1 + R2) + idt + L = 0 (i) C dt
Also VR1 + VR2 + VL + VC = 0 i(0+)R1 + i(0+)R2 + VL(0+) + VC(0+) = 0 VL(0+) = -i
(0+)R1 - i(0+)R2 - VC(0+) Here VC(0+) = -V0 V0 i(0+) = R2 V0 VL(0+) = R2 V0 VL(0
+) = R2 R1 V0 + V0 V0 R1 R2 R2 (-V0)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} V0 VL(0+) = R2 And R1

36
di VL = L dt di(0+) VL(0+) = dt L Putting corresponding value di(0+) = dt R2L Di
fferentiating eq. (i) with respect to t 1 di i(R1 + R2) + idt + L = 0 (i) C dt di
(R1 + R2) dt At t = 0+ di(0+) (R1 + R2) dt Here di(0+) = dt V0 i(0+) = R2 Puttin
g corresponding values and simplifying d2i(0+) = dt2 R2 L V0 R1(R1 + R2) C 1 R2L
-V0R1 + C i(0+) +L dt2 d2i(0+) =0 + C i +L dt
2
-V0R1
d2i =0

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} Also di V1 = L + iR2 dt D

ifferentiating with respect to t d2i di =L + R2 dt dt2 dt At t = 0+ dV1(0+) d2i(0+
) di(0+) =L + R2 dt dt2 dt By putting corresponding values and simplifying dV1 d
V1(0+) dt V0 R12 1 = R2 L C
37
e know -1 V1 = idt - iR1 C Differentiating with respect to t dV1 -i di = - R1 dt
C dt Differentiating with respect to t d2V1 -di 1 d2i
= - R1
dt2 dt C dt2 At t = 0+ d2V1(0+) -di(0+) 1 d2i(0+) = - R1 dt2 dt C dt2 Putting co
rresponding values and simplifying d2V1(0+) = dt2 R2L C V0R1 2 L R1(R1 + R2)
Q#5.17: In the network shown in the accompanying figure, the switch K is changed
from a to b at t = 0. Show that at t = 0+, V

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} i1 = i2 = R1 + R2 + R3 i3

= 0
38
a b V +
C3
L2 R2 R3
i1 R1 Equivalent circuit before switching L1
i2 i3 C1 C2
+
At t = 0-, capacitor C3 is fully charged to voltage V that is VC3(0-) = V and be
haves as an open circuit, so current in L1, L2 becomes and other two capacitors
also fully charged. iL1(0-) = iL1(0+) = 0 A iL2(0-) = iL2(0+) = 0 A VC1(0-) = VC
1(0+) = 0 V VC2(0-) = VC2(0+) = 0 V Equivalent circuit after switching

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

39
+ After simplification we get
+ i2 i1
Hence -V i1 = i2
0- & L1 behaving
g open circuit].
ltage V0 and the

= R1 + R2 + R3 C1 behaves short circuit being uncharged at t =

open circuit since iL(0-) = iL(0+) = 0 A and i3 = 0 [L2 behavin
Q#5.18: In the given network, the capacitor C1 is charged to vo
switch K is closed at t = 0. hen R1 2 M

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} V0 R2 C1 C2 2 2 solve for

d i2/dt at t = 0+. 1000 V 1 M 10 F 20 F
40
+ C1 V0 i1 C2 i2 R2
R1
Equivalent circuit before switching
i2
VC1(0-) = V0 VC2(0-) = 0 V Equivalent circuit after switching

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

41
K + V0 i1 i2
VC1(0+) = V0 VC2(0+) = 0 V For t 0 For loop 1: 1 R2(i1 i2) + i1dt = 0 (i) C1 For
loop 2: 1 R2(i2 i1) + i2dt + R1i2 = 0 (ii) C2 1 R2(i1 i2) = i1dt C1 1 R2(i2 i1)
= i1dt (iii) C1 Taking loop around outside i2R1 = V0 V0 i2 = (a) R1 In loop 1 A
ccording to KVL: R2(i1 i2) = V0 R2i1 R2i2 = V0 Putting the value of i2 and simpl
ifying

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} V0(R1 + R2) i1 = (b) 1.5(
10-3) Amp. 5(10-4) Amp. R1R2 Putting corresponding values we get i1(0+) i2(0+) S
ubstituting value of R2(i2 i1) in eq. (ii) 1 1 i1dt + i2dt + R1i2 = 0 C1 C2 Diff
erentiating with respect to t i1 di2 i2 + R1 + = 0 (iv) C1 dt C2 At t = 0+ i1(0+)
di2(0+) i2(0+) + R1 + =0 C1 dt C2 By putting corresponding values we get di2(0+)
= -8.75(10-5) Amp/sec. dt Differentiating eq. (iii) with respect to t di2 di1 i1
R2 - R2 = dt dt C1 At t = 0+ di2(0+) di1(0+) i1(0+) R2 - R2 = dt dt C1 By puttin
g corresponding values and simplifying di1(0+) = -2.375(10-4) Amp/sec. dt Differ
entiating eq. (iv) with respect to t 1 di1 d2i2 1 di2 + R1 + =0 C1 dt dt2 C2 dt At
t = 0+ 1 di1(0+) d2i2(0+) 1 di2(0+)
42

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} + R1 + =0 C1 dt dt2 C2 dt

Putting corresponding values and simplifying d2i2(0+) = 1.40625(10-5) Amp/sec2.
dt2
43
Q#5.19: In the circuit shown in the figure, the switch K is closed at t = 0 conn
ecting a voltage, V0sin t, to the parallel RL-RC circuit. Find (a) di1/dt and (b
) di2/dt at t = 0+.
+ i1
i2
Equivalent circuit after s
itching
+ At t 0 Applying KVL around outside loop di2 Ri2 + L = V0sin t (i) dt Applying KV
L around inside loop

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 1 Ri1 + C Equivalent circ
uit at t = 0+ i1dt = V0sin t (ii)
44
+ iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 0 A VC(0+) = 0 V V0sin t i1 = R At t = 0+ V0sin (0+) i1(0+) =
R V0sin 0 i1(0+) = R i1(0+) = 0 A From (i) At t = 0+ di2(0+) Ri2(0+) + L = V0sin
(0+) (i) dt By putting corresponding values
e get di2(0+) = 0 Amp/sec dt Diffe
rentiating eq. (ii)
ith respect to t 1 Ri1 + i1dt = V0sin t (ii) C

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} di1 R + i1 = V0 cos t

45
dt C At t = 0+ di1(0+) i1(0+) R + = V0 cos (0+) dt C By putting corresponding val
ues & simplifying
e get di1(0+) = dt V0 R
Q#5.20: In the net
ork sho
n, a steady state is reached
ith the s
itch K open

ith V 100 V R1 10 R2 20 R3 20 L 1H C 1 F . At time t = 0, the s
itch is closed. (
a) rite the integrodifferential equations for the net
ork after the s
itch is c
losed. (b) hat is the voltage V0 across C before the s
itch is closed? hat is
its polarity? (c) Solve for the initial value of i1 and i2(t = 0+). (d) Solve fo
r the values of di1/dt and di2/dt at t = 0+. (e) hat is the value of di1/dt at
?
Circuit diagram: i

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

46
i2
i1
Equivalent circuit before s
itching:
R2 R1 R3
Simplifying
i
VC(0-)
VC(0-) = iR2(R2) = VR2 Here V iR2 = R1 + R2 VR2 VR2 = R1 + R2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} By putting corresponding

values
e get VC(0-) = VR2 = 66.667 V V iL(0-) = R1 + R2 iL(0-) = 3.334 A For t
0
47
i2
i1
Applying
ide loop
i1(0+) =
values &
+ L = V

KVL around outside loop di1 R2i1 + L = V (i) dt Applying KVL around ins
1 R3i2 + i2dt = V (ii) C Since 10 iL(0+) = iL(0-) = iR2(0-) = i1(0-) =
3 V VC(0+) i2(0+) = R3 Here VC(0+) = 6.667 Volts Putting corresponding
simplifying i2(0+) = 1.667 Amp. From eq. (i) At t = 0+ di1(0+) R2i1(0+)
(i) dt Amp.

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} Putting corresponding val
ues
e get di1(0+) = 33.334 Amp/sec. dt Differentiating eq. 2: di2 R3 + i2 =0 C
48
dt At t = 0+ di2(0+) i2(0+) R3 + =0 dt C Putting corresponding values di2(0+) =
83.334(104) Amp/sec. dt From eq. (i) At t = di1( ) R2i1( ) + L = V (i) dt Here di1
( ) = 0 Amp/sec dt i1( ) = 5 Amp.
Equivalent circuit after s
itching:
+ -

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

49
iL(0+) VC(0+) Q#5.21: The net
ork sho
n in the figure has t
o independent node p
airs. If the s
itch K is opened at t = 0, find the follo
ing quantities at t = 0
+: (a) V1 (b) V2 (c) dV1/dt (d) dV2/dt Circuit diagram: V1 V2 L
i(t)
K
R1 R2
C
Initial conditions: iL(0-) = iL(0+) = 0 A VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 V Applying KCL at
node V1 1 V1 (V1 V2)dt + = i(t) (i) L R1 Differentiating
ith respect to t
(V1 V2)
1
dV1
di(t)
+ = L R1 dt dt At t = 0+ (V1(0+) V2(0+)) 1 dV1(0+) di(0+) + = L R1 dt dt Putting
corresponding values
e get dV1(0+) di(t)(0+) V1(0+) R1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} = dt dt L

50
Applying KCL at node V2 1 V2 dV2 (V2 V1)dt + +C = 0 (ii) L R2 dt At t = 0+ (V2(0+)
V1(0+)) 1 dV2(0+) dV2(0+) + +C =0 L R2 dt dt Putting corresponding values
e ge
t dV2(0+) = 0 V/sec. dt Equivalent circuit at t = 0+ V1(0+) V2(0+)
Q#5.22: In the net
ork sho
n in the figure, the s
itch K is closed at the instan
t t = 0, connecting an unenergized system to a voltage source. Sho
that if V(0)
= V, then: di1(0+)/dt, di2(0+)/dt =? L1 L2
R1 + i1 L3 R3 i2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

51
R2
iL1(0-) = iL1(0+) = 0 A iL2(0-) = iL2(0+) = 0 A For t 0 According to KVL Loop 1:
di1 R1i1 + L1 d(i1 i2) dt + L3 dt After simplification i(R1 + R2) i2R2 + i1(0+)
= i2(0+) = 0 At t = 0+ di1(0+) i(0+)(R1 + R2) i2(0+)R2 + (L1 + L3 + 2M13) dt Pu
tting corresponding values
e get di1(0+) (L1 + L3 + 2M13) dt di2(0+) (L3 + M13
+ M23) = V(t) dt d(i1 i2) di1 di2 + R2(i1 i2) + M13 + M31 + (-M32) = V(t) dt dt
dt di2 (L3 + M13 + M23) = V(t) (i) dt
di1 (L1 + L3 + 2M13) dt
di2(0+) (L3 + M13 + M23) = V (ii) dt
According to KVL Loop 2: di2 d(i2 i1) d(i2 i1) R3i2 + L2 + L3 + R2(i2 i1) + M23
- M31 dt dt dt After simplifying
di1
di2 + M32 =0 dt dt
di2 di1 i2(R3 + R2) i1R2 + (L2 + L3 + 2M23) (L3 + M13 + M23) = 0 (iii) dt dt At
t = 0+ i2(0+)(R3 + R2) i1(0+)R2 + di2(0+) (L2 + L3 + 2M23) di1(0+) (L3 + M13 + M
23) = 0

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} dt Putting corresponding

values
e get di2(0+) dt dt
52
di1(0+) (L2 + L3 + 2M23) (L3 + M13 + M23) = 0 (iv) dt
From (ii) & (iv)
e can determine the values of di1(0+)/dt & di2(0+)/dt. MASHAAL
LAH BHAIS REFERENCE: In order to indicate the physical relationship of the coils
and, therefore, simplify the sign convention for the mutual terms,
e employ
ha
t is commonly called the dot convention. Dots are placed beside each coil so tha
t if currents are entering both dotted terminals or leaving both dotted terminal
s, the fluxes produced by these currents
ill add. If one current enters a dot a
nd the other current leaves a dot, the mutual induced voltage and self-induced v
oltage terms
ill have opposite signs. Q#5.23: For the net
ork of the figure, sh
o
that if K is closed at t = 0, d2i1(0+)/dt2? CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: L R1 i1 V(t) + I
nitial conditions: iL(0-) = iL(0+) = 0 A = i2(0+) VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 V Equivale
nt circuit after s
itching C i2 R2
+ -

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

53
V(t) i1(t) = R1 At t = 0+ V(0+) i1(0+) = R1 For t 0 Loop 1: 1 R1i1 + (i1 i2)dt =
V(t) (i) C Differentiating (i)
ith respect to t di1 (i1 i2) dV(t) R1 + = (ii) dt
C dt At t = 0+ di1(0+) (i1(0+) i2(0+)) dV(0+) R1 + = dt C dt Putting correspond
ing values
e get
di1(0+) = dt
dV(0) dt
V(0) R1C
1 R1
Differentiating (ii)
ith respect to t d2i1 1 di1 di2 d2V(t) R1 + = 2 dt C dt dt d
t2 At t = 0+ d2i1(0+) R1 + 1 di1(0+) di2(0+) d2V(0+) =

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} dt2 C dt dt dt2

54
From here
e can determine the value of d2i1(0+)/dt2. Q#5.24: The given net
ork
consists of t
o coupled coils and a capacitor. At t = 0, the s
itch K is closed
connecting a generator of voltage, V(t) = V sin (t/(MC)1/2). Sho
that Va(0+) =
0, dVa(0+)/dt = (V/L)(M/C)1/2, and d2Va(0+)/dt2 = 0. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: M K a + V(
t) Va
Equivalent circuit at t = 0+
+ -

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

55
After simplification
diL(0+) Va(0+) = VC(0+) + M dt e kno
for t 0, according to KVL di 1 L + idt =
V(t) (a) dt C At t = 0+ di(0+) L + VC(0+) = V(0+) dt Here VC(0+) = 0 V V(t) = V
sin (t/(MC)1/2) V(0+) = V sin ((0+)/(MC)1/2) V(0+) = V sin (0) V(0+) = V (0) V(0
+) = 0 V Putting corresponding values
e get di(0+) = 0 Amp/sec. dt iL(0-) = iL(
0+) = i(0+) = 0 A No
di(0+) Va(0+) = VC(0+) + M (i) dt Putting corresponding va
lues
e get Va(0+) = 0 Volt No
Differentiating (i)
ith respect to t dVa dVC d2i

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} = +M (b) dt dt dt2 Differ
entiating (a)
ith respect to t d2i i dV(t) L + = (a) 2 dt C dt Here V d(V(t)) = c
os (t/(MC)1/2) (MC)1/2 At t = 0+ d2i(0+) i(0+) dV(0+) L + = (c) 2 dt C dt Puttin
g corresponding values
e get d2i(0+) V = dt2 L(MC)1/2 At node a, apply KCL 1 dV
C L dt Rearranging dVC(0+) iL(0+) + C =0 dt dVC(0+) 0+C =0 dt dVC(0+) =0 dt d2i
= +M (b) dt dt dt2 At t = 0+ dVa(0+) dVC(0+) d2i(0+) = +M (b) dt dt dt2 Putting
corresponding values
e get dVa dVC dVa(0+) = V M
(VC V(t)) + C = 0 (c)
56

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} dt L C

57
Differentiating (b)
ith respect to t d2Va d2VC d3i = +M 2 2 dt dt dt3 Differentia
ting (c)
ith respect to t d3i(0+) 1 di(0+) d2V(0+) L + = (c) 3 2 dt C dt dt d2V(0
+) =? dt2 V d(V(t)) = (MC)1/2 -V d (V(t)) = (MC) -V d2(V(0+)) = (MC) -V d2(V(0+)
) = (MC) -V d2(V(0+)) = (MC) d2V(0+) =0 dt
2 2
cos (t/(MC)1/2)
sin (t/(MC)1/2)
sin (0+/(MC)1/2) sin (0) (0)
d3i(0+) = 0 Amp/sec3 dt3 Differentiating (c)
ith respect to t (VC V(t)) d2VC
+C = 0 (c)
L dt2 At t = 0+
(VC(0+) V(0+)) +C
d2VC(0+)
= 0 (c)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} L dt2 Putting correspondi
ng values d2VC(0+) = 0 V/sec2 dt d2Va
2
58
d2VC
= dt2 dt2 At t = 0+ d2Va(0+) d2VC(0+) d3i(0+) = +M dt2 dt2 dt3 d2Va(0+) = 0 Volt
/sec2 dt Q#5.25: In the net
ork of the figure, the s
itch K is opened at t = 0 a
fter the net
ork has attained a steady state
ith the s
itch closed. (a) Find an
expression for the voltage across the s
itch at t = 0+. (b) If the parameters a
re adjusted such that i(0+) = 1 and di/dt (0+) = -1,
hat is the value of the de
rivative of the voltage across the s
itch, dVK/dt (0+) ? CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: + VK 2
d3i +M dt3
R2 R1 V i L C
Initial conditions: i(0+) = 1 di(0+) = -1 dt

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

59
Equivalent net
ork after s
itching: VK
sc
V iL = R2 V iL(0-) = iL(0+) = R2 At t = 0+ VK(0+) = VR1(0+) VR1(0+) = iL(0+)(R1)
Putting corresponding value
e get

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

60
V VR1(0+) = R2 For t 0 VK = iR1 + 1 R1
idt C Differentiating
ith respect to t dVK di i = R1 + dt dt C At t = 0+ dVK(0+)
di(0+) i(0+) = R1 + dt dt C Putting corresponding value
e get
dVK(0+) = dt
1 -R C
Q#5.26: In the net
ork sho
n in the figure, the s
itch K is closed at t = 0 conn
ecting the battery
ith an unenergized system. (a) Find the voltage Va at t = 0+
. (b) Find the voltage across capacitor C1 at t = . CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: R1
Va K C1 V C2 R2 L

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

61
Equivalent net
ork at t = 0+
After simplification:
R2
Va(0+) = V Equivalent net
ork at t =

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

62
VC1( ) = V. Q#5.27: In the net
ork of the figure, the s
itch K is closed at t = 0
. At t = 0-, all capacitor voltages and inductor currents are zero. Three node t
o datum voltages are identified as V1, V2, and V3. (a) Find V1 and dV1/dt at t =
0+. (b) Find V2 and dV2/dt at t = 0+. (c) Find V3 and dV3/dt at t = 0+. CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM:
V1
V3
+ V2
Using KCL at node V1 For t 0 (V1 V(t)) R1 dV1 (V1 V2) 1 + C1 + + (V1 V3)dt = 0
dt R2 L
Using KCL at node V2 (V2 V1) + C2 dV2 + 1 V2dt = 0 (ii)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} R2 dt L2

63
Using KCL at node V3 1 L1 dV3 (V3 V1)dt + C3 dt = 0 (iii)
At t = 0+, capacitor C1 becomes short circuit as a result of
hich V1(0+) 0V V2(
0+) 0V V3(0+) 0V At t = 0+ 1 dV3 (V3 V1)dt + C3 = 0 (iii) L1 dt dV3(0+) =0 dt Af
ter simplification
e get iL1(0+) + C3 dV3(0+) = 0 Volt/sec dt Here iL1(0-) = iL
1(0+) = 0 A At t = 0+ (V2(0+) V1(0+)) dV2(0+) + C2 + iL2(0+) = 0 (ii) R2 dt iL2(
0-) = iL2(0+) = 0 A Putting corresponding values
e get dV2(0+) =0 dt iL3 (0+) A
t t = 0+ eq. (i) reveals (V1(0+) V(0+)) dV1(0+) (V1(0+) V2(0+)) 1 + C1 + + (V1(0
+) V3(0+))dt = 0 R1 dt R2 L Putting corresponding values
e get

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

64
dV1(0+) = 0 Volt/sec. dt Q#5.28: In the net
ork of the figure, a steady state is
reached, and at t = 0, the s
itch K is opened. (a) Find the voltage across the
s
itch, VK at t = 0+. (b) Find dVK/dt at t = 0+. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
VK + Equivalent net
ork before s
itching

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} R1 R2 i(0-)

65
R3
At t = 0VC1(0-) = i(o-) R2 V i(0-) = R1 + R2 + R3 VR2 VC1(0-) = R1 + R2 + R3 VC1
(0-) = i(o-) R2 VR3 VC1(0-) = R1 + R2 + R3 VC2(0-) = V VR1(0-) Equivalent net
or
k after s
itching
V1
K

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

66
At t 0 At node K, according to KCL d dVk VK V1 C1 (VK V1) + C3 + =0 dt dt R2 Aft
er simplification
e get dV1 1 dVK (VK V1) = (C3 + C1) + dt C1 dt R2 (i)
At node V1 according to KCL (V1 - V) dV1 d(V1 - VK) (V1 - VK) + C2 + C1 + =0 R1 dt
dt R2 After simplification
e get dV1 1 dVK (VK V1) (V V1) = C1 + + dt (C1 + C2
) dt R2 R1 Equating (i) & (ii)
e get dVK/dt at t = 0+. Hint: V1(0+) = VC2(0-) =
V VR1(0-) Here VR1 VR1(0-) = R1 + R2 + R3 VR2 + VR3 V VR1(0-) = R1 + R2 + R3 Q#
5.29: In the net
ork of the accompanying figure, a steady state is reached
ith
the s
itch K closed and
ith i = I0, a constant. At t = 0, s
itch K, is opened.
Find: (a) V2(0-) =? (b) V2(0+) =? (c) (dV2/dt)(0+). CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 1 2 R2 + (i
i)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

67 V2
C I0 R1 R3 L
Equivalent net
ork at t = 0I0
After simplification
e get
I0 R1 R2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

68
No
According to current divider rule: R1I0 iR2 = R1 + R2
) = 0 Equivalent net
ork at t = 0+
+ I0
R1 + iL(0+) + I0R1 VC(0+)

e kno
V2(0-) = VL(0-

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

69
After simplification
V2(0+) + VC(0+) + I0R1
At node V1 V1 +C R1 dt At node V2 V2 +C R3 dt From eq. (ii) d(V1 V2) C dt = V2 + R3
L 1 V2dt d(V2 V1) + L 1 V2dt (ii) d(V1 V2) = I0 (i)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)}

70
Substituting the value of Cd(V1 V2)/dt in (i)
e get V2 1 V1 + V2dt + = I0 R3 L
R1 At t = 0+ V2(0+) 1 V1(0+) + V2(0+)dt + = I0 (iii) R3 L R1 Putting correspondi
ng values
e get I0R1R2 V1(0+) = R1 + R2 Differentiating eq. (iii)
ith respect
to t and from here putting the value of dV1(0+)/dt in eq. (i)
e get dV2(0+)/dt. H
int: In eq. (i) V1(0+) I0R1R2 = R1 (R1 + R2)R1 dV2(0+) = dt dV1(0+) = dt R3 dt C
(R1 + R2)(R1 + R3) -R1 dV2(0+) -I0R1R3
THE END.